290:] (2006) is of the view that the trade along the land routes survived following the growing maritime contact between India and the Greco-Roman world.<ref name=Crone1>Crone 2004: 10</ref> Pre-Islamic Meccans continued to use the old Incense Route to benefit from the Roman demand for luxury goods.<ref name=Crone1/> The Meccan involvement saw the export of the same goods: Arabian frankincense, East African ivory and gold, Indian spices, Chinese silk etc.<ref name=Crone1/> The decline of the incense trade saw Yemen take to the export of ] via the Red Sea port of ''].''<ref>Colburn 2002: 14</ref>
542:
330:
1080:, are spread along routes linking them to the Mediterranean end of the Incense and Spice route. Together they reflect the hugely profitable trade in frankincense and myrrh from South Arabia to the Mediterranean, which flourished from the 3rd century B.C. until to 2nd century A.D. With the vestiges of their sophisticated irrigation systems, urban constructions, forts, and caravanserai they bear witness to the way in which the harsh desert was settled for trade and agriculture.
1036:
904:(2006) is of the view that the trade along the land routes survived following the growing maritime contact between India and the Greco-Roman world. Pre-Islamic Meccans continued to use the old Incense Route to benefit from the Roman demand for luxury goods. The Meccan involvement saw the export of the same goods: Arabian frankincense, East African ivory and gold, Indian spices, Chinese silk etc. The decline of the incense trade saw Yemen take to the export of
622:
786:
241:
function. Much of this trade seems to have been brought to a standstill by the poor economic conditions of the third century, however, when the economic situation improved again under the ] many things had changed. By this time the two main routes in use seem to have been the Wadi Sirhan, now carrying trade which formerly would have passed through ], and ], receiving goods from India and Arabia which before had gone to the
Egyptian Red Sea ports.
233:
function. Much of this trade seems to have been brought to a standstill by the poor economic conditions of the third century, however, when the economic situation improved again under the ] many things had changed. By this time the two main routes in use seem to have been the Wadi Sirhan, now carrying trade which formerly would have passed through ], and ], receiving goods from India and Arabia which before had gone to the
Egyptian Red Sea ports.
918:
71:
423:
318:]. {{legend|#a1584e|Prophet Mohammad, 622-632}} {{legend|#ef9070|Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661}} {{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750}}|left]]Following the ] the areas under the Roman ] were captured by ] of the ] Sassanian Dynasty.<ref>Farrokh 2007: 252</ref> The Arabs, led by ], crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE.<ref name=Meri1>Meri 2006: 224</ref>
311:]. {{legend|#a1584e|Prophet Mohammad, 622-632}} {{legend|#ef9070|Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661}} {{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750}}|left]]Following the ] the areas under the Roman ] were captured by ] of the ] Sassanian Dynasty.<ref>Farrokh 2007: 252</ref> The Arabs, led by ], crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE.<ref name=Meri1>Meri 2006: 224</ref>
811:). Eudoxos made two voyages to India, and subsequently, having quarrelled with his Ptolemaic employers, perished in an unsuccessful attempt to open up an alternative sea route to India, free of Ptolemaic control, by sailing around Africa. The establishment of direct contacts between Egypt and India was probably made possible by a weakening of Arab power at this period, for the
282:
demand for luxury goods.<ref name=Crone1/> The Meccan involvement saw the export of the same goods: Arabian frankincense, East
African ivory and gold, Indian spices, Chinese silk etc.<ref name=Crone1/> The decline of the incense trade saw Yemen take to the export of ] via the Red Sea port of ''].''<ref>Colburn 2002: 14</ref>
281:
Patricia Crone]] (2006) is of the view that the trade along the land routes survived following the growing maritime contact between India and the Greco-Roman world.<ref name=Crone1>Crone 2004: 10</ref> Pre-Islamic
Meccans continued to use the old Incense Route to benefit from the Roman
761:
as the administrator of the
Mediterranean basin led to the resumption of direct trade with the east and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of the south. According to Milo Kearney (2003) "The South Arabs in protest took to pirate attacks over the Roman ships in the
872:
The third century would thus appear to be a significant time in the history of the incense trade in Arabia. During the political and economic crisis of that century the nature of the trade changed dramatically; prior to that time the incense route from South Arabia seems to have continued to
240:
The third century would thus appear to be a significant time in the history of the incense trade in Arabia. During the political and economic crisis of that century the nature of the trade changed dramatically; prior to that time the incense route from South Arabia seems to have continued to
232:
The third century would thus appear to be a significant time in the history of the incense trade in Arabia. During the political and economic crisis of that century the nature of the trade changed dramatically; prior to that time the incense route from South Arabia seems to have continued to
774:
and
Arabian middlemen to adjust their prices so as to compete on the Roman market with the goods now being bought in by a direct sea route to India. Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power.
