900:, can usually apply the concepts and techniques of technical geography. However, the methods and theory are distinct, and a technical geographer may be more concerned with the technological and theoretical concepts than the nature of the data. Further, a technical geographer may explore the relationship between the spatial technology and the end users to improve upon the technology and better understand the impact of the technology on human behavior. Thus, the spatial data types a technical geographer employs may vary widely, including human and physical geography topics, with the common thread being the techniques and philosophies employed. To accomplish this, technical geographers often create their own software or scripts, which can then be applied more broadly by others. They may also explore applying techniques developed for one application to another unrelated topic, such as applying
1397:) introduced the concept of "scientific geography" and discussed employing the scientific method to geographic concepts. This publication proposed how a field of scientific geography could be organized, and specified that "Phytogeography," "Zoogeography," and "Anthropogeography" could be areas where scientific principles could be applied. While this publication did not use the term technical geography in its description, several later publications explicitly link scientific and technical geography. By 1917, technical geography was included among courses taught at some British schools, alongside mathematics, chemistry, and other natural sciences. As techniques and concepts in technical geography advanced, geographers began to lament the lack of understanding and use of more advanced geographic concepts in society and law. Specifically, this became an issue during the 1930s
1570:
1165:
time (temporal). Spatial datasets contain data points that are associated with specific geographic locations, and frequency in spatial datasets can be used to analyze patterns and distributions across different areas. Temporal datasets involve data points that are associated with specific time points, and frequency in temporal datasets helps analyze trends and patterns over time. Analyzing how the frequency of events changes across both space and time can reveal dynamic patterns. Spatial and temporal frequency are core concepts in technical geography because they are fundamental to understanding and analyzing geographic phenomena. Geography is inherently concerned with the distribution and dynamics of features across space and over time.
1207:
1187:(WWW), Geographic information systems (GIS), and information theory have greatly aided cartographers in generalizing maps more efficiently and consistently. These tools can apply generalization rules systematically, ensuring high-quality outputs even as data volume increases. Cartographic generalization is foundational in technical geography because it ensures that maps are functional, readable, and tailored to their intended use. It balances the need for detail with the practical limitations of scale and medium, enhancing the effectiveness of maps as tools for communication, analysis, and decision-making.
1427:, which saw the extensive use of cartography and air photos, revolutionized these techniques and brought a new focus on the benefits they offered. In the years before the quantitative revolution, geography was generally fragmented and focused on descriptive approaches, and many United States universities were eliminating geography departments around the country. To address this, geographers began to debate the merits of more scientific and methods-based approaches to the discipline and advocate for the benefits these methods had to other technical courses. Some, such as the preeminent cartographer
1996:
2092:
1912:"The risk is that non-geographers mastering these methods analyze the spatiotemporal data and information better than the geographers. That is why the need to deal with competition induced by other sciences claiming the geographic space as their subject of study and research becomes a serious challenge for geographers. Geographers need to test and adapt to the new methods, models and procedures and implement them in all fields and development trends of Geography. By these also, Technical Geography as a new line of research and professional training becomes a necessity."
1180:
the map communicates the intended information effectively. The need for generalization arises because maps often depict large areas and scales, where including every detail is impractical and can overwhelm the map reader. The primary goal of cartographic generalization is to balance detail with readability, ensuring that the map serves its intended purpose without sacrificing essential information. By placing data in a spatial context, even though it is generalized, cartographic generalization creates additional information by revealing patterns and trends in the data.
1864:(a branch of geography that advocates that geographic research should focus on social issues transforming society). These frameworks were mostly advanced mostly by human geographers, leading to an observed gap between human and physical geographers. In response to the ideas and philosophies advanced during the quantitative revolution, particularly positivism and the emphasis on quantitative methods, the term critical geography was applied to ideological and theoretical criticisms of the methods and ideas of technical geographers. Other geographers, such as
1130:
2324:. Each term has slightly differing definitions and scopes, and the best word choice has been debated in the literature since at least the 1700s when Cave defended the use of technical geography over practical geography. However, many of these alternative terms or phrases are "grammatically awkward" and do not link the discipline explicitly as a branch of geography in the same way as technical geography. This is an area of active scholarly debate, and any word choice will be inevitably met with criticism by others using a different model.
2166:
2060:
2262:
2124:
1352:
1138:
Autocorrelation can be positive (indicating that similar values cluster together) or negative (indicating that dissimilar values are near each other). Spatial autocorrelation involves the correlation of a variable with itself across different spatial locations. Temporal autocorrelation involves the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself over successive time intervals. Autocorrelation is the foundation of Tobler's first law of geography. Spatial autocorrelation is measured with tools such as
2108:
1492:, which focus on mathematical modeling and theoretical implications of cartography. These terms often compete and overlap with each other and often originate in separate countries, such as geographic information science in the United States, geomatics in France, and geoinformatics in Sweden. Three major technologies, remote sensing (RS), Geographic information systems (GIS), and the global positioning system (GPS) are highlighted as examples of technologies characterizing technical geography.
2150:
2182:
2044:
1980:
8486:
1697:. These terms all overlap to some degree, but at least one study indicates they differ substantially enough to continue using. The proliferation of these new terms may have been detrimental to their popularity, and it has been suggested that they were possibly created carelessly or hastily. This has led to some confusion, and properly defining the areas covered by each term is an active field of research. One paper on the topic stated the following:
978:
8498:
2278:
158:
1447:
1219:
2246:
1507:
8522:
2230:
2028:
2198:
2214:
2012:
8510:
2076:
2316:"—are used to describe the same, or similar, concepts as technical geography. Some of the discrepancy in terminology is due to different cultures and languages having their own method of organization; for example, the term "information geography" is popular in research from China to describe similar concepts. It is closely associated with and sometimes used interchangeably with, the subfields of
1250:(geographia, a combination of Greek words ‘Geo,’ The Earth, and ‘Graphien,’ to describe. Literally "earth description"), a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. Technical geography as a distinct term in the English language within the discipline of geography dates back at least as far as 1749 to a book published by English printer
1551:, advancements in photography, aircraft, and rockets only increased the effectiveness of remote sensing techniques. As the technology became available to the general public, geographers were soon overwhelmed with large volumes of satellite and aerial images. New techniques were required to store, process, analyze, and use this new data source, birthing remote sensing scientists.
1731:(including visualizations such as the space-time prism and continuous transportation modeling approach), and GIS, for handling spatial-temporal data generated by novel technology like GPS and remote sensing. This part of technical geography focuses on spatial statistics and visualizing spatial information, emphasizing quantitative data and the scientific method.
1923:"technical geography" itself has been debated since at least the 1700s, concepts within technical geography are often separated from the rest of geography when organizing and categorizing subfields in the discipline. Terms such as "techniques of geographic analysis", "geographic information technology", are used synonymously with the term within textbooks.
4122:
1657:(GPS), and the system's full capability was made available to the general public in 2000. This facilitated a level of rapid acquisition of spatial coordinates that previously would have been expensive. Geographers began studying methods and applications for this data. In subsequent years, other countries have launched satellite constellations enabling
1613:...if geographers reject GIS then it could fundamentally affect the outside world's perception of what geography is all about. Certainly, these external perceptions may well be based on a picture of geography as it once was, but nevertheless they cannot be ignored. "How could they be so foolish as to disown the very core of their discipline?"
1330:; it involves spatial relationships between points and theory. A publication in 1889 defined the term "technical" as "especially appropriate to any art or science", and stated that "we never hear teachers questioning whether technical geography shall be taught in the schools." An 1890 publication advertised that the 1891
963:
cartography and map production, which is only possible through cartographic generalization. More then just reducing the overall level of information, cartographic generalization helps discover patterns and trends in data that underlie many techniques and technologies employed and investigated by technical geographers.
1702:
in the context of previous technological conditions, remain in the shadow of new technologies, and are not modernised. The lack of specific terminological conditions, determined boundaries, or scopes of such definition use, encourages one to define the next terms, and the next science and research disciplines.
2336:
Some have brought allegations that the culture in technical geography has introduced gender bias into geography departments as the discipline is disproportionately practiced by men and seen by some as more masculine. Nadine
Schuurman states that while there is not one reason for this discrepancy, but
1608:
speculated that computer cartography facilitated by GIS would largely replace traditional pen and paper cartography. Geographers began to heavily debate the place of GIS in geography, with some rejecting its methods and others heavily advocating for it. In response to critics, British geographer Stan
1952:
In 2009, UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life
Support Systems (EOLSS) employed the term technical geography to organize their literature related to geography, establishing a three-branch model of technical, human, and physical geography, referring to human and physical as the primary two. The benefit of this
1431:
went as far as to suggest that cartography should be a separate academic discipline from geography entirely, even if only at a few academic institutions. This approach was shunned by more traditional geographers, who viewed it as a deviation from how geographers had always viewed and interacted with
1701:
With the appearance of the next new technologies, immediately, new proposals of new sciences, new subdisciplines, appear. Many authors with great ease announce the origination of a new science, frequently not caring for the proper justification of its name definition. The old definitions, developed
1585:
published the first paper detailing the use of computers in the map-making process titled "Automation and
Cartography" in 1959. While novel in terms of application, the process detailed by Tobler did not allow for storing or analyzing of geographic data. As computer technology progressed and better
941:
has pushed the development of information management techniques to handle spatial data and support decision-makers. To this end, technical geographers often adapt technology and techniques from other disciplines to spatial problems rather than create original innovations, such as using computers to
2302:
Attempts at subdividing geography have often been met with criticism. Geography has a history spanning cultures and thousands of years and is described as a "mother science" from which more specialized disciplines emerge, resulting in a fragmented discipline. Other existing models to subdivide the
1937:
As technology such as GIS began to dominate geography departments, the need to develop new curriculum to teach the fundamental concepts became apparent. In response to this in 2006 the UCGIS published
Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge (GISTBoK), building on the "Model
1179:
Cartographic generalization is the process of simplifying the representation of geographical information on maps, making complex data more understandable and useful for specific purposes or scales. This process involves selectively reducing the detail of features to prevent clutter and ensure that
1164:
In statistics, frequency refers to the number of occurrences of a particular event or value within a dataset. When dealing with spatial and temporal datasets, the concept of frequency can be applied to understand how often certain events or values occur across different locations (spatial) or over
2327:
More controversially, others deny the idea that the thought and techniques of geography constitute a new branch. This argument asserts that geography must be applied and, therefore, must focus on some subset of human or physical geography. They also argue that there is not enough well-established
1626:
With the emergence of GIS, researchers rapidly began to explore methods to use the technology for various geographic problems. This led some geographers to declare the study of the computer-based methods their own science within geography. GIS serves as the primary technology driving the field of
1580:
Coinciding with the quantitative revolution was the emergence of early computers. The interdisciplinary nature of geography forces geographers to look at developments in other fields, and geographers tend to observe and adapt technological innovations from other disciplines rather than developing
1149:
Autocorrelation is fundamental to technical geography because it provides critical insights into the spatial and temporal structure of geographical data. It enhances the ability to model, analyze, and interpret spatial patterns and relationships, supporting various applications from environmental
1137:
Autocorrelation is a statistical measure used to assess the degree to which a given data set is correlated with itself over different time intervals or spatial distances. In essence, it quantifies the similarity between observations as a function of the time lag or spatial distance between them.
1792:
to include processing of spatial data through the use of computers. This term has been described as being outside the branch of geography entirely and instead placed fully under the discipline of computer science, while other sources place it under the branch of technical geography. Sources have
1487:
The 20th century saw the rapid emergence of technologies such as computers, satellites, and the corresponding software to operate them. These technologies rapidly changed how geographers operated, and significant effort went into considering how best to incorporate them into the discipline. With
1758:
committee focused on geographic information, as the discipline concerned with handling geographic data or geographic information." In Canada, an effort was made to replace and absorb the term geodesy with geomatics; however, this was not successful, and globally, geodesy is generally considered
1646:
936:
Technical geography is highly theoretical and focuses on developing and testing methods and technologies for handling spatial-temporal data. These technologies are then applied to datasets and problems within the branches of human and/or physical geography. Historically, technical geography was
1922:
Technical geography as a concept re-emerges to correct the historical trend in geography of adapting rather than developing new methods, technologies, and techniques for conducting geographic research by encouraging trained geographers to pursue this line of inquiry. While the use of the term
1896:
As new technologies and methods applied by geographers, such as spatial analysis, cartography/GIS, remote sensing, and GPS, are widely applicable to various disciplines, concern grew among geographers that these other non-geographers in other disciplines might become better at using them than
2311:
has been put forward as a distinct branch and umbrella for these wider concepts, the terms used to describe the study of spatial information as a distinct category vary. When subdividing the discipline within the literature, similar categories—such as "the
Spatial Tradition", "techniques of
962:
There are several concepts related to technical geography that are considered central attributes of the discipline. In one paper, autocorrelation and frequency are listed as the concepts that technical geography is based upon. Central to technical geography are the technologies surrounding
1278:"The Description confider'd as to Form is of three Sorts; The first exhibits the Earth, by a Draught or Delineation; the second by Tables, or Registers; and the third by Treties or Discourse. Hence Technical Geography may be divided into Representatory, Synoptical, and Explanatory."
1150:
monitoring and urban planning to resource management and public health. By understanding and leveraging autocorrelation, geographers can make more informed decisions, improve the accuracy of their analyses, and contribute to solving real-world geographical problems.
