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2819:
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203:
1941:
1744:
856:
5478:
278:
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5555:
2269:
46:
5531:
317:
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343:
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until the annexation of
Caucasian lands by the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century. (...) Above all, pre-modern Caucasia is characterised by its integration into the Iranian and Persianate socio-cultural world, the Iranian commonwealth, which extended from Central Asia to Anatolia and south to the Arabian Peninsula. Caucasia's active membership in this commonwealth began under the first "world empire" of the Achaemenids and survived both Christianization and the demise of the Sāsānian empire.
235:
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215:
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115:
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330:
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102:
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1925:
733:"Thus, toward the east, where it rises to greater height, it is called Caucasus, due to the whiteness of its snow, for in an eastern language, caucasus means “white,” that is, shining white with a very thick snow cover. For the same reason the Scythians, who live next to this mountain range, call it Croacasim, for among them whiteness or snow is called casim. 3. The Taurus range is likewise called the Caucasus by many."
163:
141:
2076:'s armies crushed new Seljuk Turkish invasions from the south-east and south and launched several successful campaigns into Seljuk Turkish-controlled Southern Armenia. The Georgian Kingdom continued military campaigns in the Caucasus region. As a result of her military campaigns and the temporary fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, Georgia became the strongest Christian state in the whole
5232:
2847:
2477:, and he is variously a one-eyed rock-throwing cannibal, who lives in a cave (the exit of which is often blocked by a stone), kills the hero's companions, is blinded by a hot stake, and whose flock of animals is stolen by the hero and his men, all motifs which (along with still others) are also found in the Polyphemus story. In one example from
3923:(..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab
3788:
While
Hodgson astutely perceived Caucasia's cross-cultural condition, subsequent research has exposed the region's long-term participation in the Iranian and wider Persianate world. This multifaceted association began in the Iron Age, survived the intensive Christianization of Caucasia, and continued
4391:
Zazanashvili N, Sanadiradze G, Bukhnikashvili A, Kandaurov A, Tarkhnishvili D. 2004. Caucasus. In: Mittermaier RA, Gil PG, Hoffmann M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mittermaier CG, Lamoreux J, da
Fonseca GAB, eds. Hotspots revisited, Earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions.
2394:
The
Caucasus has a rich folklore tradition. This tradition has been preserved orally—necessitated by the fact that for most of the languages involved there was no alphabet until the early twentieth century—and only began to be written down in the late nineteenth century. One important
3557:
Caucasia includes not only the mountain ranges of the
Caucasus proper but also the country immediately north and south of them. The land north of the Greater Caucasus is called Ciscaucasia (Predkavkazye, or "Hither Caucasia") and that south of it is Transcaucasia (Zakavkazye, or "Farther
2488:. Many legends, widespread in the Caucasus, contain motifs shared with the Prometheus story. These motifs include: a giant hero, his conflict with God or gods, the stealing of fire and giving it to men, being chained, and being tormented by a bird who pecks at his liver (or heart). The
1813:
from about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC enveloped a vast area approximately 1,000 km by 500 km, and mostly encompassed, on modern-day territories, the
Southern Caucasus (except western Georgia), northwestern Iran, the northeastern Caucasus, eastern Turkey, and as far as Syria.
759:), which, according to M. A. Yuyukin, is a compound word that can be interpreted as the 'mountain of the seagull(s)' (καύ-: καύαξ, καύηξ, -ηκος, κήξ, κηϋξ 'a kind of seagull' + the reconstructed *κάσος 'mountain' or 'rock' richly attested both in place and personal names).
3603:
4209:
When
Sosruquo was born burning in flames, the blacksmith god Tlepsh, grabbed Sosruquo and plunged him into water, making him invulnerable except where he was held by tongs, see Rashidvash, pp. 33–34; Colarusso, pp. 52–54 (Circassian Saga 8:
1636:
The region has many different languages and language families. There are more than 50 ethnic groups living in the region. No fewer than three language families are unique to the area. In addition, Indo-European languages, such as
3770:
5160:
3611:
2600:
relict groups of plants with the closest relatives in
Eastern Asia, southern Europe, and even North America. Over 70 species of forest snails of the region are endemic. Some relict species of vertebrates are
4699:
1720:, the region has been an arena for political, military, religious, and cultural rivalries and expansionism for centuries. Throughout its history, the Caucasus was usually incorporated into the
3171:
West of the Kura-Aras
Lowland rises the Lesser Caucasus range, which is extended southward by the Dzhavakhet Range and the Armenian Highland, the latter extending southwestward into Turkey.
1403:
from the North
Caucasus foreland is often regarded by classical and non-British sources as the natural and historical boundary between Europe and Asia. Another opinion is that the rivers
4402:
634:. The Lesser Caucasus mountain range in the south is occupied by several independent states, mostly by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, but also extending to parts of northeastern
914:, the world's highest mountain that ancient Iranian lore shrouded in mystery, was said to be situated in this region. The region is also one of the candidates for the location of
3801:
Ferring, Reid; Oms, Oriol; Agustí, Jordi; Berna, Francesco; Nioradze, Medea; Shelia, Teona; Tappen, Martha; Vekua, Abesalom; Zhvania, David; Lordkipanidze, David (28 June 2011).
5368:
2161:, expelling this indigenous population from its homeland. Between the 1850s and World War I, about a million North Caucasian Muslims arrived in the Ottoman Empire as refugees.
4137:
622:, although the Western Caucasus also exists as a distinct geographic space within the North Caucasus. The Greater Caucasus mountain range in the north is mostly shared by
1901:
had become the dominant religion of the region; however, the region would go through two other religious transformations. Owing to the strong rivalry between Persia and
2450:
Caucasian folklore contains many links with the myths of the ancient Greeks. There are resemblances between the mother goddess Satanaya and the Greek goddess of love
4600:
Denk T, Frotzler N, Davitashvili N. 2001. "Vegetational patterns and distribution of relict taxa in humid temperate forests and wetlands of Georgia Transcaucasia".
2596:
in the Caucasus Mountains. The Caucasus forest refugium is the largest throughout the Western Asian (near Eastern) region. The area has multiple representatives of
3211:
4613:
Pokryszko B, Cameron R, Mumladze L, Tarkhnishvili D. 2011. "Forest snail faunas from Georgian Transcaucasia: patterns of diversity in a Pleistocene refugium".
2481:, two brothers, who are being held prisoner by a giant one-eyed shepherd called "One-eye", take a spit, heat it up, stab it into the giant's eye, and escape.
8648:
1794:
The site yields the earliest unequivocal evidence for the presence of early humans outside the African continent; and the Dmanisi skulls are the five oldest
8509:
1909:. The Romans first arrived in the region in the 1st century BC with the annexation of the kingdom of Colchis, which was later turned into the province of
5361:
5086:
3859:
Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Rightmire, G. P., Agusti, J., Ferring, R., Maisuradze, G., et al. (2002). A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia.
5081:
4656:
4688:
3954:
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Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities, and Historic Sites
238:
61:
3441:
8737:
3888:
3346:
8728:
8703:
8624:
8619:
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4032:
Memoirs of Miliutin, "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse the mountain zone of its indigenous population", per Richmond, W.
3667:
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5354:
3693:
8718:
2893:
2238:
8404:
8394:
2807:. In 2017 the U-19 Europe Championship (Football) was held in Georgia. In 2019 the UEFA European Under-19 Championship was held in Armenia.
8638:
8439:
8409:
4410:
5036:
Everyday life of the Caucasian Highlanders. The 19th Century (In the co-authorship with I. Karpeev). "Molodaya Gvardiy" publishers. Moscow
7224:
4941:
6944:
6803:
3391:Индоевропейское языкознание и классическая филология – XVI (материалы чтений, посвященных памяти профессора И. М. Тронского)
2996:
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8633:
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5108:
3668:"Non-recognition and engagement. The EU's policy towards Abkhazia and South Ossetia | European Union Institute for Security Studies"
8678:
8499:
8195:
7130:
4446:
2623:. In general, species composition of this refugium is quite distinct and differs from that of the other Western Eurasian refugia.
8643:
2741:
2212:
190:
4587:
Kikvidze Z, Ohsawa M. 1999. "Adjara, East Mediterranean refuge of Tertiary vegetation". In: Ohsawa M, Wildpret W, Arco MD, eds.
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2800:
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4744:
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2332:, to have his liver eaten daily by an eagle as punishment for defying Zeus's wish to keep the "secret of fire" from humans.
6927:
6891:
6830:
4874:
1372:, Azerbaijan (excluding the northernmost parts), and Georgia (excluding the northernmost parts) are in the South Caucasus.
3484:
Real Lexicon of the Indo-Germanic Antiquity Studies: Basic Principles of a Cultural and People's History of Ancient Europe
2581:
species are recorded in the Caucasus. Most of arthropod biodiversity is concentrated on Great and Lesser Caucasus ranges.
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In the second half of the 19th century, the Russian Empire also conquered the North Caucasus. In the aftermath of the
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4086:
3643:"The Caucasus: Land of Diverse Cultures - The University of Chicago Library News - The University of Chicago Library"
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area, encompassing most of the Caucasus stretching from Northern Iran and Northeastern Turkey to the North Caucasus.
