Bee - Knowledge

1194: 1096: 1019: 981: 765: 1668:, or, most commonly, in tunnels in the ground. The female typically creates a compartment (a "cell") with an egg and some provisions for the resulting larva, then seals it off. A nest may consist of numerous cells. When the nest is in wood, usually the last (those closer to the entrance) contain eggs that will become males. The adult does not provide care for the brood once the egg is laid, and usually dies after making one or more nests. The males typically emerge first and are ready for mating when the females emerge. Solitary bees are either stingless or very unlikely to sting (only in self-defense, if ever). 1745:, followed by the emergence of a winged adult. Most solitary bees and bumble bees in temperate climates overwinter as adults or pupae and emerge in spring when increasing numbers of flowering plants come into bloom. The males usually emerge first and search for females with which to mate. The sex of a bee is determined by whether or not the egg is fertilised; after mating, a female stores the sperm, and determines which sex is required at the time each individual egg is laid, fertilised eggs producing female offspring and unfertilised eggs, males. Tropical bees may have several generations in a year and no 230: 2162: 2303: 1235: 8450: 8482: 868: 253: 1047: 2209: 1371: 2627: 1640: 1593: 1915: 2016: 1075: 1947: 1723: 960: 1786: 8816: 1773:

jaws for chewing their food and an appendage on either side of the mouth tipped with a bristle. There is a gland under the mouth that secretes a viscous liquid which solidifies into the silk they use to produce their cocoons. The pupa can be seen through the semi-transparent cocoon and over the course of a few days, the insect undergoes metamorphosis into the form of the adult bee. When ready to emerge, it splits its skin dorsally and climbs out of the

1524: 896: 1753: 597: 2398: 924: 1448: 1310: 2741: 2513: 2153:, which are extremely sensitive to light and dark, though incapable of forming images. Some have refracting superposition compound eyes: these combine the output of many elements of their compound eyes to provide enough light for each retinal photoreceptor. Their ability to fly by night enables them to avoid many predators, and to exploit flowers that produce nectar only or also at night. 1853: 1689: 5309: 1680:. In some species, multiple females share a common nest, but each makes and provisions her own cells independently. This type of group is called "communal" and is not uncommon. The primary advantage appears to be that a nest entrance is easier to defend from predators and parasites when there are multiple females using that same entrance on a regular basis. 1432:, or "sweat bees". Colonies are typically small, with a dozen or fewer workers, on average. Queens and workers differ only in size, if at all. Most species have a single season colony cycle, even in the tropics, and only mated females hibernate. A few species have long active seasons and attain colony sizes in the hundreds. The 1619:, in that they only gather pollen from one or a few species or genera of closely related plants (unlike honey bees and bumblebees which are generalists). Specialist pollinators also include bee species which gather floral oils instead of pollen, and male orchid bees, which gather aromatic compounds from 5310:

Jerry J. Bromenshenk, Colin B. Henderson, Charles H. Wick, Michael F. Stanford, Alan W. Zulich, Rabih E. Jabbour, Samir V. Deshpande, Patrick E. McCubbin, Robert A. Seccomb, Phillip M. Welch, Trevor Williams, David R. Firth, Evan Skowronski, Margaret M. Lehmann, Shan L. Bilimoria, Joanna Gress, Kevin

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The larvae are generally whitish grubs, roughly oval and bluntly-pointed at both ends. They have fifteen segments and spiracles in each segment for breathing. They have no legs but are able to move within the confines of the cell, helped by tubercles on their sides. They have short horns on the head,

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The egg is generally oblong, slightly curved and tapering at one end. In the case of solitary bees, each one is laid in a cell with a supply of mixed pollen and nectar next to it. This may be rolled into a pellet or placed in a pile and is known as mass provisioning. In social species of bee there is

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Solitary bees are important pollinators; they gather pollen to provision their nests with food for their brood. Often it is mixed with nectar to form a paste-like consistency. Some solitary bees have advanced types of pollen-carrying structures on their bodies. A very few species of solitary bees are

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and robotic mock-up of a bee wing showed that lift was generated by "the unconventional combination of short, choppy wing strokes, a rapid rotation of the wing as it flops over and reverses direction, and a very fast wing-beat frequency". Wing-beat frequency normally increases as size decreases, but

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and found that their flight could not be explained by fixed-wing calculations, but that "One shouldn't be surprised that the results of the calculations don't square with reality". This has led to a common misconception that bees "violate aerodynamic theory", but in fact it merely confirms that bees

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are not haplodiploid. Conversely, many bees are haplodiploid yet are not eusocial, and among eusocial species many queens mate with multiple males, creating half-sisters that share only 25% of their genes. Haplodiploidy is thus neither necessary nor sufficient for eusociality. But, monogamy (queens

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termed "supersisters", more closely related to their sisters than they would be to their own offspring. Workers often do not reproduce, but they can pass on more of their genes by helping to raise their sisters (as queens) than they would by having their own offspring (each of which would only have

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In D'Arcy Thompson's translation: "At early dawn they make no noise, until some one particular bee makes a buzzing noise two or three times and thereby awakes the rest; hereupon they all fly in a body to work. By and by they return and at first are noisy; ... until at last some one bee flies round

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The thorax has three segments, each with a pair of robust legs, and a pair of membranous wings on the hind two segments. The front legs of corbiculate bees bear combs for cleaning the antennae, and in many species the hind legs bear pollen baskets, flattened sections with incurving hairs to secure

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colonies found among the honey bees, bumblebees, and stingless bees; these are characterised by having cooperative brood care and a division of labour into reproductive and non-reproductive adults. Sociality, of several different types, is believed to have evolved separately many times within the

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Honey is a natural product produced by bees and stored for their own use, but its sweetness has always appealed to humans. Before domestication of bees was even attempted, humans were raiding their nests for their honey. Smoke was often used to subdue the bees and such activities are depicted in

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Randolf Menzel, Uwe Greggers, Alan Smith, Sandra Berger, Robert Brandt, Sascha Brunke, Gesine Bundrock, Sandra Hülse, Tobias Plümpe, Frank Schaupp, Elke Schüttler, Silke Stach, Jan Stindt, Nicola Stollhoff, and Sebastian Watzl. "Honey bees navigate according to a map-like spatial memory".

1474:. The queen initiates a nest on her own. Bumblebee colonies typically have from 50 to 200 bees at peak population, which occurs in mid to late summer. Nest architecture is simple, limited by the size of the pre-existing nest cavity, and colonies rarely last more than a year. In 2011, the 1286:

the collected pollen. The wings are synchronised in flight and the somewhat smaller hind wings connect to the forewings by a row of hooks along their margin which connect to a groove in the forewing. The abdomen has nine segments, the hindermost three being modified into the sting.

2568:. From the 18th century, European understanding of the colonies and biology of bees allowed the construction of the moveable comb hive so that honey could be harvested without destroying the colony. Among Classical Era authors, beekeeping with the use of smoke is described in the 3263: 1631:

at least in part because their pollinator is also threatened. There is, however, a pronounced tendency for oligolectic bees to be associated with common, widespread plants which are visited by multiple pollinators. There are some forty oligoleges associated with the

1623:(one of the few cases where male bees are effective pollinators). The bees are often drawn to their specialist flower by the odour of the pollen defence chemicals created by the plant. In a very few cases only one species of bee can effectively pollinate a single 2050:) and do not construct their own nests. They typically enter the nests of pollen collecting species, and lay their eggs in cells provisioned by the host bee. When the cuckoo bee larva hatches it consumes the host larva's pollen ball, and often the host egg also. 2767:

in Spain which have been dated to 15,000 BC. Indigenous people in many countries eat insects, including consuming the larvae and pupae of bees, mostly stingless bees. They also gather "bee brood" (the larvae, pupae and surrounding cells) for consumption. In the

1996:) which are themselves distasteful, often through acquiring bitter and poisonous chemicals from their plant food. All the Müllerian mimics, including bees, benefit from the reduced risk of predation that results from their easily-recognised warning coloration. 2578:

himself). The account mentions that bees die after stinging; that workers remove corpses from the hive, and guard it; castes including workers and non-working drones, but "kings" rather than queens; predators including toads and bee-eaters; and the

1209:(bristles), combs on the forelimbs for cleaning their antennae, small anatomical differences in the limb structure and the venation of the hind wings, and in females, by having the seventh dorsal abdominal plate divided into two half-plates. 3288:

Dewulf, Alexandre; De Meulemeester, Thibaut; Dehon, Manuel; Engel, Michael S.; Michez, Denis (2014). "A new interpretation of the bee fossil Melitta willardi Cockerell (Hymenoptera, Melittidae) based on geometric morphometrics of the wing".

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50% of their genes). This unusual situation has been proposed as an explanation of the multiple independent evolutions of eusociality (arising at least nine separate times) within the Hymenoptera. However, some eusocial species such as

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Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 15,000 years ago; efforts to domesticate them are shown in Egyptian art around 4,500 years ago. Simple hives and smoke were used; jars of honey were found in the tombs of

5154:"Cambridge University Press and The Classical Association are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Greece & Rome. http://www.jstor.org Virgil and the Bees: A Study in Ancient Apicultural Lor" 1671:

While solitary females each make individual nests, some species are gregarious, preferring to make nests near others of the same species, and giving the appearance of being social. Large groups of solitary bee nests are called

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of other insects. The switch from insect prey to pollen may have resulted from the consumption of prey insects which were flower visitors and were partially covered with pollen when they were fed to the wasp larvae. This same

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progressive provisioning with the larva being fed regularly while it grows. The nest varies from a hole in the ground or in wood, in solitary bees, to a substantial structure with wax combs in bumblebees and honey bees.

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Behaviourally, one of the most obvious characteristics of bees is that they collect pollen to provide provisions for their young, and have the necessary adaptations to do this. However, certain wasp species such as

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the color of the orchid mantis was indistinguishable from 13 species of wild flowers in the areas the predator lived. ... The orchid mantis is unique in that the mantis itself is the attractive stimulus.

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as paraphyletic but do not resolve it into its separate families. The cladogram uses Danforth et al., 2006, and Michez, 2007 for this purpose. English names, where available, are given in parentheses.

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interacts with humans by guiding them to the nests of wild bees. The humans break open the nests and take the honey and the bird feeds on the larvae and the wax. Among mammals, predators such as the

463:. There are nearly 20,000 known species of bees in seven to nine recognized families, though many are undescribed and the actual number is probably higher. They are found on every continent except 8848: 1352:, with two copies of each gene) share 100% of his genes and 50% of their mother's. Therefore, they share 75% of their genes with each other. This mechanism of sex determination gives rise to what 1336:

theory, organisms can gain fitness not just through increasing their own reproductive output, but also that of close relatives. In evolutionary terms, individuals should help relatives when

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pattern of the blue sky, and by the earth’s magnetic field. He showed that the sun is the preferred or main compass; the other mechanisms are used under cloudy skies or inside a dark

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species such as bees because of their unusual relatedness structure. In haplodiploid species, females develop from fertilized eggs and males from unfertilized eggs. Because a male is

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mating singly) is the ancestral state for all eusocial species so far investigated, so it is likely that haplodiploidy contributed to the evolution of eusociality in bees.

