344:] documents indicate that ] advanced through ] to ].<ref name=Edwards1>Edwards 1969: 330</ref> Gaza was eventually sacked and the ruler of Gaza escaped to Egypt but later continued to act as a ] administrator.<ref name=Edwards1/> The motive behind the attack was to gain control of the South Arabian incense trade which had prospered along the region.<ref name=Edwards1/>] ] connects the ] to the desire of the ] and the ] to control the northern end of the Incence route, which ran up from Southern Arabia and could be tapped by commanding ].<ref>Edwards 1969: 329</ref> Archaeological inscriptions also speak of booty retrieved from the land of the ''mu-u-na-a-a'', possibly ''Meunites'' mentioned in the ].<ref name=Edwards1/> Some scholars identify this group as the ] of South Arabia, who were involved with the incense trade and occupied the northern trading outposts of the Incense Route.<ref name=Edwards1/>
598:
386:
1129:, are spread along routes linking them to the Mediterranean end of the Incense and Spice route. Together they reflect the hugely profitable trade in frankincense and myrrh from South Arabia to the Mediterranean, which flourished from the 3rd century B.C. until to 2nd century A.D. With the vestiges of their sophisticated irrigation systems, urban constructions, forts, and caravanserai they bear witness to the way in which the harsh desert was settled for trade and agriculture.
1085:
953:(2006) is of the view that the trade along the land routes survived following the growing maritime contact between India and the Greco-Roman world. Pre-Islamic Meccans continued to use the old Incense Route to benefit from the Roman demand for luxury goods. The Meccan involvement saw the export of the same goods: Arabian frankincense, East African ivory and gold, Indian spices, Chinese silk etc. The decline of the incense trade saw Yemen take to the export of
678:
835:
967:
71:
479:
330:] documents indicate that ] advanced through ] to ].<ref name=Edwards1>Edwards 1969: 330</ref> Gaza was eventually sacked and the ruler of Gaza escaped to Egypt but later continued to act as a ] administrator.<ref name=Edwards1/> The motive behind the attack was to gain control of the South Arabian incense trade which had prospered along the region.<ref name=Edwards1/>]
860:). Eudoxos made two voyages to India, and subsequently, having quarrelled with his Ptolemaic employers, perished in an unsuccessful attempt to open up an alternative sea route to India, free of Ptolemaic control, by sailing around Africa. The establishment of direct contacts between Egypt and India was probably made possible by a weakening of Arab power at this period, for the
337:
Archaeological inscriptions also speak of booty retrieved from the land of the ''mu-u-na-a-a'', possibly ''Meunites'' mentioned in the ].<ref name=Edwards1/> Some scholars identify this group as the ] of South Arabia, who were involved with the incense trade and occupied the northern trading outposts of the
Incense Route.<ref name=Edwards1/>
374:
caravans carried these products north to ] and from there on to the kingdoms of
Quataban, ], ], Palestine upto Gaza.<ref name=Archibald1>Archibald 2001: 169</ref> The tolls levied by the owners of wells and other facilities added to the overall cost of these luxury goods.<ref name=Archibald1/>
366:
caravans carried these products north to ] and from there on to the kingdoms of
Quataban, ], ], Palestine upto Gaza.<ref name=Archibald1>Archibald 2001: 169</ref> The tolls levied by the owners of wells and other facilities added to the overall cost of these luxury goods.<ref name=Archibald1/>
373:
Aromatics from ] and luxury goods from India bought wealth to the kingdoms of Arabia.<ref>Archibald 2001: 168</ref> The aromatics of Dhofar were shipped out from the natural harbor of ] towards the western inhospitable South
Arabian coast.<ref>Archibald 2001: 168-169</ref> The
365:
Aromatics from ] and luxury goods from India bought wealth to the kingdoms of Arabia.<ref>Archibald 2001: 168</ref> The aromatics of Dhofar were shipped out from the natural harbor of ] towards the western inhospitable South
Arabian coast.<ref>Archibald 2001: 168-169</ref> The
810:
as the administrator of the
Mediterranean basin led to the resumption of direct trade with the east and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of the south. According to Milo Kearney (2003) "The South Arabs in protest took to pirate attacks over the Roman ships in the
921:
The third century would thus appear to be a significant time in the history of the incense trade in Arabia. During the political and economic crisis of that century the nature of the trade changed dramatically; prior to that time the incense route from South Arabia seems to have continued to
336:
in order to control trade along the
Incense Route.<ref name=Edwards1/>]] ] connects the ] to the desire of the ] and the ] to control the northern end of the Incence route, which ran up from Southern Arabia and could be tapped by commanding ].<ref>Edwards 1969: 329</ref>
239:] (light blue) was based on the cultivation and trade of spices and aromatics including frankincense and myrrh. These were exported to the Mediterranean, India and ] where they were greatly prized by many cultures, using camels on routes through Arabia, and to India by sea.]]