907:
In teaching technical geography, instructors often need to fall back on examples from human and physical geography to explain the theoretical concepts. While technical geography mostly works with quantitative data, the techniques and technology can be applied to
1384:, and general research as courses that should be taught at in U.S. university geography departments. Hubbard specifies that technical geography refers to topics such as "mathematical or astronomical geography," as well as cartography. A 1910 publication in the
1820:
to help educators teach GIScience. There has been significant debate around the term GIScience, including questioning if it can be considered a science. Many geographers, including
Michael Goodchild, continue to advance the use of the term today.
1530:"There is no longer any need to preach for aerial photography-not in the United States- for so widespread has become its use and so great its value that even the farmer who plants his fields in a remote corner of the country knows its value."
1466:
in a 1970 paper, and more have been proposed since. Some geographers argue against the idea that laws in geography are necessary or even valid. These criticisms have been addressed by Tobler and others. Examples of these laws include
2345:
Many academic institutions use, or have historically used, the term "technical geography" to either sub-divide their department or describe courses and content offered within their department. These include, but are not limited to:
1953:
wording is that it is consistent with the other two branches and clearly places the discipline within geography. The categorization of technical geography in the EOLSS as a branch is expanded upon by Ionel Haidu in his 2016 paper
1749:
coined the term "géomatique" in French. English-speaking
Canadians Pierre Gagnon and David Coleman translated the term as "geomatics", which was popularized in Canada through the 1980s and early 1990s. Today, it is defined by the
1302:, scholars have identified distinct "technical elements" in "Ptolemaic cartographic theory" such as map projection, lines of latitude and longitude, coordinates, grids, scales, and the theory of astronomically defined climates.
1839:
In the same 1749 publication in which Cave discussed technical geography (Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts. The whole illustrated with notes)
1288:
While when the term technical geography first entered the
English lexicon may be difficult to ascertain, technical geography as a concept crosses cultures, and techniques date back to the origins of cartography, surveying, and
1274:. In this book, they chose to use the term "technical geography" rather than "practical geography" to clarify that the branch is distinct in theory and methods. This publication defines technical geography with the following:
2644:
While Cave published the "Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts", how much he wrote or edited is unclear. Other authors are not given within the
1811:
to describe "the subset of information science that is about geographic information." GIScience is mentioned explicitly as being separate from quantitative geography, but under the branch of technical geography. In 1995, the
1432:
maps. While the best approach to the technical aspect of geography was heavily debated among geographers, geography departments at universities across the United States began to teach a more scientific approach to geography.
1938:
curricula" of the mid 90s. The GISTBoK is designed to inform curriculum teaching GIS and other geospatial technologies. This book is noted as having expanded the term "GIScience" to "GIScience and technology" (GIS&T).
1726:
During the early days of the quantitative revolution, the term quantitative geography emerged as a subdiscipline within technical geography, focusing exclusively on new quantitative methods, such as spatial statistics,
1297:
has been called the "founder of mathematical geography," and his activities are described as "little different from what we expect of a technical geographer." Within the "Ptolemaic tradition" of geography started by
6675:
Gatrell, A C; Bracken, I J (1985). "Reviews: Central Place Theory, Gravity and
Spatial Interaction Models, Industrial Location, Scientific Geography Series, Computer-Assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects".
1338:, and cartography as examples of content within this division These publications demonstrate that the concept and term "technical geography" was in use in the United States to some capacity by the late 1800s.
1871:
In the history of geography since the quantitative revolution, theorists from critical geography are often viewed as in direct confrontation with those of technical and quantitative geography. Some, such as
1367:
and
Fisherman's Shoal below are in Wisconsin. These islands were the source of dispute during the U.S. Supreme Court cases Wisconsin v. Michigan, 295 U.S. 455 (1935) and Wisconsin v. Michigan, 297 U.S. 547
3018:
Lin, Yuancheng; Wang, Min; Lei, Junchao; He, Huiyan (3 August 2023). "Perception and Interaction of Urban Medical Space from the Perspective of Technical Geography: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China".
2312:
geographic analysis", "geographic information and analysis", "geographic information technology", "geography methods and techniques", "geographic information technology", "scientific geography," and "
1844:
was considered an important part of the process within geography to correct errors on maps and other products to improve models of the world. In the 1970s, critical geography took on the framework of
2337:
may be related to the broader perception of science as a "masculine domain," and the perception that tools, like GIS, employed by technical geographers are part of the military-industrial complex.
1880:, argue that many of the early criticisms of quantitative methods have been addressed with advances in technology, and persist due to ignorance of quantitative geography. Geographer
1788:
and later defined in the 1990s as the science of integrating spatial data derived from various technologies, such as remote sensing, GPS, and GIS. It was later defined by geographer
1526:
and, in subsequent years, was applied to civilian endeavors. A 1941 textbook titled "Aerophotography and Aerosurverying" stated the following in the first line of its preference:
3085:
1123:
1932:
7672:
1681:
During the quantitative revolution, several terms originated from the concept that the technologies developed during this period are a focus of independent study, including
1479:. French geographer Ionel Haidu noted Tobler's first law of geography, and the associated concept of spatial autocorrelation, as central concepts to technical geography.
1183:
Effective generalization requires a deep understanding of the map's use case, the audience's needs, and the geographical context. Technological advancements, such as the
1019:
1813:
1489:
1303:
202:
1059:
1039:
8413:
1419:
Technical geography differentiated more clearly during the quantitative revolution in the 1950s and 1960s. Before this, the techniques and methods of handling
6284:
Melgaço, Lucas; Prouse, Carolyn (2017). "Milton Santos and the Centrality of the Periphery". In Melgaço, Lucas; Prouse, Carolyn; Brauch, Hans Günter (eds.).
2888:
5558:
4813:
1868:, have criticized that geography for moving away from the abstract, unquantifiable aspects of place that are essential to the understanding of geography.
1594:, which allowed for storing and analysis of spatial data within a computer. These tools revolutionized the discipline of geography by contributing to the
7702:"Putting Canada on the map: Father of digitized mapping recounts how a stroke of luck led him to develop the world's first geographic information system"
1746:
1373:
3794:
3002:
Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts. The whole illustrated with notes
2304:
7644:
1242:(tekhnikós, translated as artistic, skillful, workmanlike), meaning relating to a particular subject or activity and involving practical skills, and "
7594:
1707:
1133:
Clusters of the estimated percent of people in poverty by county in the contiguous United States in 2020 calculated using Anselin Local Moran's I.
122:
110:
5836:
5532:
1881:
1755:
1905:
126:
106:
1957:
as being a consequence of cartography shifting from simply producing maps to producing spatial information, influenced by a culmination of
1876:, argued that these criticisms were largely due to the difficulty in learning the emerging novel technologies. Some geographers, including
1401:
in the Supreme Court of the United States, where the border was not defined with specific technical geographic concepts. During the 1940s,
118:
7314:
1816:(UCGIS) was established in the United States to support the field of GIScience, such as the creation of a "model curricula" by geographer
7030:
3175:
Chilès, Jean-Paul; Desassis, Nicolas (2018). "29 Fifty Years of Kriging". In Sagar, B. S. Daya; Agterberg, Frits; Cheng, Qiuming (eds.).
2575:
865:
6588:
Li, Xin; Zheng, Donghai; Feng, Min; Chen, Fahu (November 2021). "Information geography: The information revolution reshapes geography".
1310:, was translated into Arabic in the ninth century, often mixing them with elements of traditional Islamic cartography. For example, the
7825:
1334:
at Berne would have five divisions in it program, with the first being technical geography listing topics like mathematical geography,
7202:
8464:
6499:
D'Alessandro-Scarpari, Cristina; Elmes, Gregory; Miller, Jennifer; Weiner, Daniel (2016). "Book Review: Geography and technology".
4741:
2355:
1600:
7228:
3813:
3289:
1901:
was established to serve as an outlet for research employing quantitative, technical, and scientific methods within geography.
1807:
In the 1990s, the term Geographic Information Science (GIScience) was coined and popularized in the United States by geographer
4032:
3648:
3847:
7742:
6461:
6404:
6293:
6026:
5935:
5819:
5598:
5177:
4724:
3933:
3896:
3711:
3686:
3454:
3184:
2845:
2805:
2520:
1283:
Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts, 1749,
1258:. This 1749 book was divided into four parts, one of which was named "containing technical geography", which focused on both
7414:
5299:
Openshaw, Stan (May 1991). "A View on the GIS Crisis in Geography, or, Using GIS to Put Humpty-Dumpty Back Together Again".
7339:
4716:
3446:
2961:
2797:
2516:
2385:
1947:
1763:
1247:
4774:
Walker, Robert Toovey (28 Apr 2021). "Geography, Von Thünen, and Tobler's first law: Tracing the evolution of a concept".
1884:
noted that some physical geographers suspect several of the philosophies underlying critical geography are "fundamentally
4298:
2552:
2390:
1472:
8239:
7127:
2906:
1569:
7784:
7701:
6434:
5926:
DiBiase, David; DeMers, Michael; Johnson, Ann; Kemp, Karen; Luck, Ann Taylor; Plewe, Brandon; Wentz, Elizabeth (2006).
5390:
5247:
3603:
2548:
1666:
1468:
1210:
Possibly the oldest surviving map has been engraved on this mammoth tusk, dated to 25,000 BC, found from Pavlov in the
86:
37:
7281:
2165:
7536:
6980:
6786:
6761:
6659:
6635:
5873:
5846:
5676:
5406:
Hegarty, Christopher J.; Chatre, Eric (December 2008). "Evolution of the Global Navigation satellite system (GNSS)".
4751:
3857:
3823:
3661:
3491:
3324:
3121:
1311:
7483:
3055:"Modeling the Relationship Between Weather Parameters and Cholera in the City of Maroua, Far North Region, Cameroon"
1239:
8548:
8459:
8423:
4081:
3736:
3478:
2461:
1331:
7077:
6309:
Hepple, L. (1998). "Context, Social Construction and Statistics: Regression, Social Science and Human geography".
4933:
Goodchild, Michael (2004). "The Validity and Usefulness of Laws in Geographic Information Science and Geography".
942:
aid in cartography. They also explore adapting techniques developed for one area of geography to another, such as
8526:
6806:
2091:
858:
5554:
4852:
4608:
4555:
Hartshorne, Richard (1958). "The concept of geography as a science of space from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner".
1581:
unique technologies to conduct geographic studies. More than a decade after the first computers were developed,
75:
26:
8418:
8172:
7818:
6728:
4240:
3159:
2566:
2317:
2172:
2034:
1802:
1694:
1670:
1564:
1522:, new spatial data sources emerged during the quantitative revolution. Air photo technology was widely used in
1519:
1255:
917:
829:
516:
5093:"Proposal of Redefinition of the Terms Geomatics and Geoinformatics on the Basis of Terminological Postulates"
2491:– Dutch cartographer who wrote the UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems chapter on Technical Geography.
8278:
3884:
3798:
2654:
The 1917 English review article is unclear on what was included in these British technical geography courses.
2415:
2400:
1591:
1387:
937:
focused on cartography and globe-making. Today, while technical geographers still develop and make maps, the
885:
that involves using, studying, and creating tools to obtain, analyze, interpret, understand, and communicate
627:
192:
5708:
5492:
1995:
1372:
In 1902, geodesy was suggested as a discipline supporting technical geography. In 1908, geography professor
8553:
8444:
8205:
7254:
3378:
554:
7619:
7052:
6832:
5709:"The Local Shape of Revolution: Reflections on Quantitative Geography at Cambridge in the 1950s and 1960s"
4203:"Technical Geography – an International Journal for the progress of Scientific Geography: Aims and Scopes"
2861:
Dada, Anup (December 2022). "The Process of Geomorphology Related to Sub Branches of Physical Geography".
2059:
1076:
7863:
7848:
6193:
5865:
The Geography of International Terrorism An Introduction to Spaces and Places of Violent Non-State Groups
5656:
4883:
2603:
2435:
1476:
1423:
were primarily focused on supporting human or physical geography, rather than a subject of study itself.
1174:
834:
782:
2123:
2107:
1206:
8514:
4405:
Ackerman, E.A. (1945). "Geographic training, wartime research, and immediate professional objectives".
2440:
2430:
2410:
851:
5798:
ISO/TR 19122:2004(en) Geographic information/Geomatics — Qualification and certification of personnel
3512:"Temporal autocorrelation: a neglected factor in the study of behavioral repeatability and plasticity"
2350:
8320:
7811:
6880:
6654:(1 ed.). New Delhi: National Council of Educational Research and Training. 2006. pp. 1–12.
5524:
2370:
2261:
2220:
1654:
1640:
669:
222:
5952:
2405:
1873:
1547:, and the techniques employed were rapidly assimilated as aids in geographical studies. During the
1143:
8428:
8393:
8335:
7858:
7722:
7439:
Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)".
5754:
5618:
5007:
3206:
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
2905:
Drake, Dawn M.; Elias, Ashley; Ganong, Carissa; Grantham, Michael L.; Mills, Mark S. (May 2022).
2609:
2586:
2532:
2509:– cartographic theorist that wrote numerous books contributing to geographic information systems.
2395:
2380:
2027:
1808:
1414:
1402:
1364:
1356:
755:
742:
684:
232:
4325:
3254:"Critical Issues in the Methods of Data Collection in Geoinformatics and Environmental Sciences"
8248:
8215:
7963:
7893:
5953:"Revisiting the 'Is GIScience a science?' debate (or quite possibly scientific gerrymandering)"
2581:
2445:
2425:
2420:
2313:
2149:
2114:
1721:
1682:
1631:
by enabling real-time feedback in considering geography and landscape with community planning.
1586:
hardware became available, geographers rapidly adopted the technology to create maps. In 1960,
1159:
913:
596:
564:
330:
260:
212:
82:
33:
6955:
5799:
4968:
Arbia, Giuseppe; Benedetti, R.; Espa, G. (1996). ""Effects of MAUP on image classification"".