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as pollination agents, with behavioral and physical modifications that specifically enhance pollination, and are the most efficient pollinating insects. In a process of

720: 8863: 2439:(1888) contains the couplet "Nine bean rows will I have there, a hive for the honey bee, / And live alone in the bee loud glade." At the time he was living in 494:

is important both ecologically and commercially; the decline in wild bees has increased the value of pollination by commercially-managed hives of honey bees.

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Engel, M.S., Archibald, S.B. An Early Eocene bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from Quilchena, British Columbia. The Canadian Entomologist, Vol. 135, No. 1, 2003

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It is usually easy to recognise that a particular insect is a bee. They differ from closely related groups such as wasps by having branched or plume-like

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might kill several thousand honeybees in a day: all the prey he observed were honeybees. Other predatory insects that sometimes catch bees include

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honey bees declined dramatically in the US, and they are now almost absent. The number of colonies kept by beekeepers declined slightly, through

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The life cycle of a bee, be it a solitary or social species, involves the laying of an egg, the development through several moults of a legless

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There are many more species of primitively eusocial than highly eusocial bees, but they have rarely been studied. Most are in the family

5582: 2149:. Most are tropical or subtropical, but there are some which live in arid regions at higher latitudes. These bees have greatly enlarged 4402: 4320: 1961:

coloured, typically orange and black, warning of their ability to defend themselves with a powerful sting. As such they are models for

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Apart from colony collapse disorder, losses outside the US have been attributed to causes including pesticide seed dressings, such as

1193: 2730: 5606: 2193:, which make short sallies to catch insects in flight. Swifts and swallows fly almost continually, catching insects as they go. The 1227:, whose females can attain a length of 39 millimetres (1.54 in). The smallest species may be dwarf stingless bees in the tribe 3212:"Biogeography and diversification of colletid bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae): emerging patterns from the southern end of the world" 2334:. Honey, according to a Greek myth, was discovered by a nymph called Melissa ("Bee"); and honey was offered to the Greek gods from 1183: 3264:"A Leafcutter Bee Trace Fossil from the Middle Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina, and a Review of Megachilid (Hymenoptera) Ichnology" 2583:, with the "irresistible suggestion" of άpοσειονται (aroseiontai, it waggles) and παρακολουθούσιν (parakolouthousin, they watch). 2459:, tells the story of a girl who escapes her abusive home and finds her way to live with a family of beekeepers, the Boatwrights. 7506: 1421:

at certain stages. When the castes are purely behavioural alternatives, the system is considered primitively eusocial as in many

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Gullan and Cranston give Hines et al, 2007; Debevec et al, 2012; Danforth et al, 2013; and Johnson et al, 2013 as their sources.

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are closely related to, and resemble, their hosts in looks and size. This common pattern gave rise to the ecological principle "

554:. Bees have appeared in mythology and folklore, again since ancient times, and they feature in works of literature as varied as 7848: 3316: 2981: 2617: 802:, so the syndrome of insect pollination was well established before the first appearance of bees. The novelty is that bees are 515:, or sweat bees, but they are small and often mistaken for wasps or flies. Vertebrate predators of bees include birds such as 511:, whose females can attain a length of 39 millimetres (1.54 in). The most common bees in the Northern Hemisphere are the 5810: 5751: 5540: 4968: 4755: 4509: 4200: 4128: 4101: 4037: 3913: 3552: 3427: 3125: 7812: 3513: 1549:

are solitary in the sense that every female is fertile, and typically inhabits a nest she constructs herself. There are no

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British bees: an introduction to the study of the natural history and economy of the bees indigenous to the British Isles

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mites, and the closure of beekeeping businesses. In 2006 and 2007 the rate of attrition increased, and was described as

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nests in a petrified forest in Arizona, implying that bees evolved much earlier, are now thought to be beetle borings.

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evolved from predatory ancestors. Until recently, the oldest non-compression bee fossil had been found in New Jersey

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from carcases to feed their offspring. The world's largest species of bee is thought to be the Indonesian resin bee

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Cardinal, Sophie; Danforth, Bryan N. (2011). "The Antiquity and Evolutionary History of Social Behavior in Bees".

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do not engage in fixed-wing flight, and that their flight is explained by other mechanics, such as those used by

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Altshuler, Douglas L.; William B. Dickson, Jason T. Vance, Stephen P. Roberts, and Michael H. Dickinson (2005).

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that escaped from experiments involving crossing European and African subspecies; they are unusually defensive.

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set up the Bumblebee Specialist Group to review the threat status of all bumblebee species world-wide using the

980: 106: 94: 7564: 3485:"Monographic revision of the Melittidae s.l. (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Dasypodaidae, Meganomiidae, Melittidae)" 8825: 5288: 4771: 2999: 687:) of the legs (two mid-tibial spurs, and a slender hind basitarsus), showing its transitional status. By the 78: 37: 3056:"Monophyly and Extensive Extinction of Advanced Eusocial Bees: Insights from an Unexpected Eocene Diversity" 8086: 8081: 5674: 5410: 5133: 4985: 4353: 4004: 3173: 110: 90: 5199: 2706:

were shown to be in every killed colony, and deadly in combination. Winter losses increased to about 1/3.

2494:'s first script and was his first work for children; he starred as a bee named Barry B. Benson, alongside 102: 5062: 2419: 2406: 1953:

lures male bees to attempt to mate with the flower's lip, which resembles a bee perched on a pink flower.

1444:: a larva's food is supplied gradually as it develops, as is the case in honey bees and some bumblebees. 1275: 810:, flowers developed longer tubes and bees developed longer tongues to extract the nectar. This drove the 560: 7951: 4820: 3929: 3854: 3572:: The World's Largest Bee Rediscovered Living Communally in Termite Nests (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)". 5312: 3371: 3172:

Danforth, Bryan; Cardinal, Sophie; Praz, Christophe; Almeida, Eduardo; Michez, Denis (28 August 2012).

2435: 1831:. In 1996 it was shown that vortices created by many insects' wings helped to provide lift. High-speed 764: 570: 252: 5628: 3238:"The oldest fossil of a melittid bee (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) from the early Eocene of Oise (France)" 2385:. In English folklore, bees would be told of important events in the household, in a custom known as " 5803: 4005:"The Africanized Honey Bee in the Americas: A Biological Revolution with Human Cultural Implications" 3782:

Hughes, William O. H.; Oldroyd, Benjamin P.; Beekman, Madeleine; Ratnieks, Francis L. W. (May 2008).

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Fossil brood cells of stenotritid bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from the Pleistocene of South Australia

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This cladogram of the bee families is based on Gullan and Cranston, 2014. They note the "Melittidae"

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Erik Storkstad (30 March 2012). "Field Research on Bees Raises Concern About Low-Dose Pesticides".

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that contain flowering plants. It is estimated that one third of the human food supply depends on

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which cover much of the surface of the head. Between and above these are three small simple eyes (

8808: 8770: 8162: 8101: 8041: 7428: 7373: 7338: 5377: 4933: 4883: 2604: 2471:(2014) describes his efforts to save bumblebees in Britain, as well as much about their biology. 2451: 1815: 1396:

Bees may be solitary or may live in various types of communities. The most advanced of these are

8663: 8612: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 5607:"Sensasi Rasa Unik Botok Lebah yang Menyengat (Unique taste sensation botok with stinging bees)" 3666: 7544: 7521: 7477: 7416: 7271: 5700: 5530: 3783: 3698:) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1126/science.1156108, please use 2801:. They also produce some substances used as dietary supplements with possible health benefits, 2671: 2664:

by insects, birds and bats, most of which is accomplished by bees, especially the domesticated

1501:) are highly eusocial, and are among the best known of all insects. There are 29 subspecies of 667: 601: 239: 8440: 4958: 4745: 4091: 3903: 3542: 3484: 1267: 7549: 7499: 7494: 7472: 7356: 5169: 5118:

https://www.academia.edu/1929792/A_17th_Century_Testimony_On_The_Use_Of_Ceramic_Top-bar_Hives

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H.V. Harissis, G. Mavrofridis. A 17th Century Testimony On The Use Of Ceramic Top-bar Hives.

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An annotated catalog of the halictid bees of the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)

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which imitates both the appearance and the scent of a female bee; male bees attempt to mate (

1977:, all of which gain a measure of protection by superficially looking and behaving like bees. 1598: 1561:

being cultured for commercial pollination. Most of these species belong to a distinct set of

4499: 4238: 8668: 7455: 7421: 7313: 5796: 4405:"Short-amplitude high-frequency wing strokes determine the aerodynamics of honeybee flight" 4378: 3712: 2440: 2190: 1894: 1717: 780: 125: 4390: 1981: 1941: 1492:. They practise mass provisioning, with complex nest architecture and perennial colonies. 1425:; when the castes are morphologically discrete, the system is considered highly eusocial. 740:

are known from the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, around 34 Mya, of the Florissant shale. The

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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

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Willing to die for their sisters: worker honey bees killed defending their hive against

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restricted some pesticides to stop bee populations from declining further. In 2014 the

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Bees and the crops they pollinate are at risk from climate change, IPCC report to warn

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The image of a community of honey bees has been used from ancient to modern times, in

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bees. In some species, groups of cohabiting females may be sisters, and if there is a

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about, making a buzzing noise, and apparently calling on the others to go to sleep".

1409:. The group is called eusocial if, in addition, the group consists of a mother (the 683:) place it clearly within the bees, but it retains two unmodified ancestral traits ( 8868: 8858: 8449: 8405: 8393: 8314: 8116: 7921: 7868: 7863: 7797: 7782: 7724: 7689: 7539: 7534: 7467: 7433: 7361: 6945: 6877: 6677: 6234: 5985: 5467: 5230: 4802: 4717: 4424: 4416: 4157: 3985: 3874: 3866: 3797: 3746: 3625:, with Notes on the Temporal Articulation of Oviposition Process in Stingless Bees" 3465: 3298: 3210:

Almeida, Eduardo A. B.; Pie, Marcio R.; Brady, Sean G.; Danforth, Bryan N. (2012).

