441:. On February 27, the Nashville student activists held a fourth sit-in at the Woolworths, McClellan, and Walgreens stores. Crowds of white youths again gathered in the stores to taunt and harass the demonstrators. This time, however, police were not present. Eventually, several of the sit-in demonstrators were attacked by hecklers in the McClellan and Woolworths stores. Some were pulled from their seats and beaten, and one demonstrator was pushed down a flight of stairs. When police arrived, the white attackers fled and none were arrested. Police then ordered the demonstrators at all three locations to leave the stores. When the demonstrators refused to leave, they were arrested and loaded into police vehicles as onlookers applauded. A total of eighty-one students were arrested and charged with loitering and disorderly conduct.
500:, but did not include any representatives from the student movement itself. The committee met several times over the next month and delivered its recommendations in a report on April 5. The committee recommended to partially integrate the city's lunch counters. Each store would have one section that was for whites only and another section for whites and blacks. This solution was rejected by the student leaders, who considered the recommendations to be morally unacceptable and based upon a policy of segregation. Less than a week after the Biracial Committee issued its report, the sit-ins resumed and the boycott of downtown businesses was intensified.
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The merchants would prepare their employees for the event and instruct them to serve the customers without trouble. This arrangement would continue in a controlled manner for a couple of weeks and then all controls would be taken off, at which point the merchants and protest leaders would reconvene to evaluate the results. Also as part of the agreement, the media was to be informed of the settlement and requested to provide only accurate, non-sensational coverage.
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conduct became a model followed by demonstrators in other cities: "Don't strike back or curse if abused. Don't laugh out. Don't hold conversations with floor workers. Don't block entrances to the store and aisles. Show yourself courteous and friendly at all times. Sit straight and always face the counter. Remember love and nonviolence."
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then asked the mayor if he felt it was wrong to discriminate against a person based solely on their race or skin color. West answered that he agreed it was wrong. Nash then asked him if he believed that lunch counters in the city should be desegregated. West answered, "Yes", then added, "That's up to
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Despite strong support from the black community, all of the students who had been arrested were convicted of disorderly conduct and fined $ 50. The students refused to pay the fines, however, and chose instead to serve thirty-three days in the county workhouse. Diane Nash issued a statement on behalf
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store on
December 5. Small groups of students purchased items at the stores and then sat at their lunch counters and attempted to order food. Their goal was to try to sense the mood and degree of resistance in each store. Although they were refused service at both lunch counters, the reactions varied
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After weeks of secret negotiations between merchants and protest leaders, an agreement was finally reached during the first week of May. According to the agreement, small, selected groups of
African Americans would order food at the downtown lunch counters on a day known in advance to the merchants.
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The trials of the sit-in participants attracted widespread interest throughout
Nashville and the surrounding region. On February 29, the first day of the trials, a crowd of more than 2000 people lined the streets surrounding the city courthouse to show their support for the defendants. A group of 13
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In late 1959, James Lawson and other members of the NCLC's projects committee met with department store owners Fred Harvey and John Sloan, and asked them to voluntarily serve
African Americans at their lunch counters. Both men declined, saying that they would lose more business than they would gain.
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Rather than discouraging the protesters, this event served as a catalyst for the movement. Within hours, news of the bombing had spread throughout the community. Around noon, nearly 4000 people marched silently to City Hall to confront the mayor. Mayor West met the marchers at the courthouse steps.
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At 5:30 am on April 19, a bomb was thrown through a front window of Z. Alexander Looby's home in north
Nashville, apparently in retaliation for his support of the demonstrators. Although the explosion almost completely destroyed the house, Looby and his wife, who were asleep in a back bedroom, were
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On the Monday following the first sit-in, the
Baptist Minister's Conference of Nashville, representing 79 congregations, unanimously voted to support the student movement, thus throwing the weight of Nashville's black religious community behind the students. Local religious leaders called on people
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Several other sit-ins took place over the next two months, resulting in more arrests and further attacks against sit-in participants. Over 150 students were arrested in total. Throughout the demonstrations, the student activists maintained a policy of disciplined nonviolence. Their written code of
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In
Nashville, like most Southern cities, African Americans were severely disadvantaged under the system of Jim Crow segregation. In addition to being relegated to underfunded schools and barred from numerous public accommodations, African Americans had few prospects for skilled employment and were
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Over the course of the campaign, sit-ins were staged at numerous stores in
Nashville's central business district. Sit-in participants, who consisted mainly of black college students, were often heckled or physically attacked by white onlookers. Despite their refusal to retaliate, over 150 students
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Although the end of the sit-in campaign brought a brief respite for civil rights activists in
Nashville, institutionalized racism remained a problem throughout the city. Over the next few years, further sit-ins, pickets, and other actions would take place at restaurants, movie theaters, and other
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On May 10, six downtown stores opened their lunch counters to black customers for the first time. The customers arrived in groups of two or three during the afternoon and were served without incident. At the same time, African
Americans ended their six-week-old boycott of the downtown stores. The
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had grown into a significant protest with over eighty students participating by the third day. Although similar demonstrations had occurred previously in other cities, this was the first to attract substantial media attention and public notice. When Lawson's group met the subsequent Friday night,
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about the escalating violence. When asked if he believed the lunch counters in Nashville should be desegregated, West agreed that they should. After subsequent negotiations between the store owners and protest leaders, an agreement was reached during the first week of May. On May 10, six downtown
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drugstore. As the students sat at the counters, crowds of white youths gathered in several of the stores. Police kept a watchful eye on all five locations, but no incidents of violence occurred. The students remained for nearly three hours until adjourning to a mass meeting at the First Baptist
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During these workshops it was decided that the first target for the group's actions would be downtown lunch counters. At the time, African Americans were allowed to shop in downtown stores but were not allowed to eat in the stores' restaurants. The group felt that the lunch counters were a good
548:. During the speech, he praised the Nashville sit-in movement as "the best organized and the most disciplined in the Southland." He further stated that he came to Nashville "not to bring inspiration but to gain inspiration from the great movement that has taken place in this community."
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Although serious efforts were made to oppose Jim Crow laws in Nashville as early as 1905, it was not until 1958, with the formation of the Nashville Christian Leadership Council, that Nashville's African American community would lay the foundation for dismantling racial segregation.