232:] (light blue) was based on the cultivation and trade of spices and aromatics including frankincense and myrrh. These were exported to the Mediterranean, India and ] where they were greatly prized by many cultures, using camels on routes through Arabia, and to India by sea.]]
308:
Due to its prominent position in the
Incense trade, ] attracted settlers from the ].<ref name=Glasse1>Glasse 2001: 59</ref> The frankincense and myrrh trees were crucial to the economy of Yemen and were seen as a source of wealth by the its rulers.<ref
300:
Due to its prominent position in the
Incense trade, ] attracted settlers from the ].<ref name=Glasse1>Glasse 2001: 59</ref> The frankincense and myrrh trees were crucial to the economy of Yemen and were seen as a source of wealth by the its rulers.<ref
823:
and
Arabian middlemen to adjust their prices so as to compete on the Roman market with the goods now being bought in by a direct sea route to India. Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power.
159:
789:
was crossed by the overland route from India to Egypt. This position gave the Nabateans a hold over the trade along the Incense Route. In order to release the Incense Route from the Nabatean control military expeditions were undertaken, without success, by
872:. Imports into Egypt of cinnamon and other eastern spices, such as pepper, increased substantially, though the Indian Ocean trade remained for the moment on quite a small scale, no more than twenty Egyptian ships venturing outside the Red Sea each year.
63:
549:
commemorating the journey of a fleet that the Queen of Egypt had sent to the Land of Punt. Five ships are depicted in these reliefs, piled high with treasure, and one of them shows thirty-one small incense trees in tubs being carried on board.
847:
The trade with Arabia and India in incense and spices became increasingly important, and Greeks for the first time began to trade directly with India. The discovery, or rediscovery, of the sea-route to India is attributed to a certain
2251:
267:
Among the important trading points of the Incense Route was ], reported by the historian ] to have been founded by ] exiles as a ] colony.<ref name=Larsen1>Larsen 1983: 56</ref> Gerrha
248:
Among the important trading points of the Incense Route was ], reported by the historian ] to have been founded by ] exiles as a ] colony.<ref name=Larsen1>Larsen 1983: 56</ref> Gerrha
541:. Early ritual texts from Egypt show that incense was being bought to the upper Nile by traders, but perhaps the most spectacular evidence of this trade is provided by the frescos dated to around
1097:
and Al-Balid vividly illustrate the trade in frankincense that flourished in this region for many centuries, as one of the most important trading activities of the ancient and medieval world.
15:
922:
function. Much of this trade seems to have been brought to a standstill by the poor economic conditions of the third century, however, when the economic situation improved again under the
939:
197:
142:
605:(light blue) was based on the cultivation and trade of spices and aromatics including frankincense and myrrh. These were exported to the Mediterranean, India and
926:
many things had changed. By this time the two main routes in use seem to have been the Wadi Sirhan, now carrying trade which formerly would have passed through
154:
93:
260:] to ] in the ].<ref name=Larsen1/> Gerrha was one of the important entry ports for goods shipped from India.<ref name=Larsen1/>
31:
28:
279:
to ] in the ].<ref name=Larsen1/> Gerrha was one of the important entry ports for goods shipped from India.<ref name=Larsen1/>
727:
and luxury goods from India bought wealth to the kingdoms of Arabia. The aromatics of Dhofar were shipped out from the natural harbor of
674:
administrator. The motive behind the attack was to gain control of the South Arabian incense trade which had prospered along the region.
1102:
389:
743:, Palestine upto Gaza. The tolls levied by the owners of wells and other facilities added to the overall cost of these luxury goods.
72:
1354:
177:
111:
652:. The frankincense and myrrh trees were crucial to the economy of Yemen and were seen as a source of wealth by the its rulers.
1159:
150:
89:
720:
of South Arabia, who were involved with the incense trade and occupied the northern trading outposts of the Incense Route.