4740:
DeLyser, Dydia; Herbert, Steve; Aitken, Stuart; Crang, Mike; McDowell, Linda (November 2009).
4324:"The 'Quantitative Revolution'", GG3012(NS) Lecture 4, University of Aberdeen, 2011, webpage:
3226:
3201:
2181:
1061:
and then row normalizing the weight matrix. Top left shows anti-correlation giving a negative
988:
8370:
8210:
8182:
8063:
7913:
6359:
4696:
Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael J.; Whatmore, Robert (2009).
4269:
4202:
3753:
3340:
Richmond, A. (2003). "Financially Efficient Ore Selections Incorporating Grade Uncertainty".
2882:
2130:
2066:
1598:
scientific approaches to the discipline during the quantitative revolution. In the 1985 book
1454:
The main claim for the quantitative revolution is that it led to a shift from a descriptive (
1398:
947:
946:, originally created for estimating gold ore distributions but now applied to topics such as
909:
718:
559:
526:
473:
280:
4338:
Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael J.; Whatmore, Sarah (2009).
3555:"Measuring spatio-temporal autocorrelation in time series data of collective human mobility"
2213:
8388:
8360:
8261:
8197:
8097:
7968:
7958:
7928:
7898:
7868:
7853:
7837:
7568:
7448:
6685:
6550:
6318:
6243:
6099:
6062:
5964:
5720:
5308:
5206:
5104:
5019:
4651:
4450:
3626:
3566:
3342:
3213:
1877:
1834:
1658:
1560:
1196:
762:
737:
709:
610:
544:
335:
325:
295:
265:
217:
185:
174:
6158:
Kwan, Mei-Po (2004). "Beyond Difference: From Canonical Geography to Hybrid Geographies".
2144:
Technical geography employs, and has developed, many techniques and technologies, such as:
8:
8469:
8454:
8054:
7995:
7978:
7953:
7903:
3965:"The Michigan-Wisconsin Boundary Case in the Supreme Court of the United States, 1923–26"
3437:
3059:
2488:
2457:
2043:
1898:
1420:
1393:
1307:
1267:
916:. Within the branch of technical geography are the major and overlapping subbranches of
886:
839:
362:
345:
320:
270:
197:
114:
61:
7572:
7452:
6689:
6554:
6451:
6322:
6247:
6103:
6066:
5968:
5724:
5312:
5210:
5108:
5023:
4946:
4899:
4454:
3570:
3270:
3253:
3217:
3202:"Human Geography with Open Gis as a Transformative Introductory Higher Education Course"
2075:
1852:, and became an umbrella uniting various theoretical frameworks in geography, including
8490:
8350:
8300:
8139:
8010:
7973:
7948:
7938:
7933:
7918:
7908:
7748:
7706:
7464:
6701:
6605:
6516:
6334:
6259:
6209:
6115:
6018:
5980:
5774:
5682:
5668:
5474:
5423:
5324:
5222:
5035:
4950:
4903:
4844:
4836:
4791:
4568:
4536:
4500:
4466:
4377:
4174:
4052:
3976:
3510:
Mitchell, David J; Dujon, Antoine M; Beckmann, Christa; Biro, Peter (1 November 2019).
3359:
3035:
2467:
1979:
1958:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1830:
1653:
In 1978, the United States military launched the first satellites to enable the modern
1381:
1377:
1129:
1125:). Bottom right shows an 'ink blot' or spreading pattern with positive autocorrelation.
1044:
1024:
951:
897:
809:
772:
767:
699:
649:
478:
380:
340:
315:
305:
300:
285:
275:
237:
227:
6746:
International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology
4358:"An Improved Curriculum for Cartographic Training at the College and University Level"
3112:
Kretzschmar Jr., William A. (24 October 2013). Schlüter, Julia; Krug, Manfred (eds.).
2952:
2245:
8497:
8220:
8040:
8000:
7780:
7752:
7738:
7532:
7468:
7364:
6782:
6757:
6724:
6705:
6655:
6631:
6609:
6520:
6457:
6430:
6400:
6338:
6289:
6171:
6119:
6022:
6006:
5931:
5869:
5842:
5815:
5778:
5732:
5686:
5672:
5594:
5478:
5386:
5328:
5173:
4795:
4747:
4720:
4236:
3929:
3892:
3853:
3819:
3768:
3732:
3707:
3682:
3657:
3599:
3538:
3487:
3450:
3363:
3320:
3293:
3180:
3155:
3117:
3039:
2921:
2841:
2801:
2621:
2615:
2597:
2529:– geographer that wrote numerous books contributing to geographic information systems
2375:
2365:
2277:
2197:
1861:
1853:
1441:
1360:
904:, originally developed for mining, to disciplines as diverse as real-estate prices.
777:
569:
463:
425:
367:
21:
6753:
5984:
4954:
4907:
4848:
3114:
Research Methods in Language Variation and Change: Computer mapping of language data
8502:
8315:
8187:
8072:
7990:
7923:
7730:
7576:
7495:
7456:
6749:
6693:
6597:
6558:
6508:
6326:
6251:
6205:
6167:
6107:
6070:
6014:
5972:
5766:
5728:
5664:
5630:
5464:
5454:
5443:"GNSS CORS Network of the University of Palermo: Design and First Analysis of Data"
5415:
5358:
5316:
5278:
5214:
5112:
5039:
5027:
4942:
4895:
4828:
4783:
4620:
4564:
4532:
4458:
4414:
4369:
4166:
4093:
4044:
3574:
3533:
3523:
3351:
3265:
3221:
3064:
3027:
2870:
2759:
2204:
2082:
2011:
664:
531:
416:
357:
290:
207:
169:
7729:. Footprints of Regional Science. Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 185–198.
6051:"Professionalisation, Activism, and the University: Whither 'Critical Geography'?"
5427:
4787:
3579:
3554:
2907:"Transforming the Applied Learning Experience Through Interdisciplinary Fieldwork"
1926:
8283:
8076:
7983:
7885:
7774:
7734:
7526:
7418:
7177:
7102:
5976:
5863:
4001:
3620:
2538:
2494:
2360:
2229:
1845:
1785:
1587:
1535:
1428:
972:
938:
893:
632:
420:
350:
250:
6855:
2874:
1351:
8345:
8340:
8305:
8225:
8167:
8028:
7773:
Clarke, Keith C. (2015). "Tobler, Waldo R(udolph).". In Monmonier, Mark (ed.).
7580:
7460:
5419:
5031:
2526:
2506:
2479:
2321:
2268:
2252:
2098:
2018:
1962:
1789:
1781:
1775:
1728:
1690:
1605:
1501:
1405:
began focusing on technical geography as part of an applied geography program.
1290:
1271:
1211:
1184:
925:
814:
694:
689:
654:
574:
511:
400:
97:
54:
7595:"On the Eve of Retirement, Mark Monmonier Receives Lifetime Achievement Award"
7389:
6905:
6601:
6562:
5634:
4418:
4273:
4097:
3439:
GEOGRAPHY – Vol. II: Technical Geography Core concepts in the mapping sciences
3355:
3031:
1319:
1243:
1235:
8542:
8310:
8273:
8102:
8049:
6512:
5770:
5269:
St. Martin, Kevin; Wing, John (2007). "The Discourse and Discipline of GIS".
3772:
2925:
2188:
1618:
1227:
804:
792:
659:
622:
444:
434:
93:
50:
7005:
6538:
5459:
5442:
3528:
3511:
3069:
3054:
2764:
2747:
8449:
8288:
8125:
8044:
8033:
8018:
7943:
5363:
5350:
5282:
4257:
2591:
2544:
2500:
2473:
1817:
1582:
1544:
1511:
1463:
1424:
1323:
1315:
1294:
1139:
982:
637:
429:
405:
390:
310:
7776:
The History of Cartography, Volume 6: Cartography in the Twentieth Century
7723:"Waldo Tobler (1931–2018): Analytical Cartographer and Regional Scientist"
7152:
6498:
1793:
noted that there is no universally accepted definition of geoinformatics.
1326:." Technical geography as a term is more than place name recollection and
8378:
8330:
8325:
8266:
8256:
8068:
8058:
5497:
5117:
5092:
4523:
Hartshorne, Richard (1955). "'Exceptionalism in Geography' re-examined".
2512:
2483:
2236:
2156:
1885:
1523:
1455:
1251:
727:
679:
674:
615:
605:
458:
412:
5469:
4491:
Hartshorne, Richard (1954). "Comment on 'Exceptionalism in geography'".
3923:
8383:
8133:
8111:
8086:
8081:
6090:
Peet, Richard (2000). "Celebrating Thirty Years of Radical Geography".
4625:
4504:
4470:
4438:
4381:
4357:
4155:"Scientific Geography: The Relation of Its Content to Its Subdivisions"
3980:
3964:
3754:"Prehistoric and Early Historic Maps in Europe: Conception of Cd-Atlas"
3704:
Key Concepts in Geography: Time, From Hegemonic Change to Everyday life
1974:
Technical geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:
1865:
1751:
1595:
1459:
732:
449:
7624:
American Association of Geographers Applied Geography Specialty Group!
7500:
7078:"Geography and Geospatial Sciences: Undergraduate Program – Geography"
6263:
6231:
5502:
5226:
5194:
4840:
4683:
Geography & Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4178:
4154:
4056:
2307:, vary dramatically between publications and cultures. While the term
1359:
passage, taken on June 20, 2016 from the International Space Station.
1230:
is the oldest surviving terrestrial globe, made between 1491 and 1493.
977:
954:, or the study of mathematical laws that govern information systems.
8355:
8177:
8157:
8120:
8116:
7834:
7559:
McMaster, Robert (1997). "In Memoriam: George F. Jenks (1916–1996)".
6744:
Couclelis, Helen (March 2017). "Ontology: Theoretical Perspectives".
6453:
Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society (1997)
5835:
Duckham, Matt; Goodchild, Michael F.; Worboys, Michael (2004-11-23).
5755:"Creation of Regions for Dialect Features Using a Cellular Automaton"
4297:
Jensen, J. Granville (1990). "Geography at Oregon State University".
4233:
Scientific and Technical Geography of the European Economic Community
2284:
2050:
1986:
1897:
geographers. In response to this, in 2006, the peer-reviewed journal
1740:
1686:
1628:
1450:
Waldo Tobler in front of the Newberry Library. Chicago, November 2007
921:
882:
797:
787:
704:
587:
521:
501:
468:
454:
149:
6697:
6330:
6286:
Milton Santos: A Pioneer in Critical Geography from the Global South
5589:
Fotheringham, A. Stewart; Brunsdon, Chris; Charlton, Martin (2000).
5320:
4595:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4575:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4543:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4511:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4462:
4425:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4373:
3679:
Key Concepts in Geography: Space, The Fundamental Stuff of Geography
1446:
981:
Moran's I statistic computed for different spatial patterns. Using '
157:
8129:
7803:
6255:
6111:
5218:
5170:
Introductory digital image processing: a remote sensing perspective
4832:
4170:
4048:
1645:
1548:
1327:
1223:
1218:
6484:
Lemmens, Mathias (April 2001). "Education: Surveying the Issues".
6075:
6050:
2541:– the primary originator of modern geographic information systems.
2470:– influential in the use of GIS and geographic methods in History.
8293:
8162:
8106:
8090:
8023:
4689:
2002:
1662:
1506:
1335:
1299:
943:
901:
642:
506:
439:
395:
6930:
6777:
Lake, Ron; Burggraf, David; Trninic, Milan; Rae, Laurie (2004).
5896:
4814:"A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region"
3258:
International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research
3087:
Careers/Jobs in Geography:Business Cards of Department Graduates
1576:
Interface Screenshot with Map of Median Income in Houston (2010)
7031:"Geography and Geography Education: Two Faces of the Same Coin"
6194:"Women and technology in geography: a cyborg manifesto for GIS"
5928:
Geographic information science and technology body of knowledge
5661:
Spatial Analysis Using Big Data: Methods and Urban Applications
4700:(5th ed.). USA & UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 611–12.
2303:
discipline of geography into categories and focuses, including
1933:
Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge
1927:
Geographic information science and technology body of knowledge
1760:
1259:
138:
Study of using and creating tools to manage spatial information
7207:
Department of Geography and Geomatics (GIS and Remote Sensing)
6831:
Pujol, Hermínia; Ramon, M. Dolors Garcia; Ortiz, Anna (2012).
6011:
International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition)
5441:
Dardanelli, Gino; Lo Brutto, Mauro; Pipitone, Claudia (2020).
4713:
Geography Volume I: Modeling Geographic Systems and Prediction
4342:(5th ed.). US & UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 611–12.
1941:
1234:
The term "technical geography" is a combination of the words "
7289:
Cartouche:Newsletter of the Canadian Cartographic Association
6833:"Academic careers in Spanish geography: a gender perspective"
6721:
Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis
6652:
Fundamentals of Physical Geography: Geography as a Discipline
6456:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 259.
5591:
Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis
1065:. Top right shows a spatial gradient giving a large positive
66:
6678:
Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science
5588:
2535:– GIS scholar and winner of the RGS founder's medal in 2003.
1363:
in Michigan is at the top. Rock Island and the much smaller
1306:
later adopted these technical elements when Ptolmey's book,
7597:. Syracuse University Media, Law & Policy. May 12, 2021
6885:
California State University, Long Beach, Geography, Archive
6427:
Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment
6136:
Graf, W. (1998). "Why Physical Geographers Whine so Much".
5440:
2569: – Delineation and characterization of Martian regions
2328:
peer-reviewed literature to back the term as a new branch.