3185: 3154: 3083: 3067: 3014: 2959: 2908: 2900: 2386: 2073:, leading to the colony's destruction; the parasites can then move to other hives. 2004: 1962: 1937: 1693: 1677: 1648: 662: 610: 149: 5767: 5471: 5259:. Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences. 29 January 2007. 5234: 3174:"The Impact of Molecular Data on Our Understanding of Bee Phylogeny and Evolution" 2171:, specialises in feeding on bees; here a male catches a nuptial gift for his mate. 8820: 8732: 8417: 8262: 8247: 8242: 8177: 7858: 7822: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7649: 7621: 7395: 7318: 6906: 6407: 6310: 6216: 5918: 5902: 4688: 4190: 3158: 2963: 2649: 2335: 2297: 2167: 2091: 2070: 2047: 1920: 1882: 1856: 1542: 1508: 1223: 815: 684: 503: 468: 8481: 7936: 3453: 691:(~45 mya) there was already considerable diversity among eusocial bee lineages. 8744: 8710: 8703: 8257: 8222: 8014: 7941: 7926: 7906: 7644: 7489: 7484: 7378: 7366: 7102: 6854: 6727: 6642: 6604: 6494: 6484: 6479: 6415: 6354: 6285: 6244: 6224: 6184: 6155: 5950: 5788: 5289:"What a scientist didn't tell the New York Times about his study on bee deaths" 3784:"Ancestral Monogamy Shows Kin Selection Is Key to the Evolution of Eusociality" 2734: 2726: 2702: 2687: 2491: 2456: 2414: 2401: 2339: 2250: 2231: 2035: 2023: 2000: 1950: 1925: 1837: 1832: 1819: 1807: 1742: 1503: 1353: 867: 555: 539: 508: 475: 4806: 4520:. Batesian mimicry .. is exemplified by members of several families of flies: 3454:"The history of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology" 2889:"The history of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology" 1046: 8853: 8842: 8792: 8727: 8698: 8358: 8282: 8214: 7303: 7219: 7183: 7175: 6859: 6682: 6662: 6622: 6594: 6254: 6229: 6192: 6171: 5977: 5030: 4706:"Seeing in the dark: vision and visual behaviour in nocturnal bees and wasps" 3302: 2764: 2446: 2235: 2208: 2194: 2096: 1841: 1797: 1790: 1726: 1538: 1485: 1479: 1456: 1370: 1300: 1239: 1090: 749: 733: 535: 498: 392: 187: 8167: 5773: 4420: 4161: 3989: 3801: 3469: 3018: 2904: 2626: 1914: 1639: 1592: 534:

or apiculture has been practised for millennia, since at least the times of

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Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)

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Fears for crops as shock figures from America show scale of bee catastrophe

5242: 4438: 3888: 3809: 3343:, a New Fossil Bee Species from Dominican Amber (Hymenoptera:Halictidae)". 3097: 3071: 3026: 2922: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2683: 2580: 2481:(2015) tells the tale of a hive bee named Flora 717 from hatching onwards. 2462: 2260: 2223: 2108: 2015: 1970: 1901:. Bees navigate using spatial memory with a "rich, map-like organization". 1890: 1876: 1864: 1722: 1700: 1603: 1586: 1497: 1341: 1322: 1247: 1074: 975: 890: 862: 729: 725: 680: 384: 380: 372: 8194: 7911: 7890: 3758: 3452:

Danforth, Bryan N.; Sipes, Sedonia; Fang, Jennife; Brady, Sean N. (2006).

1553:

bees for these species. Solitary bees typically produce neither honey nor

501:

species whose workers are less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) long, to

8787: 8629: 8126: 8106: 7974: 7853: 7616: 7092: 7074: 6979: 6958: 6932: 6844: 6831: 6763: 6755: 6745: 6737: 6579: 6569: 6549: 6499: 6489: 6449: 6392: 6369: 6344: 6334: 6300: 6249: 6011: 5934: 5820: 4641: 4537: 3236:

Michez, Denis; Nel, Andre; Menier, Jean-Jacques; Rasmont, Pierre (2007).

3143:"Re-evaluation of alleged bees' nests from the Upper Triassic of Arizona" 3141:

Lucas, Spencer G.; Minter, Nicholas J.; Hunt, Adrian P. (February 2010).

2810: 2661: 2646: 2565: 2553: 2549: 2430: 2366: 2146: 1993: 1946: 1418: 1397: 1383: 1304: 1214: 959: 807: 795: 789: 753: 642: 625: 596: 565: 547: 491: 433: 304: 162: 8602: 8199: 7674: 5633:. US Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin, No. 653. 7 April 1915 5374:"Beekeepers Report Continued Heavy Losses From Colony Collapse Disorder" 4116: 3870: 3796:(5880). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1213–1216. 3632:

Journal of the Faculty Of Science Hokkaido University Series Vi. Zoology

3585: 3372:"Classification of the bee tribe Augochlorini (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)" 3356: 1785: 482:, the former primarily as an energy source and the latter primarily for 8287: 8277: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8172: 8046: 8004: 7984: 7956: 7946: 7333: 7214: 7198: 7190: 7179: 7171: 7150: 7097: 6974: 6966: 6924: 6898: 6826: 6706: 6672: 6584: 6544: 6534: 6519: 6382: 6264: 6239: 6163: 6127: 6003: 5926: 5783: 5221:

Watanabe, M. (1994). "Pollination worries rise as honey bees decline".

5200:"Pollinators help one-third of world's crop production, says new study" 4747:

Cognitive Ecology of Pollination: Animal Behaviour and Floral Evolution

4721: 3079: 2653: 2630: 2507: 2315: 2247: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2118: 2113: 2077: 1974: 1958: 1828: 1757: 1661: 1582: 1574: 1566: 1546: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1414: 1406: 1255: 1228: 1069: 1041: 1013: 918: 841: 829: 794:

The earliest animal-pollinated flowers were shallow, cup-shaped blooms

741: 737: 715: 703: 699: 674: 654: 531: 512: 464: 388: 376: 368: 360: 207: 172: 124:

This article is about the group of flying insects. For other uses, see

8621: 5009:"The Bees by Laline Paull review – a fantasy with a sting in its tail" 4501:

Bumble Bees and Cuckoo Bumble Bees of California (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

2886: 2733:

report warned that bees faced increased risk of extinction because of

1523: 1266:

usually have thirteen segments in males and twelve in females and are

8688: 8292: 8272: 8267: 8076: 8061: 7878: 7583: 7167: 7163: 7117: 7082: 7008: 7000: 6987: 6937: 6911: 6869: 6839: 6719: 6714: 6687: 6652: 6637: 6539: 6514: 6469: 6441: 6387: 6339: 6295: 6290: 6277: 6082: 6074: 6053: 5851: 5839: 5778: 5153: 4906: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4029:

Solitary Wasps and Bees: Their Hidden World in the Siskiyou Mountains

3598: 3113: 2769: 2675: 2657: 2634: 2575: 2529: 2521: 2486: 2378: 2346: 2264: 2227: 2182: 2101: 2066: 2043: 1966: 1863:, indicating the range and direction to food to other workers with a 1801: 1696: 1644: 1616: 1463: 1452: 1436:

include some primitively eusocial species with similar biology. Some

1410: 1391: 1387: 1375: 1279: 1218: 895: 769: 732:

are known from trace fossils (characteristic leaf cuttings) from the

707: 638: 634: 629: 524: 516: 449: 284: 264: 212: 156: 7931: 7807: 4794: 4093:

Plant-Pollinator Interactions: From Specialization to Generalization

4052: 3262:

Sarzetti, Laura C.; Lanandeira, Conrad C.; Genise, Jorge F. (2008).

2949: 2205:

dig up bumblebee nests and eat both the larvae and any stored food.

1752: 1231:

whose workers are less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) in length.

8777: 8319: 8204: 8131: 8111: 8056: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7559: 7287: 7112: 6885: 6795: 6614: 6454: 6103: 6061: 6019: 5969: 5963: 5942: 5874: 5857: 5257:"Honey Bee Die-Off Alarms Beekeepers, Crop Growers and Researchers" 4525: 2845: 2806: 2638: 2592: 2541: 1984:

of other aposematic insects with the same colour scheme, including

1746: 1578: 1489: 1467: 1358: 1318: 551: 324: 314: 202: 197: 182: 177: 167: 8538: 8490: 5313:"Iridovirus and Microsporidian Linked to Honey Bee Colony Decline" 4643: 2397: 1274:

are adapted for both chewing and sucking by having both a pair of

8429: 8187: 8121: 8091: 8071: 8066: 8051: 8031: 7885: 7873: 7843: 7802: 7766: 7699: 7654: 7450: 7411: 7042: 6888:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets) 5910: 5678: 4517: 2814: 2787: 2561: 2537: 2525: 2475: 2382: 2370: 2362: 2243: 2186: 2150: 2062: 2057:) are being destroyed by parasitic workers of the Cape honeybee, 1989: 1933: 1898: 1608: 1554: 1349: 1345: 923: 711: 614: 585: 543: 520: 483: 467:, in every habitat on the planet that contains insect-pollinated 453: 445: 334: 217: 192: 4498:

Thorp, Robbin W.; Horning, Donald S.; Dunning, Lorry L. (1983).

4369:, Phillips, Helen. 28 November 2005. Retrieved 28 December 2007. 3852: 3708:(if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise 3540: 2710:

mites were thought to be responsible for about half the losses.

1340:. The requirements for eusociality are more easily fulfilled by 1262:) which provide information for the bee on light intensity. The 8765: 8739: 8514: 8346: 8136: 8026: 8009: 7979: 7759: 7714: 7704: 7445: 7328: 7158: 6474: 5845: 5833: 4844:"Found! First Known Predator To Lure Prey By Mimicking Flowers" 4686: 4393:

Caltech Media Relations. 29 November 2005. Retrieved 2007, 4–7.

3287: 2802: 2791: 2692: 2598: 2587: 2545: 2354: 2331: 2327: 2307: 2276: 2202: 2142: 2104: 2046:. Females of these bees lack pollen collecting structures (the 2039: 1889:

in the honey bee. He showed that honey bees communicate by the

1823: 1774: 1761: 1636:

in the arid parts of the United States southwest, for example.

1620: 1471: 1447: 1259: 1243: 954: 799: 695: 688: 658: 479: 421: 364: 294: 274: 5425:"Hiver fatal pour la moitié des colonies d'abeilles en Suisse" 1847: 1309: 8381: 8036: 7709: 7588: 7571: 6317: 4960:

The Penguin Guide to the Superstitions of Britain and Ireland

4143: 2798: 2774: 2750: 2740: 2679: 2533: 2350: 2319: 2271: 1840:, it flaps approximately 230 times per second, faster than a 1734: 1704: 1624: 1562: 745: 646: 606: 580: 487: 457: 441: 3521:

Proceedings of the Netherlands Entomological Society meeting

2997: 2512: 1852: 8485: 7694: 7256: 7050: 3171: 2783: 2779: 2745: 2498:. Critics found its premise awkward and its delivery tame. 2280: 2222:

Specialist ambush predators of visitors to flowers include

1985: 1738: 1665: 1348:(has only one copy of each gene), his daughters (which are 1314: 1206: 621: 425: 5448:. German Consumer Protection Agency Bulletin, 9 June 2008. 2306:

Gold plaques embossed with winged bee goddesses. Camiros,

2226:, which wait on flowering plants for pollinating insects; 1688: 56:

to this revision, which may differ significantly from the

7029: 7021: 4317:"Is it aerodynamically impossible for bumblebees to fly?" 2007:) with the furry lip of the flower, thus pollinating it. 429: 98: 4556:. Oxford University Press. pp. 196, 403 and passim. 4284: 3901: 3415: 3261: 2556:

crops and to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers.

744:

first appear in the Early Eocene with species found in

5595:(This particular Botok recipe uses anchovies, not bees) 5535:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1074. 5446:

Gesundheitlicher und wirtschaftlicher Verbraucherschutz

4053:

Parker, Frank D.; Torchio, Philip F. (1 October 1980).

3209: 2887:

Danforth BN, Sipes S, Fang J, Brady SG (October 2006).

2700:. In 2010 invertebrate iridescent virus and the fungus 542:. Apart from honey and pollination, honey bees produce 3976:

Roubik, D.W. (2006). "Stingless bee nesting biology".