683:, the lawyers representing the students were: Z. Alexander Looby; Robert Lillard; Avon Williams; Coyness L. Ennix; A. J. Steel; J. F. McClellan; R. B. J. Campbell, Jr.; Adolph Birch; W. D. Hawkins, Jr.; Roscoe Hamby; William Blakemore; E. B. Lindsey; and Eugene White.
417:. The lunch counters were immediately closed. The students remained for about half an hour and then left, again without incident. The third sit-in occurred on February 20 when approximately 350 students entered the previous four stores and also the downtown
465:, represented the students. Initially, the trial was presided over by City Judge Andrew J. Doyle. Doyle dismissed the loitering charges against the students and then stepped down from the bench, turning the trial over to Special City Judge John I. Harris.
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On March 3, in an effort to diffuse the racial tensions caused by the sit-ins, Mayor West announced the formation of a Biracial Committee to seek a solution to the city's racial strife. The committee included the presidents of two of the city's
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where he was enrolled as a Divinity School student. When Lawson was confronted by Vanderbilt's executive committee and told he would have to end his involvement with the sit-ins, Lawson refused. He was immediately expelled from the university.
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of the students explaining the decision: "We feel that if we pay these fines we would be contributing to and supporting the injustice and immoral practices that have been performed in the arrest and conviction of the defendants."
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significantly. At Harveys, they received surprisingly polite responses, while at Cain-Sloan they were treated with contempt. These reconnaissance actions were low-key and neither of the city's newspapers was notified of them.
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as the featured guest speaker. The downtown Nashville library will host a photography exhibit entitled "Visions & Voices: The Civil Rights Movement in Nashville & Tennessee" from February 9 to May 22. In addition,
633:, James Napier, Preston Taylor, and others organized a strike against Nashville's segregated streetcar service that lasted from July 1905 until July 1906. More information about this strike can be found in Bobby Lovett's
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Although the initial campaign successfully desegregated downtown lunch counters, sit-ins, pickets, and protests against other segregated facilities continued in Nashville until passage of the
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emphasized the mayor's statement that it was up to the city's merchants to decide whether to desegregate. This was largely indicative of the two papers' opposing stances on the issue.
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The arrests brought a surge of media coverage to the sit-in campaign, including national television news coverage, front page stories in both of Nashville's daily newspapers, and an
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about 500 new volunteers showed up to join the cause. Although Lawson and other adult organizers argued for delay, the student leaders insisted that the time had come for action.
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Before the students in Nashville had a chance to formalize their plans, events elsewhere brought renewed urgency to the effort. During the first week of February 1960, a small
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of good will to boycott downtown merchants who practiced segregation. Nashville's black community strongly supported the boycott, causing economic hardship for the merchants.
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were eventually arrested for refusing to vacate store lunch counters when ordered by police. At trial, the students were represented by a group of 13 lawyers, headed by
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hosted a panel discussion entitled "Veterans of the Nashville Sit-ins - The Struggle Continues". The featured speakers were Kwame Leo Lillard and Matthew Walker, Jr.
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campaign, coordinated by the Nashville Student Movement and Nashville Christian Leadership Council, was notable for its early success and emphasis on disciplined
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Kwame Leo Lillard speaking at "Veterans of the Nashville Sit-ins - The Struggle Continues", a panel discussion hosted by Vanderbilt University (January 20, 2010)
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stores and asked to be served at the lunch counters. After the staff refused to serve them, they sat in the stores for two hours and then left without incident.
170:. On April 19, Looby's home was bombed, however, neither he nor his wife were injured. Later that day, nearly 4000 people marched to City Hall to confront Mayor
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From March 26 to March 28, 1958, the NCLC held the first of many workshops on using nonviolent tactics to challenge segregation. These workshops were led by
1631:"2010 Martin Luther King Jr. Commemorative Series & Living History Luncheon Series Presents: Veterans of the Nashville Sit-ins - The Struggle Continues"
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plan continued successfully and the lunch counters were integrated without any further incidents of violence. Nashville thus became the first major city in
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The first large-scale organized sit-in was on Saturday, February 13, 1960. At about 12:30 pm, 124 students, most of them black, walked into the downtown
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which ended overt, legally-sanctioned segregation nationwide. Many of the organizers of the Nashville sit-ins went on to become important leaders in the
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objective because they were highly visible, easily accessible, and provided a stark example of the injustices black Southerners faced on a daily basis.
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read a prepared statement accusing the mayor of ignoring the moral issues involved in segregation and turning a blind eye to violence and injustice.
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story. The students generally viewed any media coverage as helpful to their cause, especially when it illustrated their commitment to nonviolence.
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will host an exhibition from February 4 to May 16 entitled "We Shall Not Be Moved: The 50th Anniversary of Tennessee's Civil Rights Sit-Ins". At
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on February 10, 2010, the 29th annual Conference on African American History and Culture will hold a special commemoration of the sit-ins, with
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The second sit-in occurred on Thursday, February 18, when more than 200 students entered Woolworths, S. H. Kress, McClellan, and
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Sumner, David E. (1995). "Nashville, nonviolence, and the newspapers: The convergence of social goals with news values".
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Several events have been planned during 2010 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Nashville sit-ins. On January 20,
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throughout the United States. These laws mandated segregation in virtually all spheres of public life and allowed
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Westfeldt, Wallace. "Settling a Sit-In". Report for the Nashville Community Relations Council. Quoted in Sumner,
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84:(switching to public domain image, removing caption sentence added for fair use justification of previous image)
49:(switching to public domain image, removing caption sentence added for fair use justification of previous image)
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There are several conflicting sources on the number of students arrested on February 27: The initial story in
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Wynn, Linda T. (1991). "The dawning of a new day: The Nashville sit-ins, February 13, 1960 – May 10, 1960".
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to discuss the sit-ins. Coverage of the meeting by the local press, including a scathing editorial in the
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On February 27, several sit-in participants, including Paul Laprad (pictured), were attacked by onlookers.
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1866:. Nashville: Annual Local Conference on Afro-American Culture and History, Tennessee State University.
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A Black Man's Dream: The First 100 Years: Richard Henry Boyd and the National Baptist Publishing Board
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The students then began doing reconnaissance for sit-in demonstrations. The first test took place at
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will lead a forum to discuss civil rights issues at the downtown library auditorium on February 13.
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The same day the trials began, a group of black ministers, including James Lawson, met with Mayor
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Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King
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denouncing Lawson as a "flannel-mouth agitator", brought Lawson's activities to the attention of
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Talley, James (March 1, 1960). "Judge Harris Ouster Sought; Prejudged 'Sitdowns,' Looby Says".