1573:
1263:
5753:
Juuso, Ilkka; Kretzschmar Jr., William A. (January 2016).
5525:"China launches final satellite in GPS-like Beidou system"
2497:– influential in computer cartography and thematic mapping
892:
The other branches of geography, most commonly limited to
64:
to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
6807:"What is the Difference Between Geomatics and Geography?"
5957:
International Journal of Geographical Information Science
4739:
4695:
4337:
3706:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 140–152.
3509:
2482:– cartographic theorist that created the web application
950:. Technical geography today is theoretically grounded in
5925:
5901:
University Consortium for Geographic Information Science
4255:
4037:
Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York
2904:
2748:"What is Technical Geography – a letter from the editor"
2618: – Creation of standards and the technical drawings
2612: – Field of communication of technical information
1814:
University Consortium for Geographic Information Science
1543:
Remote sensing technology again advanced rapidly during
7484:"Interview with a Celebrity Cartographer: Cindy Brewer"
6395:
Getis, Arthur; Bjelland, Mark; Getis, Victoria (2018).
5834:
4656:
ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies
4437:
Honeybone, R. C.; Sugden, J. C. G; Wallace, W. (1958).
3681:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 85–96.
3283:
3281:
2571:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1488:
these technologies came new disciplines and terms like
6779:
Geography Mark-Up Language: Foundation for the Geo-Web
6776:
5383:
Geodesign: Case Studies in Regional and Urban Planning
4593:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
4573:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
4541:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
4509:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
4436:
4423:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
3553:
Gao, Yong; Cheng, Jing; Meng, Haohan; Liu, Yu (2019).
7614:
7612:
7587:
7531:. New Mexico Geographical Society. pp. 138–145.
5493:"Russia Launches Three More GLONASS-M Space Vehicles"
5172:. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 623.
3376:
1759:"immutable" as a term. Geomatics was included in the
1462:) geography. The first of these laws was proposed by
1079:
1047:
1027:
991:
5752:
4685:(7th ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 64–76.
3795:"Tutorials in the History of Cartography – Overview"
3278:
6138:
The Association of American Geographers' Newsletter
3751:
3093:(sixth ed.). Texas State University San Marcos
7609:
7178:"Department of Geographical Sciences: Course list"
6394:
5139:(1st ed.). York, PA: The Maple Press Company.
4967:
1824:
1117:
1069:. Bottom left shows random data giving a value of
1053:
1033:
1013:
100:. | Suggested by Neko-chan | #UCB_webform 817/900)
57:. | Suggested by Neko-chan | #UCB_webform 817/900)
7528:Leaders in American Geography Volume II: Research
7255:"Bachelor of Science Four-year (B.Sc. Four-year)"
7023:
6160:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
5623:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4935:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4888:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4557:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4525:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4493:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4407:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4362:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4300:Association of Pacific Coast Geographers Yearbook
3994:
3969:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
3752:Wolodtschenko, Alexander; Forner, Thomas (2007).
3314:
2887:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1796:
8540:
5657:"Chapter Six – Models in quantitative geography"
5654:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5376:
5374:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
3925:Baghdād: From Its Beginnings to the 14th Century
3646:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
2600: – Science of planets and planetary systems
6837:Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles
6830:
6800:
6798:
6587:
6532:
6530:
5555:"Galileo navigation satellite system goes live"
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
4680:
4649:
4230:
3917:
3915:
3878:
3876:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3552:
3505:
3503:
3111:
2305:William Pattison's four traditions of geography
1554:
7561:Cartography and Geographic Information Systems
7273:
7247:
6998:
6674:
6424:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
5862:Medina, Richard M.; Hepner, George F. (2013).
5812:Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems
5617:Miller, Harvey J.; Bridwell, Scott A. (2008).
5616:
5268:
5012:Cartography and Geographic Information Science
4987:Smith, Peter (2005). "The laws of geography".
4226:
4224:
4116:
4114:
3174:
1756:International Organization for Standardization
1201:
1168:
8414:Geographic data and information organizations
7819:
7620:"Previous Anderson Medal of Honor Recipients"
7520:
7518:
7070:
6630:. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
6628:Foundations of geographic information science
6354:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6283:
6153:
6151:
5838:Foundations of Geographic Information Science
5655:Murakami, Daisuke; Yamagata, Yoshiki (2020).
5612:
5610:
5573:
5405:
5371:
5351:"Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010"
5344:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5301:Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space
4928:
4926:
4924:
4159:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
3922:Scheiner, Jens; Toral, Isabel (28 Jul 2022).
3921:
3889:International Encyclopedia of Human Geography
3618:
3463:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
2292:
859:
7415:"Faculty page at U of Maine Dept of History"
6795:
6527:
6449:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6131:
6129:
5861:
5814:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, inc.
5294:
5292:
5154:(1 ed.). London: Methuen & Co. LTD.
5053:
4645:
4643:
4400:
4398:
4148:
4146:
4144:
3912:
3873:
3731:. Geo Abstracts, University of East Anglia.
3633:
3500:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3105:
3084:Boehm, Richard G.; Peters, Samantha (2008).
3017:
2578: – Series of geography texts, 1975–1996
1634:
1482:
7766:
7665:
7524:
6973:
6737:
6302:
6178:
5944:
5262:
5005:
4767:
4650:Crampton, Jeremy W.; Krygier, John (2005).
4221:
4111:
4075:
4073:
3805:
3379:"A density function of the appraisal value"
3083:
3053:Arabi, Mouhaman; Ngwa, Moise (March 2019).
2576:Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography
1942:UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
74:Revision as of 20:02, 19 September 2024 by
7826:
7812:
7714:
7515:
7195:
7170:
7045:
7006:"Environmental Planning: Available Minors"
6718:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6492:
6390:
6388:
6345:
6148:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5855:
5803:
5607:
5335:
5163:
5161:
5130:
5128:
5008:"On the Origins of Analytical Cartography"
4999:
4921:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4807:
4805:
4743:The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography
4586:
4554:
4522:
4490:
4292:
4290:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3849:Mapping the Afterlife: From Homer to Dante
3315:Journel, A. G.; Huijbregts, C. J. (1978).
3130:
3116:. Cambridge University Press. p. 53.
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2451:
1408:
866:
852:
8465:National Council for Geographic Education
7637:
7552:
7499:
7475:
7432:
7279:
6948:
6898:
6743:
6668:
6621:
6619:
6477:
6413:
6277:
6191:
6126:
6074:
5889:
5619:"A Field-Based Theory for Time Geography"
5468:
5458:
5380:
5362:
5348:
5289:
5116:
5006:Clarke, Keith C.; Cloud, John G. (2000).
4932:
4652:"An Introduction to Critical Cartography"
4640:
4624:
4600:
4395:
4351:
4349:
4141:
3786:
3587:
3578:
3537:
3527:
3476:
3392:
3269:
3234:
3227:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W14-99-2019
3225:
3149:
3068:
3052:
3020:Journal of Urban Planning and Development
2763:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
1715:
7725:. In Batey, Peter; Plane, David (eds.).
7558:
7221:
6923:
6719:A. Stewart, Fotheringham (May 2, 2000).
6536:
6425:Dahlman, Carl; Renwick, William (2013).
6083:
6042:
5998:
5399:
5298:
5097:International Journal of Geo-Information
5090:
4884:"On the First Law of Geography: A Reply"
4733:
4404:
4197:
4195:
4082:"The progress of geographical knowledge"
4070:
3882:
3818:. Vancouver, BC: UBCPress. p. 242.
3596:The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2
3593:
3435:
3377:Barris, J.; Garcia Almirall, P. (2010).
3339:
2900:
2898:
2863:Black Sea Journal of Scientific Research
2835:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2606: – Series of geography publications
1644:
1568:
1505:
1458:) geography to an empirical law-making (
1445:
1350:
1217:
1205:
1128:
985:' neighbors for each grid cell, setting
976:
47:
7699:
7438:
7382:
6847:
6804:
6781:(1 ed.). John Wiley and Sons Inc.
6576:
6483:
6385:
6288:(1 ed.). Springer. pp. 5–10.
6048:
5950:
5930:. Association of American Geographers.
5914:
5706:
5531:. The Associated Press. June 23, 2020.
5158:
5143:
5125:
4870:
4802:
4287:
4120:
4079:
4030:
4024:
3949:
3852:. Oxford University Press. p. 52.
3839:
3811:
3720:
3695:
3670:
3546:
3308:
3193:
3168:
3152:Technological Transition in Cartography
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2814:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2503:– Wrote Kitab al-Buldan (Ya'qubi book).
2356:California State University, Long Beach
2138:
1601:Technological Transition in Cartography
1376:included technical geography alongside
1318:between 902–903 C.E., was described by
73:
14:
8541:
7772:
6644:
6616:
6308:
6223:
5809:
5746:
5355:Journal of Spatial Information Science
5192:
5167:
5149:
5134:
4881:
4811:
4773:
4715:(1 ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom:
4704:
4681:Johnston, Ron; Sidaway, James (2016).
4589:Perspective on the Nature of Geography
4346:
4296:
3962:
3726:
3701:
3676:
3619:Kenney, J. F.; Keeping, E. S. (1962).
3612:
3287:
3199:
3013:
3011:
2796:(1 ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom:
2648:
2638:
7807:
7720:
7357:
7332:
7307:
7145:
7120:
7095:
6873:
6770:
6723:(1 ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.
5561:from the original on October 18, 2017
4986:
4710:
4606:
4355:
4192:
4152:
3745:
3251:
3046:
2895:
2745:
2668:
2624: – Type of written communication
2521:Neighborhood effect averaging problem
1904:In a 2016 paper within this journal,
1676:
1346:
44:
25:
8509:
7833:
7525:Karan, P.P.; Mather, Cotton (2000).
7481:
7033:. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
6625:
6229:
6157:
6135:
6089:
6004:
5868:. Taylor & Francis. p. xi.
4609:"The George F. Jenks Map Collection"
4231:Bamford, C. G; Robinson, H. (1986).
3177:Handbook of Mathematical Geosciences
2999:
2976:
2950:
2939:
2860:
2854:
2791:
2772:
2517:Uncertain geographic context problem
2386:Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
2340:
1948:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
1764:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
1514:reconnaissance/surveillance aircraft
1435:
1118:{\displaystyle -1/(N-1)\simeq -0.04}
17:
8521:
7680:American Association of Geographers
7652:American Association of Geographers
7057:Northwest Missouri State University
5091:Krawczyk, Artur (9 November 2022).
4947:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402008.x
4900:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x
4439:"Geography and Technical Education"
4209:. "Geographia Technica" Association
3845:
3815:Four Centuries of Special Geography
3650:Analysis of Frequency Distributions
3647:Gardiner, V.; Gardiner, G. (1979).
3271:10.56201/ijssmr.v9.no8.2023.pg18.28
3252:Bello, Innocent E. (October 2023).
3008:
2476:– influential in spatial statistics
2391:Northwest Missouri State University
1671:Galileo navigation satellite system
1332:International Geographical Congress
1322:as "technical geography themes of
135:
104:
7700:Greiner, Lynn (17 December 2007).
7229:"U of Saskatchewan to U of Regina"
6805:Collins, Eric (15 February 2016).
6539:"The Four Traditions of Geography"
6450:National Research Council (1997).
6210:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2002.tb00748.x
6192:Schuurman, Nadine (28 June 2008).
6019:10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10691-2
5669:10.1016/B978-0-12-813127-5.00006-0
5535:from the original on June 24, 2020
5137:Aerophotography and Aerosurverying
4569:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1958.tb01562.x
4537:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1955.tb01671.x
4318:
3885:"Cartography in Islamic Societies"
3004:(2 ed.). London: Edward Cave.
1667:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
1649:GPS constellation system animation
966:
156:
136:
8565:
4746:(1 ed.). SAGE Publications.
4698:The Dictionary of Human Geography
4340:The Dictionary of Human Geography
4256:A Secondary Schoolmaster (1917).
3792:
3729:An Introduction to Time-Geography
3622:Mathematics of Statistics, Part 1
3154:(1 ed.). Univ of Wisconsin.
2594: – Amateur-focused geography
1769:
1495:
60:. The present address (URL) is a
8520:
8508:
8496:
8485:
8484:
8460:International Geography Olympiad
7693:
7407:
6824:
6712:
6443:
6172:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.00432.x
5733:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2008.00731.x
2838:The Philosophy of Geo-Ontologies
2462:List of Graeco-Roman geographers
2276:
2260:
2244:
2228:
2212:
2196:
2180:
2164:
2148:
2122:
2106:
2090:
2074:
2058:
2042:
2026:
2010:
1994:
1978:
1784:was coined by Swedish scientist
1473:Tobler's second law of geography
1399:Michigan-Wisconsin Boundary Case
957:
7779:. University of Chicago Press.
7727:Great Minds in Regional Science
7441:Journal of Geographical Systems
6853:
6754:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0680
5828:
5792:
5707:Haggett, Peter (16 July 2008).
5700:
5648:
5547:
5517:
5485:
5434:
5240:
5186:
4980:
4970:Journal of Geographical Systems
4961:
4674:
4580:
4548:
4516:
4484:
4430:
4331:
4249:
3625:(3rd ed.). Princeton, NJ:
3559:Geo-spatial Information Science
3370:
3333:
3077:
1968:
1891:
1825:Emergence of critical geography
1469:Tobler's first law of geography
1341:
931:
8173:Geographic information science
7673:"MICHAEL DEMERS (2010 WINNER)"
7344:University of Southern Alabama
7319:University of Southern Alabama
6360:"Geographia Technica Volume 1"
5759:Journal of English Linguistics
4597:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4577:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4545:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4513:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4427:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4086:Scottish Geographical Magazine
3891:. Elsevier. pp. 414–427.