1722:"Mostar, Macao and Biblical vestiges in Israel are among the 17 cultural sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List"
537:
were the major suppliers of incense, while in modern times the commercial centre for the trade in gums has been Aden and
166:
100:
629:
colony. Gerrha exercised influence over the Incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and controlled the
1093:
The frankincense trees of Wadi Dawkah and the remains of the caravan oasis of Shisr/Wubar and the affiliated ports of
700:
to control the northern end of the Incence route, which ran up from Southern Arabia and could be tapped by commanding
482:
The incense trade, connecting Egypt to the incense producing lands, depended heavily on navigation along the Red Sea.
819:
coast of the Red Sea." The monopoly of the middlemen weakened with the development of monsoon trade, forcing the
751:
2221:
2200:
2179:
2158:
2137:
2116:
2068:
2044:
2020:
1999:
1978:
1957:
1936:
1890:
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1817:
1793:
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where they were greatly prized by many cultures, using camels on routes through Arabia, and to India by sea.
2095:
1917:
1868:
1229:
1194:
173:
107:
1274:
1046:, marking the beginning of Turkish control over the most direct trade routes between Europe and Asia.
1592:
1152:
1020:
853:
670:. Gaza was eventually sacked and the ruler of Gaza escaped to Egypt but later continued to act as a
1058:
908:, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise.
758:
731:
towards the western inhospitable South Arabian coast. The caravans carried these products north to
557:
2106:
1674:
877:
1744:
Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome
802:. The Nabatean control over trade increased and spread in many directions. The replacement of
2241:
1359:
1269:
1189:
1013:
934:, receiving goods from India and Arabia which before had gone to the Egyptian Red Sea ports.
66:
1294:
1145:
597:
8:
1329:
1070:
689:
659:
2078:
1900:
1851:
1829:
1249:
1244:
1224:
1074:
997:
849:
2217:
2196:
2175:
2154:
2133:
2112:
2064:
2040:
2016:
1995:
1974:
1953:
1932:
1886:
1837:
1813:
1789:
1768:
1747:
1349:
1028:
865:
791:
510:
fleet equipped at Ezion Geber, made several trading voyages to the east brining back
681:
Tiglath-Pileser III attacked Gaza in order to control trade along the Incense Route.
2246:
1878:
1339:
1259:
1214:
1209:
1199:
1001:
943:
897:
885:
685:
649:
16:
1786:
Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society
905:
900:, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from
704:. Archaeological inscriptions also speak of booty retrieved from the land of the
425:
765:. The Romans bypassed the land route in favour of the faster and safer searoute.
1805:
1409:
1324:
1299:
1264:
1254:
1239:
1105:
on UNESCO’s World Heritage List on July 15, 2005. The official citation reads:
1039:
950:
762:
638:
566:
534:
134:
2172:
Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305
2235:
2056:
2032:
1319:
1035:
778:
713:
421:
641:. Gerrha was one of the important entry ports for goods shipped from India.
385:
47:
1309:
1126:
1043:
959:
812:
807:
495:
436:
1084:
1314:
1168:
901:
701:
463:
429:
393:
1688:"World Heritage Committee Inscribes 61 New Sites on World Heritage List"
1204:
569:, Southern Arabia and India involved with trade in frankincense, myrrh,
1334:
1279:
1179:
1024:
693:
677:
622:
1125:, along with associated fortresses and agricultural landscapes in the
938:
834:
1704:
1389:
1344:
1304:
1284:
1234:
1094:
1066:
1027:, used to secure trade with India by the Greco Roman world since the
1005:
923:
816:
799:
770:
728:
697:
663:
630:
606:
432:. The Incense Route served as a channel for trading of goods such as
1721:
1687:
852:, who was sent out for this purpose towards the end of the reign of
1289:
971:
820:
786:
782:
740:
717:
655:
626:
574:
542:
503:
487:
467:
459:
498:" and from Arabia. Indian goods were bought in Arabian vessels to
1950:
The Republic Of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century
1114:
1101:
The World Heritage Committee, headed by Themba Wakashe, recorded
1009:
966:
927:
861:
815:. In response, the Romans destroyed Aden and favored the Western
634:
602:
491:
433:
392:
were linked to the Mediterranean end of the ancient Incense and
271:
the Incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and
252:
the Incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and
1137:
1122:
1110:
1062:
1054:
954:
869:
857:
803:
732:
724:
671:
618:
614:
570:
562:
546:
533:
In the ancient period, it would seem that South Arabia and the
515:
507:
417:
408:
was a series of major ancient trading routes stretching across
1992:
Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1
864:
kingdom of South-western Arabia collapsed and was replaced by
478:
1118:
893:
795:
774:
645:
523:
522:
and precious stones. These goods were shipped at the port of
519:
451:
447:
444:
440:
413:
409:
613:
Among the important trading points of the Incense Route was
1078:
931:
889:
736:
667:
538:
511:
499:
455:
888:
was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the
946:
in 602 to 629, Strokes: Under Sassanid military control.
