335:
123:
874:, are spread along routes linking them to the Mediterranean end of the Incense and Spice route. Together they reflect the hugely profitable trade in frankincense and myrrh from South Arabia to the Mediterranean, which flourished from the 3rd century B.C. until to 2nd century A.D. With the vestiges of their sophisticated irrigation systems, urban constructions, forts, and caravanserai they bear witness to the way in which the harsh desert was settled for trade and agriculture.
830:
415:
579:
712:
216:
604:). Eudoxos made two voyages to India, and subsequently, having quarrelled with his Ptolemaic employers, perished in an unsuccessful attempt to open up an alternative sea route to India, free of Ptolemaic control, by sailing around Africa. The establishment of direct contacts between Egypt and India was probably made possible by a weakening of Arab power at this period, for the
697:
Patricia Crone]] (2006) is of the view that the trade along the land routes survived following the growing maritime contact between India and the Greco-Roman world. Pre-Islamic
Meccans continued to use the old Incense Route to benefit from the Roman demand for luxury goods. The Meccan involvement saw
554:
as the administrator of the
Mediterranean basin led to the resumption of direct trade with the east and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of the south. According to Milo Kearney (2003) "The South Arabs in protest took to pirate attacks over the Roman ships in the
665:
The third century would thus appear to be a significant time in the history of the incense trade in Arabia. During the political and economic crisis of that century the nature of the trade changed dramatically; prior to that time the incense route from South Arabia seems to have continued to
567:
and
Arabian middlemen to adjust their prices so as to compete on the Roman market with the goods now being bought in by a direct sea route to India. Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power.
533:
was crossed by the overland route from India to Egypt. This position gave the
Nabateans a hold over the trade along the Incense Route. In order to release the Incense Route from the Nabatean control military expeditions were undertaken, without success, by
616:. Imports into Egypt of cinnamon and other eastern spices, such as pepper, increased substantially, though the Indian Ocean trade remained for the moment on quite a small scale, no more than twenty Egyptian ships venturing outside the Red Sea each year.
286:
commemorating the journey of a fleet that the Queen of Egypt had sent to the Land of Punt. Five ships are depicted in these reliefs, piled high with treasure, and one of them shows thirty-one small incense trees in tubs being carried on board.
591:
The trade with Arabia and India in incense and spices became increasingly important, and Greeks for the first time began to trade directly with India. The discovery, or rediscovery, of the sea-route to India is attributed to a certain
1996:
278:. Early ritual texts from Egypt show that incense was being bought to the upper Nile by traders, but perhaps the most spectacular evidence of this trade is provided by the frescos dated to around
842:
and Al-Balid vividly illustrate the trade in frankincense that flourished in this region for many centuries, as one of the most important trading activities of the ancient and medieval world.
666:
function. Much of this trade seems to have been brought to a standstill by the poor economic conditions of the third century, however, when the economic situation improved again under the
683:
698:
the export of the same goods: Arabian frankincense, East
African ivory and gold, Indian spices, Chinese silk etc. The decline of the incense trade saw Yemen take to the export of
342:(light blue) was based on the cultivation and trade of spices and aromatics including frankincense and myrrh. These were exported to the Mediterranean, India and
670:
many things had changed. By this time the two main routes in use seem to have been the Wadi Sirhan, now carrying trade which formerly would have passed through
106:
94:
110:
90:
102:
471:
and luxury goods from India bought wealth to the kingdoms of Arabia. The aromatics of Dhofar were shipped out from the natural harbor of
411:
administrator. The motive behind the attack was to gain control of the South
Arabian incense trade which had prospered along the region.
847:
126:
487:, Palestine upto Gaza. The tolls levied by the owners of wells and other facilities added to the overall cost of these luxury goods.
1099:
78:
37:
389:. The frankincense and myrrh trees were crucial to the economy of Yemen and were seen as a source of wealth by the its rulers.
366:
colony. Gerrha controlled the
Incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and exercised control over the trading of
904:
464:
of South Arabia, who were involved with the incense trade and occupied the northern trading outposts of the
Incense Route.