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Tensions mounted over the following week as sit-in demonstrations spread to other cities and
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while working as a missionary in India. The workshops were mainly attended by students from
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segregated facilities across Nashville. These actions continued until Congress passed the
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1656:"New Exhibition at State Museum Commemorates the 50th Anniversary of Tennessee Sit-Ins"
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emphasized the mayor's agreement that lunch counters should be desegregated, while the
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Travis, Fred (May 11, 1960). "Six lunch counters in Nashville open service to Negro".
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Coverage of this event varied significantly between Nashville's two major newspapers.
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From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality
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1610:"Speak Truth to Power: The Martin Luther King Jr. 2010 Commemorative Lecture Series"
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not injured. More than 140 windows in a nearby dormitory were broken by the blast.
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The Nashville Christian Leadership Council (or NCLC), was founded by the Reverend
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stores began serving black customers at their lunch counters for the first time.
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Talley, James (February 29, 1960). "Negro Ministers Urge Meeting With Mayor".
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1067:(February 25, 1960). "'Won't Tolerate Violence,' Chattanooga Mayor Says".
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upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of "
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Harris, Mac (March 4, 1960). "Mayor Names Biracial Group To Seek Peace".
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1436:(April 20, 1960). "West Tells 2,000 Marchers City's Laws To Be Upheld".
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states that 79 were arrested; most later sources, such as Halberstam's
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Halberstam, David (March 9, 1960). "Students Reject 'Token' Service".
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966:(February 19, 1960). "Local Ministers To Support Student Movement".
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Downtown lunch counters targeted by the sit-ins included: 1.
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Fullerton, Garry (April 21, 1960). "King Delayed By Bomb Scare".
1286:(March 1, 1960). "No Place in Nashville for Inciters of Strife".
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Halberstam, David (April 20, 1960). "Integrate Counters–Mayor".
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Talley, James (February 28, 1960). "75 Students Arrested Here".
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1681:"Nashville Conference of African-American History and Culture"
1056:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 155.
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subject to constant discrimination from the white majority.
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1535:(May 11, 1960). "Negroes Win Dining Rights in Nashville".
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to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
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Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.
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Harris, Mac (March 2, 1960). "75 Students Back in Jail".
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A sign on a restaurant window in Lancaster, Ohio, in 1938
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The Local Press and the Nashville Student Movement, 1960
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The Local Press and the Nashville Student Movement, 1960
1009:(February 19, 1960). "Negroes 'Strike' Counters Again".
5407:
4111:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
3889:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
1037:(February 21, 1960). "Lunch Counter 'Strike' Spreads".
938:
Talley, James (February 14, 1960). "Strikes hit city".
5639:
African American founding fathers of the United States
4135:
African American founding fathers of the United States
2488:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
2353:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
1752:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1750:
In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s
329:
in downtown Nashville on November 28, followed by the
1960:
1731:
Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–63
5549:
Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.
4183:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
1148:(February 29, 1960). "Laws to be Enforced: West".
344:sit-in demonstration in Greensboro, North Carolina
226:to flourish across the country, especially in the
208:In 1896, the United States Supreme Court decision
1885:(PhD thesis). Knoxville: University of Tennessee.
5834:
2719:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1769:The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement
837:The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement
285:), American Baptist Theological Seminary (later
258:and was established to promote civil rights for
5858:Local civil rights history in the United States
5592:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2709:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2642:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
2533:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
1862:Lovett, Bobby L.; Wynn, Linda T., eds. (1996).
1826:Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement
1534:
1435:
1285:
1147:
1066:
1036:
1008:
965:
5745:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco
5070:King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis
4188:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
1771:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
565:to begin desegregating its public facilities.
455:
241:
126:Nashville's sit-in campaign targeted downtown
5016:Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act
5010:U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations
4554:Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?
4382:
4096:List of lynching victims in the United States
2434:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1946:
218:". This decision led to the proliferation of
5781:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose
1416:
1414:
337:
5331:Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story
4410:Speeches, writings, movements, and protests
2563:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1342:
1340:
5750:Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)
4396:
4389:
4375:
2612:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
1953:
1939:
1864:Profiles of African Americans in Tennessee
1704:. Nashville Public Library. Archived from
1420:
1169:
1084:
503:
5100:The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306
4168:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
1563:
1561:
1491:
1411:
1253:
1251:
1235:
1233:
1098:
1096:
66:Revision as of 02:38, 24 January 2010 by
5848:History of African-American civil rights
5813:Civil rights movement in popular culture
5619:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
5541:Civil rights movement in popular culture
4610:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
4203:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
2243:University of Georgia desegregation riot
1658:. Tennessee State Museum. Archived from
1337:
1080:
1078:
757:
755:
652:claims 75 were arrested; a story in the
580:
424:
349:
256:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
199:
121:
47:
4458:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
4117:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
3854:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
3849:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
1633:. Vanderbilt University. Archived from
666:, state that 81 students were arrested.
576:
196:Racial segregation in the United States
65:
14:
5835:
4031:African-American women in the movement
2483:White House Conference on Civil Rights
2314:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
1925:Nashville Student Movement (1960-1964)
1558:
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1328:
1270:
1248:
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1175:
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937:
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5049:
4970:
4691:
4408:
4370:
2472:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
1934:
1809:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1075:
1051:
752:
490:
189:
44:
25:
4240:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
2704:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
2652:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
2598:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
2075:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
2000:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1683:. Metropolitan Historical Commission
273:, who had studied the principles of
17:
5791:Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
2647:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
2583:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
2253:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
119:
88:
5694:Statues of Martin Luther King Jr.
5581:
5430:King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew
4986:(now National Civil Rights Museum)
4091:African-American churches attacked
2657:Montgomery Improvement Association
2632:Georgia Council on Human Relations
2617:Council of Federated Organizations
2588:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2346:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
2304:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
2110:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
2014:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
1828:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1733:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
120:
5894:
5245:Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK
4971:
4163:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
4036:Jews in the civil rights movement
1903:
52:. The present address (URL) is a
5558:King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.
5437:"By the Time I Get to Arizona" (
4506:Second Emancipation Proclamation
4357:Civil rights movement portal
4350:
4198:Freedom Riders National Monument
3940:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
2452:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
2411:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
2298:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1927:, Civil Rights Movement Veterans
1178:Howard Journal of Communications
551:
522:the store managers, of course."