3451: 3235: 2094:". Others parasitize bees in different families, like 5703:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 19 January 2012. 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4241:. The South Carolina Mid-State Beekeepers Association 4144:

Hurd, P.D. Jr., Linsley, E.G. (1975). "The principal

4123:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 80. 4117:

Dafni, Amots; Hesse, Michael; Pacini, Ettore (2012).

3853:

Nowak, Martin; Tarnita, Corina; Wilson, E.O. (2010).

2330:, and are probably not correctly identified with the 2156: 486:

and other nutrients. Most pollen is used as food for

436:, and in the case of the best-known bee species, the 133:"Anthophila" redirects here. For the moth genus, see 3905:

The Social Behavior of the Bees: A Comparative Study

3419:

The Social Behavior of the Bees: A Comparative Study

3401:

Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia

2117:, while the other species in the same genus attacks 2053:

In the south of Africa, hives of African honeybees (

1537:

Most other bees, including familiar insects such as

4497: 4493: 4491: 4485:

2005 102 (8) 3040-3045. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408550102

3601:"Oviposition Behavior of Two Dwarf Stingless Bees, 1992:

and other beetles, and many butterflies and moths (

5583:"Botok Tempe Tahu Teri (Botok Tempe Tofu Anchovy)" 5558:"U.N. Urges Eating Insects: 8 Popular Bugs to Try" 4792: 4728: 4642:Rozen, Jerome George; McGinley, Ronald J. (1991). 4089: 3379:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3000:"A fossil bee from Early Cretaceous Burmese amber" 2107:, two species of which are cleptoparasites of the 1844:(200 times per second) which is 80 times smaller. 1217:have similar behaviours, and a few species of bee 5555: 5311:W. Wanner, Robert A. Cramer Jr (6 October 2010). 5131: 4904: 3147:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2246:are large wasps that habitually attack bees; the 1699:. The wax canopy has been removed to show winged 1507:, native to Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. 673:"an extinct lineage of pollen-collecting Apoidea 8840: 5818: 5138:. Clarendon Pres s. pp. Book 9, Section 40. 4750:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–216. 4744:Chittka, Lars; Thomson, James D. (28 May 2001). 4693:. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 28–29. 4488: 4188: 3735:"The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour II" 3114:Buchmann, Stephen L.; Nabhan, Gary Paul (2012). 2373:, and by political and social theorists such as 1928:of bees, taking nectar and pollinating a flower. 5770:Images, identification guides, and maps of bees 5672: 5376:. Sciencedaily.com. 12 May 2008. Archived from 5078: 5063:Apiculture in Egypt, Dr Tarek Issa Abd El-Wahab 4907:"The Bee Maidens of the Homeric Hymn to Hermes" 4867: 4644:"Biology and larvae of the cleptoparasitic bee 4409:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3411: 3409: 3140: 2880: 2674:has overtaken the role of honey production for 2342:and the prophetess was sometimes called a bee. 2270:Honey bees are affected by parasites including 1294: 578:. Bee larvae are included in the Javanese dish 5741: 5457: 4743: 4470:. Harcourt, Brace & World. pp. 93–96. 4096:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 110–. 3599:Sakagami, Shôichi F.; Zucchi, Ronaldo (1974). 3109: 3107: 3066:(4). National Academy of Sciences: 1661–1664. 2253:estimated that a single colony of the beewolf 1777:as a winged adult and breaks out of the cell. 1476:International Union for Conservation of Nature 7272: 5804: 5132:Aristotle; Thompson, D'Arcy (trans.) (1910). 4799:Bulletin of the United States National Museum 4504:. University of California Press. p. 9. 4025: 3843:Gullan and Cranston, 2014. Pages 328, 348–350 3567: 3511: 3345:Journal of the New York Entomological Society 2423:(1910) features Babbity Bumble and her brood 2197:attacks bees' nests and eats the larvae. The 1999:Bees are also mimicked by plants such as the 1859:(1953) discovered that honey bee workers can 1518: 1440:bees are primitively eusocial colonies, with 584:, where they are eaten steamed with shredded 58: 5325:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5220: 5147: 5145: 5127: 5125: 4672:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4451:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4314: 4192:Ecology and Natural History of Tropical Bees 4174:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4075:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3829:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3661: 3659: 3648:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3422:. Harvard University Press. pp. 22–78. 3406: 3039:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2976:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2935:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2797:Honey bees are used commercially to produce 2611: 2291: 2038:occur in several bee families including the 5271:Scientists and Soldiers Solve a Bee Mystery 5084: 4459: 4280: 4278: 3574:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 3547:. Cambridge University Press. p. 454. 3541:Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S. (2005). 3536: 3534: 3165: 3104: 1848:Navigation, communication, and finding food 1836:as the bee's wing beat covers such a small 7279: 7265: 5811: 5797: 5779:North American species of bees at Bugguide 4956: 4884:"Honey Bee Disorders: Honey Bee Parasites" 4687:Moure, Jesus S.; Hurd, Paul David (1987). 4465: 4305:, Aurum Press, pp. 91–92, ISBN 0716741202. 4195:. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. 4182: 3681: 3047: 1201:of a honeybee, showing labium and maxillae 228: 5151: 5142: 5122: 4428: 4148:bees of the southwestern United States". 4083: 3952:"Bumblebee Specialist Group: 2011 Update" 3922: 3908:. Harvard University Press. p. 308. 3878: 3777: 3775: 3656: 3507: 3505: 3363: 3332: 3245:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3087: 2912: 2782:, bee larvae are eaten as a companion to 2731:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2318:and thus speaking truth are described in 768:Long-tongued bees and long-tubed flowers 5214: 4950: 4275: 3732: 3531: 2993: 2991: 2739: 2625: 2511: 2396: 2301: 2207: 2160: 2014: 1945: 1913: 1851: 1784: 1751: 1741:stage during which the insect undergoes 1721: 1687: 1638: 1591: 1522: 1446: 1369: 1308: 1233: 1192: 1184:characteristics of common wasps and bees 763: 595: 47: 5742:Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2014). 4703: 4516:Of the forms of mimicry, two relate to 4384: 4019: 4002: 1909: 702:(within the Apidae) around 53 Mya. The 65: 14: 8841: 5427:. Radio Télévision Suisse. 22 May 2012 4927: 4911:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 3975: 3772: 3502: 3482: 2678:in many countries. From 1972 to 2006, 2618:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 2338:. Bees were associated, too, with the 1789:Honeybee in flight carrying pollen in 1729:nests in a cedar wood beam (sawn open) 1405:within the group, they are considered 679:. Derived features of its morphology ( 637:scenario may have occurred within the 66:Revision as of 14:41, 16 July 2015 by 7260: 5792: 5744:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 5604: 4842:Choi, Charles Q. (30 November 2013). 4772:"Hornet attacks kill dozens in China" 4391:Deciphering the Mystery of Bee Flight 4110: 3720:|doi=10.1126/science.1156108 3369: 3338: 3053: 2998:Poinar, G.O.; Danforth, B.N. (2006). 2988: 2813:, though all of these can also cause 2586:Beekeeping is described in detail by 2404:'s illustration of Babbity Bumble in 2181:Vertebrate predators of bees include 2010: 1660:Solitary bees create nests in hollow 818:, and, in turn, the bees themselves. 752:are known from fossil brood cells of 706:appear as fossils only from the late 44: 25: 5340:"Honey bees in US facing extinction" 5286: 5249: 5197: 5101:A Treatise on the Management of Bees 4841: 4821:"What predators do bumblebees have?" 4551: 4291:. L. Reeve & Co. pp. 18–23. 4150:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 2314:Three bee maidens with the power of 17: 4983: 4930:The Hive: the Story of the Honeybee 4319:. The Straight Dope. Archived from 3846: 2455:(2004), and the 2009 film starring 119: 88: 8874:Early Cretaceous first appearances 5701:"Propolis:MedlinePlus Supplements" 5605:Haris, Emmaria (6 December 2013). 5287:Eban, Katherine (8 October 2010). 3315:: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( 3190:10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153633 2786:, after being mixed with shredded 2552:from hives; bees are also kept to 2286: 2157:Predators, parasites and pathogens 1533:cutting circles from acacia leaves 432:, and are known for their role in 120: 8885: 5761: 5746:(5th ed.). Wiley Blackwell. 5556:Holland, Jennifer (14 May 2013). 5520:(London), Retrieved 30 March 2014 5152:Whitfield, B. G. (October 1956). 5006: 4774:. The Guardian. 26 September 2013 4285:Shuckard, William Edward (1866). 3902:Michener, Charles Duncan (1974). 3733:Hamilton, W. D. (20 March 1964). 3416:Michener, Charles Duncan (1974). 2980:) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( 2124: 1250:, sensory bristles and mouthparts 978:(mason, leafcutter bees) ~50 Mya 957:(social, inc. honeybees) ~87 Mya 698:appeared roughly 87 Mya, and the 52:. The present address (URL) is a 8814: 8480: 8448: 5707: 5693: 5666: 5621: 5598: 5575: 5549: 5523: 5507: 4648:and nesting biology of its host 4632:Gullan and Cranston, 2014. p.347 4614:. Amateur Entomologists' Society 4568:"Bee orchids and insect mimicry" 4057:. Beesource Beekeeping Community 3442:Gullan and Cranston, 2014. p.328 3120:. Island Press. pp. 41–42. 2484:The humorous 2007 animated film 2392: 2145:) contain some species that are 1965:by non-stinging insects such as 1707:in irregularly placed wax cells. 1656:are often sold for this purpose. 1466:are eusocial, like the eusocial 1094: 1073: 1045: 1017: 979: 958: 922: 894: 866: 474:Bees are adapted for feeding on 251: 160: 6990:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps) 5489: 5478: 5451: 5439: 5417: 5366: 5349: 5333: 5303: 5280: 5269:Johnson, Kirk (6 October 2010) 5263: 5198:Yang, Sarah (25 October 2006). 5191: 5106: 5093: 5067: 5056: 5045: 5023: 5000: 4977: 4921: 4898: 4876: 4861: 4835: 4813: 4786: 4764: 4710:Journal of Experimental Biology 4697: 4680: 4635: 4626: 4604: 4582: 4560: 4545: 4474: 4396: 4372: 4360: 4308: 4295: 4253: 4231: 4209: 4137: 4046: 3996: 3969: 3944: 3895: 3837: 3726: 3592: 3561: 3476: 3445: 3436: 3389: 3323: 3281: 3255: 3229: 2860: 2851: 2645:Bees play an important role in 2218:paralysing a bee with its sting 1338:Cost < Relatedness * Benefit 1093:(large Australian bees) ~2 Mya 452:lineage within the superfamily 8849:Use dmy dates from August 2013 5630:Honey and Its Uses in the Home 5513:Gosden, Emily (29 March 2014) 5485:EFSA report of 16 January 2013 5355:Benjamin, Alison (2 May 2010) 4963:. Penguin Books. p. 128. 4823:. Bumblebee Conservation Trust 4704:Warrant, Eric J. (June 2008). 