757:
Roman maritime trade routes with India according to the
420:. The incense trade flourished from South Arabia to the
746:
54:
880:
kept increasing, and according to Strabo (II.5.12.):
838:
Areas around the Arabian peninsula according to the
644:
Due to its prominent position in the Incense trade,
1765:The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia
1016:, crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE.
785:at a point where the Incense Route from Arabia to
2130:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce
750:
2233:
777:which stood halfway between the opening to the
735:and from there on to the kingdoms of Quataban,
2061:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1153:
2037:Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1390:"Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev"
565:texts refer to several coastal sites in the
2211:
1538:
1415:. Message of the Republic of Yemen, Berlin.
716:. Some scholars identify this group as the
2151:Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements
1968:
1526:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1160:
1146:
1103:Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev
2190:
1741:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1472:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1428:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1019:This advance marked the beginning of the
529:According to Himanshu Prabha Ray (2003):
1643:
1641:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1404:
1402:
1083:
965:
937:
833:
676:
596:
477:
384:
2127:
2031:
2010:
1947:
1877:
1479:
2234:
1926:
1783:
1606:
1467:
1453:
1410:"Traders of the Gold and Incense Road"
1377:
904:to India, whereas formerly, under the
829:The Cambridge History of Africa (1975)
2169:
1804:
1638:
1554:
1399:
1141:
1012:Sassanian Dynasty. The Arabs, led by
2148:
2055:
1989:
1828:
985: Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661
747:Greco Roman bypassing of land routes
381:Revision as of 21:12, 2 October 2007
151:Revision as of 21:12, 2 October 2007
90:Revision as of 21:01, 2 October 2007
80:
46:
1762:
1185:Austronesian maritime trade network
1061:meeting since November 27, 2000 in
196:
191:
165:
148:
141:
125:
99:
87:
13:
1969:Eckenstein, Lina (June 23, 2005).
1810:Meccan Trade And The Rise Of Islam
383:
35:
2263:
2013:The Indian Ocean in World History
1049:
577:and a range of gum resins termed
2252:History of the Arabian peninsula
1167:
991: Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750
752:
473:
1994:. University of Chicago Press.
1990:Lach, Donald Frederick (1994).
1834:The Cambridge History of Africa
1788:. University of Chicago Press.
1742:Rawlinson, Hugh George (2001).
1714:
1697:
1680:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1629:
1620:
1597:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1517:
1508:
979: Prophet Mohammad, 622-632
1885:. Cambridge University Press.
1836:. Cambridge University Press.
1767:. Cambridge University Press.
1746:. Asian Educational Services.
1499:
1444:
1419:
1081:. The official citation reads:
1023:and the fall of ports such as
592:
545:on the walls of the temple at
390:The desert Cities in the Negev
1:
2149:Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003).
2132:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1973:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1929:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
1883:The Cambridge Ancient History
1763:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003).
1734:
494:, importing spices from the "
379:
340:
326:
263:
244:
970:Egypt under the rule of the
648:attracted settlers from the
617:, reported by the historian
129:
18:Browse history interactively
7:
1133:
1109:The four Nabatean towns of
917:According to Young (2001):
10:
2268:
2170:Young, Gary Keith (2001).
2107:The Encyclopedia Americana
1675:The Encyclopedia Americana
1000:the areas under the Roman
912:
127:
2212:O'Leary, De Lacy (2001).
2191:Archibald, Zofia (2001).
1175:
1021:Islamic conquest of Egypt
470:, animal skins and gold.