1612:
1565:
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4589:
Anaga Cloud Forest, a comparative study on evergreen broad-leaved forests and trees of the Canary Islands and Japan
3080:
2276:
The region has been subject to various territorial disputes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, leading to the
2143:
1861:, who would altogether rule the Caucasus for many hundreds of years. In 95–55 BC, under the reign of Armenian king
1322:
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1572:
8579:
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6840:
5588:
3071:
3050:
2042:
1928:
1866:
1550:
1439:
369:
8779:
8504:
8429:
7150:
7135:
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5304:
5151:
5021:
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1838:
1380:
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8539:
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7183:
6835:
6465:
6192:
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Two territories in the region claim independence but are recognized as such by only a handful of entities:
4023:
Yemelianova, Galina, Islam nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus. Caucasus Survey, April 2014. p. 3
1579:
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2630:, with substantial areas of rocky ground above the treeline. The Caucasus Mountains are also noted for a
2301:
2272:
Ethnic-administrative borders on the Soviet and Post-soviet Caucasus on the pictorial map of the Caucasus
2054:
1687:
1346:
797:
3479:
Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde: Grundzüge einer Kultur- und Völkergeschichte Alteuropas
3448:
2316:, the Caucasus was one of the pillars supporting the world. After presenting man with the gift of fire,
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The Caucasus is an area of great ecological importance. The region is included in the list of 34 world
2399:, which tell stories of a race of ancient heroes called the Narts. These sagas include such figures as
2366:
and depicted it as a cold and stony mountain which was the abode of personified hunger. The Greek hero
2277:
2030:
1956:
1952:
1921:
for the control of the region. In western Georgia the eastern Roman rule lasted until the Middle Ages.
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2454:. The story of how the trickster Nart Sosruquo, became invulnerable parallels that of the Greek hero
2058:
1980:
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24:
20:
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8087:
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5683:
5600:
4889:
4187:
Rashidvash, pp. 33–34; for connections found in the Nart sagas, see Colarusso, pp. 5–7.
3259:(1928). "Weiteres zur Urgeschichte der Inder" [More about the Pre-History of the Indians].
2928:
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2173:
2015:
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The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus
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5017:
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Chaladze, G.; Otto, S.; Tramp, S. (2014). "A spider diversity model for the Caucasus Ecoregion".
3427:
Questions of Ethnic Identity According to Leonti Mroveli's Historical Chronicles, Studies, Vol. 1
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respectively, the Persians were forced to irrevocably cede the Southern Caucasus and Dagestan to
2038:
1810:
1703:
1539:
1512:
1472:
990:
The modern endonym for the region is usually similar in many languages, and is generally between
689:
650:
5117:
4758:
Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs
8608:
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8485:
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8137:
7280:
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6298:
5181:
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3366:(1953–1958). "Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch" [Russian Etymological Dictionary].
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1914:
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The Southern Caucasus region was unified as a single political entity twice – during the
2176:, 60,000 to 98,000 Armenian civilians were estimated to have been killed by the Turkish army.
1395:(5,642 meters) located in western Ciscaucasus, is considered the highest point in Europe. The
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1984:
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Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen
3261:
Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen
2525:
2215:
to Central Asia and Siberia by the Soviet security apparatus. About a quarter of them died.
8769:
8599:
8524:
8374:
8359:
7645:
7061:
6037:
5755:
4536:"Palaeoclimatic models help to understand current distribution of Caucasian forest species"
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8:
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animals and plants, the fact reflecting presence of refugial forests, which survived the
2246:
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and had a tradition of their Catholicos being ordained through the Patriarch of Armenia.
1762:
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673:
666:
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346:
243:
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3774:. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
1825:
reached as far as the Caucasus Mountains. Later ancient kingdoms of the region included
1325:'s autonomous republics and the Krais in Southern Russia, and the northernmost parts of
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1944:
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716:
558:
322:
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organized local Armenian population facing multiple threats after the fall of antique
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2007:
1968:
1964:
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133:
4504:
4010:
Allen F. Chew. "An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders",
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6705:
6648:
6577:
6440:
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6283:
6261:
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6061:
6000:
5216:
5137:
Georgian Biodiversity Database (checklists for ca. 11,000 plant and animal species)
4547:
4492:
3832:
3814:
3394:
2866:
2852:
2617:, and there are almost entirely endemic groups of animals such as lizards of genus
2614:
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2026:
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1906:
1743:
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1650:
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457:
4953:(История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе). Sankt-Petersburg, 1871–1888, at
4773:
Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus
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6535:
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6425:
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6249:
6158:
5975:
5958:
5933:
5221:
5155:
5143:
5112:
5099:
4828:
3803:"Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85–1.78 Ma"
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Having killed and deported most of the Armenians of Western Armenia during the
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1976:
1960:
1898:
1785:. Scientists now classify the assemblage of fossil skeletons as the subspecies
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Indogermanische Bibliothek herausgegeben von Hans Krahe. Reihe 2: Wörterbüche
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3828:
3783:
3694:"The Spectrum of Georgia's Policy Options Towards Abkhazia and South Ossetia"
2838:
2639:
2574:
2489:
2439:
2371:
2184:
2127:
2108:
2088:
2084:
1769:
The territory of the Caucasus region was inhabited by Homo erectus since the
1732:
1683:
1671:
1500:
1496:
1400:
1055:
891:
880:
752:
389:
218:
76:
63:
7233:
5087:
United Nations Environment Programme map: Population density of the Caucasus
4432:
3982:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
3938:
3819:
3541:
3153:
3095:
3022:
19:
This article is about the geographic region in Eurasia. For other uses, see
8324:
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6005:
5877:
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3188:
2880:
2566:
2355:
2242:
1972:
1902:
1818:
1423:
1412:
1404:
1392:
1174:
930:. The term resurfaced in Iranian tradition later on in a variant form when
849:
784:
584:
530:
441:
4627:
2995:
Wright, John; Schofield, Richard; Goldenberg, Suzanne (16 December 2003).
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8149:
8122:
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8039:
7893:
7824:
7665:
7487:
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7275:
7125:
7084:
7015:
6720:
6609:
6552:
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6293:
6182:
6020:
5938:
5916:
5892:
5738:
5728:
4996:
4977:
4954:
3325:. New York, United States: Cambridge University Press. pp. 297–298.
3212:"The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus (Audible Audio Edition)"
2933:
2824:
2795:(motor racing) was the first in the history of Formula One to be held in
2730:
2695:
2643:
2570:
2493:
2419:
1874:
1747:
1338:
872:
720:
538:
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3321:
Barney, Lewis, Beach, Berghof, Stephen A., W. J., J. A., Oliver (2006).
2445:
2343:
which is believed to surround the known world. It is the battlefield of
1286:
845:
214:
8223:
8044:
8004:
7962:
7871:
7851:
7814:
7680:
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7655:
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7534:
7512:
7507:
7438:
7325:
6655:
6624:
6450:
6445:
6109:
6070:
6032:
5950:
5823:
5708:
5703:
5519:
5466:
5251:
4867:
Nart Sagas: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Circassians and Abkhazians
3487:
3371:
3363:
2796:
2785:
2751:
2726:
2707:
2703:
2550:
2511:
2485:
2470:
2396:
2317:
2258:
1878:
1870:
1755:
1679:
1553: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1455:
1330:
631:
546:
431:
427:
423:
309:
120:
5136:
4830:
Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State
4349:
How Pataraz Freed Bearded Nasran, Who Was Chained to the High Mountain
837:, though this is speculative given that Pelasgian is so poorly known.
8263:
7952:
7916:
7722:
7717:
7670:
7418:
7102:
6761:
6735:
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6636:
6420:
6197:
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6027:
5850:
5833:
5718:
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5687:
4721:
From Hittite to Homer: The Anatolian Background of Ancient Greek Epic
2691:
2679:
2631:
2619:
2497:
2451:
2344:
2340:
2188:
2077:
2011:
1999:
1625:
1334:
968:
944:. "Most of the modern names of the Caucasus originate from the Greek
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919:
911:
794:
534:
7202:
4533:
3296:
2379:
2218:
1841:, among others. These kingdoms were later incorporated into various
1528:
8314:
8283:
8233:
7888:
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5418:
5082:
United Nations Environment Programme map: Landcover of the Caucasus
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2542:
2541:. It harbors some 6400 species of higher plants, 1600 of which are
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1795:
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1435:
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sources of the Sasanian era, the Caucasus range was referred to as
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780:
335:
296:
283:
208:
7305:
5148:
3015:
2462:
may be connected to a Caucasian "warrior Forest-Mother, Amaz-an".
1924:
1503:
are largely recognized by the world community as part of Georgia.
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2500:
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1931:
at the peak of its might in the beginning of the 1st century B.C.
1882:
1854:
1834:
1826:
1443:
1369:
860:
791:
701:, which supposedly means 'shimmering with snow'. German linguist
578:
542:
107:
5063:
Information for travellers and others about Caucasus and Georgia
4916:
History of the Caucasus - Volume 1: At the Crossroads of Empires
2750:
is the first in the history of the European Games to be held in
871:
is not only used for the mountains themselves but also includes
8288:
8278:
8258:
8059:
8014:
7989:
7739:
7588:
7551:
7460:
7398:
7310:
7253:
7237:
7107:
6211:
6165:
5872:
5859:
5442:
5430:
5261:
4973:
4934:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2578:
2408:
2003:
1910:
1869:
included Kingdom of Armenia, vassals Iberia, Albania, Parthia,
1799:
1759:
1717:
1709:
1477:
1431:
1384:
1357:
763:
635:
623:
596:
588:
570:
270:
257:
181:
146:
28:
4813:
Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam
2465:
Caucasian legends include stories involving giants similar to
514:
8102:
6958:
6853:
6397:
5695:
5679:
4992:
4534:
Tarkhnishvili, D.; Gavashelishvili, A.; Mumladze, L. (2012).
4039:
3955:"Caucasian Albanian Church celebrates its 1700th Anniversary"
3873:
Theodor Mommsen, William Purdie Dickson, Francis Haverfield.
3320:
2744:
is a popular center of mountain skiing and a snowboard venue.