4554:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 4367:Secrets of bee flight revealed 4219:. Bumblebee Conservation Trust 3932:. Bumblebee Conservation Trust 3855:"The evolution of eusociality" 3739:Journal of Theoretical Biology 3203: 3134: 2943: 2839: 2596:; it is also mentioned in his 2574:Book 9 (a book not written by 2516:A commercial beekeeper at work 2474:The playwright Laline Paull's 1652:nests in a hole in dead wood. 1365: 1188: 1002:short‑tongued bees 759: 13: 1: 7209:(mason bees, leafcutter bees) 5472:10.1126/science.335.6076.1555 5235:10.1126/science.265.5176.1170 5103:(London, 1768, 2nd edn 1770). 5087:Animal and Man in Bible Lands 4379:A video from newscientist.com 2874: 2633:are important pollinators of 2501: 1818:had applied the equations of 1711: 1627:species, and some plants are 1321:behaviour is favoured by the 943:long‑tongued bees 497:Bees range in size from tiny 8571:(metal in the United States) 7286: 5784:Native Bees of North America 5609:(in Indonesian). Sayangi.com 5089:. Brill Archive. p. 79. 4032:. Lulu.com. pp. 98–99. 4003:Sanford, Malcolm T. (2006). 3751:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6 3490:. Université de Mons-Hainaut 3159:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.010 2964:10.1371/journal.pone.0021086 2893:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2686:, systematic pesticide use, 2652:, and are the major type of 1295:Haplodiploid breeding system 1289: 821: 605:, a fossil bee preserved in 591: 456:, presently considered as a 7: 5085:Bodenheimer, F. S. (1960). 5074:Beekeeping in Ancient Egypt 5052:Beekeeping in Ancient Egypt 4957:Steve Roud (6 April 2006). 4793:Friedmann, Herbert (1955). 4590:"Obligate Brood Parasitism" 4315:Adams, Cecil (4 May 1990). 4239:"Learning About Honey Bees" 4090:Waser, Nickolas M. (2006). 3178:Annual Review of Entomology 2820: 2420:The Tale of Mrs Tittlemouse 2407:The Tale of Mrs Tittlemouse 1676:, to distinguish them from 1495:The true honey bees (genus 620:The ancestors of bees were 561:The Tale of Mrs Tittlemouse 519:; insect predators include 24:of this page, as edited by 10: 8890: 5735: 5497:"EU moves to protect bees" 4905:Scheinberg, Susan (1979). 3688:Attention: This template ( 3667:"Anatomy of the Honey Bee" 3054:Engel, Michael S. (2001). 2757: 2744:Bee larvae as food in the 2615: 2505: 2436:The Lake Isle of Innisfree 2295: 2174: 1931: 1904: 1870: 1795: 1715: 1683: 1565:, namely: carpenter bees, 1519:Solitary and communal bees 1381: 1298: 1254:A bee has a pair of large 1242:, showing antennae, three 1181: 787: 571:The Lake Isle of Innisfree 132: 123: 84:(Adding Good Article icon) 49:(Adding Good Article icon) 8801: 8753: 8681: 8654: 8578: 8547: 8501: 8439: 8368: 8333: 8305: 8213: 8150: 7965: 7899: 7836: 7775: 7630: 7597: 7520: 7404: 7349: 7294: 7240: 7133: 7041: 7020: 6999: 6957: 6923: 6897: 6868: 6817: 6794: 6772: 6754: 6736: 6705: 6424: 6406: 6368: 6309: 6263: 6215: 6206: 6183: 6154: 6125: 6102: 6073: 6052: 6031: 6002: 5976: 5962: 5901: 5897: 5872: 5828: 4807:10.5479/si.03629236.208.1 4656:American Museum novitates 4592:. Aculeata Research Group 4466:von Frisch, Karl (1953). 4217:"The bumblebee lifecycle" 4189:Roubik, David W. (1992). 4055:"Management of Wild Bees" 3669:. Extension. 19 June 2014 3117:The Forgotten Pollinators 2612:As commercial pollinators 2292:In mythology and folklore 2177:diseases of the honey bee 1780: 1088: 1072:(plasterer bees) ~25 Mya 1067: 1060: 1039: 1032: 1011: 1004: 973: 952: 945: 937: 916: 909: 888: 881: 860: 853: 846: 507:, the largest species of 406: 399: 358: 353: 248:Scientific classification 246: 236: 227: 144: 5346:(London), 14 March 2007. 4868:Tinbergen, Niko (1958). 4570:. Natural History Museum 3544:Evolution of the Insects 3303:10.3897/zookeys.389.7076 2832: 2698:colony collapse disorder 2242:camouflaged as flowers. 1615:Solitary bees are often 1442:progressive provisioning 721:Palaeomacropis eocenicus 661:. A bee fossil from the 8809:List of oldest heraldry 5993:(web-spinning sawflies) 5774:Bee Genera of the World 5585:. Tasty Indonesian Food 4986:"Yeats in Bedford Park" 4886:. University of Georgia 4652:(Hymenoptera, Apoidea)" 4540:(Gabritschevsky, 1926). 4421:10.1073/pnas.0506590102 4162:10.5479/si.00810282.193 3802:10.1126/science.1156108 3568:Messer, A. C. (1984). " 3470:10.1073/pnas.0604033103 3219:Journal of Biogeography 3019:10.1126/science.1134103 2905:10.1073/pnas.0604033103 2452:The Secret Life of Bees 2443:in the West of London. 2055:A. mellifera scutellata 1814:, he wrote that he and 1511:are a hybrid strain of 1455:carrying pollen in its 1282:for sucking up nectar. 7120:(thread-waisted wasps) 6948:(sierolomorphid wasps) 6880:(rhopalosomatid wasps) 6085:(parasitic wood wasps) 5135:The Works of Aristotle 4872:. Methuen. p. 21. 4120:Pollen and Pollination 4026:Paetzel, Mary (2010). 3512:Michez, Denis (2008). 3483:Michez, Denis (2007). 3395:Houston, T.F., 1987: " 3072:10.1073/pnas.041600198 2778:from Central and East 2754: 2642: 2524:colonies, commonly in 2517: 2411: 2311: 2219: 2172: 2032: 1954: 1929: 1868: 1793: 1765: 1743:complete metamorphosis 1730: 1708: 1657: 1612: 1534: 1460: 1379: 1329: 1251: 1202: 1016:(mining bees) ~34 Mya 785: 668:Melittosphex burmensis 617: 602:Melittosphex burmensis 240:Tetragonula carbonaria 4646:Townsendiella pulchra 3990:10.1051/apido:2006026 3339:Engel, M.S. (1995). " 2794:leaves, and steamed. 2743: 2629: 2515: 2400: 2381:as a model for human 2305: 2256:Philanthus triangulum 2234:, some of which (the 2215:Philanthus triangulum 2211: 2175:Further information: 2164: 2018: 1949: 1917: 1871:Further information: 1855: 1796:Further information: 1788: 1755: 1725: 1716:Further information: 1691: 1642: 1599:Anthidium florentinum 1595: 1526: 1450: 1413:) and her daughters ( 1382:Further information: 1373: 1312: 1299:Further information: 1237: 1196: 1044:(sweat bees) ~50 Mya 788:Further information: 767: 599: 574:, and Laline Paull's 5715:"Scientific Opinion" 5673:Sanford, Malcolm T. 4928:Wilson, Bee (2004). 3370:Engel, M.S. (2000). 2672:Contract pollination 2417:'s illustrated book 2069:"), escaping normal 1980:Bees are themselves 1910:As mimics and models 1718:honey bee life cycle 1579:dwarf carpenter bees 781:Acanthus ilicifolius 694:The highly eusocial 126:Bee (disambiguation) 8821:Heraldry portal 8248:Hastings/Hungerford 7535:Crowns and coronets 7507:National traditions 5929:(cimbicid sawflies) 5562:National Geographic 5518:The Daily Telegraph 5344:The Daily Telegraph 4870:Curious Naturalists 4552:Cott, Hugh (1940). 4415:(50): 18213–18218. 4303:The Barmaid's Brain 4301:Ingram, Jay (2001) 4263:. National Bee Unit 3871:10.1038/nature09205 3865:(7310): 1057–1062. 3464:(41): 15118–15123. 3341:Neocorynura electra 2827:Bee and wasp stings 2468:A Sting in the Tale 2238:) wait motionless, 2129:Four bee families ( 1812:Le vol des insectes 1664:or twigs, holes in 1581:, leafcutter bees, 1530:Megachile rotundata 1527:A leafcutting bee, 798:by insects such as 710:(~25 Mya) to early 677:to the modern bees" 651:Cretotrigona prisca 424:closely related to 95:← Previous revision 45:14:41, 16 July 2015 8205:Waterlily/Seeblatt 7429:Ancient and modern 6014:(cedar wood wasps) 5937:(conifer sawflies) 5681:on 13 January 2007 5675:"Producing Pollen" 5654:Unknown parameter 5401:Unknown parameter 4795:"The Honey-Guides" 4722:10.1242/jeb.015396 4650:Hesperapis larreae 4612:"Brood Parasitism" 4344:Unknown parameter 4007:. Apis Enterprises 2815:allergic reactions 2755: 2666:European honey bee 2643: 2622:Pollinator decline 2571:History of Animals 2518: 2412: 2375:Bernard Mandeville 2312: 2310:. 7th century B.C. 2220: 2199:greater honeyguide 2173: 2033: 2011:As brood parasites 1955: 1930: 1869: 1816:André Sainte-Laguë 1794: 1766: 1731: 1709: 1658: 1613: 1535: 1461: 1403:division of labour 1380: 1330: 1252: 1238:Head-on view of a 1203: 812:adaptive radiation 786: 775:Amegilla cingulata 696:corbiculate Apidae 618: 438:European honey bee 237:The sugarbag bee, 8836: 8835: 8677: 8676: 8615:(color in Canada) 8301: 8300: 7254: 7253: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7210: 7202: 7194: 7187: 7154: 7144: 7129: 7128: 7121: 7078: 7077:(cockroach wasps) 7063: 7033: 7012: 6991: 6983: 6970: 6949: 6946:Sierolomorphidae 6941: 6915: 6889: 6881: 6878:Rhopalosomatidae 6835: 6790: 6789: 6723: 6701: 6700: 6693:Trichogrammatidae 6618: 6555:Eutrichosomatidae 6525:Epichrysomallidae 6445: 6435: 6323: 6281: 6208:Proctotrupomorpha 6175: 6174:(ichneumon wasps) 6167: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6065: 6044: 6023: 6015: 5994: 5954: 5953:(common sawflies) 5946: 5945:(pergid sawflies) 5938: 5930: 5922: 5914: 5768:All Living Things 5753:978-1-118-84615-5 5542:978-1-4020-4559-2 5407:|url-status= 5177:External link in 5116:. September 2012 5033:. Rotten Tomatoes 4970:978-0-14-194162-2 4757:978-1-139-43004-3 4511:978-0-520-09645-5 4350:|url-status= 4202:978-0-521-42909-2 4130:978-3-7091-6306-1 4103:978-0-226-87400-5 4039:978-0-557-36970-6 3930:"Bumblebee nests" 3915:978-0-674-81175-1 3570:Chalicodoma pluto 3554:978-0-521-82149-0 3429:978-0-674-81175-1 3127:978-1-59726-908-7 2602:, and in Pliny's 2528:, for millennia. 2520:Humans have kept 2240:aggressive mimics 2029:Bombus terrestris 2026:of the bumblebee 1942:Müllerian mimicry 1873:animal navigation 1334:inclusive fitness 1326:sex determination 1179: 1178: 1170: 1169: 1161: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1143: 1142: 1134: 1133: 1125: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1107: 1106: 992: 991: 641:wasps, where the 415: 414: 135:Anthophila (moth) 8881: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8657: 8644: 8636: 8628: 8620: 8610: 8600: 8592: 8589: 8581: 8566: 8558: 8550: 8537: 8534: 8525: 8522: 8513: 8510: 8484: 8452: 8428: 8425: 8416: 8413: 8404: 8401: 8392: 8389: 8380: 8377: 8357: 8354: 8345: 8342: 8331: 8330: 8315:Rule of tincture 8032:Griffin/Keythong 7628: 7627: 7319:Officers of arms 7281: 7274: 7267: 7258: 7257: 7208: 7200: 7193:(plasterer bees) 7192: 7161: 7152: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7130: 7119: 7076: 7062: 7061: 7060:(sphecoid wasps) 7057: 7048: 7047: 7031: 7010: 6989: 6981: 6968: 6947: 6939: 6913: 6887: 6879: 6833: 6815: 6814: 6721: 6678:Tanaostigmatidae 6616: 6600:Melanosomellidae 6443: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6322: 6321: 6313: 6279: 6235:Neuroscelionidae 6213: 6212: 6173: 6165: 6152: 6151: 6123: 6122: 6084: 6063: 6042: 6021: 6013: 5992: 5986:Megalodontesidae 5952: 5944: 5936: 5928: 5920: 5919:Blasticotomidae 5913:(argid sawflies) 5912: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5757: 5730: 5729: 5728:(4): 2083. 2011. 5719: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5527: 5521: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5503:. 30 April 2013. 5493: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5370: 5364: 5353: 5347: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5324: 5316: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5284: 5278: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5165: 5149: 5140: 5139: 5129: 5120: 5110: 5104: 5099:Thomas Wildman, 5097: 5091: 5090: 5082: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5007:Jones, Gwyneth. 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4988:. ChiswickW4.com 4984:Deering, Chris. 