207:
204:
147:
86:
1371:
1355:Varangians to the Greeks
1059:World Heritage Committee
957:via the Red Sea port of
840:Periplus Maris Erythraei
759:Periplus Maris Erythraei
658:documents indicate that
621:to have been founded by
558:Periplus Maris Erythraei
269:exercised influence over
1948:Colburn, Marta (2002).
1784:Larsen, Curtis (1983).
1523:Archibald 2001: 168-169
1195:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
85:
2214:Arabia Before Muhammad
2011:Kearney, Milo (2003).
1927:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
1705:"Land of Frankincense"
1131:
1099:
1089:
1075:The Frankincense trail
993:
947:
936:
910:
878:Roman trade with India
874:
843:
766:
682:
610:
590:
552:
483:
397:
254:exercised control over
2193:Hellenistic Economies
2128:Lindsay, W S (2006).
2039:. Osprey Publishing.
1812:. Gorgias Press LLC.
1441:Rawlinson 2001: 11-12
1360:Way of the Patriarchs
1270:Polynesian navigation
1190:Canadian canoe routes
1107:
1091:
1087:
969:
941:
919:
896:and the frontiers of
882:
845:
837:
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692:to the desire of the
680:
600:
553:
531:
481:
388:
1295:Sepik Coast exchange
854:Ptolemy Euergetes II
753:File:PeriplusMap.jpg
424:between roughly the
2153:. Lexington Books.
1931:. Rowman Altamira.
1830:Fage, John Donnelly
1551:Eckenstein 2005: 86
1535:Archibald 2001: 169
1514:Archibald 2001: 168
1330:Trans-Saharan trade
1220:Incense trade route
1071:World Heritage Site
690:Syro-Ephraimite War
660:Tiglath-Pileser III
601:The economy of the
2086:Unknown parameter
1971:A History of Sinai
1908:Unknown parameter
1859:Unknown parameter
1250:Maritime Silk Road
1245:Maritime republics
1225:Indian Ocean trade
1090:
998:Roman-Persian Wars
994:
948:
884:At any rate, when
844:
767:
683:
611:
603:Kingdom of Qataban
490:had traded in the
484:
398:
163:
97:
1879:Edwards, I. E. S.
1665:Lindsay 2006: 101
1635:Farrokh 2007: 252
1505:Edwards 1969: 329
1496:Edwards 1969: 330
1368:
1367:
1350:Volga trade route
1275:Rome-India routes
1029:Ptolemaic dynasty
1004:were captured by
866:Himyarite Kingdom
827:According to the
792:Antigonus Cyclops
712:mentioned in the
662:advanced through
378:
309:name=Glasse1/>
301:name=Glasse1/>
168:Havelock the Dane
149:
102:Havelock the Dane
88:
68:
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2227:
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2099:
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2088:|coauthors=
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2005:
1984:
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1911:
1910:|coauthors=
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1626:Colburn 2002: 14
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1574:Kearney 2003: 42
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1425:O'Leary 2001: 30
1423:
1417:
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1414:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1340:Triangular trade
1215:Hiri trade cycle
1210:Hanseatic League
1200:Grand Trunk Road
1162:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1002:Byzantine Empire
990:
984:
978:
944:Sassanian Empire
754:
686:I. E. S. Edwards
650:fertile crescent
502:. The "ships of
194:
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2002:
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1806:Crone, Patricia
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41:Content added
33:
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20:
2242:Trade routes
2213:
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2150:
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2094:suggested) (
2060:
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2012:
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1916:suggested) (
1882:
1867:suggested) (
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1446:
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1310:Spanish Road
1219:
1169:Trade routes
1127:Negev Desert
1108:
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1044:15th century
1033:
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813:Gulf of Aden
808:Roman empire
768:
722:
709:
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684:
654:
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625:exiles as a
612:
586:
582:
578:
556:
554:
532:
528:
496:Land of Punt
485:
466:rare woods,
464:East African
437:frankincense
406:Incense Road
405:
401:
399:
2111:. Grolier.