3477:Goodchild, Michael F. (1986).
2567:Areography (geography of Mars)
2331:
2318:geographic information science
2297:
2173:Geographic information systems
2035:Geographic information science
1803:Geographic Information Science
1797:Geographic Information Science
1695:geographic information science
1565:Geographic information systems
1103:
1091:
918:geographic information science
517:Geographic information science
13:
1:
8279:Geographic information system
7365:"Technical Geography Courses"
7157:University of Mary Washington
7082:South Dakota State University
5349:Goodchild, Michael F (2010).
5248:"The 50th Anniversary of GIS"
4788:10.1080/00167428.2021.1906670
3580:10.1080/10095020.2019.1643609
3179:. SpringerOpen. p. 589.
2954:GEOGRAPHY – Vol. I: Geography
2661:
2515:– geographer that coined the
2416:University of Mary Washington
2401:South Dakota State University
1592:geographic information system
1388:American Geographical Society
628:Geographic information system
8206:Environmental social science
7735:10.1007/978-3-030-46157-7_12
7261:. University of Saskatchewan
6931:"Geography Program: Degrees"
6590:Science China Earth Sciences
6399:(15 ed.). McGraw Hill.
5977:10.1080/13658816.2012.674529
5195:"Automation and Cartography"
4587:Hartshorne, Richard (1959).
3386:European Real Estate Society
1780:In the late 1980s, the term
1734:
1555:Computer cartography and GIS
1153:
555:Environmental social science
92:(Altered doi-broken-date. |
49:(Altered doi-broken-date. |
7:
7645:"MEI-PO KWAN (2022 WINNER)"
7282:"Mosquitoes and Map Design"
6501:Progress in Human Geography
5381:McElvaney, Shannon (2012).
4121:Hubbard, George D. (1908).
4031:Hurlbut, George C. (1890).
2604:Scientific Geography Series
2559:
2436:University of South Alabama
1955:What is technical geography
1766:under technical geography.
1669:, and the European Union's
1256:St John's Gate, Clerkenwell
1202:Early history and etymology
1175:Cartographic generalization
1169:Cartographic generalization
783:Non-representational theory
24:of this page, as edited by
10:
8570:
7581:10.1559/152304097782438764
7461:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w
7369:Portland Community college
7315:"Geography Advising Guide"
7132:Tennessee State University
6537:Pattison, William (1964).
6311:Environment and Planning A
6092:Environment and Planning A
6055:Environment and Planning A
5420:10.1109/JPROC.2008.2006090
5032:10.1559/152304000783547821
3598:(1 ed.). Esri Press.
3319:. London: Academic Press.
2836:Tambassi, Timothy (2021).
2455:
2441:Portland Community College
2431:University of Saskatchewan
2411:Tennessee State University
2293:Controversy, and criticism
1945:
1930:
1828:
1800:
1773:
1738:
1719:
1638:
1558:
1499:
1439:
1412:
1194:
1190:
1172:
1157:
970:
912:, differentiating it from
8480:
8437:
8406:
8369:
8321:Global Positioning System
8247:
8238:
8196:
8148:
8009:
7884:
7877:
7844:
7488:Cartographic Perspectives
7280:Petroniro, Elise (2006).
6960:Everett Community College
6881:"Department of Geography"
6602:10.1007/s11430-021-9857-5
6563:10.1080/00221346408985265
6429:(6th ed.). Pearson.
6397:Introduction to Geography
6005:Peet, J. Richard (2020).
5635:10.1080/00045600802471049
5593:. Sage Publications Ltd.
4613:Cartographic Perspectives
4607:White, Travis M. (2018).
4419:10.1080/00045604509357271
4153:Tower, Walter S. (1910).
4098:10.1080/00369220208733393
4006:School and Home Education
3963:Martin, Lawrence (1930).
3436:Ormeling, Ferjan (2009).
3032:10.1061/JUPDDM.UPENG-4432
2914:The Geographical Bulletin
2875:10.36962/GBSSJAR/59.3.004
2371:Everett Community College
2221:Global Positioning System
1655:Global Positioning System
1641:Global Positioning System
1635:Global Positioning System
1518:Along with computers and
1483:20th century technologies
670:Global Positioning System
223:Environmental determinism
7482:Roth, Robert E. (2010).
7209:. University of Peshawar
7107:Southern Utah University
6513:10.1177/0309132506070191
5841:. CRC Press. p. 4.
5810:DeMers, Michael (2009).
5771:10.1177/0075424215620279
4591:. Chicago: Rand McNally.
4443:The Geographical Journal
4012:(1): 108. September 1889
3883:Brentjes, Sonja (2009).
3812:Sitwell, O.F.G. (1993).
3150:Monmonier, Mark (1985).
3063:. 14(1):1–13 (1): 1–13.
2840:(2 ed.). Springer.
2631:
2406:Southern Utah University
1961:and technology like the
1477:Arbia's law of geography
1266:, including concepts of
1014:{\displaystyle w_{ij}=1}
45:20:02, 19 September 2024
8549:Technical communication
8429:National mapping agency
8394:Survey (human research)
8336:Participant observation
7010:Jacksonville University
6860:Babeș-Bolyai University
5951:Reitsma, Femke (2013).
5460:10.21163/GT_2020.151.05
5408:Proceedings of the IEEE
4235:. Prentice Hall Press.
4080:Holdich, T. H. (1902).
3594:Mitchell, Andy (2005).
3480:Spatial Autocorrelation
3356:10.1023/A:1023239606028
3200:Holler, Joseph (2019).
3070:10.21163/GT_2019.141.01
2765:10.21163/GT_2016.111.01
2610:Technical communication
2587:Map communication model
2533:Michael Frank Goodchild
2452:Influential geographers
2396:Oregon State University
2381:Jacksonville University
2351:Babeș-Bolyai University
1809:Michael Frank Goodchild
1415:Quantitative revolution
1409:Quantitative revolution
1403:Oregon State University
743:Survey (human research)
685:Participant observation
233:Quantitative revolution
8419:Geographical societies
8216:Landscape architecture
7721:Getis, Arthur (2020).
7394:Weber State University
7235:. University of Regina
7182:University of Maryland
6981:"Careers in Geography"
6856:"Faculty of Geography"
6049:Castree, Noel (2000).
5364:10.5311/JOSIS.2010.1.2
5283:10.3138/carto.42.3.235
5193:Tobler, Waldo (1959).
5152:Geography from the Air
5135:Bagley, James (1941).
4882:Tobler, Waldo (2004).
4812:Tobler, Waldo (1970).
4711:Baker, Robert (2009).
4356:Jenks, George (1953).
3928:. BRILL. p. 804.
3727:Thrift, Nigel (1977).
3702:Taylor, Peter (2009).
3677:Thrift, Nigel (2009).
3290:"Map Printing Methods"
3288:Fitzgerald, Joseph H.
2877:(inactive 2024-09-19).
2582:History of cartography
2446:Weber State University
2426:University of Peshawar
2421:University of Maryland
2314:quantitative geography
2115:Quantitative geography
1920:
1722:quantitative geography
1716:Quantitative geography
1713:
1683:quantitative geography
1650:
1624:
1577:
1541:
1515:
1490:analytical cartography
1451:
1369:
1286:
1231:
1215:
1160:Frequency (statistics)
1134:
1126:
1119:
1055:
1035:
1015:
914:quantitative geography
756:Theoretical Approaches
565:Landscape architecture
213:History of cartography
161:
8211:Environmental studies
8183:Statistical geography
8064:Environmental science
6232:"A View of Geography"
5713:Geographical Analysis
5168:Jensen, John (2016).
3627:Van Nostrand Reinhold
3539:10536/DRO/DU:30135712
3529:10.1093/beheco/arz180
3449:UNESCO. p. 482.
3000:Cave, Edward (1749).
2746:Haidu, Ionel (2016).
2131:Qualitative geography
2067:Statistical geography
1910:
1699:
1661:, including Russia's
1648:
1611:
1572:
1528:
1509:
1449:
1354:
1276:
1221:
1209:
1132:
1120:
1056:
1036:
1016:
980:
948:real estate appraisal
910:qualitative geography
560:Environmental studies
527:Statistical geography
160:
8424:Geoscience societies
8389:Interview (research)
8361:Land change modeling
8262:Computer cartography
8240:Techniques and tools
8098:Earth system science
7053:"Major in Geography"
6626:Mark, David (2003).
6543:Journal of Geography
6230:Tuan, Yi-Fu (1991).
5663:. pp. 159–178.
5118:10.3390/ijgi11110557
4033:"Geographical notes"
3343:Mathematical Geology
3317:Mining Geostatistics
2951:Sala, Maria (2009).
2792:Sala, Maria (2009).
2139:Techniques and tools
1878:Stewart Fotheringham
1835:Critical cartography
1659:Satellite navigation
1561:Computer cartography
1197:History of geography
1144:Getis–Ord statistics
1077:
1045:
1025:
989:
738:Interview (research)
710:Land change modeling
611:Computer cartography
545:Integrated geography
218:Historical geography
186:History of geography
8554:Technical geography
8470:Spatial citizenship
8455:Geographers on Film
8445:Geography education
8055:Atmospheric science
7573:1997CGISy..24...56M
7453:2022JGS....24..281F
6690:1985EnPlB..12..493G
6555:1964JGeog..63..211P
6367:Geographia Technica
6323:1998EnPlA..30..225H
6248:1991GeoRv..81...99T
6236:Geographical Review
6198:Canadian Geographer
6104:2000EnPlA..32..951P
6067:2000EnPlA..32..955C
6007:"Radical Geography"
5969:2013IJGIS..27..211R
5725:2008GeoAn..40..336H
5505:on February 6, 2009
5447:Geographia Technica
5313:1991EnPlA..23..621O
5211:1959GeoRv..49..526T
5199:Geographical Review
5150:Walker, F. (1953).
5109:2022IJGI...11..557K
5024:2000CGISc..27..195C
4776:Geographical Review
4455:1958GeogJ.124..232.
4207:Geographia Technica
4123:"College Geography"
3571:2019GSIS...22..166G
3218:2019ISPAr4214...99H
3060:Geographia Technica
2752:Geographia Technica
2489:Ferjan Ormeling Jr.
2458:List of geographers
2309:technical geography
1899:Geographia Technica
1421:spatial information
1394:Geographical Review
1304:Islamic geographers
1268:cartographic design
887:spatial information
879:Technical geography
492:Technical geography
144:Part of a series on
111:← Previous revision
8351:Statistical survey
8301:Geologic modelling
8140:Quaternary science
7707:The Globe and Mail
7103:"Geography at SUU"
4989:Teaching Geography
4821:Economic Geography
4626:10.14714/CP91.1516
4306:. pp. 153–164
4262:The English Review
4127:Educational Review
3846:Gee, Emma (2020).
3516:Behavioral Ecology
2794:Geography Volume I
2468:Anne Kelly Knowles
1959:information theory
1858:feminist geography
1850:Marxist philosophy
1842:critical geography
1831:Critical geography
1677:New Subdisciplines
1651:
1590:created the first
1578:
1516:
1452:
1382:physical geography
1378:regional geography
1370:
1347:Early 20th century
1246:", from the Greek
1238:", from the Greek
1232:
1216:
1135:
1127:
1115:
1051:
1031:
1011:
952:information theory
898:physical geography
810:Post-structuralism
700:Statistical survey
650:Geologic modelling
479:Quaternary science
381:Physical geography
238:Critical geography
228:Regional geography
162:
8536:
8535:
8402:
8401:
8234:
8233:
8221:Landscape ecology
8041:Coastal geography
7744:978-3-030-46157-7
7501:10.14714/CP66.104
7128:"Geography Minor"
6985:Grossmont College
6935:College of DuPage
6463:978-0-309-05199-6
6406:978-1-259-57000-1
6295:978-3-319-53825-9
6028:978-0-08-102296-2
5937:978-0-89291-267-4
5821:978-0-470-12906-7
5600:978-0-7619-5948-9
5414:(12): 1902–1917.
5179:978-0-13-405816-0
4726:978-1-84826-960-6
4258:"A Reform School"
4002:"Art of Teaching"
3935:978-90-04-51337-2
3898:978-0-08-044911-1
3713:978-1-4051-9146-3
3688:978-1-4051-9146-3
3456:978-1-84826-960-6
3186:978-3-319-78998-9
2847:978-3-030-78144-6
2807:978-1-84826-960-6
2622:Technical writing
2616:Technical drawing
2598:Planetary science
2376:Grossmont College
2366:College of DuPage
2341:Academic programs
1862:radical geography
1854:Marxist geography
1747:Bernard Dubuisson
1609:Openshaw stated:
1442:Laws of geography
1436:Laws of geography
1374:George D. Hubbard
1361:St. Martin Island
1054:{\displaystyle i}
1034:{\displaystyle j}
881:is the branch of
876:
875:
724:
723:
602:
601:
570:Landscape ecology
464:Landscape ecology
426:Coastal geography
8561:
8524:
8523:
8512:
8511:
8500:
8488:
8487:
8316:Geovisualization
8245:
8244:
8188:Spatial analysis
8073:Paleoclimatology
7882:
7881:
7828:
7821:
7814:
7805:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7697:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7677:
7669:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7649:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7616:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7556:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7522:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7508:
7503:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7417:. Archived from
7411:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7340:"GEO Curriculum"
7336:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7286:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7233:transfer credits
7225:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6811:Geomatics Canada
6802:
6793:
6792:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6623:
6614:
6613:
6585:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6534:
6525:
6524:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6422:
6411:
6410:
6392:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6364:
6356:
6343:
6342:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6189:
6176:
6175:
6155:
6146:
6145:
6133:
6124:
6123:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5923:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5807:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5614:
5605:
5604:
5586:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5501:. Archived from
5489:
5483:
5482:
5472:
5462:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5378:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5346:
5333:
5332:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5165:
5156:
5155:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5103:(11): Krawczyk.