4981: 4975: 4974: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4741: 4726: 4725: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4671: 4663: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4495: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4468:The Dancing Bees 4463: 4457: 4456: 4450: 4442: 4432: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4312: 4306: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4173: 4165: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4074: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3956: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3882: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3828: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3647: 3639: 3629: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3489: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3413: 3404: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3376: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3306: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3268: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3242: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3216: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3153:(3–4): 194–201. 3138: 3132: 3131: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3091: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3038: 3030: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2975: 2967: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2926: 2916: 2899:(41): 15118–23. 2884: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2725:. From 2013 the 2650:flowering plants 2387:Telling the bees 2232:praying mantises 2005:pseudocopulation 1982:Müllerian mimics 1963:Batesian mimicry 1938:Batesian mimicry 1649:Osmia cornifrons 1596:A solitary bee, 1509:Africanized bees 1098: 1077: 1063: 1062: 1049: 1035: 1034: 1021: 1007: 1006: 983: 962: 948: 947: 940: 939: 926: 921:at least 50 Mya 912: 911: 898: 884: 883: 870: 856: 855: 849: 848: 838: 837: 671:, is considered 663:early Cretaceous 611:Early Cretaceous 469:flowering plants 440:, for producing 256: 255: 232: 222: 159: 150:Early Cretaceous 148:Temporal range: 142: 141: 107:Newer revision → 85: 82: 61: 59:current revision 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 8889: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8832: 8815: 8813: 8797: 8749: 8673: 8655: 8650: 8642: 8634: 8626: 8618: 8608: 8598: 8590: 8587: 8579: 8574: 8564: 8556: 8548: 8543: 8535: 8532: 8523: 8520: 8511: 8508: 8497: 8435: 8426: 8423: 8414: 8411: 8402: 8399: 8390: 8387: 8378: 8375: 8364: 8355: 8352: 8343: 8340: 8329: 8297: 8263:Hungerford knot 8233:Cavendish/Savoy 8209: 8146: 7961: 7895: 7832: 7771: 7626: 7593: 7516: 7400: 7345: 7290: 7285: 7255: 7250: 7224: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7125: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7037: 7016: 7011:(scoliid wasps) 6995: 6953: 6919: 6914:(tiphiid wasps) 6907:Bradynobaenidae 6893: 6864: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6786: 6768: 6750: 6732: 6697: 6510:Cynipencyrtidae 6432:(chalcid wasps) 6431: 6430: 6428: 6420: 6408:Mymarommatoidea 6402: 6364: 6330:Proctorenyxidae 6315: 6314: 6311:Proctotrupoidea 6305: 6273:Austrocynipidae 6259: 6217:Platygastroidea 6202: 6179: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6090: 6069: 6064:(stem sawflies) 6048: 6027: 5998: 5972: 5958: 5951:Tenthredinidae 5921:(fern sawflies) 5903:Tenthredinoidea 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5868: 5824: 5817: 5764: 5754: 5738: 5733: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5671: 5667: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5636: 5634: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5603: 5599: 5588: 5586: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5512: 5508: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5479: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5406: 5402: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5383: 5381: 5380:on 31 July 2010 5372: 5371: 5367: 5354: 5350: 5338: 5334: 5318: 5317: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5291:. Money.cnn.com 5285: 5281: 5268: 5264: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5196: 5192: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5167: 5166: 5158:Greece and Rome 5150: 5143: 5130: 5123: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5094: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4926: 4922: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4866: 4862: 4849: 4847: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4824: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4742: 4729: 4702: 4698: 4685: 4681: 4665: 4664: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4550: 4546: 4512: 4496: 4489: 4479: 4475: 4464: 4460: 4444: 4443: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4349: 4345: 4343: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4324: 4323:on 3 March 2009 4313: 4309: 4300: 4296: 4283: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4261:"Solitary Bees" 4259: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4203: 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2504: 2496:Renée Zellweger 2395: 2300: 2298:bee (mythology) 2294: 2289: 2287:Bees and humans 2236:flower mantises 2179: 2168:Merops apiaster 2165:The bee-eater, 2159: 2127: 2071:worker policing 2036:Brood parasites 2020:Bombus vestalis 2013: 1944: 1932:Main articles: 1921:Bombylius major 1912: 1907: 1883:Karl von Frisch 1881:The ethologist 1879: 1857:Karl von Frisch 1850: 1804: 1783: 1720: 1714: 1686: 1543:leafcutter bees 1521: 1394: 1368: 1328:system of bees. 1307: 1297: 1292: 1224:Megachile pluto 1191: 1186: 1180: 1171: 1162: 1153: 1144: 1135: 1126: 1117: 1108: 993: 824: 792: 762: 718:are known from 659:corbiculate bee 594: 504:Megachile pluto 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 250: 223: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 154: 153: 146: 138: 129: 118: 117: 116: 115: 114: 99:Latest revision 87: 86: 83: 72: 70: 57: 48: 31: 29: 12: 11: 5: 8887: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8811: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8763: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8745:Trophy of arms 8742: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8713: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8704:banner of arms 8696: 8691: 8685: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8660: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8640: 8632: 8624: 8616: 8606: 8596: 8584: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8562: 8553: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8530: 8518: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8445: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8421: 8409: 8397: 8385: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8350: 8337: 8335: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8311: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8288:Tristram/Bowen 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8219: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 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7381: 7374:Ecclesiastical 7371: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7284: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7261: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7204: 7196: 7188: 7184:stingless bees 7176:carpenter bees 7156: 7147: 7145: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7103:Pemphredonidae 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7026: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7005: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6985: 6982:(spider wasps) 6977: 6972: 6963: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6943: 6940:(flower wasps) 6935: 6929: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6909: 6903: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6883: 6874: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6855:Sclerogibbidae 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6834:(cuckoo wasps) 6829: 6823: 6821: 6812: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6778: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6760: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6728:Gasteruptiidae 6725: 6722:(ensign wasps) 6717: 6711: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6643:Pelecinellidae 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6612: 6607: 6605:Metapelmatidae 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6565:Hetreulophidae 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6495:Chrysolampidae 6492: 6487: 6485:Chalcedectidae 6482: 6480:Cerocephalidae 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6438: 6436: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6416:Mymarommatidae 6412: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6355:Proctotrupidae 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6326: 6324: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6286:Diplolepididae 6283: 6275: 6269: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6245:Platygastridae 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6225:Geoscelionidae 6221: 6219: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6185:Ceraphronoidea 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172:Ichneumonidae 6169: 6160: 6158: 6156:Ichneumonoidea 6149: 6120: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6058: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6017: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5948: 5940: 5932: 5924: 5916: 5907: 5905: 5892: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5816: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5763: 5762:External links 5760: 5759: 5758: 5752: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5706: 5692: 5665: 5656:|authors= 5620: 5597: 5574: 5548: 5541: 5522: 5506: 5488: 5477: 5466:(6076): 1555. 5450: 5438: 5416: 5403:|deadurl= 5365: 5348: 5332: 5302: 5279: 5275:New York Times 5262: 5248: 5229:(5176): 1170. 5213: 5190: 5141: 5121: 5105: 5092: 5077: 5066: 5055: 5044: 5022: 5011:. The Guardian 4999: 4976: 4969: 4949: 4942: 4920: 4897: 4875: 4860: 4834: 4812: 4785: 4763: 4756: 4727: 4696: 4679: 4634: 4625: 4603: 4581: 4559: 4544: 4510: 4487: 4473: 4458: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4346:|deadurl= 4307: 4294: 4274: 4252: 4230: 4208: 4201: 4181: 4136: 4129: 4109: 4102: 4082: 4045: 4038: 4018: 3995: 3984:(2): 124–143. 3968: 3943: 3921: 3914: 3894: 3845: 3836: 3771: 3725: 3680: 3655: 3591: 3580:(1): 165–168. 3560: 3553: 3530: 3501: 3475: 3444: 3435: 3428: 3405: 3388: 3362: 3351:(3): 317–323. 