2558:
2466:
2435:
2423:
2375:
2367:
2204:
2168:, the Turks intended to eliminate the Armenian population of
1995:
1988:
1894:
1886:
1846:
1777:
fossils dating back 1.8 million years were found at the
1678:
The peoples of the northern and southern Caucasus mostly are
1408:
967:
designation of the "inhabitants of the southern coast of the
502:
466:
3875:
The provinces of the Roman Empire: from Caesar to Diocletian
2415:, a mighty hero. The folklore of the Caucasus shows ancient
2146:, comprising western Georgia, through several wars from the
1446:, and the Russian Federation. The Russian divisions include
7831:
5992:
5231:
5166:
5062:
5000:
4981:
4958:
4657:"Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas"
4308:
Mayor, p. xxi; Hunt, pp. 14, 330–357; Calarusso, pp.
2737:, on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus mountains.
2699:
2687:
2663:
2554:
2427:
2370:
sailed to the west coast of the Caucasus in pursuit of the
2359:
2329:
2092:
1842:
1713:
1361:
639:
574:
517:
511:
478:
472:
168:
4951:
The history of wars and Russian domination in the Caucasus
4364:
Hunt, pp. 332–337, 351–355; Colarusso, p. 169.
3062:
John L. Esposito, Abdulaziz Sachedina (2004). "Caucasus".
1352:
The South Caucasus borders the Greater Caucasus range and
729:
625 AD) also says the name means shining white like snow:
5376:
5004:
4962:
3932:
2994:
2144:
Russians took the remaining part of the Southern Caucasus
762:
In Georgian tradition, the term Caucasus is derived from
5034:(Повседневная жизнь горцев Северного Кавказа в XIX в.).
4329:
Hunt, p. 14. Hunt, p. 330, mentions forty-four versions.
4165:
4163:
2118:
Up to and including the early 19th century, most of the
800:
and Alfons A. Nehring, the Ancient Greek word Καύκασος (
4869:, by John Colarusso, Princeton University Press, 2016.
4212:
Lady Setenaya and the Shepherd: The Birth of Sawseruquo
4138:"Caucasus — The Mountain Where They Chained Prometheus"
2249:) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936. Following the
2091:, local kingdoms and khanates, as well as, once again,
1391:. According to that, the highest peak in the Caucasus,
3919:
Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security
2473:
story. In these stories, the giant is almost always a
959:"The earliest etymon" of the name Caucasus comes from
4447:"A faunistic database on the spiders of the Caucasus"
4160:
3800:
3632:
Bolatojha J. "Древняя родина Кавкасов ", p. 49, 2006.
3389:[On the Origin of the Name of the Caucasus].
2446:
Links between Greek mythology and subsequent folklore
508:
499:
481:
475:
469:
463:
4689:"2015 Minerals Yearbook: EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA"
4392:
Sierra Madre: CEMEX/Agrupacion Sierra Madre, 148–153
4248:; Mayor, pp. xxi; Rashidvash, p. 34; Colarusso. pp.
2814:
2484:
There are also links with the ancient Greek myth of
1422:, culturally and geographically diverse region. The
4865:(2016), "Introduction to the Paperback Edition" in
4470:
4468:
4295:
Hunt, pp. 218–222 (45. The Story of One-eye (
3115:
2339:, the Caucasus might be associated with the mythic
1349:are collectively referred to as "Southern Russia".
693:(77–79 AD) derives the name of the Caucasus from a
505:
460:
5163:, Regnal Chronologies (Wikiwix Archive, 8/21/2008)
4628:"OceanCare - Protecting oceans and marine mammals"
4347:Colarusso, pp. 158–168 (Circassian Saga 34:
4100:
3769:
3502:
2241:) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918, and under the
829:'heap'. British linguist Adrian Room claims that *
4474:
4244:Hunt, pp. 9, 13, 201, 210–229; Bachvarova,
4103:A century of genocide: utopias of race and nation
4034:The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, and Future
2068:drove the Muslims out from Caucasus and made the
8832:
8738:German occupation of Estonia during World War II
5059:—a multilingual online journal on South Caucasus
4945:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 546–550.
4591:. Chiba: Chiba University Publications, 297–315.
4574:, a group with a Tertiary relict distribution".
4465:
2517:, are examples of such Prometheus-like figures.
1959:) was the first nation to adopt Christianity as
1368:mountain range and surrounding lowlands. All of
910:range practically impregnable. The mythological
565:range, have conventionally been considered as a
4826:
4566:Milne RI. 2004. "Phylogeny and biogeography of
4045:
3807:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3737:
3735:
2649:
2072:a strong regional power. In 1194–1204 Georgian
4355:); Hunt, pp. 355–356; Rashidvash, p. 34.
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
2142:. In the ensuing years after these gains, the
1379:range is considered by some sources to be the
1360:to its west, the Caspian Sea to its east, and
1092:
771:
8189:
7218:
5664:
5362:
5182:
3439:
3358:
3356:
3023:"Caucasus | Mountains, Facts, & Map"
2894:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
2654:The Caucasus has many economically important
2239:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
1947:at the peak of its might, early 13th century.
1167:
4649:
4403:"WWF – The Caucasus: A biodiversity hotspot"
3887:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3741:
3732:
3345:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2434:, and contain many connections with ancient
1724:. At the beginning of the 19th century, the
1411:mark this border, or even that of the river
5124:University of Turin-Observatory on Caucasus
4833:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
4643:Biology and Exploitation of the Minke Whale
4519:Late Quaternary vegetation of the Near East
4235:Rashidvash, p. 34; Colarusso, pp. 130, 318.
3588:
3569:
3362:
1399:, the geologic depression that divides the
918:, the apparent homeland of the Iranians of
906:expansions, with areas to the north of the
887:, Transcaucasia is a "Russo-centric" term.
8649:Czech resistance against German occupation
8196:
8182:
7225:
7211:
5671:
5657:
5369:
5355:
5189:
5175:
5072:—an academic journal on the South Caucasus
4760:, Princeton University Press, 2002, 2014.
4222:), cf. pp. 323–328 (Abkhaz Saga 75:
3601:
3570:Mikaberidze, Alexander (6 February 2015).
3542:"Caucasus - region and mountains, Eurasia"
3353:
3277:
3255:
3154:"Caucasus - region and mountains, Eurasia"
3096:"Caucasus - region and mountains, Eurasia"
2638:(Rus. Kavkazskaya Ovcharka, Geo. Nagazi).
1290:Contemporary political map of the Caucasus
8308:Sovereign states with limited recognition
5069:Caucasian Review of International Affairs
4615:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
4602:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
4551:
4540:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
3836:
3818:
3066:. Volume 1. Oxford University Press USA.
2083:The Caucasus region was conquered by the
1613:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:. For a meeting of party supporters, see
4662:. 2003. pp. 219–232. Archived from
4135:
3959:The Georgian Church for English Speakers
3472:
3424:
2949:
2717:
2524:
2422:influence, involve battles with ancient
2267:
2217:
2102:
2010:, roughly in the location of latter-day
1939:
1923:
1742:
1624:
1426:that compose the Caucasus today are the
1313:The North Caucasus contains most of the
1285:
940:, referred to the Caucasus mountains as
854:
844:
591:'s highest mountain, is situated in the
228:Autonomous republics and federal regions
4778:
4640:
4266:How Sosruquo Brought Fire to His Troops
3442:"The Vainakhs (The Chechen and Ingush)"
3384:
2646:have been recorded from the Black Sea.
2064:In the 12th century, the Georgian king
1897:. By the time of the first century BC,
985:
8833:
4932:
4913:
4529:
4527:
4351:), 168–169 (Circassian Saga 35:
3916:
3043:Mountain Flowers and Trees of Caucasia
2801:2017 World Rugby Under 20 Championship
2157:, the Russian military perpetrated an
2057:shared same Christian dogmas with the
1333:. The North Caucasus lies between the
1281:
8177:
7232:
7206:
5652:
5350:
5170:
4968:Fadeev, Rostislav Andreevich (1860).
4815:, University of Chicago Press, 2004.
4734:
4576:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4098:
3917:Hunter, Shireen; et al. (2004).
3901:
3323:The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville
2725:is a popular destination for skiing,
2545:to the region. Its wildlife includes
1913:. The next 600 years was marked by a
1306:region is alternatively known as the
679:
630:as well as the northernmost parts of
5076:BBC News: North Caucasus at a glance
4880:
4723:, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
4705:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4136:Gregović, Marko (21 February 2018).
3767:
3500:
3209:
3045:; Pelagic Publishing Limited, 2018,
1821:(669–627 BC), the boundaries of the
1675:most notably in the North Caucasus.
1551:adding citations to reliable sources
1522:
8644:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
4972:(Шестьдесят лет Кавказской войны).
4524:
4449:. Caucasian Spiders. Archived from
3064:The Islamic World: Past and Present
2757:Mountain-skiing complexes include:
1226:
1035:
13:
8749:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
8450:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
8203:
5396:
4907:
4827:Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2024).
4196:Rashidvash, p. 33; Colarusso, pp.
3985:pp 728–730 ABC-CLIO, 2 Dec. 2014.
3385:Yuyukin, M. A. (18–20 June 2012).
2529:View of the Caucasus Mountains in
14:
8877:
5149:WHAT TO SEE IN CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS
5048:
4918:(Hardback). London: I.B. Tauris.
4886:The Making of the Georgian Nation
4433:"Endemic Species of the Caucasus"
4286:Hunt, Table 1, pp. 211–212.
4258:A Cyclops Bound atop Was'hamakhwa
4218:), 387–394 (Ubykh Saga 86:
4214:), 185–186 (Abaza Saga 47:
3927:of the Iranian Sassanian Empire.