5873:History of Nashville, Tennessee
5690:Safe House Black History Museum
5609:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
4225:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
4213:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
2689:National Council of Negro Women
2627:Deacons for Defense and Justice
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681:Nashville Globe and Independent
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654:Nashville Globe and Independent
642:
5664:U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture
4642:Mississippi March Against Fear
2105:Mansfield school desegregation
1892:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
1847:. Nashville: Mega Publishing.
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798:
783:
768:
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724:
709:
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624:
544:came to Nashville to speak at
150:at lunch counters in downtown
13:
1:
5365:March! For Martin Luther King
4586:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
4235:National Voting Rights Museum
4178:Civil Rights Movement Archive
3977:Lynching in the United States
3864:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
2319:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
2292:University of Chicago sit-ins
2059:Davis v. Prince Edward County
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718:From Jim Crow to Civil Rights
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5629:National Civil Rights Museum
5624:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
4467:I've Been to the Mountaintop
4230:National Civil Rights Museum
4086:March on Washington Movement
4071:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
2540:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
1889:
1805:Klarman, Michael J. (2004).
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1218:Lerone, Bennett (May 1980).
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5766:sculpture, Portland, Oregon
5756:Landmark for Peace Memorial
5481:"Symphony of Brotherhood" (
5404:Pride (In the Name of Love)
4626:Selma to Montgomery marches
4525:Letter from Birmingham Jail
3874:"This Little Light of Mine"
2622:Dallas County Voters League
2568:Atlanta Negro Voters League
2331:Letter from Birmingham Jail
2038:Brown v. Board of Education
1220:"The five-and-ten Bastille"
456:Trials and Lawson expulsion
281:, Tennessee A&I (later
242:Precursors and organization
24:of this page, as edited by
10:
5899:
5654:Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity
5597:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
5378:Martin Luther King's Dream
4692:
4208:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
4076:Holt Street Baptist Church
4046:16th Street Baptist Church
3030:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
2674:Nashville Student Movement
2604:An Appeal for Human Rights
1878:
1842:
1790:. New York: Random House.
1786:Halberstam, David (1998).
1767:Glisson, Susan M. (2006).
1748:Carson, Clayborne (1981).
1702:"Events for February 2010"
1597:"The Dawning of a New Day"
1569:"The Dawning of a New Day"
1507:
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1302:"The Dawning of a New Day"
1259:"The Dawning of a New Day"
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851:"The Dawning of a New Day"
763:"The Dawning of a New Day"
747:"The Dawning of a New Day"
732:
704:"The Dawning of a New Day"
664:"The Dawning of a New Day"
635:
599:Tennessee State University
283:Tennessee State University
193:
184:U.S. Civil Rights Movement
5807:America in the King Years
5587:
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3675:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
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2739:Women's Political Council
2734:Wednesdays in Mississippi
2729:United Auto Workers (UAW)
2714:Southern Regional Council
2684:Northern Student Movement
2593:Committee for Freedom Now
2553:
2500:Memphis sanitation strike
2466:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2388:
2209:Savannah Protest Movement
2171:
2029:
1990:Journey of Reconciliation
1982:
1969:
1879:Sumner, David E. (1989).
1843:Lovett, Bobby L. (1993).
1823:
1190:10.1080/10646179509361687
1134:
879:
338:Full-scale demonstrations
5614:National Historical Park
5352:Abraham, Martin and John
4830:(strategist / colleague)
4634:Chicago Freedom Movement
2573:Atlanta Student Movement
2522:Civil Rights Act of 1968
2447:1964–1965 Scripto strike
2428:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2326:1963 Birmingham campaign
2219:Civil Rights Act of 1960
2143:Civil Rights Act of 1957
617:
571:Civil Rights Act of 1964
327:Harveys Department Store
287:American Baptist College
180:Civil Rights Act of 1964
5853:Martin Luther King, Jr.
5796:King County, Washington
5649:FBI–King suicide letter
4125:Voter Education Project
3879:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
3540:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2975:Josephine Dobbs Clement
2401:Chester school protests
2396:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2358:Detroit Walk to Freedom
2100:Tallahassee bus boycott
2021:Baton Rouge bus boycott
1729:Branch, Taylor (1988).
1612:. Vanderbilt University
1052:Gilje, Paul A. (1999).
542:Martin Luther King, Jr.
504:Looby residence bombing
390:; 10. Moon-McGrath
291:Meharry Medical College
252:Martin Luther King, Jr.
5659:Season for Nonviolence
5472:"Never Alone Martin" (
5194:"Great X-Pectations" (
5130:King in the Wilderness
4751:Martin Luther King Sr.
4727:Martin Luther King III
4669:Poor People's Campaign
4618:St. Augustine movement
4578:Montgomery bus boycott
4398:Martin Luther King Jr.
4338:Movement photographers
3580:Bernice Johnson Reagon
3300:Martin Luther King Sr.
3295:Martin Luther King Jr.
2865:William Holmes Borders
2637:Highlander Folk School
2527:Poor People's Campaign
2380:St. Augustine movement
2230:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
2153:Katz Drug Store sit-in
2124:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
2086:Montgomery bus boycott
1920:: Non-Violent Protests
1916:American Experience –
1184:(1 & 2): 102–113.
595:Tennessee State Museum
586:
430:
391:
228:Southern United States
205:
135:
45:02:38, 24 January 2010
5863:Civil rights protests
4767:Christine King Farris
4759:Alberta Williams King
4544:Conscience for Change
4487:Stride Toward Freedom
4173:Civil Rights Memorial
4061:Bethel Baptist Church
3710:Charles Kenzie Steele
3155:Audrey Faye Hendricks
3060:Myrlie Evers-Williams
3040:Patricia Stephens Due
3010:Abraham Lincoln Davis
2945:Colia Lafayette Clark
2699:Operation Breadbasket
2694:National Urban League
2441:Katzenbach v. McClung
2309:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
1962:Civil rights movement
1135:Walking with the Wind
880:Walking with the Wind
608:National Public Radio
591:Vanderbilt University
584:
484:Vanderbilt University
428:
353:
275:nonviolent resistance
224:racial discrimination
203:
125:
5818:Lee–Jackson–King Day
5771:Kennedy–King College
5230:"Return of the King"
4218:other King memorials
4193:Freedom Rides Museum
4130:1960s counterculture
4081:Edmund Pettus Bridge
3760:Walter Francis White
3665:Alexander D. Shimkin
2179:New Year's Day March
2148:Ministers' Manifesto
1995:Executive Order 9981
1824:Lewis, John (1998).