3331: 3322: 3280: 3254: 3228: 3202: 3164: 3133: 3126: 3103: 3046: 2987: 2942: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2859: 2850: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2790:, wrapped in 2765:rock paintings 2759: 2756: 2735:global warming 2727:European Union 2703:Nosema ceranae 2613: 2610: 2506:Main article: 2503: 2500: 2492:Jerry Seinfeld 2457:Dakota Fanning 2415:Beatrix Potter 2402:Beatrix Potter 2394: 2391: 2340:Delphic oracle 2336:Mycenean times 2324:Hymn to Hermes 2296:Main article: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2251:Niko Tinbergen 2228:predatory bugs 2158: 2155: 2126: 2125:Nocturnal bees 2123: 2059:A. m. capensis 2024:brood parasite 2012: 2009: 1959:aposematically 1957:Many bees are 1926:Batesian mimic 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1849: 1846: 1833:cinematography 1820:air resistance 1808:Antoine Magnan 1782: 1779: 1760:with eggs and 1713: 1710: 1685: 1682: 1571:polyester bees 1569:, mason bees, 1539:carpenter bees 1520: 1517: 1504:Apis mellifera 1486:Stingless bees 1457:pollen baskets 1367: 1364: 1354:W. D. Hamilton 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1190: 1187: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 998: 995: 994: 990: 989: 986: 985: 972: 969: 968: 965: 964: 951: 946: 944: 938: 936: 933: 932: 929: 928: 915: 910: 908: 905: 904: 901: 900: 887: 882: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 859: 854: 852: 847: 845: 836: 823: 820: 761: 758: 685:plesiomorphies 655:Cretaceous age 624:in the family 593: 590: 556:Beatrix Potter 540:Ancient Greece 509:leafcutter bee 413: 412: 404: 403: 397: 396: 356: 355: 351: 350: 345: 338: 337: 332: 328: 327: 322: 318: 317: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 272: 268: 267: 262: 258: 257: 244: 243: 234: 233: 225: 224: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 147: 68: 54:permanent link 27: 16: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8886: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8800: 8794: 8793:Sigillography 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8625: 8623: 8617: 8614: 8607: 8604: 8597: 8595: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8561: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8531: 8528: 8519: 8516: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8431: 8422: 8419: 8410: 8407: 8398: 8395: 8386: 8383: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8367: 8360: 8351: 8348: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8163:Laurel wreath 8161: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7304:Grant of arms 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7277: 7275: 7270: 7268: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7221: 7220:Stenotritidae 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7207:Megachilidae 7205: 7203: 7197: 7195: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6969:(velvet ants) 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6860:Scolebythidae 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6793: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6774:Trigonaloidea 6771: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6683:Tetracampidae 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6663:Signiphoridae 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6623:Neanastatidae 6621: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6595:Megastigmidae 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6460:Baeomorphidae 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6319: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6255:Sparasionidae 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6230:Janzenellidae 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6193:Ceraphronidae 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6101: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6041:Xiphydriidae 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6033:Xiphydrioidea 6030: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5991:Pamphiliidae 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5978:Pamphilioidea 5975: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5871: 5865: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5822: 5814: 5809: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5710: 5702: 5696: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5661: 5648: 5632: 5631: 5624: 5608: 5601: 5584: 5578: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5516: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5426: 5420: 5412: 5395: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5328: 5322: 5314: 5306: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5258: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5202:. UC Berkeley 5201: 5194: 5186: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5128: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5102: 5096: 5088: 5081: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5048: 5032: 5026: 5010: 5003: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4945: 4943:0-7195-6598-7 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4885: 4879: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4846:. LiveScience 4845: 4838: 4822: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4773: 4767: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4723: 4719: 4716:: 1737–1746. 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4613: 4607: 4591: 4585: 4569: 4563: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4494: 4492: 4484: 4477: 4469: 4462: 4454: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4355: 4338: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4290: 4289: 4281: 4279: 4262: 4256: 4240: 4234: 4218: 4212: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4185: 4177: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4156:(193): 1–74. 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4113: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4086: 4078: 4072: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4022: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3953: 3947: 3931: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3714: 3704: 3694: 3684: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3651: 3645: 3638:(2): 361–421. 3637: 3633: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3537: 3535: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3326: 3318: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3277:(4): 933–994. 3276: 3272: 3271:Palaeontology 3265: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3042: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013:(5799): 614. 3012: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2958:(6): e21086. 2957: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2879: 2863: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2514: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2447:Sue Monk Kidd 2444: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2393:In literature 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195:honey buzzard 2192: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2097:Townsendiella 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1810:'s 1934 book 1809: 1803: 1799: 1798:insect flight 1792: 1791:pollen basket 1787: 1778: 1776: 1770: 1763: 1759: 1756:Honeybees on 1754: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1727:Carpenter bee 1724: 1719: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1694:common carder 1690: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1634:creosote bush 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1480:IUCN Red List 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1417:), with male 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1372: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332:According to 1327: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1301:haplodiploidy 1287: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256:compound eyes 1249: 1248:compound eyes 1245: 1241: 1240:carpenter bee 1236: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1200: 1195: 1185: 1175: 1174: 1166: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1091:Stenotritidae 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 988: 987: 984: 982: 977: 971: 970: 967: 966: 963: 961: 956: 950: 949: 942: 941: 935: 934: 931: 930: 927: 925: 920: 914: 913: 907: 906: 903: 902: 899: 897: 893:(no fossils) 892: 886: 885: 879: 878: 875: 874: 871: 869: 865:(no fossils) 864: 858: 857: 851: 850: 844: (bees) 843: 840: 839: 835: 833: 831: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 791: 783: 782: 777: 776: 771: 766: 757: 755: 751: 750:Stenotritidae 747: 743: 739: 735: 734:Middle Eocene 731: 727: 723: 722: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 676: 670: 669: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 628:, which were 627: 623: 616: 612: 608: 604: 603: 598: 589: 587: 583: 582: 577: 573: 572: 567: 563: 562: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536:Ancient Egypt 533: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505: 500: 499:stingless bee 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 459: 455: 451: 448:. Bees are a 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 411: 410: 405: 402: 398: 395: 394: 393:Stenotritidae 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 339: 336: 333: 331:Superfamily: 330: 329: 326: 323: 320: 319: 316: 313: 310: 309: 306: 303: 300: 299: 296: 293: 290: 289: 286: 283: 280: 279: 276: 273: 270: 269: 266: 263: 260: 259: 254: 249: 245: 242: 241: 235: 231: 226: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 158: 151: 143: 140: 136: 131: 127: 122: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 80: 76: 71: 64: 63: 60: 55: 39: 35: 30: 23: 8783:Phaleristics 8716:Roll of arms 8682:Applications 8594:Bleu celeste 8580:Rare colours 8273:Ormonde/Wake 8158:Fleur-de-lis 7720:Inescutcheon 7685:Crozier head 7530:Coat of arms 7417:Augmentation 7324:King of Arms 7246:Unicalcarida 7201:(sweat bees) 7153:(mason bees) 7134: 7108:Philanthidae 7075:Ampulicidae 7070:Ammoplanidae 7053:Spheciformes 7051: 6832:Chrysididae 6819:Chrysidoidea 6782:Trigonalidae 6756:Megalyroidea 6738:Stephanoidea 6668:Spalangiidae 6658:Pteromalidae 6648:Perilampidae 6628:Neodiparidae 6617:(fairyflies) 6590:Macromesidae 6560:Herbertiidae 6530:Eucharitidae 6505:Coelocybidae 6426:Chalcidoidea 6398:Monomachidae 6378:Austroniidae 6360:Vanhorniidae 6350:Peradeniidae 6280:(gall wasps) 6198:Megaspilidae 6126: 6043:(wood wasps) 6012:Anaxyelidae 5935:Diprionidae 5873: 5864:Holometabola 5862:Superorder: 5856:Infraclass: 5821:Hymenopteran 5743: 5725: 5722:EFSA Journal 5721: 5709: 5695: 5683:. Retrieved 5679:the original 5668: 5635:. Retrieved 5629: 5623: 5611:. Retrieved 5600: 5587:. Retrieved 5577: 5565:. Retrieved 5561: 5551: 5531: 5525: 5517: 5509: 5500: 5491: 5480: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5441: 5429:. Retrieved 5419: 5409:suggested) ( 5382:. Retrieved 5378:the original 5368: 5361:The Observer 5360: 5351: 5343: 5335: 5305: 5293:. Retrieved 5282: 5274: 5265: 5251: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5204:. Retrieved 5193: 5180:|title= 5170:cite journal 5164:(2): 99–117. 