3387:"О происхождении названия Кавказ"
2389:
614:The Caucasus is divided into the
194:states with almost no recognition
8704:German occupation in World War I
7179:
7178:
6511:West South Central United States
5617:
5605:
5593:
5582:
5565:
5553:
5541:
5529:
5512:
5500:
5488:
5476:
5459:
5447:
5435:
5423:
5411:
5230:
4970:Sixty years of the Caucasian War
4553:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01788.x
3904:A history of the Georgian people
3771:"Georgia, Georgians, until 1300"
3572:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
3285:, vol. 57, pp. 251–255
2873:
2859:
2845:
2831:
2817:
2626:The natural landscape is one of
2098:
1985:came under the rule of the Arabs
1527:
1356:to its north, the Black Sea and
1323:North Caucasian Federal District
783:and legendary forefather of the
495:
456:
396:
384:
374:
364:
352:
341:
328:
315:
302:
289:
276:
263:
250:
233:
213:
201:
174:
161:
139:
126:
113:
100:
44:
6726:Latin America and the Caribbean
6592:Latin America and the Caribbean
5092:Food Security in Caucasus (FAO)
4681:
4634:
4620:
4607:
4594:
4581:
4560:
4511:
4439:
4425:
4395:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4302:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4238:
4229:
4203:
4190:
4181:
4172:
4129:
4092:
4064:
4051:
4026:
4017:
4004:
3995:
3973:
3947:
3910:
3895:
3866:
3853:
3794:
3761:
3712:
3686:
3660:
3635:
3626:
3563:
3534:
3494:
3466:
3433:
3418:
3378:
3314:
3289:
3271:
3249:
3229:
3210:King, Charles (23 March 2017).
3184:"The languages of the Caucasus"
2924:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
2584:The region has a high level of
2407:a shape changer and trickster,
2251:dissolution of the Soviet Union
2159:ethnic cleansing of Circassians
2018:, until its destruction by the
1971:had become Christian entities,
1632:in the Caucasus region in 2014.
1538:needs additional citations for
1506:
1317:mountain range. It consists of
444:(5,642 metres (18,510 ft))
16:Region spanning Europe and Asia
5024:, retrieved: 18 November 2011.
4517:van Zeist W, Bottema S. 1991.
4477:Journal of Insect Conservation
3203:
3176:
3146:
3088:
3056:
3035:
2988:
1935:
1708:Located on the peripheries of
1364:to its south. It contains the
1080:
611:, part of which is in Turkey.
1:
8575:People's Republic of Bulgaria
5377:Countries and regions of the
5022:Institute of European History
4784:The Caucasus: An Introduction
4737:The Caucasus: An Introduction
4382:Hunt, pp. 333, 347–351.
4373:Hunt, pp. 332, 339–344.
3776:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
3608:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
2976:
2179:In the 1940s, around 480,000
1738:
1341:to its east, and borders the
982:) means "gateway to steppe".
743:(1113 AD), it is stated that
533:. It is situated between the
8709:Estonian War of Independence
6193:Middle East and North Africa
5898:Middle East and North Africa
5196:
4933:Bealby, John Thomas (1911).
4851:, Saqi Books, London, 2012.
4169:Rashidvash, pp. 33–34.
4077:. New York: Berghahn Books,
3574:. Rowman & Littlefield.
3397:. pp. 893–899 and 919.
3364:Vasmer, Max Julius Friedrich
2981:
2909:Culture of Georgia (country)
2650:Energy and mineral resources
2307:
2265:became independent nations.
1991:penetrated into the region.
1983:, large parts of the region
1979:and pagan beliefs. With the
1955:(an eponymous branch of the
1805:
1298:region is also known as the
898:were the furthest points of
645:The region is known for its
599:. On the southern side, the
7:
8390:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
5641:Partially-recognized states
3133:Central Intelligence Agency
3041:Shamil Shetekauri et al.,
2810:
2403:, the mother of the Narts,
2302:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
2055:Church of Caucasian Albania
2049:maintained close ties with
1779:Dmanisi archaeological site
1688:Eastern Orthodox Christians
1168:
1163:
840:
779:), the son of the Biblical
10:
8882:
6486:Northeastern United States
4914:Baumer, Christoph (2021).
4713:
4109:Princeton University Press
3921:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3.
3370:(in German). Vol. 1.
2520:
2278:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2130:. In 1813 and 1828 by the
2031:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
1957:Arsacid dynasty of Parthia
1953:Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
1765:, dating back to 10,000 BC
1701:
1697:
1665:, are spoken in the area.
1516:
1510:
1250:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1023:
974:It was also noted that in
50:Topography of the Caucasus
18:
8851:Mountain ranges of Europe
8630:History of Czechoslovakia
8430:First Republic of Armenia
8333:
8307:
8211:
8158:
8080:
7902:
7770:
7636:
7389:
7244:
7174:
7116:
7093:
7060:
7024:
6957:
6851:
6759:
6750:
6679:
6600:
6406:
6210:
5991:
5949:
5858:
5849:
5797:
5754:
5694:
5639:
5385:
5323:
5270:
5239:
5228:
5204:
5142:17 September 2020 at the
4735:Coene, Frederick (2009).
4497:10.1007/s10841-014-9649-1
4178:Mayor, p. xx; Hunt, p. 9.
3943:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3768:Rapp, Stephen H. (2020).
3698:E-International Relations
3085:. Accessed 30 June 2021.
3001:. Routledge. p. 72.
2998:Transcaucasian Boundaries
2395:tradition is that of the
2286:War in Abkhazia (1992–93)
2059:Armenian Apostolic Church
2006:, that flourished in the
2002:) founded the Kingdom of
1994:In the 10th century, the
1981:Muslim conquest of Persia
1519:Languages of the Caucasus
1438:), Azerbaijan (including
1343:Southern Federal District
1271:
1238:
1214:
1115:
1093:
1059:
1047:
1011:
952:) and the Middle Persian
833:also means 'mountain' in
772:
713:also means 'frozen mud'.
437:
419:
411:
227:
92:
55:
43:
38:
25:Caucasia (disambiguation)
21:Caucasus (disambiguation)
8440:Armenian–Azerbaijani war
6967:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5971:Transantarctic Mountains
5129:Circassians Caucasus Web
4890:Indiana University Press
4641:Horwood, Joseph (1989).
4338:Hunt, pp. 330–331.
3604:"Caucasus, pre-900/1500"
2944:Transcontinental nations
2929:Khanates of the Caucasus
2713:
2282:East Prigorodny Conflict
2025:During the Middle Ages,
1375:The watershed along the
525:), is a region spanning
8734:Estonia in World War II
8694:Estophile Enlightenment
8550:Second Bulgarian Empire
6716:Caribbean South America
5272:History of the Caucasus
5154:24 October 2020 at the
5111:12 October 2007 at the
5018:European History Online
4987:Gagarin, G. G. (1840).
4942:Encyclopædia Britannica
4849:Legends of the Caucasus
4788:Oxford University Press
4099:Weitz, Eric D. (2003).
3820:10.1073/pnas.1106638108
3725:Encyclopædia Britannica
3546:Encyclopedia Britannica
3515:McFarland & Company
3159:Encyclopædia Britannica
3101:Encyclopædia Britannica
3028:Encyclopedia Britannica
2919:Eurasian Economic Union
2362:placed the Caucasus in
2328:) was chained there by
2126:all formed part of the
2039:Principality of Khachen
1704:History of the Caucasus
1630:Ethno-linguistic groups
1513:Peoples of the Caucasus
8535:First Bulgarian Empire
8143:Eastern Slovak Lowland
8138:Little Hungarian Plain
7281:Scandinavian Peninsula
6496:Southern United States
6299:Scandinavian Peninsula
5601:North Ossetia – Alania
5402:
5098:10 August 2013 at the
5010:Gasimov, Zaur (2011).
4521:. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
4220:The Birth of Soseruquo
3602:Gocheleishvili, Iago.
2782:Shahdag Winter Complex
2773:Tsaghkadzor Ski Resort
2738:
2636:Caucasian Shepherd Dog
2603:Caucasian parsley frog
2534:
2442:, and Greek cultures.
2411:a blacksmith god, and
2273:
2230:
2229:in August–October 1993
2115:
1948:
1932:
1788:Homo erectus georgicus
1766:
1633:
1488:, in clockwise order.
1397:Kuma-Manych Depression
1345:to its north. The two
1291:
1262:
1106:
1071:
875:(which is part of the
864:
859:Caucasus mountains in
852:
8475:Stalinist repressions
8133:Great Hungarian Plain
8118:Pontic–Caspian steppe
6972:Antarctic Convergence
6516:Western United States
5400:
5032:Caucasian highlanders
4949:Dubrovin, Nikolai F.
4719:Bachvarova, Mary R.,
4256:(Circassian Saga 37:
4216:How Sosruquo Was Born
4012:Yale University Press
3902:Allen, W.E.D (1932).
3501:Room, Adrian (1997).
3081:registration required
2961:Tourism in Azerbaijan
2950:Tourism-related links
2904:Culture of Azerbaijan
2793:Azerbaijan Grand Prix
2721:
2539:biodiversity hotspots
2528:
2271:
2221:
2136:Treaty of Turkmenchay
2106:
1943:
1927:
1746:
1702:Further information:
1628:
1517:Further information:
1289:
885:Alexander Mikaberidze
858:
848:
77:42.26111°N 44.12111°E
8445:Turkish–Armenian War
7646:North European Plain
6038:Greater Central Asia
5310:North Ossetia–Alania
5118:Encyclopædia Iranica
4320:; Rashidvash, p. 34.