1467:"Mostar, Macao and Biblical vestiges in Israel are among the 17 cultural sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List"
274:
were the major suppliers of incense, while in modern times the commercial centre for the trade in gums has been Aden and
67:
26:
838:
The frankincense trees of Wadi Dawkah and the remains of the caravan oasis of Shisr/Wubar and the affiliated ports of
444:
to control the northern end of the
Incence route, which ran up from Southern Arabia and could be tapped by commanding
219:
The incense trade, connecting Egypt to the incense producing lands, depended heavily on navigation along the Red Sea.
563:
coast of the Red Sea." The monopoly of the middlemen weakened with the development of monsoon trade, forcing the
495:
1966:
1945:
1924:
1903:
1882:
1861:
1813:
1789:
1765:
1744:
1723:
1702:
1681:
1635:
1586:
1562:
1538:
1517:
1496:
929:
346:
where they were greatly prized by many cultures, using camels on routes through Arabia, and to India by sea.
1840:
1662:
1613:
974:
939:
74:
33:
1019:
791:, marking the beginning of Turkish control over the most direct trade routes between Europe and Asia.
1337:
897:
765:
597:
407:. Gaza was eventually sacked and the ruler of Gaza escaped to Egypt but later continued to act as a
803:
652:, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise.
502:
475:
towards the western inhospitable South
Arabian coast. The caravans carried these products north to
294:
1851:
1419:
621:
1489:
Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome
546:. The Nabatean control over trade increased and spread in many directions. The replacement of
1986:
1104:
1014:
934:
758:
678:, receiving goods from India and Arabia which before had gone to the Egyptian Red Sea ports.
1039:
890:
334:
8:
1074:
815:
433:
418:
396:
98:
53:
1823:
1645:
1596:
1574:
994:
989:
969:
819:
742:
593:
1962:
1941:
1920:
1899:
1878:
1857:
1809:
1785:
1761:
1740:
1719:
1698:
1677:
1631:
1582:
1558:
1534:
1513:
1492:
1094:
773:
609:
535:
247:
fleet equipped at Ezion Geber, made several trading voyages to the east brining back
21:
1991:
1623:
1084:
1004:
959:
954:
944:
746:
687:
641:
629:
429:
386:
1531:
Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society
649:
644:, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from
448:. Archaeological inscriptions also speak of booty retrieved from the land of the
162:
509:. The Romans bypassed the land route in favour of the faster and safer searoute.
1550:
1154:
1069:
1044:
1009:
999:
984:
850:
on UNESCO’s World Heritage List on July 15, 2005. The official citation reads:
784:
506:
375:
303:
271:
1917:
Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305
1980:
1801:
1777:
1064:
780:
522:
457:
158:
378:. Gerrha was one of the important entry ports for goods shipped from India.
122:
1054:
871:
788:
704:
556:
551:
232:
173:
829:
1059:
913:
645:
445:
200:
166:
130:
1433:"World Heritage Committee Inscribes 61 New Sites on World Heritage List"
949:
306:, Southern Arabia and India involved with trade in frankincense, myrrh,
1079:
1024:
924:
769:
437:
414:
359:
870:, along with associated fortresses and agricultural landscapes in the
682:
578:
1449:
1134:
1089:
1049:
1029:
979:
839:
811:
772:, used to secure trade with India by the Greco Roman world since the
750:
667:
560:
543:
514:
472:
441:
400:
367:
343:
169:. The Incense Route served as a channel for trading of goods such as
1466:
1432:
596:, who was sent out for this purpose towards the end of the reign of
1034:
716:
564:
530:
526:
484:
461:
392:
363:
311:
279:
240:
224:
204:
196:
235:" and from Arabia. Indian goods were bought in Arabian vessels to
1695:
The Republic Of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century
859:
846:
The World Heritage Committee, headed by Themba Wakashe, recorded
754:
711:
671:
605:
559:. In response, the Romans destroyed Aden and favored the Western
371:
339:
228:
170:
129:
were linked to the Mediterranean end of the ancient Incense and
882:
867:
855:
807:
799:
699:
613:
601:
547:
476:
468:
408:
355:
351:
307:
299:
283:
270:
In the ancient period, it would seem that South Arabia and the
252:
244:
154:
145:
was a series of major ancient trading routes stretching across
1737:
Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1
608:
kingdom of South-western Arabia collapsed and was replaced by
215:
863:
637:
539:
518:
382:
260:
259:
and precious stones. These goods were shipped at the port of
256:
188:
184:
181:
177:
150:
146:
58:
350:
Among the important trading points of the Incense Route was
823:
675:
633:
480:
422:
404:
275:
248:
236:
192:
56:
to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
632:
was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the
690:
in 602 to 629, Strokes: Under Sassanid military control.