577:Fiftieth anniversary
437:broke out in nearby
152:Nashville, Tennessee
130:such as this one at
5683:Hope Moving Forward
5448:Shed a Little Light
5211:New York Undercover
5206:"The Promised Land"
5033:Conspiracy theories
4814:(mentor, colleague)
4602:Birmingham campaign
3956:Mary McLeod Bethune
3917:Sermon on the Mount
3884:"We Shall Overcome"
3465:William Lewis Moore
3245:Frank Minis Johnson
3220:Richie Jean Jackson
3175:Donald L. Hollowell
2980:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
2785:Gwendolyn Armstrong
2780:William G. Anderson
2760:Victoria Gray Adams
2724:The Freedom Singers
2578:Black Panther Party
2363:March on Washington
2276:Garner v. Louisiana
2237:Boynton v. Virginia
1537:The Chicago Tribune
733:A Black Man's Dream
636:A Black Man's Dream
461:lawyers, headed by
262:through nonviolent
95:← Previous revision
5868:Civil disobedience
5677:sculpture, Atlanta
5461:Up to the Mountain
5248:(2011 documentary)
5221:Selma, Lord, Selma
5143:(2020 documentary)
5133:(2018 documentary)
5103:(2008 documentary)
5080:Our Friend, Martin
5073:(1970 documentary)
4916:Fred Shuttlesworth
4711:Coretta Scott King
4449:How Long, Not Long
4431:Give Us the Ballot
4273:Michael Eric Dyson
4158:In popular culture
4041:Fifth Circuit Four
4025:Loving v. Virginia
4018:Hernandez v. Texas
3997:Buchanan v. Warley
3989:Separate but equal
3983:Plessy v. Ferguson
3946:Frederick Douglass
3780:Robert F. Williams
3690:Kelly Miller Smith
3670:Fred Shuttlesworth
3595:Frederick D. Reese
3575:George Raymond Jr.
3565:A. Philip Randolph
3545:Fay Bellamy Powell
3460:Queen Mother Moore
3345:Z. Alexander Looby
3290:Coretta Scott King
3235:Barbara Rose Johns
3215:Jimmie Lee Jackson
3140:William E. Harbour
2920:Stokely Carmichael
2835:Randolph Blackwell
2505:King assassination
2494:Loving v. Virginia
2478:March Against Fear
2458:How Long, Not Long
2336:Children's Crusade
2287:Cambridge movement
2224:Ax Handle Saturday
2189:Greensboro sit-ins
2116:Give Us the Ballot
1054:Rioting in America
925:Parting the Waters
910:Parting the Waters
631:Richard Henry Boyd
587:
498:black universities
491:Biracial Committee
463:Z. Alexander Looby
431:
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264:civil disobedience
248:Kelly Miller Smith
216:separate but equal
211:Plessy v. Ferguson
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190:Historical context
168:Z. Alexander Looby
148:racial segregation
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5843:Conflicts in 1960
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5801:Eponymous streets
5644:Authorship issues
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5334:(1957 comic book)
5197:A Different World
5174:(1978 miniseries)
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4783:James Albert King
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4534:Why We Can't Wait
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4141:Eyes on the Prize
4056:A.G. Gaston Motel
4051:Kelly Ingram Park
4011:Sweatt v. Painter
3695:Mary Louise Smith
3655:Cleveland Sellers
3640:Michael Schwerner
3605:Gloria Richardson
3385:Thurgood Marshall
3305:Bernard Lafayette
3035:John Wesley Dobbs
2549:
2548:
2268:Birmingham attack
2248:Rock Hill sit-ins
2199:Sibley Commission
2194:Nashville sit-ins
2066:Gebhart v. Belton
2052:Briggs v. Elliott
2045:Bolling v. Sharpe
2006:Sweatt v. Painter
1918:Eyes on the Prize
1910:Nashville Sit-ins
1522:Chattanooga Times
303:Bernard Lafayette
260:African Americans
140:Nashville sit-ins
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4004:Hocutt v. Wilson
3951:W. E. B. Du Bois
3800:Sammy Younge Jr.
3785:Q. V. Williamson
3750:Wyatt Tee Walker
3615:Bernice Robinson
3560:Lincoln Ragsdale
3550:Rodney N. Powell
3445:Douglas E. Moore
3320:Sanford R. Leigh
3255:J. Charles Jones
3130:Fannie Lou Hamer
3045:Joseph Ellwanger
3005:Jonathan Daniels
2995:Claudette Colvin
2985:Annie Lee Cooper
2970:Kathleen Cleaver
2965:Eldridge Cleaver
2940:Shirley Chisholm
2830:Gloria Blackwell
2421:workers' murders
2368:"I Have a Dream"
2263:Anniston bombing
2214:Greenville Eight
2129:Little Rock Nine
2092:Browder v. Gayle
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5499:
5489:
5480:
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5401:
5388:
5375:
5362:
5349:
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5328:
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5307:
5297:
5290:The Mountaintop
5287:
5277:
5266:
5252:
5242:
5228:
5218:
5204:
5193:
5181:The First Store
5178:
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5137:
5127:
5117:
5107:
5097:
5087:
5083:(1999 animated)
5077:
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4906:
4898:
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4882:
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4858:
4850:
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4826:
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4812:Ralph Abernathy
4810:
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4773:
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4694:
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4659:
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4608:
4600:
4594:Albany Movement
4592:
4584:
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4561:
4551:
4541:
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4494:
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4455:
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4411:
4400:
4395:
4365:
4360:
4349:
4342:
4323:Thomas E. Ricks
4313:Diane McWhorter
4298:Vincent Harding
4283:Adam Fairclough
4250:
4244:
4146:
4101:Freedom Schools
3960:
3893:
3841:
3835:
3826:Omaha, Nebraska
3814:
3730:Hartman Turnbow
3720:Dorothy Tillman
3680:Glenn E. Smiley
3660:Charles Sherrod
3620:Jo Ann Robinson
3495:Charles Neblett
3485:Elijah Muhammad
3450:Harriette Moore
3410:Floyd McKissick
3395:Franklin McCain
3330:Stanley Levison
3195:T. R. M. Howard
3145:Vincent Harding
3075:Walter Fauntroy
2960:Xernona Clayton
2910:John H. Calhoun
2895:Aurelia Browder
2885:Stanley Branche
2880:Raylawni Branch
2860:Joseph E. Boone
2845:Ezell Blair Jr.
