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anionicity of the molecule increases. Thermal degradation of the vinyl backbone can occur through several possible radical mechanisms, including the autooxidation of small amounts of iron and reactions between oxygen and residual impurities from polymerization at elevated temperature. Mechanical degradation can also be an issue at the high shear rates experienced in the near-wellbore region. However, cross-linked variants of polyacrylamide have shown greater resistance to all of these methods of degradation, and have proved much more stable.
138:
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572:, polyacrylamide was treated similarly as food during cooking. It was shown that these conditions do not cause polyacrylamide to de-polymerise significantly. California requires (current as of 2010) products containing acrylamide as an ingredient to be labeled with a statement that it is "a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer."
439:
in the 1950s and today "MP", which is stated to be a "unique formulation of PAM (water-soluble polyacrylamide)". It is often used for horticultural and agricultural use under trade names such as
Broadleaf P4, Swell-Gel and so on. The anionic form of cross-linked polyacrylamide is frequently used as
540:
applications, polyacrylamide polymers are susceptible to chemical, thermal, and mechanical degradation. Chemical degradation occurs when the labile amine moiety hydrolyzes at elevated temperature or pH, resulting in the evolution of ammonia and a remaining carboxyl group. Thus, the degree of
501:
The primary functions of
Polyacrylamide Soil Conditioners are to increase soil tilth, aeration, and porosity and reduce compaction, dustiness and water run-off. Secondary functions are to increase plant vigor, color, appearance, rooting depth and emergence of seeds while decreasing water
423:
Another common use of polyacrylamide and its derivatives is in subsurface applications such as
Enhanced Oil Recovery. High viscosity aqueous solutions can be generated with low concentrations of polyacrylamide polymers, and these can be injected to improve the economics of conventional
360:, can be present in very small amounts in the polymerized acrylamide, therefore it is recommended to handle it with caution. In the cross-linked form, the possibility of the monomer being present is reduced even further. It is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft
88:(Updating {{chembox}} (changes to watched fields - updated 'ChemSpiderID_Ref', 'DrugBank_Ref', 'UNII_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref', 'StdInChI_Ref', 'StdInChIKey_Ref') per
49:(Updating {{chembox}} (changes to watched fields - updated 'ChemSpiderID_Ref', 'DrugBank_Ref', 'UNII_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref', 'StdInChI_Ref', 'StdInChIKey_Ref') per
553:. While polyacrylamide itself is relatively non-toxic, it is known that commercially available polyacrylamide contains minute residual amounts of acrylamide remaining from its production, usually less than 0.05%
893:
Kay-Shoemake JL, Watwood ME, Lentz RD, Sojka RE. (August 1998). "Polyacrylamide as an organic nitrogen source for soil microorganisms with potential effects on inorganic soil nitrogen in agricultural soil".
404:. Most polyacrylamide is supplied in a liquid form. The liquid is subcategorized as solution and emulsion polymer. Even though these products are often called 'polyacrylamide', many are actually
579:, the effect of environmental conditions on polyacrylamide were tested, and it was shown that degradation of polyacrylamide under certain conditions does in fact cause the release of acrylamide.
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results in greatly improving the physical properties of the soil while significantly reducing the quantity of agricultural polymers as compared to to methods of the prior art.
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646:"Quantitation of Acrylamide (and Polyacrylamide): Critical review of methods for trace determination/formulation analysis & Future-research recommendations"
583:, the experimental design of this study, as well as its results and their interpretation have been questioned, and in a study conducted in 1999 by the
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89:
50:
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Polyacrylamide is often used in molecular biology applications as a medium for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids in a technique known as
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Woodrow JE, Seiber JN, Miller GC. (2008 Apr 23;). "Acrylamide
Release Resulting from Sunlight Irradiation of Aqueous Polyacrylamide/Iron Mixtures".
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879:
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720:
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Ahn JS, Castle L. (5 November 2003). "Tests for the
Depolymerization of Polyacrylamides as a Potential Source of Acrylamide in Heated Foods".
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of
Wallace Laboratories LLC, then published Jan. 10, 1989 - "Method of Agricultural Soil Improvement". As stated from the patent documents,
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Additionally, there are concerns that polyacrylamide may de-polymerise to form acrylamide. In a study conducted in 2003 at the
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982:"Determination of acrylamide monomer in polyacrylamide degradation studies by high-performance liquid chromatography"
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Improvement in the physical properties of soils is achieved by the applicaton of qwuecus mixtures of agricultural
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463:. Similarly, the absorbent properties of one of its copolymers can be utilized as an additive in body-powder.
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Gao JP, Lin T, Wang W, Yu JG, Yuan SJ, Wang SM. (1999). "Accelerated chemical degradation of polyacrylamide".
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Concerns have been raised that polyacrylamide used in agriculture may contaminate food with the nerve toxin
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are bridged by the long polymer chains of polyacrylamide. This results in significant enhancement of the
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or a salt thereof. The main consequence of this is to give the 'modified' polymer a particular
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agent. More recently, it has been used as a subdermal filler for aesthetic facial surgery (see
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The polymer is also used to make Gro-Beast toys, which expand when placed in water, as the
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plants to greatly improve the removal of total organic content (TOC) from raw water.
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The ionic form of polyacrylamide has found an important role in the potable
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Patent Number 4,797,145 filed in
February 1986, by Garn A. Wallace and
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subunits. It can be synthesized as a simple linear-chain structure or
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
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702:"Polyacrylamide as a Soil Stabilizer for Erosion Control."
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requirements, diseases, erosion and maintenance expenses.
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to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
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In dilute aqueous solution, such as is commonly used for
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or coagulate solids in a liquid. This process applies to
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Wisconsin
Department of Transportation. Madison, WI.
714:Garn Wallace & Arthur Wallace (Jan. 10, 1989).
412:and one or more other chemical species, such as an
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575:In one (much debated) study conducted in 1997 at
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965:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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468:water treatment industry
940:Macromolecular Symposia
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354:-methylenebisacrylamide
90:Chem/Drugbox validation
51:Chem/Drugbox validation
866:10.1006/eesa.1997.1527
787:Check date values in:
737:Check date values in:
585:Nalco Chemical Company
388:Uses of polyacrylamide
545:Environmental effects
538:Enhanced Oil Recovery
400:, and processes like
45:12:07, 24 August 2011
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398:wastewater treatment
154:poly(2-prop-enamide)
625:Polyacrylamide Gels
612:Sodium polyacrylate
482:rate. This allows
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320:poly(2-propenamide)
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103:← Previous revision
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476:aluminium chloride
442:construction sites
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301:Infobox references
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680:External link in
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631:References
551:acrylamide
452:of nearby
410:acrylamide
406:copolymers
394:flocculate
378:suspending
358:neurotoxin
336:acrylamide
167:CAS Number
151:IUPAC name
953:1022-1360
607:Rhoca-Gil
532:Stability
374:thickener
177:9003-05-8
673:cite web
602:Chitosan
591:See also
83:contribs
73:CheMoBot
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597:Aquamid
581:However
570:England
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431:called
382:Aquamid
294:what is
292: (
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951:
827:(23).
657:. The
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330:CHCONH
289:verify
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145:Names
649:(PDF)
418:ionic
352:'
317:IUPAC
1012:Gels
967:link
949:ISSN
924:link
880:link
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