501:
Roman maritime trade routes with India according to the
157:. The incense trade flourished from South Arabia to the
490:
624:
kept increasing, and according to Strabo (II.5.12.):
582:
Areas around the Arabian peninsula according to the
381:
Due to its prominent position in the Incense trade,
1510:The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia
761:, crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE.
529:at a point where the Incense Route from Arabia to
425:in order to control trade along the Incense Route.
1875:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce
494:
1978:
521:which stood halfway between the opening to the
479:and from there on to the kingdoms of Quataban,
1806:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1274:
898:
1782:Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1135:"Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev"
302:texts refer to several coastal sites in the
1956:
1283:
1160:. Message of the Republic of Yemen, Berlin.
460:. Some scholars identify this group as the
1896:Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements
1713:
1271:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
905:
891:
848:Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev
1935:
1486:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1217:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1173:
1129:
1127:
1125:
764:This advance marked the beginning of the
266:According to Himanshu Prabha Ray (2003):
1388:
1386:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1149:
1147:
828:
710:
681:
577:
413:
333:
214:
121:
66:Revision as of 20:36, 2 October 2007 by
47:
1872:
1776:
1755:
1692:
1622:
1224:
65:
14:
1979:
1671:
1528:
1351:
1212:
1198:
1155:"Traders of the Gold and Incense Road"
1122:
648:to India, whereas formerly, under the
573:The Cambridge History of Africa (1975)
1914:
1549:
1383:
1299:
1144:
886:
757:Sassanian Dynasty. The Arabs, led by
44:
25:
1893:
1800:
1734:
1573:
730: Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661
491:Greco Roman bypassing of land routes
17:
1507:
930:Austronesian maritime trade network
806:meeting since November 27, 2000 in
119:
88:
1714:Eckenstein, Lina (June 23, 2005).
1555:Meccan Trade And The Rise Of Islam
120:
2008:
1758:The Indian Ocean in World History
794:
314:and a range of gum resins termed
52:. The present address (URL) is a
1997:History of the Arabian peninsula
912:
736: Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750
496:
210:
1739:. University of Chicago Press.
1735:Lach, Donald Frederick (1994).
1579:The Cambridge History of Africa
1533:. University of Chicago Press.
1487:Rawlinson, Hugh George (2001).
1459:
1442:
1425:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1374:
1365:
1342:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1262:
1253:
724: Prophet Mohammad, 622-632
1630:. Cambridge University Press.
1581:. Cambridge University Press.
1512:. Cambridge University Press.
1491:. Asian Educational Services.
1244:
1189:
1164:
826:. The official citation reads:
768:and the fall of ports such as
329:
282:on the walls of the temple at
127:The desert Cities in the Negev
13:
1:
1894:Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003).
1877:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1718:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1674:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
1628:The Cambridge Ancient History
1508:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003).
1479:
231:, importing spices from the "
715:Egypt under the rule of the
385:attracted settlers from the
354:, reported by the historian
7:
878:
854:The four Nabatean towns of
661:According to Young (2001):
24:of this page, as edited by
10:
2013:
1915:Young, Gary Keith (2001).
1852:The Encyclopedia Americana
1420:The Encyclopedia Americana
745:the areas under the Roman
656:
1957:O'Leary, De Lacy (2001).