4224:The Mother of Heroes
4046:Hamed-Troyansky 2024
3748:Encyclopædia Iranica
3647:www.lib.uchicago.edu
3031:. 20 September 2023.
2607:Caucasian salamander
2458:. The ancient Greek
2347:and the nest of the
2174:Turkish–Armenian War
2016:North Ossetia–Alania
1547:improve this article
1461:North Ossetia–Alania
986:Endonyms and exonyms
647:linguistic diversity
541:, mainly comprising
380:North Ossetia-Alania
8724:Soviet deportations
8465:Bronze and Iron Age
8435:Armeno-Georgian War
8350:Prehistoric Armenia
7618:East European Plain
7454:Carpathian Ruthenia
7184:Continents of Earth
6711:Brazilian Highlands
6120:Indian subcontinent
5981:Antarctic Peninsula
5779:Southern Hemisphere
5774:Northern Hemisphere
5561:Karachay-Cherkessia
4991:(Костюмы Кавказа).
4882:Suny, Ronald Grigor
4811:Griffin, Nicholas,
4771:Cornell, Susan E.,
4669:on 7 September 2008
4489:2014JICon..18..407C
3979:Timothy C. Dowling
3813:(26): 10432–10436.
3744:"Caucasus and Iran"
3720:"Caucasian peoples"
3486:] (in German).
3454:on 25 February 2012
3440:George Anchabadze.
3297:"kruveši | Tēzaurs"
3123:"Russia, Geography"
2914:Eastern Partnership
2764:Mountain roundabout
2748:2015 European Games
2662:resources, such as
2247:Transcaucasian SFSR
1845:empires, including
1811:Kura–Araxes culture
1798:ever found outside
1763:World Heritage Site
1731:the territory from
1692:Armenian Christians
1473:Karachay–Cherkessia
1430:Georgia (including
1282:Political geography
747:Кавкасийскыѣ горы (
667:Northeast Caucasian
663:Northwest Caucasian
347:Karachay-Cherkessia
73: /
8699:National awakening
8609:Kingdom of Bohemia
8530:Old Great Bulgaria
8505:Soviet repressions
7932:Tuscan Archipelago
7810:Cotentin Peninsula
7399:Danubian countries
6999:Great Barrier Reef
6620:Mainland Australia
6328:Apennine Peninsula
5789:Western Hemisphere
5764:Eastern Hemisphere
5537:Kabardino-Balkaria
5403:
5391:
5305:Kabardino-Balkaria
5240:Political entities
5078:, 8 September 2005
4036:. Routledge. 2008.
3742:Multiple Authors.
3490:: Karl J. Trübner.
3128:The World Factbook
2966:Tourism in Georgia
2956:Tourism in Armenia
2899:Culture of Armenia
2739:
2611:Robert's snow vole
2535:
2440:Norse Scandinavian
2298:Russo-Georgian War
2294:Second Chechen War
2274:
2231:
2223:Georgian Civil War
2172:. During the 1920
2132:Treaty of Gulistan
2116:
2070:Kingdom of Georgia
2043:Kingdom of Armenia
1975:began to overtake
1949:
1945:Kingdom of Georgia
1933:
1929:Kingdom of Armenia
1867:Kingdom of Armenia
1863:Tigranes the Great
1767:
1634:
1467:Kabardino–Balkaria
1428:post-Soviet states
1418:The Caucasus is a
1292:
877:Russian Federation
865:
853:
811:'high' as well as
804:) is connected to
740:Tale of Past Years
717:Isidore of Seville
680:Origin of the name
609:Armenian highlands
559:Caucasus Mountains
323:Kabardino-Balkaria
82:42.26111; 44.12111
8861:Regions of Europe
8828:
8827:
8639:German occupation
8510:German occupation
8470:Early Middle Ages
8425:Caucasus campaign
8420:Armenian genocide
8171:
8170:
8163:Regions of Europe
7927:Italian Peninsula
7820:Upper Rhine Plain
7200:
7199:
7080:Mediterranean Rim
6953:
6952:
6892:Mediterranean Sea
6746:
6745:
6699:Amazon Rainforest
6526:Canadian Prairies
6491:Pacific Northwest
6352:Iberian Peninsula
6137:Arabian Peninsula
5964:Antarctic Plateau
5724:Three/Four Worlds
5646:
5645:
5634:
5633:
5344:
5343:
5106:Caucasus and Iran
5056:Caucasian Journal
4989:Costumes Caucasus
4840:978-1-5036-3696-5
4797:978-0-19-539977-6
4746:978-0-415-48660-6
3672:www.iss.europa.eu
3581:978-1-4422-4146-6
3524:978-0-7864-0172-7
3425:Qoranashvili, G.
3404:978-5-02-038298-5
3332:978-0-521-83749-1
2971:Tourism in Russia
2939:Regions of Europe
2889:Caucasian cuisine
2496:Nart Nasran, the
2337:Persian mythology
2292:(1994–1996), the
2290:First Chechen War
2284:(1989–1991), the
2280:(1988–1994), the
2235:Russian Civil War
2213:deported en masse
2207:in Nakchivan and
2166:Armenian genocide
2120:Southern Caucasus
2107:A scene from the
2066:David the Builder
2047:Caucasian Albania
2035:Kingdom of Syunik
2008:Northern Caucasus
1965:Caucasian Albania
1963:(in 301 AD), and
1917:between Rome and
1891:Nabataean kingdom
1851:Achaemenid Empire
1773:. In 1991, early
1623:
1622:
1615:
1597:
1347:Federal Districts
1337:to its west, the
749:Kavkasijskyě gory
670:language families
605:Javakheti Plateau
448:
447:
8873:
8674:Livonian Crusade
8605:High Middle Ages
8600:Duchy of Bohemia
8540:Christianization
8525:Odrysian kingdom
8385:Mongol invasions
8380:Medieval Armenia
8375:Sasanian Armenia
8360:Artaxiad dynasty
8212:Sovereign states
8198:
8191:
8184:
8175:
8174:
8103:Slavic countries
7944:Aegadian Islands
7760:Germania Slavica
7628:Cap of the North
7562:Greater Caucasus
7528:Karelian Isthmus
7471:Sambia Peninsula
7381:Cap of the North
7227:
7220:
7213:
7204:
7203:
7182:
7181:
7161:Global Southwest
7156:Global Southeast
7146:Global Northwest
7141:Global Northeast
7131:Global Heartland
7075:Indian Ocean Rim
6757:
6756:
6649:Island Melanesia
6340:Balkan Peninsula
6115:Himalayan states
6062:Russian Far East
5856:
5855:
5784:Water Hemisphere
5673:
5666:
5659:
5650:
5649:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5388:
5387:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5234:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5168:
5167:
5133:
4946:
4938:
4936:"Caucasia"
4929:
4903:
4888:(2nd ed.).
4875:978-0691-16914-9
4844:
4801:
4750:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4693:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4624:
4618:
4611:
4605:
4598:
4592:
4585:
4579:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4531:
4522:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4453:on 28 March 2009
4443:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4409:. Archived from
4399:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4356:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4321:
4306:
4300:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4269:
4264:(Abaza Saga 52:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4227:
4207:
4201:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4144:. Archived from
4133:
4127:
4126:
4106:
4096:
4090:
4068:
4062:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3977:
3971:
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3968:
3966:
3951:
3945:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3864:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3840:
3822:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3778:. Brill Online.
3773:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3610:. Archived from
3599:
3586:
3585:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3508:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3447:. Archived from
3446:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3395:Saint Petersburg
3382:
3376:
3375:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3336:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3279:Kretschmer, Paul
3275:
3269:
3268:
3257:Kretschmer, Paul
3253:
3247:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3060:
3054:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2992:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2867:Mountains portal
2864:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2853:Geography portal
2850:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2742:Krasnaya Polyana
2615:Caucasian grouse
2588:and a number of
2547:Persian leopards
2378:, a daughter of
2374:, and there met
2326:Georgian version
2300:(2008), and the
2209:Caucasus Germans
2197:Meskhetian Turks
2027:Bagratid Armenia
1651:Turkic languages
1618:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1555:
1531:
1523:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1377:Greater Caucasus
1315:Greater Caucasus
1273:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1171:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1096:
1095:
1082:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
908:Greater Caucasus
775:
774:
728:
593:Western Caucasus
577:, bisecting the
563:Greater Caucasus
561:, including the
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
438:Highest mountain
402:
400:
399:
388:
387:
378:
377:
368:
367:
358:
356:
355:
345:
344:
334:
332:
331:
321:
319:
318:
308:
306:
305:
295:
293:
292:
282:
280:
279:
269:
267:
266:
256:
254:
253:
237:
236:
217:
207:
205:
204:
180:
178:
177:
167:
165:
164:
145:
143:
142:
132:
130:
129:
119:
117:
116:
106:
104:
103:
88:
87:
85:
84:
83:
78:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
48:
36:
35:
8881:
8880:
8876:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8870:
8856:Regions of Asia
8831:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8719:Soviet invasion
8679:Danish conquest
8669:Ancient Estonia
8370:Arsacid dynasty
8355:Orontid dynasty
8329:
8303:
8207:
8202:
8172:
8167:
8154:
8128:Pannonian Basin
8113:Eurasian Steppe
8076:
8025:Opuntian Locris
7898:
7805:Channel Islands
7800:English Channel
7766:
7632:
7606:Southern Russia
7601:Taman Peninsula
7584:European Russia
7493:Lithuania Minor
7466:Sloboda Ukraine
7385:
7361:Channel Islands
7356:English Channel
7336:Gulf of Finland
7331:Gulf of Bothnia
7240:
7231:
7201:
7196:
7170:
7112:
7089:
7056:
7020:
6949:
6938:South China Sea
6847:
6790:Central America
6742:
6675:
6596:
6548:Northern Mexico
6536:Northern Canada
6521:Atlantic Canada
6476:Mountain states
6402:
6257:European Russia
6250:Southern Russia
6206:
6159:Iranian Plateau
5987:
5976:West Antarctica
5959:East Antarctica
5945:
5845:
5793:
5769:Land Hemisphere
5750:
5690:
5677:
5647:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5627:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5583:
5581:
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5575:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5554:
5552:
5551:
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5540:
5539:
5530:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5477:
5475:
5470:
5469:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5412:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5401:Soviet Caucasia
5381:
5375:
5345:
5340:
5319:
5266:
5235:
5226:
5200:
5195:
5156:Wayback Machine
5144:Wayback Machine
5131:
5113:Wayback Machine
5100:Wayback Machine
5051:
4926:
4910:
4908:Further reading
4900:
4863:Mayor, Adrienne
4841:
4798:
4780:de Waal, Thomas
4754:Colarusso, John
4747:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4702:
4698:. August 2019.