1315:Spice Route
902:Myos Hormos
708:, possibly
706:mu-u-na-a-a
702:Transjordan
593:Land routes
198:Next edit →
32:Next edit →
2236:Categories
2223:0415231884
2202:0415234662
2181:0415242193
2160:0739104071
2139:0543942538
2118:0717201201
2070:0415966906
2046:1846031087
2022:0415312779
2001:0226467317
1980:0543952150
1959:1852872497
1938:0759101906
1892:0521227178
1843:0521215927
1819:1593331029
1795:0226469069
1774:0521011094
1753:8120615492
1735:References
1335:Trepanging
1280:Royal Road
1180:Amber Road
1073:status to
1038:conquered
1025:Alexandria
892:as far as
817:Abyssinian
694:Israelites
623:Babylonian
561:and other
273:controlled
258:trading of
250:controlled
2090:ignored (
2079:cite book
1912:ignored (
1901:cite book
1863:ignored (
1852:cite book
1727:. UNESCO.
1710:. UNESCO.
1693:. UNESCO.
1677:1989: 176
1395:. UNESCO.
1345:Via Maris
1305:Silk Road
1285:Salt road
1235:Kula ring
1095:Khor Rori
1069:attached
1067:Australia
1006:Khosrow I
924:Tetrarchy
906:Ptolemies
800:Palestine
771:Nabateans
729:Khor Rori
698:Aramaeans
664:Phoenicia
633:trade to
631:aromatics
607:Abyssinia
587:mok rotu.
488:Egyptians
458:and fine
332:attacked
130:→Decline
2059:(2006).
2035:(2007).
1881:(1969).
1832:(1975).
1808:(2004).
1290:Sea lane
1205:Hærvejen
1134:See also
972:Rashidun
960:al-Mocha
898:Ethiopia
821:Parthian
787:Damascus
783:Dead Sea
781:and the
718:Minaeans
710:Meunites
696:and the
656:Assyrian
627:Chaldean
583:kankamon
575:bdellium
543:1500 BCE
504:Tarshish
468:feathers
460:textiles
416:through
208:Line 19:
205:Line 19:
178:contribs
112:contribs
56:Wikitext
2247:Incense
1115:Mamshit
1042:in the
1010:Persian
1008:of the
942:Green:
928:Palmyra
913:Decline
868:around
862:Sabaean
850:Eudoxos
806:by the
773:seized
637:in the
635:Babylon
492:Red sea
434:Arabian
428:to the
404:or the
396:routes.
193:general
2220:
2199:
2178:
2157:
2136:
2115:
2109:(1989)
2067:
2043:
2019:
1998:
1977:
1956:
1935:
1889:
1840:
1816:
1792:
1771:
1750:
1725:(HTML)
1708:(HTML)
1691:(HTML)
1593:Source
1413:(HTML)
1393:(HTML)
1123:Shivta
1111:Haluza
1063:Cairns
1055:UNESCO
989:
983:
977:
955:Coffee
930:, and
886:Gallus
870:115 BC
858:116 BC
856:(died
804:Greece
733:Shabwa
725:Dhofar
672:vassal
619:Strabo
615:Gerrha
571:cassia
547:Thebes
516:silver
508:Tyrian
462:; and
448:spices
445:Indian
418:Arabia
137:(2006)
67:Inline
49:Visual
1372:Notes
1119:Avdat
894:Syene
796:Syria
775:Petra
741:Ma'in
646:Yemen
579:duaka
563:Greek
524:Ophir
520:ivory
506:," a
452:ebony
441:myrrh
414:India
410:Egypt
277:trade
275:the ]
187:edits
185:1,612
121:edits
119:1,612
2218:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2176:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2096:help
2065:ISBN
2041:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1918:help
1887:ISBN
1869:help
1838:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1121:and
1079:Oman
932:Aila
890:Nile
876:The
798:and
769:The
737:Saba
668:Gaza
585:and
581:and
555:The
539:Oman
512:gold
500:Aden
486:The
456:silk
439:and
400:The
174:talk
160:undo
155:edit
108:talk
94:edit
1077:in
1057:'s
666:to
526:.
412:to
256:the
2238::
2083::
2081:}}
2077:{{
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1899:{{
1856::
1854:}}
1850:{{
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1401:^
1379:^
1117:,
1113:,
1065:,
1031:.
974:.
761:,
739:,
573:,
518:,
514:,
454:,
450:,
443:;
176:|
132::
110:|
2226:.
2205:.
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2142:.
2121:.
2098:)
2073:.
2049:.
2025:.
2004:.
1983:.
1962:.
1941:.
1920:)
1895:.
1871:)
1846:.
1822:.
1798:.
1777:.
1756:.
1161:e
1154:t
1147:v
962:.
842:.
831::
334:]
180:)
172:(
114:)
106:(
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