1936:Archibald, Zofia (2001).
920:
766:Islamic conquest of Egypt
207:, animal skins and gold.
1116:
1100:Varangians to the Greeks
804:World Heritage Committee
702:via the Red Sea port of
584:Periplus Maris Erythraei
503:Periplus Maris Erythraei
395:documents indicate that
358:to have been founded by
295:Periplus Maris Erythraei
1693:Colburn, Marta (2002).
1529:Larsen, Curtis (1983).
1268:Archibald 2001: 168-169
940:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
1959:Arabia Before Muhammad
1756:Kearney, Milo (2003).
1672:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
1450:"Land of Frankincense"
876:
844:
834:
820:The Frankincense trail
738:
691:
680:
654:
622:Roman trade with India
618:
587:
510:
426:
347:
327:
289:
220:
134:
1938:Hellenistic Economies
1873:Lindsay, W S (2006).
1784:. Osprey Publishing.
1557:. Gorgias Press LLC.
1186:Rawlinson 2001: 11-12
1105:Way of the Patriarchs
1015:Polynesian navigation
935:Canadian canoe routes
852:
836:
832:
714:
685:
663:
640:and the frontiers of
626:
589:
581:
500:
436:to the desire of the
417:
337:
290:
268:
218:
125:
45:20:36, 2 October 2007
1040:Sepik Coast exchange
598:Ptolemy Euergetes II
497:File:PeriplusMap.jpg
161:between roughly the
1898:. Lexington Books.
1676:. Rowman Altamira.
1575:Fage, John Donnelly
1296:Eckenstein 2005: 86
1280:Archibald 2001: 169
1259:Archibald 2001: 168
1075:Trans-Saharan trade
965:Incense trade route
816:World Heritage Site
434:Syro-Ephraimite War
419:Tiglath-Pileser III
397:Tiglath-Pileser III
338:The economy of the
95:← Previous revision
1831:Unknown parameter
1716:A History of Sinai
1653:Unknown parameter
1604:Unknown parameter
995:Maritime Silk Road
990:Maritime republics
970:Indian Ocean trade
835:
743:Roman-Persian Wars
739:
692:
628:At any rate, when
588:
511:
427:
348:
340:Kingdom of Qataban
227:had traded in the
221:
135:
1624:Edwards, I. E. S.
1410:Lindsay 2006: 101
1380:Farrokh 2007: 252
1250:Edwards 1969: 329
1241:Edwards 1969: 330
1113:
1112:
1095:Volga trade route
1020:Rome-India routes
774:Ptolemaic dynasty
749:were captured by
610:Himyarite Kingdom
571:According to the
536:Antigonus Cyclops
456:mentioned in the
399:advanced through
69:Havelock the Dane
28:Havelock the Dane
2004:
1972:
1951:
1930:
1909:
1888:
1867:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1833:|coauthors=
1829:
1827:
1819:
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1771:
1750:
1729:
1708:
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1660:
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1655:|coauthors=
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1471:
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1423:
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1378:
1372:
1371:Colburn 2002: 14
1369:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1319:Kearney 2003: 42
1317:
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1242:
1239:
1222:
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1196:
1193:
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1171:
1170:O'Leary 2001: 30
1168:
1162:
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1159:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1085:Triangular trade
960:Hiri trade cycle
955:Hanseatic League
945:Grand Trunk Road
907:
900:
893:
884:
883:
747:Byzantine Empire
735:
729:
723:
688:Sassanian Empire
498:
430:I. E. S. Edwards
387:fertile crescent
239:. The "ships of
107:Newer revision →
85:
82:
61:
59:current revision
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1977:
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1975:
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1726:
1705:
1684:
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1654:
1652:
1643:
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1638:
1609:
1605:
1603:
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1593:
1589:
1565:
1551:Crone, Patricia
1541:
1520:
1499:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1435:
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1426:
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1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1348:Young 2001: 128
1347:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
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1284:
1279:
1272:
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1263:
1258:
1254:
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1245:
1240:
1225:
1221:Glasse 2001: 59
1220:
1213:
1209:Larsen 1983: 56
1208:
1199:
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1190:
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1165:
1157:
1153:
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1137:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1005:Penarikan Route
916:
911:
881:
833:Ruins of Avdat.