4691:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4639:
4635:
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4612:
4608:
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4386:
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4359:
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4333:
4328:
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4307:
4303:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
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4272:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4208:
4204:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4148:on 12 June 2021
4134:
4130:
4123:
4097:
4093:
4069:
4065:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3961:. 9 August 2013
3953:
3952:
3948:
3937:
3933:
3915:
3911:
3900:
3896:
3880:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3858:
3854:
3799:
3795:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3740:
3733:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3614:on 12 June 2018
3600:
3589:
3582:
3568:
3564:
3550:
3548:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3499:
3495:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3383:
3379:
3361:
3354:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3276:
3272:
3254:
3250:
3240:Natural History
3236:Pliny the Elder
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3164:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3078:
3061:
3057:
3040:
3036:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3009:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2952:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2745:
2716:
2704:anthracite coal
2652:
2523:
2448:
2392:
2314:Greek mythology
2310:
2227:War in Abkhazia
2199:, thousands of
2170:Eastern Armenia
2140:Imperial Russia
2113:Pyotr Gruzinsky
2101:
2020:Mongol invasion
1938:
1919:Sassanid Empire
1859:Sassanid Empire
1823:Assyrian Empire
1808:
1771:Paleolithic Era
1741:
1706:
1700:
1663:Karachay–Balkar
1619:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1556:
1554:
1544:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1499:. Abkhazia and
1471:
1465:
1459:
1366:Lesser Caucasus
1354:Southern Russia
1319:Southern Russia
1284:
1279:
1263:Kafkas/Kafkasya
1136:Karachay-Balkar
988:
916:Airyanem Vaejah
883:. According to
843:
745:Old East Slavic
726:
705:notes that the
703:Paul Kretschmer
690:Natural History
685:Pliny the Elder
682:
657:languages, the
638:, and northern
601:Lesser Caucasus
567:natural barrier
555:Southern Russia
553:, and parts of
498:
494:
459:
455:
397:
395:
385:
375:
365:
353:
351:
342:
329:
327:
316:
314:
303:
301:
290:
288:
277:
275:
264:
262:
251:
249:
241:
234:
223:
202:
200:
197:
196:
186:
175:
173:
162:
160:
157:
156:
151:
140:
138:
127:
125:
114:
112:
101:
99:
81:
79:
75:
72:
67:
64:
62:
60:
59:
51:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8879:
8869:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8846:Eastern Europe
8843:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8780:Ottoman Empire
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8746:
8740:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8662:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8602:
8597:
8591:Czech Republic
8588:
8583:
8577:
8572:
8566:
8557:
8555:Ottoman Empire
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8518:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8500:Russian Empire
8497:
8488:
8483:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8453:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8415:Russian Empire
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8343:
8337:
8335:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8311:
8309:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8239:Czech Republic
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8215:
8213:
8209:
8208:
8205:Eastern Europe
8201:
8200:
8193:
8186:
8178:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8108:European Plain
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8057:
8055:Gulf of Chania
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8010:Aegean Islands
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7982:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7973:Meseta Central
7970:
7965:
7955:
7950:
7949:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7924:
7908:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7882:Meseta Central
7879:
7874:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7776:
7774:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7725:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7642:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7611:Kola Peninsula
7608:
7603:
7598:
7597:
7596:
7581:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7572:South Caucasus
7569:
7567:North Caucasus
7564:
7554:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7537:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7525:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7395:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7250:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7230:
7229:
7222:
7215:
7207:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7192:Physical Earth
7175:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7122:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7066:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7031:
7029:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7004:Mariana Trench
7001:
6991:
6986:
6984:Atlantic Ocean
6981:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6963:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6945:Southern Ocean
6942:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6933:East China Sea
6925:
6924:
6923:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6867:Atlantic Ocean
6864:
6858:
6856:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6772:
6766:
6764:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6685:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6671:Remote Oceania
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6606:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6541:Western Canada
6538:
6533:
6531:Eastern Canada
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6412:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6320:
6315:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6245:South Caucasus
6242:
6240:North Caucasus
6232:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6147:South Caucasus
6139:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6090:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6016:Aralkum Desert
6013:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5973:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5955:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5914:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5807:Africa-Eurasia
5803:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5700:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5676:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5653:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:Stavropol Krai
5580:
5579:
5577:
5573:Krasnodar Krai
5527:
5526:
5524:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5374:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5351:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5194:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5158:
5146:
5134:
5126:
5121:
5103:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5065:
5060:
5050:
5049:External links
5047:
5046:
5045:
5025:
5008:
4985:
4966:
4947:
4930:
4924:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4878:
4860:
4857:978-0863568237
4845:
4839:
4824:
4809:
4804:Golvin, Ivan,
4802:
4796:
4776:
4769:
4751:
4745:
4732:
4729:978-0521509794
4715:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4680:
4648:
4633:
4630:. 24 May 2021.
4619:
4606:
4593:
4580:
4559:
4523:
4510:
4483:(3): 407–416.
4464:
4438:
4424:
4394:
4384:
4375:
4366:
4357:
4340:
4331:
4322:
4301:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4237:
4228:
4202:
4200:, 44, 53, 399.
4189:
4180:
4171:
4159:
4128:
4121:
4091:
4071:Vahakn Dadrian
4063:
4061:, pp. 319-323.
4059:Burning Tigris
4050:
4038:
4025:
4016:
4003:
3994:
3991:978-1598849486
3972:
3946:
3931:
3909:
3906:. p. 123.
3894:
3865:
3852:
3793:
3760:
3731:
3711:
3700:. 2 March 2020
3685:
3659:
3634:
3625:
3587:
3580:
3562:
3533:
3523:
3493:
3474:Schrader, Otto
3465:
3432:
3417:
3403:
3393:(in Russian).
3377:
3374:: Carl Winter.
3352:
3331:
3313:
3288:
3270:
3248:
3228:
3216:www.amazon.com
3202:
3175:
3145:
3114:
3087:
3055:
3034:
3014:
3007:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2870:
2856:
2842:
2828:
2812:
2809:
2789:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2761:Alpika-Service
2715:
2712:
2651:
2648:
2522:
2519:
2447:
2444:
2391:
2390:Later folklore
2388:
2309:
2306:
2203:, and 200,000
2155:Caucasian Wars
2148:Ottoman Empire
2128:Persian Empire
2100:
2097:
1977:Zoroastrianism
1961:state religion
1937:
1934:
1899:Zoroastrianism
1807:
1804:
1740:
1737:
1726:Russian Empire
1699:
1696:
1659:Kumyk language
1621:
1620:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1511:Main article:
1508:
1505:
1486:Stavropol Krai
1482:Krasnodar Krai
1420:linguistically
1389:Southwest Asia
1304:South Caucasus
1302:, whereas the
1296:North Caucasus
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1265:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1218:Kavkaz/Kaukazi
1215:Кавказ/Каукази
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1100:
1086:
1074:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1004:
987:
984:
924:Middle Persian
842:
839:
818:'hillock' and
681:
678:
620:South Caucasus
616:North Caucasus
527:Eastern Europe
446:
445:
439:
435:
434:
421:
417:
416:
413:
409:
408:
407:
406:
404:Stavropol Krai
393:
382:
372:
362:
360:Krasnodar Krai
349:
339:
325:
312:
299:
286:
273:
260:
247:
229:
225:
224:
222:
221:
211:
189:
188:
187:
185:
184:
171:
154:
153:
152:
150:
149:
136:
123:
110:
96:
94:
90:
89:
57:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8878:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8684:Terra Mariana
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8666:
8663:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8610:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8595:Great Moravia
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8495:Russification
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8365:Roman Armenia
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8320:South Ossetia
8318:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8306:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8199:
8194:
8192:
8187:
8185:
8180:
8179:
8176:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8151:
8148:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8067:Mediterranean
8065:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7980:Gibraltar Arc
7978:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7968:Baetic System
7966:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7939:Insular Italy
7937:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7901:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7877:Baetic System
7875:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7795:British Isles
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7785:Low Countries
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7716:
7712:
7711:Czech Silesia
7709:
7708:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7661:Alpine states
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7595:
7594:Arctic Circle
7592:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7498:Nemunas Delta
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7483:Curonian Spit
7481:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7376:Nemunas Delta
7374:
7372:
7371:Curonian Spit
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7351:British Isles
7349:
7347:
7346:Faroe Islands
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7260:
7259:Arctic Circle
7257:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7228:
7223:
7221:
7216:
7214:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7177:
7176:
7173:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7023:
7017:
7014:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6994:Pacific Ocean
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6956:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6928:Pacific Ocean
6926:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6882:Caribbean Sea
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6850:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6829:
6825:
6824:by population
6822:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6798:
6797:South America
6795:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6780:North America
6778:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6731:Southern Cone
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6706:Andean States
6704:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6681:South America
6678:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6593:
6590:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6408:North America
6405:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6371:Low Countries
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6347:South-western
6345:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6335:South-eastern
6333:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6323:South-central
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6313:Mediterranean
6311:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6279:British Isles
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6176:Levantine Sea
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5868:Mediterranean
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5669:
5667:
5662:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5638:
5630:
5626:
5614:
5613:South Ossetia
5602:
5590:
5578:
5574:
5562:
5550:
5538:
5525:
5521:
5509:
5497:
5485:
5472:
5468:
5456:
5444:
5432:
5420:
5407:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5367:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5187:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5044:
5043:5-235-02585-7
5040:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4925:9781788310079
4921:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4899:0-253-20915-3
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4847:Hunt, David,
4846:
4842:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4821:9780226308593
4818:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:9781400865284
4763:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:. Routledge.