2840:Unita Blackwell
2815:Harry Belafonte
2755:Ralph Abernathy
2743:
2679:Nation of Islam
2555:
2545:
2384:
2341:Birmingham riot
2282:Albany Movement
2204:Atlanta sit-ins
2184:Sit-in movement
2167:
2163:Biloxi wade-ins
2135:Cooper v. Aaron
2025:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1906:
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579:
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546:Fisk University
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493:
458:
340:
279:Fisk University
244:
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192:
118:
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99:Latest revision
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83:
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57:
48:
31:
29:
12:
11:
5:
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5885:
5883:Lunch counters
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5758:, Indianapolis
5752:
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5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5692:
5687:
5679:
5675:Homage to King
5671:
5666:
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5641:
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5626:
5621:
5616:
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5605:
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5594:
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5585:
5584:
5582:Related topics
5574:
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5514:
5497:
5487:
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5469:
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5443:
5434:
5421:
5412:
5399:
5391:Happy Birthday
5386:
5373:
5360:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5339:
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5325:
5323:
5319:
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5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
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5226:
5216:
5202:
5191:
5186:The Jeffersons
5176:
5165:
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5159:
5158:
5156:
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5135:
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5105:
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5036:
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5028:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5002:
5000:James Earl Ray
4997:
4992:
4987:
4984:Lorraine Motel
4980:
4977:
4976:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4944:
4940:Hosea Williams
4936:
4928:
4920:
4912:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4840:
4836:Dorothy Cotton
4832:
4824:
4816:
4807:
4805:
4799:
4798:
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4779:
4771:
4763:
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4462:
4453:
4444:
4440:I Have a Dream
4435:
4425:
4423:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4333:Akinyele Umoja
4330:
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4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
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4280:
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3962:
3961:
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3958:
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3934:
3929:
3922:Mahatma Gandhi
3919:
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3912:
3901:
3899:
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3866:
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3834:
3833:
3831:South Carolina
3828:
3822:
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3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3770:Hosea Williams
3767:
3762:
3757:
3755:Hollis Watkins
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3685:A. Maceo Smith
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:Bernie Sanders
3632:
3627:
3625:Angela Russell
3622:
3617:
3612:
3610:David Richmond
3607:
3602:
3600:Walter Reuther
3597:
3592:
3587:
3585:Cordell Reagon
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:George Raymond
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3530:Charles Person
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3500:Huey P. Newton
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3455:Harry T. Moore
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Cecil B. Moore
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3420:James Meredith
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
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3327:
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3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3250:Clarence Jones
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Zilphia Horton
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:Lola Hendricks
3157:
3152:
3150:Dorothy Height
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3120:Lawrence Guyot
3117:
3112:
3110:Jack Greenberg
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:Andrew Goodman
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:Joseph DeLaine
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2990:Dorothy Cotton
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:J. L. Chestnut
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:Amelia Boynton
2867:
2862:
2857:
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2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Arnold Aronson
2787:
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2468:
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2461:
2449:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2416:Freedom Summer
2413:
2408:
2406:Bloody Tuesday
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
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2385:
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2377:
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1904:External links
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1494:The Tennessean
1484:
1471:
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1428:
1423:The Tennessean
1410:
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1380:
1367:
1352:
1336:
1331:The Tennessean
1321:
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1273:The Tennessean
1263:
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1242:The Tennessean
1229:
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1155:
1140:
1125:
1120:The Tennessean
1110:
1105:The Tennessean
1092:
1087:The Tennessean
1074:
1059:
1044:
1039:The Tennessean
1029:
1016:
1011:The Tennessean
1001:
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940:The Tennessean
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194:Main article:
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128:lunch counters
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54:permanent link
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5488:
5484:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5465:Patti Griffin
5462:
5457:
5453:
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5444:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5395:Stevie Wonder
5392:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5374:
5370:
5366:
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5235:The Boondocks
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5076:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5044:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4973:Assassination
4969:
4965:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4908:Bayard Rustin
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4884:Benjamin Mays
4881:
4877:
4876:Joseph Lowery
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4844:Jesse Jackson
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4785:(grandfather)
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4686:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Timothy Tyson
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Taylor Branch
4256:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:Freedom songs
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Jim Crow laws
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:"Oh, Freedom"
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Whitney Young
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Kale Williams
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Albert Turner
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:A. P. Tureaud
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Bayard Rustin
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:William Moyer
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Joseph McNeil
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3400:Charles McDew
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Benjamin Mays
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Vivian Malone
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Joseph Lowery
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Clyde Kennard
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:Vernon Jordan
3263:
3261:
3260:Matthew Jones
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:T. J. Jemison
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Jesse Jackson
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Robert Graetz
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:Golden Frinks
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Charles Evers
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Vernon Dahmer
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:Septima Clark
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Bruce Boynton
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:James Baldwin
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Mathew Ahmann
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:Youth Council
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:Freedom Rides
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:Prior to 1954
1981:
1978:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1854:1-567-42032-X
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1835:0-15-600708-8
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1816:0-195-12903-2
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1797:0-449-00439-2
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1778:0-742-54409-5
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1759:0-674-44727-1
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1740:0-671-68742-5
1736:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1708:on 2010-01-18
1707:
1703:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1662:on 2010-01-18
1661:
1657:
1651:
1637:on 2010-01-23
1636:
1632:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1071:. p. 49.
1070:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1005:
998:
992:
985:
984:
977:
969:
962:
955:
949:
941:
934:
927:
926:
919:
912:
911:
904:
897:
896:
889:
882:
881:
874:
867:
866:
859:
852:
846:
839:
838:
831:
824:
823:
816:
809:
808:
801:
794:
793:
786:
779:
778:
771:
764:
758:
756:
748:
742:
735:
734:
727:
720:
719:
712:
705:
699:
695:
682:
678:
675:According to
672:
665:
661:
660:
655:
651:
645:
638:
637:
632:
627:
623:
615:
613:
612:Juan Williams
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
583:
574:
572:
566:
564:
558:
552:Desegregation
549:
547:
543:
540:The next day
538:
536:
535:
530:
529:
523:
520:
516:
510:
501:
499:
488:
485:
481:
480:
475:
470:
466:
464:
453:
449:
447:
442:
440:
436:
427:
423:
420:
416:
411:
407:
405:
401:
397:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
348:
345:
335:
332:
328:
322:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
220:Jim Crow laws
217:
213:
212:
202:
197:
187:
185:
181:
176:
173:
169:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:direct action
141:
133:
129:
124:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
80:
76:
71:
64:
63:
60:
55:
39:
35:
30:
23:
5805:
5763:
5755:
5682:
5674:
5556:
5547:
5520:(Common and
5495:(1995 album)
5490:
5483:Miri Ben-Ari
5452:James Taylor
5439:Public Enemy
5426:King Holiday
5329:
5308:
5298:
5288:
5278:
5259:
5253:
5243:
5233:
5219:
5209:
5195:
5184:
5170:
5148:
5138:
5128:
5119:
5108:
5098:
5089:
5078:
5068:
5005:Jack Kershaw
4948:Andrew Young
4932:Wyatt Walker
4924:C. T. Vivian
4900:James Orange
4860:James Lawson
4743:Bernice King
4719:Yolanda King
4653:War movement
4650:Anti-Vietnam
4569:and protests
4552:
4542:
4532:
4513:
4497:What Is Man?