797:
759:'Amr ibn al-'As
737:
733:
731:
727:
725:
721:
659:
493:
467:Aromatics from
332:
213:
163:3rd century BCE
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
99:Latest revision
87:
86:
83:
72:
70:
57:
48:
31:
29:
12:
11:
5:
2010:
2000:
1999:
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1911:
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1904:
1890:
1889:
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1869:
1868:
1862:
1846:
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1814:
1802:Meri, Josef W.
1797:
1796:
1790:
1778:Farrokh, Kaveh
1773:
1772:
1766:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1697:. Progressio.
1689:
1688:
1682:
1668:
1667:
1636:
1619:
1618:
1587:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1546:
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1524:
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1503:
1497:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1458:
1441:
1424:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1392:Meri 2006: 224
1382:
1373:
1364:
1362:Crone 2004: 10
1350:
1341:
1330:
1328:Fage 1975: 164
1321:
1312:
1298:
1282:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
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1188:
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1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1070:Tea Horse Road
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1045:Siberian Route
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:Manila galleon
1007:
1002:
1000:Old Salt Route
997:
992:
987:
985:Lapita culture
982:
977:
975:King's Highway
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
918:
917:
910:
909:
902:
895:
887:
880:
877:
796:
795:Present status
793:
785:Constantinople
741:Following the
732:
726:
720:
658:
655:
507:1st century CE
492:
489:
376:1st century BC
331:
328:
304:Horn of Africa
272:Horn of Africa
212:
209:
167:2nd century CE
68:
54:permanent link
27:
16:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2009:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1970:
1964:
1961:. Routledge.
1960:
1955:
1954:
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1940:. Routledge.
1939:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1919:. Routledge.
1918:
1913:
1912:
1907:
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1892:
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1870:
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1808:. Routledge.
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1760:. Routledge.
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1065:Brouwer Route
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779:Finally, the
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455:
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159:Mediterranean
156:
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140:
139:Incense Route
132:
131:Spice trading
128:
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100:
96:
92:
80:
76:
71:
64:
63:
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55:
39:
35:
30:
23:
1987:Trade routes
1958:
1937:
1916:
1895:
1874:
1850:
1839:suggested) (
1805:
1781:
1757:
1736:
1715:
1694:
1673:
1661:suggested) (
1627:
1612:suggested) (
1578:
1554:
1530:
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1488:
1461:
1444:
1427:
1415:
1406:
1401:Holl 2003: 9
1397:
1376:
1367:
1344:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1195:Ray 2003: 31
1191:
1166:
1055:Spanish Road
964:
914:Trade routes
872:Negev Desert
853:
845:
837:
798:
789:15th century
778:
763:
740:
703:
696:
693:
664:
660:
627:
619:
590:
583:
572:
570:
557:Gulf of Aden
552:Roman empire
512:
466:
453:
449:
428:
391:
380:
362:exiles as a
349:
323:
319:
315:
293:
291:
269:
265:
233:Land of Punt
222:
203:rare woods,
201:East African
174:frankincense
143:Incense Road
142:
138:
136:
22:old revision
19:
18:
1856:. Grolier.
1060:Spice Route
646:Myos Hormos
452:, possibly
450:mu-u-na-a-a
446:Transjordan
330:Land routes
84:(final cut)
49:(final cut)
20:This is an
1981:Categories
1968:0415231884
1947:0415234662
1926:0415242193
1905:0739104071
1884:0543942538
1863:0717201201
1815:0415966906
1791:1846031087
1767:0415312779
1746:0226467317
1725:0543952150
1704:1852872497
1683:0759101906
1637:0521227178
1588:0521215927
1564:1593331029
1540:0226469069
1519:0521011094
1498:8120615492
1480:References
1080:Trepanging
1025:Royal Road
925:Amber Road
818:status to
783:conquered
770:Alexandria
636:as far as
561:Abyssinian
438:Israelites
360:Babylonian
298:and other
1835:ignored (
1824:cite book
1657:ignored (
1646:cite book
1608:ignored (
1597:cite book
1472:. UNESCO.