4738:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4665:
4658:
4652:
4645:. p. 27.
4644:
4637:
4629:
4623:
4616:
4610:
4603:
4597:
4590:
4584:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4469:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4434:
4428:
4413:on 8 May 2013
4412:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4319:
4318:200—202
4315:
4311:
4305:
4298:
4292:
4283:
4274:
4267:
4263:
4262:200–202
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4232:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4164:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4122:0-691-00913-9
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4095:
4088:
4087:1-57181-666-6
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4060:
4054:
4048:, p. 49.
4047:
4042:
4035:
4029:
4020:
4014:, 1970, p. 74
4013:
4007:
4001:Suny, page 64
3998:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3884:
3877:. p. 68.
3876:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3674:. 18 May 2017
3673:
3669:
3663:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3629:
3613:
3609:
3605:
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3529:*kau-meaning.
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3511:Jefferson, NC
3507:
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3263:(in German).
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3018:
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3008:9781135368500
3004:
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2839:Europe portal
2829:
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2641:
2640:Vincent Evans
2637:
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2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
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2582:
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2576:
2575:invertebrates
2572:
2568:
2567:golden eagles
2564:
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2372:Golden Fleece
2369:
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2342:
2338:
2333:
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2327:
2323:
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2305:
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2299:
2296:(1999–2009),
2295:
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2260:
2256:
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2248:
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2145:
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2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:and southern
2121:
2114:
2110:
2109:Caucasian War
2105:
2099:Modern period
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:Turco-Mongols
2086:
2081:
2079:
2075:
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2062:
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2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1946:
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1930:
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1916:
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1764:
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1757:
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1727:
1723:
1722:Iranian world
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:Sunni Muslims
1681:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1672:lingua franca
1669:is used as a
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
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1644:
1640:
1631:
1627:
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1574:
1571:
1567:
1564: –
1563:
1559:
1558:Find sources:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1536:This section
1534:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1501:South Ossetia
1498:
1497:South Ossetia
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:nation states
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:Russian Plain
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:dividing line
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:, mainly the
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1308:Transcaucasus
1305:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1276:
1269:
1266:
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1200:
1197:
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1033:
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1018:
1016:
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1005:
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1000:
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921:
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913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:Transcaucasus
888:
886:
882:
881:Transcaucasia
878:
874:
870:
862:
857:
851:
847:
838:
836:
832:
828:
825:
822:'hill, top',
821:
817:
814:
810:
807:
803:
799:
798:Otto Schrader
796:
793:
790:According to
788:
786:
782:
778:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
753:Ancient Greek
750:
746:
742:
741:
735:
734:
730:
724:
723:
718:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:
686:
677:
676:to the area.
675:
671:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Indo-European
649:: aside from
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
603:includes the
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
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552:
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453:
443:
440:
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422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
394:
391:
390:Rostov Oblast
383:
381:
373:
371:
363:
361:
350:
348:
340:
337:
326:
324:
313:
311:
300:
298:
287:
285:
274:
272:
261:
259:
248:
245:
242:(since 2008,
240:
232:
231:
230:
226:
220:
219:South Ossetia
216:
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210:
199:
198:
195:
193:
183:
172:
170:
159:
158:
155:Related areas
148:
137:
135:
124:
122:
111:
109:
98:
97:
95:
91:
86:
58:
54:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
8805:Transnistria
8800:Soviet Union
8689:Swedish rule
8580:1989-present
8569:World War II
8480:World War II
8325:Transnistria
7985:Southeastern
7862:Gulf of Lion
7745:Transdanubia
7556:
7540:Southeastern
7523:East Karelia
7424:Transylvania
7291:Baltoscandia
7286:Fennoscandia
7271:Northwestern
7190: /
7188:List of seas
7186: /
7151:Global South
7136:Global North
7070:Atlantic Rim
7009:Ring of Fire
6989:Indian Ocean
6979:Arctic Ocean
6921:Persian Gulf
6916:Indian Ocean
6897:Adriatic Sea
6862:Arctic Ocean
6694:Amazon Basin
6689:Amazon Plain
6661:Near Oceania
6466:Mid-Atlantic
6416:Aridoamerica
6376:Northwestern
6289:Northwestern
6262:Southeastern
6234:
6154:Greater Iran
6141:
6093:Southeastern
6088:Pacific Asia
6057:Pacific Asia
6045:Northeastern
6001:Asia–Pacific
5744:Fourth World
5734:Second World
5378:
5197:
5161:The Caucasus
5132:(in Turkish)
5116:
5068:
5055:
5028:Kaziev Shapi
5013:The Caucasus
5012:
4940:
4915:
4885:
4866:
4848:
4829:
4812:
4806:The Caucasus
4805:
4783:
4772:
4757:
4736:
4720:
4695:
4683:
4671:. Retrieved
4664:the original
4651:
4642:
4636:
4622:
4617:102: 239–250
4614:
4609:
4604:72: 287–332.
4601:
4596:
4588:
4583:
4578:33: 389–401.
4575:
4571:
4568:Rhododendron
4567:
4562:
4543:
4539:
4518:
4513:
4480:
4476:
4457:17 September
4455:. Retrieved
4451:the original
4441:
4427:
4415:. Retrieved
4411:the original
4406:
4397:
4387:
4378:
4369:
4360:
4353:Bound Nasran
4352:
4348:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4304:
4296:
4291:
4282:
4277:Hunt, p. 13.
4273:
4265:
4257:
4240:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4150:. Retrieved
4146:the original
4141:
4131:
4102:
4094:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4053:
4041:
4033:
4028:
4019:
4006:
3997:
3981:
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3958:
3949:
3934:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3903:
3897:
3874:
3868:
3860:
3855:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3747:
3723:
3714:
3702:. Retrieved
3697:
3688:
3676:. Retrieved
3671:
3662:
3650:. Retrieved
3646:
3637:
3628:
3616:. Retrieved
3612:the original
3607:
3571:
3565:
3556:
3549:. Retrieved
3545:
3536:
3528:
3504:
3496:
3483:
3478:
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3449:the original
3435:
3426:
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3390:
3380:
3367:
3322:
3316:
3304:. Retrieved
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3260:
3251:
3239:
3231:
3221:14 September
3219:. Retrieved
3215:
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3189:Language Log
3187:
3178:
3170:
3163:. Retrieved
3157:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3126:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3099:
3090:
3063:
3058:
3042:
3037:
3026:
3017:
2997:
2990:
2881:World portal
2803:was held in
2790:
2756:
2740:
2653:
2644:minke whales
2628:mixed forest
2625:
2618:
2583:
2577:, some 1000
2571:hooded crows
2536:
2483:
2464:
2449:
2393:
2353:
2334:
2311:
2275:
2232:
2178:
2163:
2152:
2117:
2082:
2063:
2024:
2022:in 1238–39.
1993:
1973:Christianity
1950:
1905:, and later
1819:Ashurbanipal
1816:
1809:
1793:
1786:
1768:
1707:
1680:Shia Muslims
1677:
1670:
1635:
1609:
1600:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1557:
1545:Please help
1540:verification
1537:
1507:Demographics
1490:
1417:
1393:Mount Elbrus
1374:
1351:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1293:
1274:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1097:
1083:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
998:
997:
992:
991:
989:
979:
973:
960:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
935:
927:
889:
868:
866:
850:Mount Elbrus
830:
826:
819:
815:
808:
801:
795:philologists
789:
785:Nakh peoples
776:
761:
756:
751:) came from
748:
738:
736:
732:
731:
721:
715:
710:
698:
688:
683:
644:
613:
585:Mount Elbrus
583:
531:Western Asia
490:
451:
449:
191:
33:
8729:Soviet rule
8564:World War I
8293:East Thrace
8150:Macaronesia
8123:Wild Fields
8072:Alpide belt
8040:Peloponnese
7894:Alpide belt
7825:Upper Rhine
7666:Alpide belt
7488:Izium Trail
7476:Amber Coast
7316:West Nordic
7276:Scandinavia
7166:Global West
7126:Global East
7085:Pacific Rim
7027:waterbodies
7016:World Ocean
6841:New Zealand
6721:The Guianas
6610:Australasia
6553:West Indies
6481:New England
6461:Great Lakes
6431:Mesoamerica
6318:Middle East
6294:Scandinavia
6183:Middle East
6021:Caspian Sea
5927:Great Lakes
5907:Sub-Saharan
5893:Middle East
5756:Hemispheres
5739:Third World
5729:First World
5682:'s primary
4997:Runivers.ru
4978:Runivers.ru
4955:Runivers.ru
4570:subsection
4546:: 231–248.
3863:, 297:85–9.
3753:3 September
3558:Caucasia").