5088:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4930:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4879:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4851:. Archived from
4818:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4353:
4344:
4343:
4335:
4329:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4150:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4077:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3960:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3797:. Archived from
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3758:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3655:
3644:
3631:
3630:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3531:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3485:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3444:
3433:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3292:. Archived from
3285:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3249:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3147:
3128:
3127:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2959:
2948:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2878:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2833:
2812:
2811:
2789:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2743:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2572:
2555:law of geography
2280:
2264:
2248:
2232:
2216:
2205:Geovisualization
2200:
2184:
2168:
2152:
2126:
2110:
2094:
2083:Spatial analysis
2078:
2062:
2046:
2030:
2014:
1998:
1982:
1918:
1711:
1622:
1539:
1386:Bulletin of the
1284:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1090:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1021:for neighbours
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1004:
1003:
868:
861:
854:
715:
714:
665:Geovisualization
593:
592:
532:Spatial analysis
417:Paleoclimatology
208:Age of Discovery
141:
140:
123:Newer revision →
101:
90:
69:
67:current revision
59:
58:
46:
42:
41:
8569:
8568:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8559:
8558:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8532:
8476:
8433:
8398:
8365:
8284:Distributed GIS
8230:
8192:
8144:
8077:Palaeogeography
8005:
7873:
7840:
7832:
7802:
7801:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7771:
7767:
7757:
7755:
7745:
7719:
7715:
7698:
7694:
7684:
7682:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7656:
7654:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7628:
7626:
7618:
7617:
7610:
7600:
7598:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7557:
7553:
7543:
7541:
7539:
7523:
7516:
7506:
7504:
7480:
7476:
7437:
7433:
7424:
7422:
7413:
7412:
7408:
7398:
7396:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7371:
7363:
7362:
7358:
7348:
7346:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7323:
7321:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7298:
7296:
7284:
7278:
7274:
7264:
7262:
7253:
7252:
7248:
7238:
7236:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7212:
7210:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7186:
7184:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7161:
7159:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7136:
7134:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7111:
7109:
7101:
7100:
7096:
7086:
7084:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7061:
7059:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7036:
7034:
7029:
7028:
7024:
7014:
7012:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6989:
6987:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6964:
6962:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6939:
6937:
6929:
6928:
6924:
6914:
6912:
6910:Century College
6904:
6903:
6899:
6889:
6887:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6864:
6862:
6852:
6848:
6829:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6775:
6771:
6764:
6742:
6738:
6731:
6717:
6713:
6698:10.1068/b120493
6673:
6669:
6662:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6638:
6624:
6617:
6586:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6535:
6528:
6497:
6493:
6486:Surveying World
6482:
6478:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6423:
6414:
6407:
6393:
6386:
6376:
6374:
6362:
6358:
6357:
6346:
6331:10.1068/a300225
6307:
6303:
6296:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6266:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6190:
6179:
6156:
6149:
6134:
6127:
6088:
6084:
6047:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6003:
5999:
5989:
5987:
5963:(13): 211–221.
5949:
5945:
5938:
5924:
5915:
5905:
5903:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5833:
5829:
5822:
5808:
5804:
5797:
5793:
5783:
5781:
5751:
5747:
5737:
5735:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5679:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5637:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5587:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5439:
5435:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5379:
5372:
5347:
5336:
5321:10.1068/a230621
5297:
5290:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5229:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5166:
5159:
5148:
5144:
5133:
5126:
5089:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5004:
5000:
4985:
4981:
4966:
4962:
4931:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4880:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4858:on 8 March 2019
4855:
4816:
4810:
4803:
4772:
4768:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4709:
4705:
4694:
4690:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4648:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4605:
4601:
4585:
4581:
4553:
4549:
4521:
4517:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4463:10.2307/1790251
4435:
4431:
4403:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4374:10.2307/2560899
4354:
4347:
4336:
4332:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4295:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4229:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4183:
4181:
4165:(11): 801–825.
4151:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4119:
4112:
4102:
4100:
4092:(10): 505–525.
4078:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3961:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3920:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3881:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3810:
3806:
3801:on 6 July 2006.
3793:Frenz, Thomas.
3791:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3653:
3645:
3634:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3592:
3588:
3551:
3547:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3483:
3475:
3464:
3457:
3442:
3434:
3393:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3286:
3279:
3250:
3235:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3148:
3131:
3124:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3051:
3047:
3016:
3009:
2998:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2909:
2903:
2896:
2880:
2879:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2834:
2815:
2808:
2790:
2773:
2744:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2570:
2562:
2539:Roger Tomlinson
2495:George F. Jenks
2464:
2456:Main articles:
2454:
2361:Century College
2343:
2334:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1971:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1919:
1916:
1894:
1886:anti-scientific
1846:critical theory
1837:
1829:Main articles:
1827:
1805:
1799:
1786:Kjell Samuelson
1778:
1772:
1743:
1737:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1679:
1643:
1637:
1623:
1617:
1588:Roger Tomlinson
1567:
1559:Main articles:
1557:
1540:
1536:James W. Bagley
1534:
1504:
1498:
1485:
1444:
1438:
1417:
1411:
1349:
1344:
1312:Kitab al-Buldan
1285:
1282:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1026:
1023:
1022:
996:
992:
990:
987:
986:
975:
973:Autocorrelation
969:
967:Autocorrelation
960:
939:Information Age
934:
894:human geography
872:
822:
821:
758:
748:
747:
633:Distributed GIS
590:
580:
579:
547:
537:
536:
494:
484:
483:
421:Palaeogeography
383:
373:
372:
253:
251:Human geography
243:
242:
188:
139:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
115:Latest revision
103:
102:
91:
80:
78:
65:
48:
31:
29:
12:
11:
5:
8567:
8557:
8556:
8551:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8530:
8518:
8506:
8494:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8410:
8408:
8404:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8375:
8373:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8346:Remote sensing
8343:
8341:Photogrammetry
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8306:Geomathematics
8303:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8276:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8264:
8253:
8251:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8226:Time geography
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8202:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8168:Geoinformatics
8165:
8160:
8154:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8123:
8114:
8109:
8100:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8084:
8079:
8066:
8061:
8047:
8038:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8029:Phytogeography
8026:
8015:
8013:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7890:
7888:
7879:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7831:
7830:
7823:
7816:
7808:
7800:
7799:
7786:978-0226152127
7785:
7765:
7743:
7713:
7692:
7664:
7636:
7608:
7586:
7551:
7537:
7514:
7494:(66): 91–101.
7474:
7447:(3): 281–283.
7431:
7406:
7381:
7356:
7331:
7306:
7272:
7246:
7220:
7203:"introduction"
7194:
7169:
7144:
7119:
7094:
7069:
7044:
7022:
6997:
6972:
6947:
6922:
6897:
6872:
6846:
6823:
6794:
6787:
6769:
6762:
6736:
6729:
6711:
6684:(4): 493–496.
6667:
6660:
6643:
6636:
6615:
6596:(2): 379–382.
6575:
6549:(5): 211–216.
6526:
6507:(5): 675–677.
6491:
6476:
6462:
6442:
6436:978-0321843333
6435:
6412:
6405:
6384:
6344:
6317:(2): 225–234.
6301:
6294:
6276:
6256:10.2307/215179
6222:
6204:(3): 258–265.
6177:
6166:(4): 756–763.
6147:
6125:
6112:10.1068/a32202
6098:(6): 951–953.
6082:
6061:(6): 955–970.
6041:
6027:
5997:
5943:
5936:
5913:
5888:
5874:
5854:
5847:
5827:
5820:
5802:
5791:
5745:
5719:(3): 336–352.
5699:
5677:
5647:
5606:
5599:
5572:
5546:
5516:
5484:
5433:
5398:
5392:978-1589483163
5391:
5385:. Esri Press.
5370:
5334:
5307:(5): 621–628.
5288:
5277:(3): 235–248.
5261:
5239:
5219:10.2307/212211
5205:(4): 526–534.
5185:
5178:
5157:
5142:
5124:
5052:
5018:(3): 195–204.
4998:
4979:
4960:
4941:(2): 300–303.
4920:
4894:(2): 304–310.
4869:
4833:10.2307/143141
4801:
4782:(4): 591–607.
4766:
4752:
4732:
4725:
4703:
4688:
4673:
4639:
4599:
4579:
4547:
4515:
4483:
4449:(2): 232–234.
4429:
4394:
4368:(4): 317–331.
4345:
4330:
4317:
4286:
4268:(7): 331–337.
4248:
4241:
4220:
4191:
4171:10.2307/199630
4140:
4110:
4069:
4049:10.2307/196643
4023:
3993:
3975:(3): 105–163.
3948:
3934:
3911:
3897:
3872:
3858:
3838:
3824:
3804:
3785:
3744:
3737:
3719:
3712:
3694:
3687:
3669:
3662:
3632:
3611:
3605:978-1589481169
3604:
3586:
3565:(3): 166–173.
3545:
3522:(1): 222–231.
3499:
3492:
3462:
3455:
3391:
3369:
3350:(2): 195–215.
3332:
3325:
3307:
3296:on 4 June 2007
3277:
3233:
3192:
3185:
3167:
3160:
3129:
3122:
3104:
3076:
3045:
3007:
2975:
2938:
2894:
2853:
2846:
2813:
2806:
2771:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2527:Michael DeMers
2524:
2510:
2507:Mark Monmonier
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:Cynthia Brewer
2477:
2471:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2322:geoinformatics
2310:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2269:Remote sensing
2267:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2253:Photogrammetry
2251:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2099:Time geography
2097:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2019:Geoinformatics
2017:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:World Wide Web
1946:Main article:
1943:
1940:
1931:Main article:
1928:
1925:
1914:
1893:
1890:
1826:
1823:
1801:Main article:
1798:
1795:
1790:Michael DeMers
1782:geoinformatics
1776:geoinformatics
1774:Main article:
1771:
1770:Geoinformatics
1768:
1739:Main article:
1736:
1733:
1729:time geography
1720:Main article:
1717:
1714:
1708:Artur Krawczyk
1704:
1691:geoinformatics
1678:
1675:
1639:Main article:
1636:
1633:
1615:
1606:Mark Monmonier
1556:
1553:
1532:
1502:Remote sensing
1500:Main article:
1497:
1496:Remote sensing
1494:
1484:
1481:
1440:Main article:
1437:
1434:
1413:Main article:
1410:
1407:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1291:remote sensing
1280:
1212:Czech Republic
1203:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1185:World Wide Web
1173:Main article:
1170:
1167:
1158:Main article:
1155:
1152:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1050:
1030:
1010:
1007:
1002:
999:
995:
971:Main article:
968:
965:
959:
956:
933:
930:
926:geoinformatics
874:
873:
871:
870:
863:
856:
848:
845:
844:
843:
842:
837:
832:
824:
823:
820:
819:
818:
817:
815:Deconstruction
812:
802:
801:
800:
795:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
759:
754:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
722:
721:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
695:Remote Sensing
692:
690:Photogrammetry
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
655:Geomathematics
652:
647:
646:
645:
640:
635:
625:
620:
619:
618:
613:
600:
599:
591:
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
575:Time geography
572:
567:
562:
557:
548:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
512:Geoinformatics
509:
504:
495:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
423:
410:
409:
408:
403:
401:Phytogeography
398:
384:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
254:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
189:
184:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
172:
164:
163:
153:
152:
146:
145:
137:
76:
62:permanent link
27:
16:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8566:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8529:
8528:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8507:
8505:
8504:
8499:
8495:
8493:
8492:
8483:
8482:
8479:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8436:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8372:
8368:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8311:Geostatistics
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8274:Geochronology
8272:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8203:
8201:
8199:
8195:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8147:
8141:
8138:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8104:
8103:Geomorphology
8101:
8099:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8050:Earth science
8048:
8046:
8042:
8039:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7883:
7880:
7876:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7843:
7839:
7836:
7829:
7824:
7822:
7817:
7815:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7788:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7769:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7717:
7709:
7708:
7703:
7696:
7681:
7674:
7668:
7653:
7646:
7640:
7625:
7621:
7615:
7613:
7596:
7590:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7555:
7540:
7538:0-9643841-1-6
7534:
7530:
7529:
7521:
7519:
7502:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7478:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7435:
7421:on 2015-12-08
7420:
7416:
7410:
7395:
7391:
7385:
7370:
7366:
7360:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7294:
7290:
7283:
7276:
7260:
7256:
7250:
7234:
7230:
7224:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7183:
7179:
7173:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7133:
7129:
7123:
7108:
7104:
7098:
7083:
7079:
7073:
7058:
7054:
7048:
7032:
7026:
7011:
7007:
7001:
6986:
6982:
6976:
6961:
6957:
6951:
6936:
6932:
6926:
6911:
6907:
6901:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6861:
6857:
6850:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6812:
6808:
6801:
6799:
6790:
6788:0-470-87154-7
6784:
6780:
6773:
6765:
6763:9780470659632
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6732:
6726:
6722:
6715:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6671:
6663:
6661:81-7450-518-0
6657:
6653:
6647:
6639:
6637:0-203-00954-1
6633:
6629:
6622:
6620:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6533:
6531:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6487:
6480:
6465:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6446:
6438:
6432:
6428:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6408:
6402:
6398:
6391:
6389:
6372:
6368:
6361:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6305:
6297:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6242:(1): 99–107.