148:
740:
was crossed by the overland route from India to Egypt. This position gave the
Nabateans a hold over the trade along the Incense Route. In order to release the Incense Route from the Nabatean control military expeditions were undertaken, without success, by
823:. Imports into Egypt of cinnamon and other eastern spices, such as pepper, increased substantially, though the Indian Ocean trade remained for the moment on quite a small scale, no more than twenty Egyptian ships venturing outside the Red Sea each year.
63:
493:
commemorating the journey of a fleet that the Queen of Egypt had sent to the Land of Punt. Five ships are depicted in these reliefs, piled high with treasure, and one of them shows thirty-one small incense trees in tubs being carried on board.
798:
The trade with Arabia and India in incense and spices became increasingly important, and Greeks for the first time began to trade directly with India. The discovery, or rediscovery, of the sea-route to India is attributed to a certain
2202:
485:. Early ritual texts from Egypt show that incense was being bought to the upper Nile by traders, but perhaps the most spectacular evidence of this trade is provided by the frescos dated to around
1048:
and Al-Balid vividly illustrate the trade in frankincense that flourished in this region for many centuries, as one of the most important trading activities of the ancient and medieval world.
15:
873:
function. Much of this trade seems to have been brought to a standstill by the poor economic conditions of the third century, however, when the economic situation improved again under the
890:
197:
131:
549:(light blue) was based on the cultivation and trade of spices and aromatics including frankincense and myrrh. These were exported to the Mediterranean, India and
877:
many things had changed. By this time the two main routes in use seem to have been the Wadi Sirhan, now carrying trade which formerly would have passed through
143:
93:
31:
28:
678:
and luxury goods from India bought wealth to the kingdoms of Arabia. The aromatics of Dhofar were shipped out from the natural harbor of
618:
administrator. The motive behind the attack was to gain control of the South
Arabian incense trade which had prospered along the region.
1053:
333:
694:, Palestine upto Gaza. The tolls levied by the owners of wells and other facilities added to the overall cost of these luxury goods.
72:
1305:
166:
111:
596:. The frankincense and myrrh trees were crucial to the economy of Yemen and were seen as a source of wealth by the its rulers.
573:
colony. Gerrha controlled the
Incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and exercised control over the trading of
1110:
139:
89:
671:
of South Arabia, who were involved with the incense trade and occupied the northern trading outposts of the
Incense Route.
1673:"Mostar, Macao and Biblical vestiges in Israel are among the 17 cultural sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List"
481:
were the major suppliers of incense, while in modern times the commercial centre for the trade in gums has been Aden and
155:
100:
1044:
The frankincense trees of Wadi Dawkah and the remains of the caravan oasis of Shisr/Wubar and the affiliated ports of
651:
to control the northern end of the Incence route, which ran up from Southern Arabia and could be tapped by commanding
426:
The incense trade, connecting Egypt to the incense producing lands, depended heavily on navigation along the Red Sea.
770:
coast of the Red Sea." The monopoly of the middlemen weakened with the development of monsoon trade, forcing the
702:
2172:
2151:
2130:
2109:
2088:
2067:
2019:
1995:
1971:
1950:
1929:
1908:
1887:
1841:
1792:
1768:
1744:
1723:
1702:
1135:
553:
where they were greatly prized by many cultures, using camels on routes through Arabia, and to India by sea.
2046:
1868:
1819:
1180:
1145:
162:
107:
1225:
997:, marking the beginning of Turkish control over the most direct trade routes between Europe and Asia.
1543:
1103:
971:
804:
614:. Gaza was eventually sacked and the ruler of Gaza escaped to Egypt but later continued to act as a
1009:
859:, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise.