4485:
4348:
4288:David Garrow
4268:John Dittmer
4139:
4066:Brown Chapel
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3981:
3938:
3790:Andrew Young
3745:A. T. Walden
3740:C. T. Vivian
3700:Maxine Smith
3535:Homer Plessy
3515:James Orange
3470:Irene Morgan
3425:William Ming
3405:Ralph McGill
3340:Viola Liuzzo
3325:Jim Letherer
3310:James Lawson
3240:Vernon Johns
3230:Esau Jenkins
3185:Myles Horton
3135:Fred Hampton
3125:Prathia Hall
3115:Dick Gregory
3085:Marie Foster
3080:James Forman
3070:James Farmer
3055:Medgar Evers
3015:Angela Davis
2950:Ramsey Clark
2930:James Chaney
2925:Johnnie Carr
2905:Ralph Bunche
2900:H. Rap Brown
2890:Ruby Bridges
2850:Joanne Bland
2825:Claude Black
2805:Marion Barry
2775:Muhammad Ali
2602:
2538:
2531:
2492:
2470:
2439:
2432:
2274:
2235:
2228:
2193:
2158:Kissing Case
2133:
2090:
2073:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2012:
2004:
1917:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1863:
1844:
1825:
1806:
1788:The Children
1787:
1768:
1749:
1730:
1723:Bibliography
1710:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1696:
1685:. Retrieved
1675:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1650:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:the original
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1604:
1591:
1583:The Children
1581:
1580:Halberstam,
1576:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1530:
1524:. p. 1.
1521:
1515:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1474:
1466:The Children
1464:
1463:Halberstam,
1459:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1405:The Children
1403:
1402:Halberstam,
1398:
1390:The Children
1388:
1387:Halberstam,
1383:
1370:
1362:The Children
1360:
1359:Halberstam,
1355:
1330:
1324:
1316:The Children
1314:
1313:Halberstam,
1309:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1241:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1158:
1149:
1143:
1133:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1104:
1086:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1019:
1010:
1004:
991:
983:The Children
981:
980:Halberstam,
976:
967:
961:
948:
939:
933:
923:
918:
908:
903:
895:The Children
893:
892:Halberstam,
888:
878:
873:
865:The Children
863:
862:Halberstam,
858:
845:
835:
830:
822:The Children
820:
819:Halberstam,
815:
807:The Children
805:
804:Halberstam,
800:
790:
785:
775:
770:
741:
731:
726:
716:
711:
698:
680:
676:
671:
659:The Children
657:
653:
649:
644:
634:
626:
588:
567:
559:
555:
539:
532:
526:
524:
515:C. T. Vivian
511:
507:
494:
477:
471:
467:
459:
450:
443:
432:
412:
408:
393:
341:
323:
319:
315:C. T. Vivian
295:Marion Barry
271:James Lawson
268:
245:
236:
232:
209:
207:
177:
164:
139:
137:
22:old revision
19:
18:
5728:Mexico City
5718:Jersey City
5522:John Legend
5474:Jason Upton
5322:Illustrated
5310:All the Way
5280:The Meeting
5153:(2023 film)
5123:(2016 film)
5120:All the Way
5113:(2014 film)
5093:(2001 film)
5021:Loyd Jowers
4950:(colleague)
4942:(colleague)
4934:(colleague)
4926:(colleague)
4918:(colleague)
4902:(colleague)
4894:(colleague)
4878:(colleague)
4870:(colleague)
4862:(colleague)
4854:(colleague)
4838:(colleague)
4828:James Bevel
4822:(colleague)
4791:Alveda King
4735:Dexter King
4620:(1963–1964)
4596:(1961–1962)
4580:(1955–1956)
4308:Doug McAdam
4278:Chuck Fager
3905:Nonviolence
3810:James Zwerg
3805:Bob Zellner
3765:Roy Wilkins
3715:Hank Thomas
3650:Pete Seeger
3645:Bobby Seale
3510:Jack O'Dell
3505:Edgar Nixon
3435:Amzie Moore
3430:Jack Minnis
3370:Mae Mallory
3355:Clara Luper
3315:Bernard Lee
3205:Cecil Ivory
3200:Ruby Hurley
3170:Oliver Hill
3165:Aaron Henry
3065:Chuck Fager
3025:Dave Dennis
2915:Guy Carawan
2855:Julian Bond
2820:James Bevel
2810:Daisy Bates
2081:Emmett Till
1964:(1954–1968)
1898:(1): 42–54.
1480:Local Press
1452:Local Press
1376:Local Press
1348:Local Press
1205:In Struggle
1164:Local Press
1025:Local Press
997:Local Press
954:Local Press
662:and Wynn's
439:Chattanooga
400:S. H. Kress
356:S. H. Kress
299:James Bevel
160:nonviolence
20:This is an
5837:Categories
5786:Paris park
5508:featuring
5369:John Fahey
5162:Television
4892:Diane Nash
4868:John Lewis
4820:Ella Baker
4775:A. D. King
4745:(daughter)
4721:(daughter)
4251:historians
3932:Satyagraha
3898:Influences
3590:James Reeb
3525:James Peck
3520:Rosa Parks
3490:Diane Nash
3360:Danny Lyon
3335:John Lewis
3280:A. D. King
3180:James Hood
2795:Ella Baker
2765:Zev Aelony
1712:2010-01-17
1687:2010-01-17
1666:2010-01-17
1641:2010-01-23
1616:2010-01-20
1586:, 276–277.