6241:
6237:
6233:
6226:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6154:
6152:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6130:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6086:
6077:
6076:10.1068/a3263
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6045:
6030:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5877:
5875:9781439886885
5871:
5867:
5866:
5858:
5850:
5848:9780203009543
5844:
5840:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5800:
5795:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5678:9780128131275
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5651:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5613:
5611:
5602:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5375:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5295:
5293:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5271:Cartographica
5265:
5249:
5243:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5181:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5162:
5153:
5146:
5138:
5131:
5129:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4806:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4755:
4753:9781412919913
4749:
4745:
4744:
4736:
4728:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4677:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4644:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4566:
4563:(2): 97–108.
4562:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4413:(4): 121–43.
4412:
4408:
4401:
4399:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4350:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4321:
4302:
4301:
4293:
4291:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4244:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4225:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4115:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4074:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3918:
3916:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3861:
3859:9780190670498
3855:
3851:
3850:
3842:
3827:
3825:0-7748-0444-0
3821:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3663:0-902246-98-4
3659:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3504:
3495:
3493:0-86094-223-6
3489:
3486:. Geo Books.
3482:
3481:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3326:0-12-391050-1
3322:
3318:
3311:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3125:
3123:9781107469846
3119:
3115:
3108:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2963:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2651:
2641:
2637:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2550:
2547:– coined the
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2189:Geostatistics
2183:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1924:
1917:Ionel Haidu,
1913:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1620:
1619:Stan Openshaw
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1443:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:, written by
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1228:Martin Behaim
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1048:
1028:
1008:
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
984:
979:
974:
964:
958:Core concepts
955:
953:
949:
945:
940:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
869:
864:
862:
857:
855:
850:
849:
847:
846:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
825:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
806:
805:Postmodernism
803:
799:
796:
794:
793:Structuralism
791:
790:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
757:
752:
751:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
720:
717:
716:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
660:Geostatistics
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
626:
624:
623:Geochronology
621:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
603:
598:
595:
594:
589:
584:
583:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
498:
493:
488:
487:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
445:Geomorphology
443:
441:
438:
436:
435:Earth science
433:
431:
427:
424:
422:
418:
414:
411:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
388:
387:
382:
377:
376:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
252:
247:
246:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
187:
182:
181:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
159:
155:
154:
151:
148:
147:
143:
142:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
99:
95:
88:
84:
79:
72:
71:
68:
63:
56:
52:
39:
35:
30:
23:
8525:
8513:
8501:
8489:
8450:Geo-literacy
8407:Institutions
8289:Internet GIS
8249:Quantitative
8149:
8126:Soil science
8045:Oceanography
8034:Zoogeography
8019:Biogeography
7894:Agricultural
7790:. Retrieved
7775:
7768:
7756:. Retrieved
7726:
7716:
7705:
7695:
7683:. Retrieved
7679:
7667:
7655:. Retrieved
7651:
7639:
7627:. Retrieved
7623:
7599:. Retrieved
7589:
7567:(1): 56–59.
7564:
7560:
7554:
7542:. Retrieved
7527:
7505:. Retrieved
7491:
7487:
7477:
7444:
7440:
7434:
7423:. Retrieved
7419:the original
7409:
7399:29 September
7397:. Retrieved
7393:
7384:
7372:. Retrieved
7368:
7359:
7349:29 September
7347:. Retrieved
7343:
7334:
7324:29 September
7322:. Retrieved
7318:
7309:
7297:. Retrieved
7292:
7288:
7275:
7263:. Retrieved
7258:
7249:
7237:. Retrieved
7232:
7223:
7211:. Retrieved
7206:
7197:
7185:. Retrieved
7181:
7172:
7162:29 September
7160:. Retrieved
7156:
7147:
7137:29 September
7135:. Retrieved
7131:
7122:
7112:29 September
7110:. Retrieved
7106:
7097:
7085:. Retrieved
7081:
7072:
7060:. Retrieved
7056:
7047:
7035:. Retrieved
7025:
7013:. Retrieved
7009:
7000:
6988:. Retrieved
6984:
6975:
6963:. Retrieved
6959:
6950:
6938:. Retrieved
6934:
6925:
6915:29 September
6913:. Retrieved
6909:
6900:
6890:29 September
6888:. Retrieved
6884:
6875:
6863:. Retrieved
6859:
6854:Man, Titus.
6849:
6840:
6836:
6826:
6814:. Retrieved
6810:
6778:
6772:
6745:
6739:
6720:
6714:
6681:
6677:
6670:
6651:
6646:
6627:
6593:
6589:
6566:. Retrieved
6546:
6542:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6485:
6479:
6467:. Retrieved
6452:
6445:
6426:
6396:
6375:. Retrieved
6370:
6366:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6285:
6279:
6267:. Retrieved
6239:
6235:
6225:
6213:. Retrieved
6201:
6197:
6163:
6159:
6141:
6137:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6032:. Retrieved
6010:
6000:
5988:. Retrieved
5960:
5956:
5946:
5927:
5904:. Retrieved
5900:
5891:
5879:. Retrieved
5864:
5857:
5837:
5830:
5811:
5805:
5794:
5782:. Retrieved
5762:
5758:
5748:
5736:. Retrieved
5716:
5712:
5702:
5690:. Retrieved
5660:
5650:
5638:. Retrieved
5629:(1): 49–75.
5626:
5622:
5590:
5565:December 17,
5563:. Retrieved
5549:
5537:. Retrieved
5528:
5519:
5509:December 26,
5507:. Retrieved
5503:the original
5496:
5487:
5470:10447/401186
5453:(1): 43–69.
5450:
5446:
5436:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5382:
5354:
5304:
5300:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5252:. Retrieved
5242:
5230:. Retrieved
5202:
5198:
5188:
5169:
5151:
5145:
5136:
5100:
5096:
5043:. Retrieved
5015:
5011:
5001:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4938:
4934:
4911:. Retrieved
4891:
4887:
4860:. Retrieved
4853:the original
4824:
4820:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4757:. Retrieved
4742:
4735:
4712:
4706:
4697:
4691:
4682:
4676:
4664:. Retrieved
4659:
4655:
4630:. Retrieved
4616:
4612:
4602:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4574:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4542:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4510:
4499:(1): 108–9.
4496:
4492:
4486:
4474:. Retrieved
4446:
4442:
4432:
4424:
4410:
4406:
4385:. Retrieved
4365:
4361:
4339:
4333:
4320:
4310:29 September
4308:. Retrieved
4299:
4277:. Retrieved
4265:
4261:
4251:
4232:
4211:. Retrieved
4206:
4182:. Retrieved
4162:
4158:
4131:. Retrieved
4126:
4101:. Retrieved
4089:
4085:
4060:. Retrieved
4040:
4036:
4026:
4014:. Retrieved
4009:
4005:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3972:
3968:
3939:. Retrieved
3924:
3902:. Retrieved
3888:
3863:. Retrieved
3848:
3841:
3829:. Retrieved
3814:
3807:
3799:the original
3788:
3776:. Retrieved
3764:
3761:E-perimetron
3760:
3747:
3738:0-90224667-4
3728:
3722:
3703:
3697:
3678:
3672:
3649:
3621:
3614:
3595:
3589:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3519:
3515:
3479:
3438:
3385:
3372:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3316:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3294:the original
3264:(8): 18–28.
3261:
3257:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3176:
3170:
3151:
3113:
3107:
3095:. Retrieved
3086:
3079:
3058:
3048:
3023:
3019:
3001:
2966:. Retrieved
2953:
2929:. Retrieved
2917:
2913:
2883:cite journal
2866:
2862:
2856:
2837:
2793:
2755:
2751:
2650:
2640:
2592:Neogeography
2545:Waldo Tobler
2501:Ibn al-Faqih
2474:Arthur Getis
2344:
2335:
2326:
2301:
1969:Sub-branches
1954:
1951:
1936:
1921:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1892:21st century
1882:William Graf
1870:
1838:
1818:Duane Marble
1806:
1779:
1744:
1725:
1700:
1680:
1652:
1625:
1612:
1599:
1583:Waldo Tobler
1579:
1545:World War II
1542:
1529:
1517:
1486:
1464:Waldo Tobler
1453:
1429:George Jenks
1425:World War II
1418:
1392:
1385:
1371:
1342:20th century
1316:Ibn al-Faqih
1295:Eratosthenes
1287:
1277:
1233:
1182:
1178:
1163:
1148:
1136:
1070:
1066:
1062:
961:
935:
932:Fundamentals
906:
891:
878:
877:
638:Internet GIS
597:Quantitative
549:
496:
491:
430:Oceanography
406:Zoogeography
391:Biogeography
385:
261:Agricultural
255:
193:Graeco-Roman
94:Use this bot
77:Citation bot
51:Use this bot
28:Citation bot
22:old revision
19:
18:
8527:WikiProject
8379:Ethnography
8371:Qualitative
8331:Map algebra
8326:Hydrography
8267:Web mapping
8257:Cartography
8069:Climatology
8059:Meteorology
7914:Development
7685:11 February
7657:11 February
7390:"Geography"
7153:"Geography"
7015:25 November
6956:"Geography"
6906:"Geography"
6013:: 197–205.
5765:(1): 4–33.
5498:Inside GNSS
4827:: 234–240.
4476:30 December
4043:: 599–620.
3941:14 December
2968:30 December
2513:Mei-Po Kwan
2484:ColorBrewer
2332:Gender bias
2298:Ontological
2237:Map algebra
2157:Cartography
1906:Ionel Haidu
1874:Peter Gould
1524:World War I
1456:idiographic
1365:Fish Island
1357:Rock Island
1320:Henri Massé
1252:Edward Cave
1073:near 0 (or
840:Geographers
728:Ethnography
719:Qualitative
680:Map algebra
675:Hydrography
616:Web mapping
606:Cartography
459:Hydrography
413:Climatology
281:Development
98:Report bugs
55:Report bugs
20:This is an
8543:Categories
8384:Geopoetics
8198:Integrated
8134:Edaphology
8112:Glaciology
8087:Geophysics
8082:Geobiology
7969:Settlement
7959:Population
7929:Historical
7899:Behavioral
7859:Philosophy
7792:5 February
7758:13 January
7544:24 January
7507:2 February
7425:2015-12-03
7374:28 January
7299:30 January
7265:30 January
7239:30 January
7213:30 January
7187:28 January
7087:28 January
6990:11 October
6965:11 October
6940:11 October
6843:: 465–467.
6730:0761959483
5990:20 January
5738:3 February
5692:3 February
5557:. dw.com.
5045:25 January
4976:: 123–141.
4666:30 January
4531:: 205–44.
4387:30 January
4279:1 February
4242:0582988845
4184:18 January
4103:1 February
3986:1 February
3904:29 January
3778:24 January
3212:: 99–106.
3161:0299100707
3097:8 November
2869:(3): 1–2.
2662:References
1866:Yi-Fu Tuan
1752:ISO/TC 211
1665:, China's
1596:positivist
1460:nomothetic
1308:Geographia
1272:projection
1195:See also:
763:Behavioral
733:Geopoetics
450:Glaciology
336:Settlement
326:Population
296:Historical
266:Behavioral
8438:Education
8356:Surveying
8178:Geomatics
8158:Geodesign
8150:Technical
8121:Limnology
8117:Hydrology
7996:Strategic
7979:Transport
7954:Political
7944:Marketing
7904:Cognitive
7835:Geography
7753:226747451
7469:250510161
6816:7 January
6706:131269013
6610:243866306
6568:27 August
6521:128681685
6377:1 January
6373:(2). 2006
6339:144335512
6269:5 January
6215:7 January
6120:128738768
5906:8 January
5897:"History"
5784:7 January
5779:130940338
5687:213700891
5479:215889035
5329:131571153
4995:(3): 150.
4796:233620037
4213:1 January
4133:4 January
4129:: 381–400
4016:4 January
3831:4 January
3773:1790-3769
3364:116703619
3040:260653708
2926:2163-5900
2285:Surveying
2051:Geomatics
1987:Geodesign
1745:In 1960,
1741:Geomatics
1735:Geomatics
1687:geomatics
1629:geodesign
1391:(now the
1248:γεωγραφία
1244:geography
1236:technical
1154:Frequency
1140:Moran's I
1110:−
1107:≃
1098:−
1081:−
922:geomatics
883:geography
830:Societies
798:Semiotics
788:Modernism
705:Surveying
522:Geomatics
502:Geodesign
469:Limnology
455:Hydrology
363:Strategic
346:Transport
321:Political
311:Marketing
271:Cognitive
150:Geography
8491:Category
8130:Pedology
8011:Physical
7974:Regional
7964:Religion
7949:Military
7939:Language
7934:Internet
7919:Economic
7909:Cultural
7878:Branches
7849:Glossary
7629:31 March
6748:: 1–11.
6488:: 36–38.
5985:27150014
5881:16 March
5559:Archived
5539:June 24,
5533:Archived
5529:phys.org
5254:18 April
5232:10 March
4955:17912938
4913:10 March
4908:33201684
4849:34085823
4759:27 April
4719:UNESCO.
4270:ProQuest
4062:24 March
3865:20 March
2931:4 August
2800:UNESCO.