1455:. UNESCO.
1438:. UNESCO.
1422:1989: 176
1140:. UNESCO.
1090:Via Maris
1050:Silk Road
1030:Salt road
980:Kula ring
840:Khor Rori
814:attached
812:Australia
751:Khosrow I
668:Tetrarchy
650:Ptolemies
544:Palestine
515:Nabateans
473:Khor Rori
442:Aramaeans
421:attacked
401:Phoenicia
368:aromatics
344:Abyssinia
324:mok rotu.
225:Egyptians
195:and fine
1804:(2006).
1780:(2007).
1626:(1969).
1577:(1975).
1553:(2004).
1035:Sea lane
950:Hærvejen
879:See also
717:Rashidun
705:al-Mocha
642:Ethiopia
565:Parthian
531:Damascus
527:Dead Sea
525:and the
462:Minaeans
454:Meunites
440:and the
393:Assyrian
364:Chaldean
320:kankamon
312:bdellium
280:1500 BCE
241:Tarshish
205:feathers
197:textiles
153:through
79:contribs
38:contribs
1992:Incense
860:Mamshit
787:in the
755:Persian
753:of the
686:Green:
672:Palmyra
657:Decline
612:around
606:Sabaean
594:Eudoxos
550:by the
517:seized
374:in the
372:Babylon
229:Red sea
171:Arabian
165:to the
141:or the
133:routes.
1965:
1944:
1923:
1902:
1881:
1860:
1854:(1989)
1812:
1788:
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1722:
1701:
1680:
1634:
1585:
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1537:
1516:
1495:
1470:(HTML)
1453:(HTML)
1436:(HTML)
1338:Source
1158:(HTML)
1138:(HTML)
868:Shivta
856:Haluza
808:Cairns
800:UNESCO
734:
728:
722:
700:Coffee
674:, and
630:Gallus
614:115 BC
602:116 BC
600:(died
548:Greece
477:Shabwa
469:Dhofar
409:vassal
356:Strabo
352:Gerrha
308:cassia
284:Thebes
253:silver
245:Tyrian
199:; and
185:spices
182:Indian
155:Arabia
1117:Notes
864:Avdat
638:Syene
540:Syria
519:Petra
485:Ma'in
383:Yemen
316:duaka
300:Greek
261:Ophir
257:ivory
243:," a
189:ebony
178:myrrh
151:India
147:Egypt
1963:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1900:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1841:help
1810:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1663:help
1632:ISBN
1614:help
1583:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1493:ISBN
866:and
824:Oman
676:Aila
634:Nile
620:The
542:and
513:The
481:Saba
423:Gaza
405:Gaza
322:and
318:and
292:The
276:Oman
249:gold
237:Aden
223:The
193:silk
176:and
137:The
111:diff
105:) |
103:diff
91:diff
75:talk
34:talk
822:in
802:'s
694:[[
403:to
370:to
263:.
149:to
43:at
1983::
1828::
1826:}}
1822:{{
1650::
1648:}}
1644:{{
1601::
1599:}}
1595:{{
1385:^
1353:^
1301:^
1285:^
1273:^
1226:^
1214:^
1200:^
1175:^
1146:^
1124:^
862:,
858:,
810:,
776:.
719:.
505:,
483:,
310:,
255:,
251:,
191:,
187:,
180:;
97:|
93:)
77:|
36:|
1971:.
1950:.
1929:.
1908:.
1887:.
1866:.
1843:)
1818:.
1794:.
1770:.
1749:.
1728:.
1707:.
1686:.
1665:)
1640:.
1616:)
1591:.
1567:.
1543:.
1522:.
1501:.
906:e
899:t
892:v
707:.
586:.
575::
113:)
109:(
101:(
89:(
81:)
73:(
62:.
40:)
32:(
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