1510:, 130–131.
1482:, 156–170.
1469:, 113–121.
1454:, 126–127.
1319:, 200–206.
986:, 177–179.
913:, 271–272.
840:, 164–166.
691:References
603:Diane Nash
519:Diane Nash
435:race riots
396:Woolworths
386:; 9.
382:; 8.
378:; 7.
376:Cain-Sloan
374:; 6.
370:; 5.
366:; 4.
364:Woolworths
362:; 3.
358:; 2.
331:Cain-Sloan
311:Diane Nash
307:John Lewis
134:drugstore.
5878:Woolworth
5764:The Dream
5723:Milwaukee
5510:will.i.am
4910:(advisor)
4846:(protégé)
4777:(brother)
4567:Movements
3910:Padayatra
3859:"Kumbaya"
3819:By region
3475:Bob Moses
3380:Bob Mants
3365:Malcolm X
3285:C.B. King
3105:Fred Gray
2748:Activists
2389:1964–1968
2172:1960–1963
2030:1954–1959
834:Glisson,
810:, 56, 95.
715:Klarman,
677:Fisk News
563:the South
513:Reverend
419:Walgreens
404:McClellan
388:Trailways
384:Greyhound
372:Walgreens
360:McLellans
132:Walgreens
4886:(mentor)
4769:(sister)
4761:(mother)
4753:(father)
4527:" (1963)
4499:" (1959)
4478:Writings
4469:" (1968)
4460:" (1967)
4451:" (1965)
4442:" (1963)
4433:" (1957)
4421:Speeches
3840:Movement
3270:Tom Kahn
2554:Activist
1974:timeline
1552:Profiles
1549:Lovett,
1478:Sumner,
1450:Sumner,
1374:Sumner,
1346:Sumner,
1304:, 47–49.
1202:Carson,
1166:, 72–76.
1162:Sumner,
1023:Sumner,
995:Sumner,
952:Sumner,
922:Branch,
907:Branch,
883:, 86–89.
825:, 90–91.
792:Profiles
789:Lovett,
777:Profiles
774:Lovett,
749:, 43–44.
730:Lovett,
721:, 3–289.
474:Ben West
422:Church.
172:Ben West
79:contribs
38:contribs
5713:Houston
5698:Atlanta
5634:Big Six
5602:passage
5533:Related
5518:"Glory"
5502:A Dream
5382:Strawbs
5300:I Dream
5262:, 2024)
5238:, 2006)
5214:, 1997)
5200:, 1993)
5189:, 1980)
5140:MLK/FBI
5090:Boycott
4995:Funeral
4804:leaders
4793:(niece)
3965:Related
3555:Al Raby
2510:funeral
2373:Big Six
1132:Lewis,
877:Lewis,
380:Harveys
289:), and
69:Kaldari
28:Kaldari
5733:Newark
5708:Denver
5703:Boston
5506:Common
5419:" (U2)
5313:(2012)
5303:(2010)
5293:(2009)
5283:(1987)
5255:Genius
5224:(1999)
5150:Rustin
5012:(HSCA)
4713:(wife)
4703:Family
4693:People
4671:(1968)
4663:(1968)
4655:(1967)
4644:(1966)
4636:(1966)
4628:(1965)
4612:(1963)
4604:(1963)
4588:(1957)
4557:(1967)
4547:(1967)
4537:(1964)
4518:(1963)
4490:(1958)
4151:Legacy
3927:Ahimsa
2556:groups
2017:(1950)
2009:(1950)
1970:Events
1870:
1851:
1832:
1813:
1794:
1775:
1756:
1737:
1595:Wynn,
1567:Wynn,
1408:, 234.
1393:, 228.
1365:, 213.
1300:Wynn,
1257:Wynn,
1226:: 120.
1138:, 100.
928:, 274.
849:Wynn,
780:, 112.
761:Wynn,
745:Wynn,
736:, 160.
702:Wynn,
415:Grants
402:, and
368:Grants
313:, and
156:sit-in
154:. The
5343:Music
5271:Plays
5260:MLK/X
5110:Selma
5051:Media
5026:Trial
4990:Riots
4802:Other
4737:(son)
4729:(son)
4249:Noted
3842:songs
2662:NAACP
2515:riots
1599:, 42.
1571:, 53.
1555:, 97.
1378:, 91.
1350:, 86.
1261:, 47.
1224:Ebony
1208:, 22.
1027:, 71.
999:, 70.
956:, 67.
898:, 91.
868:, 92.
853:, 45.
795:, 96.
765:, 44.
706:, 42.
618:Notes
5356:Dion
5171:King
5061:Film
1872:96-0
1868:LCCN
1849:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1735:ISBN
679:and
138:The
111:diff
105:) |
103:diff
91:diff
75:talk
34:talk
5504:" (
5463:" (
5450:" (
5428:" (
5417:MLK
5406:" (
5393:" (
5380:" (
5367:" (
5354:" (
5183:" (
1186:doi
610:'s
254:'s
43:at
5839::
5408:U2
1896:50
1894:.
1560:^
1413:^
1339:^
1250:^
1232:^
1222:.
1180:.
1095:^
1077:^
754:^
398:,
317:.
309:,
305:,
301:,
297:,
230:.
186:.
162:.
97:|
93:)
77:|
36:|
5524:)
5512:)
5500:"
5485:)
5476:)
5467:)
5459:"
5454:)
5446:"
5441:)
5432:)
5424:"
5415:"
5410:)
5402:"
5397:)
5389:"
5384:)
5376:"
5371:)
5363:"
5358:)
5350:"
5258:(
5232:(
5208:(
5179:"
4523:"
4508:"
4504:"
4495:"
4465:"
4456:"
4447:"
4438:"
4429:"
4390:e
4383:t
4376:v
4119:"
4115:"
2460:"
2456:"
2300:"
2296:"
2118:"
2114:"
1976:)
1972:(
1954:e
1947:t
1940:v
1874:.
1857:.
1838:.
1819:.
1800:.
1781:.
1762:.
1743:.
1715:.
1690:.
1669:.
1644:.
1619:.
1539:.
1496:.
1440:.
1425:.
1333:.
1290:.
1275:.
1244:.
1192:.
1188::
1182:6
1152:.
1122:.
1107:.
1089:.
1041:.
1013:.
970:.
942:.
639:.
113:)
109:(
101:(
89:(
81:)
73:(
62:.
40:)
32:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