2560:See also
2519:and the
1915:—
1908:stated:
1705:—
1616:—
1549:Cold War
1533:—
1328:toponymy
1281:—
1240:τεχνικός
1224:Erdapfel
773:Feminist
768:Critical
474:Pedology
341:Regional
331:Religion
316:Military
306:Language
301:Internet
286:Economic
276:Cultural
87:contribs
38:contribs
8515:Commons
8294:Web GIS
8163:Geodesy
8107:Geology
8091:Geodesy
8024:Ecology
8001:Tourism
7869:Outline
7854:History
7601:May 12,
7569:Bibcode
7449:Bibcode
7259:Geology
6686:Bibcode
6551:Bibcode
6319:Bibcode
6244:Bibcode
6100:Bibcode
6063:Bibcode
5965:Bibcode
5721:Bibcode
5309:Bibcode
5207:Bibcode
5105:Bibcode
5040:7501501
5020:Bibcode
4862:22 July
4632:4 April
4505:2561120
4471:1790251
4451:Bibcode
4382:2560899
4274:2421484
3981:2560596
3567:Bibcode
3214:Bibcode
2758:: 1–5.
2003:Geodesy
1663:GLONASS
1368:(1936).
1336:geodesy
1300:Ptolemy
1191:History
944:kriging
902:Kriging
778:Marxist
643:Web GIS
588:Methods
507:Geodesy
440:Geology
396:Ecology
368:Tourism
203:Islamic
198:Chinese
175:Outline
8503:Portal
7991:Social
7924:Health
7838:topics
7783:
7751:
7741:
7535:
7467:
7037:25 May
6865:5 July
6785:
6760:
6727:
6704:
6658:
6634:
6608:
6519:
6469:21 May
6460:
6433:
6403:
6337:
6292:
6264:215179
6262:
6118:
6034:26 May
6025:
5983:
5934:
5872:
5845:
5818:
5777:
5685:
5675:
5640:28 May
5597:
5477:
5428:838848
5426:
5389:
5327:
5250:. ESRI
5227:212211
5225:
5176:
5038:
4953:
4906:
4847:
4841:143141
4839:
4794:
4750:
4723:
4619:(91).
4503:
4469:
4380:
4272:
4239:
4179:199630
4177:
4057:196643
4055:
3979:
3932:
3895:
3856:
3822:
3771:
3735:
3710:
3685:
3660:
3602:
3490:
3453:
3362:
3323:
3300:9 June
3183:
3158:
3120:
3038:
2964:UNESCO
2924:
2844:
2804:
2553:second
1860:, and
1761:UNESCO
1693:, and
1475:, and
1270:, and
1260:globes
924:, and
550:Fields
497:Fields
386:Fields
358:Social
291:Health
256:Fields
170:Portal
7984:Urban
7886:Human
7864:Index
7749:S2CID
7676:(PDF)
7648:(PDF)
7465:S2CID
7285:(PDF)
7062:9 May
6702:S2CID
6606:S2CID
6517:S2CID
6363:(PDF)
6335:S2CID
6260:JSTOR
6116:S2CID
5981:S2CID
5775:S2CID
5683:S2CID
5475:S2CID
5424:S2CID
5357:(1).
5325:S2CID
5223:JSTOR
5036:S2CID
4951:S2CID
4904:S2CID
4856:(PDF)
4845:S2CID
4837:JSTOR
4817:(PDF)
4792:S2CID
4717:EOLSS
4501:JSTOR
4467:JSTOR
4378:JSTOR
4304:(PDF)
4175:JSTOR
4053:JSTOR
3977:JSTOR
3767:(2).
3757:(PDF)
3654:(PDF)
3484:(PDF)
3447:EOLSS
3443:(PDF)
3382:(PDF)
3360:S2CID
3091:(PDF)
3036:S2CID
3026:(4).
2962:EOLSS
2958:(PDF)
2920:(2).
2910:(PDF)
2798:EOLSS
2645:text.
2632:Notes
2549:first
1754:, an
1226:" of
1222:The "
835:Index
351:Urban
7794:2024
7781:ISBN
7760:2024
7739:ISBN
7687:2024
7659:2024
7631:2023
7603:2022
7546:2024
7533:ISBN
7509:2024
7401:2023
7376:2023
7351:2023
7326:2023
7301:2024
7267:2024
7241:2024
7215:2024
7189:2023
7164:2023
7139:2023
7114:2023
7089:2023
7064:2024
7039:2024
7017:2023
6992:2023
6967:2023
6942:2023
6917:2023
6892:2023
6867:2023
6818:2024
6783:ISBN
6758:ISBN
6725:ISBN
6656:ISBN
6632:ISBN
6570:2022
6471:2023
6458:ISBN
6431:ISBN
6401:ISBN
6379:2023
6290:ISBN
6271:2023
6217:2023
6144:(8).
6036:2024
6023:ISBN
5992:2024
5932:ISBN
5908:2024
5883:2024
5870:ISBN
5843:ISBN
5816:ISBN
5786:2023
5740:2023
5694:2023
5673:ISBN
5642:2024
5595:ISBN
5567:2016
5541:2020
5511:2008
5387:ISBN
5256:2013
5234:2022
5174:ISBN
5047:2024
4915:2022
4864:2022
4761:2023
4748:ISBN
4721:ISBN
4668:2023
4634:2024
4478:2022
4389:2023
4326:AB12
4312:2023
4281:2023
4237:ISBN
4215:2023
4186:2024
4135:2024
4105:2023
4064:2024
4018:2024
3988:2023
3943:2023
3930:ISBN
3906:2024
3893:ISBN
3867:2024
3854:ISBN
3833:2024
3820:ISBN
3780:2015
3769:ISSN
3733:ISBN
3708:ISBN
3683:ISBN
3658:ISBN
3600:ISBN
3488:ISBN
3451:ISBN
3321:ISBN
3302:2007
3210:4214
3181:ISBN
3156:ISBN
3118:ISBN
3099:2023
2970:2022
2933:2023
2922:ISSN
2889:link
2842:ISBN
2802:ISBN
2551:and
2460:and
2320:and
1848:and
1833:and
1574:QGIS
1563:and
1512:TR-1
1510:The
1355:The
1324:adab
1264:maps
1262:and
1113:0.04
983:rook
896:and
127:diff
121:) |
119:diff
107:diff
83:talk
34:talk
7731:doi
7577:doi
7496:doi
7457:doi
7295:: 8
6750:doi
6694:doi
6598:doi
6559:doi
6509:doi
6327:doi
6252:doi
6206:doi
6168:doi
6108:doi
6071:doi
6015:doi
5973:doi
5767:doi
5729:doi
5665:doi
5631:doi
5465:hdl
5455:doi
5416:doi
5359:doi
5317:doi
5279:doi
5215:doi
5113:doi
5028:doi
4943:doi
4896:doi
4829:doi
4784:doi
4780:112
4662:(1)
4621:doi
4565:doi
4533:doi
4459:doi
4447:124
4415:doi
4370:doi
4167:doi
4094:doi
4045:doi
3575:doi
3534:hdl
3524:doi
3352:doi
3266:doi
3222:doi
3065:doi
3028:doi
3024:149
2871:doi
2760:doi
1888:."
1520:GIS
1254:at
1146:.
1142:or
1041:of
889:.
43:at
8545::
8119:/
8105:/
8089:/
8075:/
8071:/
8057:/
8043:/
7747:.
7737:.
7704:.
7678:.
7650:.
7622:.
7611:^
7575:.
7565:24
7563:.
7517:^
7492:66
7490:.
7486:.
7463:.
7455:.
7445:24
7443:.
7392:.
7367:.
7342:.
7317:.
7293:64
7291:.
7287:.
7257:.
7231:.
7205:.
7180:.
7155:.
7130:.
7105:.
7080:.
7055:.
7008:.
6983:.
6958:.
6933:.
6908:.
6883:.
6858:.
6841:59
6839:.
6835:.
6809:.
6797:^
6756:.
6700:.
6692:.
6682:12
6680:.
6618:^
6604:.
6594:65
6592:.
6578:^
6557:.
6547:63
6545:.
6541:.
6529:^
6515:.
6505:30
6503:.
6415:^
6387:^
6369:.
6365:.
6347:^
6333:.
6325:.
6315:30
6313:.
6258:.
6250:.
6240:81
6238:.
6234:.
6202:46
6200:.
6196:.
6180:^
6164:94
6162:.
6150:^
6142:33
6140:.
6128:^
6114:.
6106:.
6096:32
6094:.
6069:.
6059:32
6057:.
6053:.
6021:.
6009:.
5979:.
5971:.
5961:27
5959:.
5955:.
5916:^
5899:.
5773:.
5763:44
5761:.
5757:.
5727:.
5717:40
5715:.
5711:.
5681:.
5671:.
5659:.
5627:99
5625:.
5621:.
5609:^
5575:^
5527:.
5495:.
5473:.
5463:.
5451:15
5449:.
5445:.
5422:.
5412:96
5410:.
5373:^
5353:.
5337:^
5323:.
5315:.
5305:23
5303:.
5291:^
5275:42
5273:.
5221:.
5213:.
5203:49
5201:.
5197:.
5160:^
5127:^
5111:.
5101:11
5099:.
5095:.
5055:^
5034:.
5026:.
5016:27
5014:.
5010:.
4993:30
4991:.
4972:.
4949:.
4939:94
4937:.
4923:^
4902:.
4892:94
4890:.
4886:.
4872:^
4843:.
4835:.
4825:46
4823:.
4819:.
4804:^
4790:.
4778:.
4658:.
4654:.
4642:^
4617:91
4615:.
4611:.
4561:48
4559:.
4529:45
4527:.
4497:38
4495:.
4465:.
4457:.
4445:.
4441:.
4411:35
4409:.
4397:^
4376:.
4366:43
4364:.
4360:.
4348:^
4289:^
4266:64
4264:.
4260:.
4223:^
4205:.
4194:^
4173:.
4163:42
4161:.
4157:.
4143:^
4125:.
4113:^
4090:18
4088:.
4084:.
4072:^
4051:.
4041:22
4039:.
4035:.
4008:.
4004:.
3973:20
3971:.
3967:.
3951:^
3914:^
3887:.
3875:^
3763:.
3759:.
3656:.
3635:^
3573:.
3563:22
3561:.
3557:.
3532:.
3520:31
3518:.
3514:.
3502:^
3465:^
3445:.
3394:^
3384:.
3358:.
3348:35
3346:.
3280:^
3260:.
3256:.
3236:^
3220:.
3208:.
3204:.
3132:^
3057:.
3034:.
3022:.
3010:^
2978:^
2960:.
2941:^
2918:63
2916:.
2912:.
2897:^
2885:}}
2881:{{
2867:59
2865:.
2816:^
2774:^
2756:11
2754:.
2750:.
2670:^
2523:.
1965:.
1856:,
1710:,
1689:,
1685:,
1673:.
1621:,
1604:,
1538:,
1471:,
1380:,
1293:.
928:.
920:,
457:/
428:/
419:/
415:/
113:|
109:)
96:.
85:|
53:.
36:|
8136:)
8132:/
8128:(
7827:e
7820:t
7813:v
7796:.
7762:.
7733::
7710:.
7689:.
7661:.
7633:.
7605:.
7583:.
7579::
7571::
7548:.
7511:.
7498::
7471:.
7459::
7451::
7428:.
7403:.
7378:.
7353:.
7328:.
7303:.
7269:.
7243:.
7217:.
7191:.
7166:.
7141:.
7116:.
7091:.
7066:.
7041:.
7019:.
6994:.
6969:.
6944:.
6919:.
6894:.
6869:.
6820:.
6791:.
6766:.
6752::
6733:.
6708:.
6696::
6688::
6664:.
6640:.
6612:.
6600::
6572:.
6561::
6553::
6523:.
6511::
6473:.
6439:.
6409:.
6381:.
6371:1
6341:.
6329::
6321::
6298:.
6273:.
6254::
6246::
6219:.
6208::
6174:.
6170::
6122:.
6110::
6102::
6079:.
6073::
6065::
6038:.
6017::
5994:.
5975::
5967::
5940:.
5910:.
5885:.
5851:.
5824:.
5788:.
5769::
5742:.
5731::
5723::
5696:.
5667::
5644:.
5633::
5603:.
5569:.
5543:.
5513:.
5481:.
5467::
5457::
5430:.
5418::
5395:.
5367:.
5361::
5331:.
5319::
5311::
5285:.
5281::
5258:.
5236:.
5217::
5209::
5182:.
5121:.
5115::
5107::
5049:.
5030::
5022::
4974:3
4957:.
4945::
4917:.
4898::
4866:.
4831::
4798:.
4786::
4763:.
4729:.
4670:.
4660:4
4636:.
4623::
4571:.
4567::
4539:.
4535::
4507:.
4480:.
4461::
4453::
4421:.
4417::
4391:.
4372::
4328:.
4314:.
4283:.
4245:.
4217:.
4188:.
4169::
4137:.
4107:.
4096::
4066:.
4047::
4020:.
4010:9
3990:.
3945:.
3908:.
3869:.
3835:.
3782:.
3765:2
3741:.
3716:.
3691:.
3666:.
3629:.
3608:.
3583:.
3577::
3569::
3542:.
3536::
3526::
3496:.
3459:.
3388:.
3366:.
3354::
3329:.
3304:.
3274:.
3268::
3262:9
3230:.
3224::
3216::
3189:.
3164:.
3126:.
3101:.
3073:.
3067::
3042:.
3030::
2972:.
2935:.
2891:)
2873::
2850:.
2810:.
2768:.
2762::
1214:.
1104:)
1101:1
1095:N
1092:(
1088:/
1084:1
1071:I
1067:I
1063:I
1049:i
1029:j
1009:1
1006:=
1001:j
998:i
994:w
867:e
860:t
853:v
129:)
125:(
117:(
105:(
89:)
81:(
70:.
40:)
32:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.