5161: 5157: 5134: 5113: 5108: 5100: 5095: 5086: 5080: 5069: 5058: 5047: 5035:. Retrieved 5025: 5013:. Retrieved 5002: 4990:. Retrieved 4979: 4959: 4952: 4929: 4923: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4888:. Retrieved 4878: 4869: 4863: 4855: 4848:. Retrieved 4837: 4825:. Retrieved 4815: 4798: 4788: 4776:. Retrieved 4766: 4746: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4689: 4682: 4668:cite journal 4659: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4628: 4616:. Retrieved 4606: 4594:. Retrieved 4584: 4572:. Retrieved 4562: 4553: 4547: 4515: 4500: 4482: 4476: 4467: 4461: 4447:cite journal 4412: 4408: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4352:suggested) ( 4325:. Retrieved 4321:the original 4310: 4302: 4297: 4287: 4265:. Retrieved 4255: 4243:. Retrieved 4233: 4221:. Retrieved 4211: 4191: 4184: 4170:cite journal 4153: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4119: 4112: 4092: 4085: 4059:. Retrieved 4048: 4028: 4021: 4009:. Retrieved 3998: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3959:. Retrieved 3946: 3934:. Retrieved 3924: 3904: 3897: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3839: 3825:cite journal 3813:. Retrieved 3793: 3787: 3762:. Retrieved 3745:(1): 17–52. 3742: 3738: 3728: 3716:}} 3710:{{ 3706:}} 3703:cite journal 3700:{{ 3696:}} 3690:{{ 3683: 3671:. Retrieved 3644:cite journal 3635: 3631: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3607:Leurotrigona 3606: 3602: 3594: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3543: 3524: 3520: 3492:. Retrieved 3478: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3438: 3418: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3378: 3365: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3325: 3311:cite journal 3294: 3290: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3257: 3248: 3244: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3205: 3193:. Retrieved 3181: 3177: 3167: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3116: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3035:cite journal 3010: 3006: 2972:cite journal 2955: 2951: 2945: 2931:cite journal 2896: 2892: 2882: 2862: 2853: 2841: 2796: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2723:Thiamethoxam 2719:Imidacloprid 2715:Clothianidin 2712: 2707: 2701: 2691: 2684:urbanization 2670: 2644: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2581:waggle dance 2569: 2558: 2519: 2485: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2463:Dave Goulson 2461: 2450: 2445: 2441:Bedford Park 2434: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2413: 2405: 2344: 2323: 2313: 2275: 2269: 2261:robber flies 2254: 2224:crab spiders 2221: 2213: 2212:The beewolf 2180: 2166: 2128: 2112: 2095: 2092:Emery's rule 2087: 2081: 2075: 2061:. These lay 2058: 2054: 2052: 2034: 2027: 2019: 1998: 1979: 1971:robber flies 1956: 1919: 1918:The bee-fly 1895:polarization 1891:waggle dance 1880: 1877:waggle dance 1865:waggle dance 1811: 1805: 1771: 1767: 1732: 1692:Nest of the 1674:aggregations 1673: 1670: 1659: 1654:Bee "hotels" 1647: 1614: 1607: 1606:), visiting 1604:Megachilidae 1597: 1559: 1550: 1536: 1528: 1513:A. mellifera 1512: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1484: 1462: 1459:(corbiculae) 1427: 1395: 1342:haplodiploid 1337: 1331: 1323:haplodiploid 1284: 1253: 1222: 1215:pollen wasps 1211: 1204: 1197:The lapping 1089: 1068: 1040: 1012: 976:Megachilidae 974: 953: 917: 891:Meganomiidae 889: 863:Dasypodaidae 861: 827: 825: 803: 793: 779: 773: 772:, like this 730:Megachilidae 726:Early Eocene 719: 693: 672: 666: 665:(~100 mya), 650: 643:pollen wasps 635:evolutionary 619: 600: 579: 575: 569: 559: 529: 502: 496: 473: 460: 450:monophyletic 417: 416: 408: 407: 385:Meganomiidae 381:Megachilidae 373:Dasypodaidae 359: 347: 341: 321:Infraorder: 238: 139: 130: 121: 22:old revision 19: 18: 8864:Pollinators 8788:Vexillology 8549:Rare metals 8529:(blood red) 8127:Winged lion 8107:Sea-griffin 8042:Hippocampus 7975:Allocamelus 7617:Fimbriation 7545:Compartment 7522:Achievement 7490:Marshalling 7456:distinction 7314:Law of arms 7299:Authorities 7199:Halictidae 7191:Colletidae 7180:orchid bees 7172:cuckoo bees 7151:Andrenidae 7093:Crabronidae 7030:Formicidae 7022:Formicoidea 6980:Pompilidae 6967:Mutillidae 6959:Pompiloidea 6933:Chyphotidae 6850:Plumariidae 6845:Embolemidae 6764:Megalyridae 6746:Stephanidae 6610:Moranilidae 6580:Leucospidae 6575:Idioporidae 6570:Heydeniidae 6550:Eurytomidae 6500:Cleonymidae 6490:Chalcididae 6465:Boucekiidae 6450:Aphelinidae 6444:(fig wasps) 6393:Maamingidae 6370:Diaprioidea 6345:Pelecinidae 6335:Roproniidae 6301:Liopteridae 6250:Scelionidae 6166:(braconids) 6164:Braconidae 6022:(horntails) 5927:Cimbicidae 5315:. PLoS ONE. 5031:"Bee Movie" 4934:John Murray 4538:Bombyliidae 3764:13 November 3713:cite report 3603:Hypotrigona 3195:16 November 2811:royal jelly 2775:botok tawon 2751:botok tawon 2662:pollination 2647:pollinating 2631:Squash bees 2566:Tutankhamun 2550:royal jelly 2431:W. B. Yeats 2367:Shakespeare 2265:dragonflies 2191:flycatchers 2147:crepuscular 2078:cuckoo bees 1994:Lepidoptera 1829:helicopters 1587:digger bees 1583:alkali bees 1575:squash bees 1488:are highly 1434:orchid bees 1423:paper wasps 1384:eusociality 1366:Eusociality 1305:eusociality 1278:and a long 1189:Description 816:angiosperms 808:coevolution 804:specialized 790:coevolution 760:Coevolution 754:Pleistocene 681:apomorphies 626:Crabronidae 581:botok tawon 566:W. B. Yeats 548:royal jelly 525:dragonflies 492:pollination 434:pollination 420:are flying 305:Hymenoptera 155:100–0 20:This is an 8843:Categories 8733:equestrian 8517:(mulberry) 8243:Harrington 8173:Quatrefoil 8102:Salamander 8047:Hippogriff 8005:Cockatrice 7985:Amphiptere 7957:Wolfsangel 7937:Portcullis 7849:Black swan 7803:Camelopard 7632:Ordinaries 7550:Escutcheon 7500:impalement 7495:quartering 7478:variations 7396:Attributed 7334:pursuivant 7244:See also: 7215:Melittidae 7168:bumblebees 7164:honey bees 7135:Anthophila 7118:Sphecidae 7098:Mellinidae 7088:Bembicidae 7009:Scoliidae 7001:Scolioidea 6988:Sapygidae 6975:Myrmosidae 6938:Thynnidae 6925:Thynnoidea 6912:Tiphiidae 6899:Tiphioidea 6827:Bethylidae 6720:Evaniidae 6707:Evanioidea 6673:Systasidae 6615:Mymaridae 6585:Lyciscidae 6545:Eupelmidae 6535:Eulophidae 6520:Encyrtidae 6442:Agaonidae 6383:Diapriidae 6278:Cynipidae 6265:Cynipoidea 6240:Nixoniidae 6083:Orussidae 6075:Orussoidea 6020:Siricidae 6004:Siricoidea 5850:Subclass: 5840:Arthropoda 4932:. London: 3978:Apidologie 3619:Trigonisca 3251:: 701–709. 3225:: 526–544. 2875:References 2770:Indonesian 2676:beekeepers 2658:ecosystems 2654:pollinator 2530:Beekeepers 2508:Beekeeping 2502:Beekeeping 2425:(pictured) 2316:divination 2248:ethologist 2183:bee-eaters 2139:Halictidae 2135:Colletidae 2131:Andrenidae 2114:Hesperapis 2109:dasypodaid 2042:subfamily 2001:bee orchid 1975:hoverflies 1951:Bee orchid 1887:navigation 1758:brood comb 1712:Life cycle 1629:endangered 1617:oligoleges 1567:sweat bees 1547:mason bees 1482:criteria. 1464:Bumblebees 1438:allodapine 1430:Halictidae 1407:semisocial 1272:mouthparts 1268:geniculate 1229:Meliponini 1199:mouthparts 1182:See also: 1070:Colletidae 1042:Halictidae 1014:Andrenidae 919:Melittidae 842:Anthophila 830:sensu lato 796:pollinated 742:Halictidae 738:Andrenidae 716:Melittidae 704:Colletidae 700:Allodapini 532:beekeeping 517:bee-eaters 513:Halictidae 465:Antarctica 461:Anthophila 389:Melittidae 377:Halictidae 369:Colletidae 361:Andrenidae 348:Anthophila 311:Suborder: 285:Arthropoda 152:– Recent, 8826:resources 8771:socialist 8694:Hatchment 8689:Bookplate 8669:Carnation 8656:Realistic 8469:Erminites 8307:Tinctures 8258:Hinckaert 8223:Bourchier 8077:Ouroboros 8062:Manticore 7967:Legendary 7942:Reremouse 7879:Przepaska 7808:Hind/stag 7798:Dog/hound 7607:Attitudes 7584:Supporter 7512:Societies 7473:divisions 7422:abatement 7083:Astatidae 6886:Vespidae 6870:Vespoidea 6840:Dryinidae 6715:Aulacidae 6688:Torymidae 6653:Pirenidae 6638:Ormyridae 6633:Ooderidae 6540:Eunotidae 6515:Diparidae 6470:Calesidae 6388:Ismaridae 6340:Heloridae 6296:Ibaliidae 6291:Figitidae 6062:Cephidae 6054:Cephoidea 5964:Xyeloidea 5943:Pergidae 5852:Pterygota 5832:Kingdom: 5658:ignored ( 5647:cite book 5501:3 News NZ 5405:ignored ( 5363:(London). 5321:cite news 5295:20 August 5114:Bee World 4534:Oestridae 4530:Tabanidae 4522:Syrphidae 4348:ignored ( 3961:7 October 3297:: 35–48. 3184:: 57–78. 2639:cucumbers 2576:Aristotle 2554:pollinate 2532:collect 2522:honey bee 2487:Bee Movie 2379:Karl Marx 2347:Aristotle 2244:Beewolves 2088:Psithyrus 2086:subgenus 2067:thelytoky 2044:Nomadinae 1967:bee-flies 1802:bumblebee 1697:bumblebee 1645:mason bee 1453:bumblebee 1392:bumblebee 1388:honey bee 1376:honey bee 1290:Sociality 1280:proboscis 1276:mandibles 822:Phylogeny 770:coevolved 708:Oligocene 630:predators 609:from the 592:Evolution 521:beewolves 409:Apiformes 354:Families 271:Kingdom: 265:Eukaryota 8778:Logotype 8721:Illyrian 8603:Brunâtre 8527:Sanguine 8464:Erminois 8432:(purple) 8325:Hatching 8320:Tricking 8283:Stafford 8183:Shamrock 8132:Woodwose 8112:Sea-lion 8082:Pantheon 8057:Lindworm 8000:Chollima 7995:Biscione 7990:Basilisk 7912:Crapaudy 7813:Kangaroo 7675:Componée 7669:Łękawica 7565:pavilion 7560:Mantling 7439:courtesy 7434:Alliance 7362:dominion 7357:National 7288:Heraldry 7113:Psenidae 6455:Azotidae 5970:Xyelidae 5911:Argidae 5858:Neoptera 5838:Phylum: 5834:Animalia 5823:families 5394:cite web 5243:17787573 4526:Asilidae 4439:16330767 4337:cite web 4071:cite web 4011:29 March 3889:20740005 3815:4 August 3810:18511689 3722:instead. 3693:cite doi 3611:muelleri 3586:25084498 3357:25010174 3098:11172007 3027:17068254 2952:PLoS ONE 2923:17015826 2846:Triassic 2821:See also 2807:propolis 2746:Javanese 2688:tracheal 2656:in many 2635:squashes 2593:Eclogues 2564:such as 2562:pharaohs 2542:propolis 2479:The Bees 2433:'s poem 2119:halictid 2102:nomadine 1885:studied 1861:navigate 1842:fruitfly 1764:in cells 1747:diapause 1739:pupation 1678:colonies 1602:(family 1490:eusocial 1470:such as 1468:Vespidae 1398:eusocial 1359:termites 1319:eusocial 1264:antennae 1219:scavenge 576:The Bees 568:'s poem 552:propolis 401:Synonyms 325:Aculeata 315:Apocrita 281:Phylum: 275:Animalia 261:Domain: 79:contribs 38:contribs 8869:Apoidea 8859:Insects 8754:Related 8622:Cendrée 8605:(brown) 8459:Ermines 8430:Purpure 8420:(green) 8396:(black) 8369:Colours 8349:(white) 8253:Heneage 8195:Thistle 8188:Trefoil 8122:Unicorn 8097:Phoenix 8092:Pegasus 8087:Panther 8072:Musimon 8067:Mermaid 8052:Lampago 8022:Enfield 8015:Chinese 7952:Serpent 7947:Scallop 7917:Dolphin 7891:Pelican 7886:Martlet 7874:Szaszor 7844:Alerion 7818:Leopard 7793:Bull/ox 7767:Saltire 7755:Roundel 7730:Lozenge 7700:Flaunch 7665:Chevron 7655:Bordure 7640:Annulet 7612:Erasure 7599:Charges 7463:Canting 7451:Cadency 7412:Armiger 7386:Burgher 7339:private 7309:History 7043:Apoidea 5846:Insecta 5844:Class: 5819:Extant 5736:Sources 5685:15 July 5637:14 July 5613:22 June 5589:22 June 5567:16 July 5460:Science 5384:22 June 5223:Science 5206:29 June 5037:30 June 5015:28 June 4992:28 June 4917:: 1–28. 4890:29 June 4827:29 June 4778:18 June 4618:30 June 4596:30 June 4518:Bombini 4430:1312389 4327:7 March 4061:26 June 3936:26 June 3880:3279739 3789:Science 3759:5875340 3673:30 June 3494:28 June 3291:Zookeys 3080:3054932 3007:Science 2914:1586180 2788:coconut 2758:As food 2590:in his 2538:beeswax 2476:fantasy 2383:society 2371:Tolstoy 2363:Erasmus 2272:acarine 2187:shrikes 2080:in the 2065:eggs (" 2063:diploid 1934:mimicry 1905:Ecology 1899:beehive 1824:insects 1775:exuviae 1749:stage. 1701:workers 1684:Biology 1621:orchids 1609:Lantana 1555:beeswax 1472:hornets 1415:workers 1350:diploid 1346:haploid 1317:. 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