3551:26 November
3306:12 February
3165:26 November
3138:22 February
3107:26 November
2934:Prometheism
2825:Asia portal
2731:paragliding
2696:natural gas
2642:noted that
2551:brown bears
2420:Zoroastrian
2380:King Aeëtes
2074:Queen Tamar
2014:and modern
1936:Middle Ages
1875:Mesopotamia
1748:Petroglyphs
1655:Azerbaijani
1639:East Slavic
1339:Caspian Sea
1300:Ciscaucasus
1206:K'avk'atsia
1068:Azerbaijani
894:region and
873:Ciscaucasia
722:Etymologies
539:Caspian Sea
392:(partially)
338:(partially)
80: /
56:Coordinates
8835:Categories
8820:Yugoslavia
8545:Golden Age
8456:Azerbaijan
8224:Azerbaijan
8045:Chalkidiki
8005:Aegean Sea
7963:Al-Andalus
7872:Al-Andalus
7852:Septimania
7815:Doggerland
7681:Westphalia
7676:Eastphalia
7656:Baltic Sea
7623:Ryn Desert
7535:Lokhaniemi
7513:Vyborg Bay
7508:Baltic Sea
7439:Bessarabia
7326:Baltic Sea
6907:Ionian Sea
6902:Aegean Sea
6872:Baltic Sea
6804:Antarctica
6656:Micronesia
6625:New Guinea
6583:Portuguese
6506:West Coast
6456:East Coast
6451:Bible Belt
6446:Appalachia
6125:Subregions
6033:Inner Asia
5951:Antarctica
5851:Continents
5824:Antarctica
5799:Landmasses
5709:Down Under
5704:Arab World
5688:subregions
5589:Nakhchivan
5520:Ingushetia
5467:Azerbaijan
5290:Azerbaijan
5252:Azerbaijan
4111:. p.
4079:pp. 360–61
4073:. (2003).
4057:Balakian.
3488:Strasbourg
3458:3 November
3429:. Tbilisi.
3372:Heidelberg
3301:tezaurs.lv
3244:vi.(19).50
3072:0195165209
3051:178427173X
2977:References
2797:Azerbaijan
2786:Azerbaijan
2768:Rosa Hutor
2752:Azerbaijan
2727:Heliskiing
2510:, and the
2494:Circassian
2486:Prometheus
2471:Polyphemus
2397:Nart sagas
2318:Prometheus
2259:Azerbaijan
2187:, 120,000
1879:Cappadocia
1871:Atropatene
1857:, and the
1756:Azerbaijan
1739:Prehistory
1733:Qajar Iran
1653:, such as
1573:newspapers
1562:"Caucasus"
1456:Ingushetia
1440:Nakhchivan
1331:Azerbaijan
1199:Mingrelian
1098:K'avk'asia
1027:Kʺaukʺaz/s
1024:Къаукъаз/с
902:and later
813:Lithuanian
755:Καύκασος (
674:indigenous
659:Kartvelian
632:Azerbaijan
581:landmass.
547:Azerbaijan
420:Time Zones
370:Nakhchivan
310:Ingushetia
121:Azerbaijan
68:44°07′16″E
65:42°15′40″N
8866:West Asia
8770:Lithuania
8743:Holocaust
8714:1920-1939
8659:1989-1992
8654:1945-1948
8634:1918-1938
8625:1867-1918
8620:1648-1867
8615:1526-1648
8560:1878-1946
8515:Holocaust
8460:Stone Age
8410:1880-1918
8405:1829-1878
8400:1502-1828
8395:1453-1829
8264:Lithuania
7953:Occitania
7917:Po Valley
7790:Northwest
7723:Pomerelia
7718:Pomerania
7671:Rhineland
7419:Wallachia
7103:Antarctic
6887:Irish Sea
6877:Black Sea
6836:Australia
6785:Caribbean
6762:continent
6736:Patagonia
6666:Polynesia
6644:Melanesia
6637:Zealandia
6615:Australia
6501:Southwest
6421:Caribbean
6198:Near East
5839:submerged
5834:Zealandia
5829:Australia
5719:Old World
5714:New World
5331:Languages
5212:Mountains
5205:Geography
5115:entry in
5020:, Mainz:
4407:panda.org
4250:6–7
3883:cite book
3829:0027-8424
3784:1873-9830
3704:7 January
3678:7 January
3341:cite book
3267:: 75–103.
3195:7 January
2982:Citations
2791:The 2017
2680:manganese
2632:dog breed
2620:Darevskia
2512:Abkhazian
2452:Aphrodite
2345:Saoshyant
2341:Mount Qaf
2308:Mythology
2253:in 1991,
2078:Near East
2012:Circassia
2000:Ossetians
1907:Byzantium
1806:Antiquity
1729:conquered
1603:July 2018
1335:Black Sea
1268:Ukrainian
1107:Kaukasien
1039:al-Qawqāz
978:Ков гас (
969:Black Sea
942:Kōh-i Kāf
937:Shahnameh
934:, in his
920:Zoroaster
912:Mount Qaf
867:The term
863:, Georgia
835:Pelasgian
777:Ḳavḳasosi
773:კავკასოსი
699:Croucasis
535:Black Sea
432:UTC+04:00
428:UTC+03:30
424:UTC+03:00
415:Caucasian
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8841:Caucasus
8795:Slovakia
8586:Caucasus
8521:Bulgaria
8341:Abkhazia
8315:Abkhazia
8284:Slovakia
8234:Bulgaria
8088:Germanic
7889:Pyrenees
7847:Brittany
7842:Normandy
7755:Germania
7735:Bukovina
7728:Kashubia
7579:Kabardia
7557:Caucasus
7449:Ruthenia
7434:Bukovina
7429:Moldavia
7414:Volhynia
6630:Tasmania
6578:Hispanic
6441:Northern
6388:Germanic
6366:Atlantic
6308:Southern
6269:Northern
6235:Caucasus
6171:Dead Sea
6142:Caucasus
6110:Southern
6103:Maritime
6098:Mainland
6071:Northern
6052:Far East
6011:Aral Sea
5934:Southern
5878:Northern
5549:Kalmykia
5496:Dagestan
5484:Chechnya
5419:Abkhazia
5379:Caucasus
5295:Chechnya
5280:Abkhazia
5198:Caucasus
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5140:Archived
5109:Archived
5096:Archived
5030:(2003).
5007:formats.
4965:formats.
4884:(1994).
4782:(2010).
4700:Archived
4673:21 April
4505:16783553
4417:2 August
4297:Georgian
3925:conquest
3847:21646521
3652:28 March
3476:(1901).
3410:19 March
3281:(1930),
2811:See also
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2676:iron ore
2656:minerals
2598:disjunct
2586:endemism
2573:. Among
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2498:Georgian
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2456:Achilles
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2304:(2020).
2225:and the
2189:Karachay
2181:Chechens
2134:and the
2124:Dagestan
2085:Ottomans
2053:and the
1915:conflict
1796:hominins
1775:Hominini
1752:Gobustan
1647:Ossetian
1643:Armenian
1493:Abkhazia
1452:Chechnya
1448:Dagestan
1436:Abkhazia
1383:between
1211:Ossetian
1203:კავკაცია
1194:K'awk'az
1191:Къавкъаз
1182:Kkawkkaz
1179:Ккавкказ
1164:Qefqasya
1152:Къавкъаз
1119:Káfkasos
1116:Καύκασος
1094:კავკასია
1089:Georgian
1044:Armenian
950:Caucasus
946:Kaukasos
932:Ferdowsi
904:Sasanian
900:Parthian
896:Dagestan
869:Caucasus
841:Toponyms
802:Kaukasos
781:Togarmah
768:Georgian
757:Kaúkasos
711:kruvesis
695:Scythian
607:and the
595:area of
579:Eurasian
569:between
537:and the
491:Caucasia
452:Caucasus
336:Kalmykia
297:Dagestan
284:Chechnya
244:in exile
239:Abkhazia
209:Abkhazia
192:De facto
39:Caucasus
8815:Ukraine
8785:Romania
8775:Moldova
8760:Hungary
8755:Georgia
8665:Estonia
8491:Belarus
8486:Balkans
8346:Armenia
8334:History
8299:Ukraine
8274:Romania
8269:Moldova
8254:Hungary
8249:Georgia
8244:Estonia
8229:Belarus
8219:Armenia
8093:Romance
8081:Related
8050:Aetolia
8035:Megaris
8020:Boeotia
8000:Balkans
7995:Rumelia
7921:Padania
7857:Batavia
7837:Gascony
7780:Benelux
7750:Polesia
7706:Silesia
7701:Moravia
7696:Bohemia
7691:Lusatia
7686:Prussia
7638:Central
7545:Balkans
7518:Karelia
7444:Livonia
7409:Galicia
7404:Prussia
7366:Livonia
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7301:Gotland
7296:Jutland
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6831:Oceania
6819:by area
6775:America
6752:Islands
6602:Oceania
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6132:Western
6076:Siberia
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5912:Central
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5819:America
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5300:Georgia
5285:Armenia
5257:Georgia
5247:Armenia
5217:Greater
4984:format.
4714:Sources
4572:Pontica
4485:Bibcode
4152:12 June
3965:2 March
3861:Science
3838:3127884
2805:Georgia
2777:Armenia
2735:Georgia
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2521:Ecology
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2324:in the
2322:Amirani
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2201:Kalmyks
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2051:Armenia
1998:(proto-
1969:Georgia
1951:As the
1911:Lazicum
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1831:Albania
1827:Armenia
1783:Georgia
1698:History
1667:Russian
1587:scholar
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1370:Armenia
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1259:Turkish
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8291:(only
8289:Turkey
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7108:Arctic
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