709:
682:
towards the western inhospitable South Arabian coast. The caravans carried these products north to
501:
2057:
1625:
828:
1695:
Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome
753:. The Nabatean control over trade increased and spread in many directions. The replacement of
2192:
1310:
1220:
1140:
964:
885:, receiving goods from India and Arabia which before had gone to the Egyptian Red Sea ports.
66:
1245:
1096:
541:
8:
1280:
1021:
640:
625:
603:
2029:
1851:
1802:
1780:
1200:
1195:
1175:
1025:
948:
800:
2168:
2147:
2126:
2105:
2084:
2063:
2015:
1991:
1967:
1946:
1925:
1904:
1883:
1837:
1788:
1764:
1740:
1719:
1698:
1300:
979:
816:
742:
454:
fleet equipped at Ezion Geber, made several trading voyages to the east brining back
2197:
1829:
1290:
1210:
1165:
1160:
1150:
952:
894:
848:
836:
636:
593:
16:
1737:
Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society
856:
851:, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from
655:. Archaeological inscriptions also speak of booty retrieved from the land of the
369:
716:. The Romans bypassed the land route in favour of the faster and safer searoute.
1756:
1360:
1275:
1250:
1215:
1205:
1190:
1056:
on UNESCO’s World Heritage List on July 15, 2005. The official citation reads:
990:
901:
713:
582:
510:
478:
260:</blockquote>] in 602 to 629, Strokes: Under Sassanid military control.]]
250:</blockquote>] in 602 to 629, Strokes: Under Sassanid military control.]]
189:
2123:
Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305
2186:
2007:
1983:
1270:
986:
729:
664:
365:
585:. Gerrha was one of the important entry ports for goods shipped from India.
329:
47:
1260:
1077:
994:
910:
763:
758:
439:
380:
1035:
1265:
1119:
852:
652:
407:
373:
337:
1639:"World Heritage Committee Inscribes 61 New Sites on World Heritage List"
1155:
513:, Southern Arabia and India involved with trade in frankincense, myrrh,
1285:
1230:
1130:
975:
644:
621:
566:
1076:, along with associated fortresses and agricultural landscapes in the
889:
785:
1655:
1340:
1295:
1255:
1235:
1185:
1045:
1017:
978:, used to secure trade with India by the Greco Roman world since the
956:
874:
767:
750:
721:
679:
648:
607:
574:
550:
376:. The Incense Route served as a channel for trading of goods such as
1672:
1638:
803:, who was sent out for this purpose towards the end of the reign of
1240:
922:
771:
737:
733:
691:
668:
599:
570:
518:
486:
447:
431:
411:
403:
442:" and from Arabia. Indian goods were bought in Arabian vessels to
1901:
The Republic Of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century
1065:
1052:
The World Heritage Committee, headed by Themba Wakashe, recorded
960:
917:
878:
812:
766:. In response, the Romans destroyed Aden and favored the Western
578:
546:
435:
377:
336:
were linked to the Mediterranean end of the ancient Incense and
1088:
1073:
1061:
1013:
1005:
905:
820:
808:
754:
683:
675:
615:
562:
558:
514:
506:
490:
477:
In the ancient period, it would seem that South Arabia and the
459:
451:
361:
352:
was a series of major ancient trading routes stretching across
1943:
Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1
815:
kingdom of South-western Arabia collapsed and was replaced by
422:
1069:
844:
746:
725:
589:
467:
466:
and precious stones. These goods were shipped at the port of
463:
395:
391:
388:
384:
357:
353:
557:
Among the important trading points of the Incense Route was
1029:
882:
840:
687:
629:
611:
482:
455:
443:
399:
839:
was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the
897:
in 602 to 629, Strokes: Under Sassanid military control.
708:
Roman maritime trade routes with India according to the
364:. The incense trade flourished from South Arabia to the
697:
54:
831:
kept increasing, and according to Strabo (II.5.12.):
789:
Areas around the Arabian peninsula according to the
588:
Due to its prominent position in the Incense trade,
1716:The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia
967:, crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE.
736:at a point where the Incense Route from Arabia to
632:in order to control trade along the Incense Route.
2081:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce
701:
2184:
728:which stood halfway between the opening to the
686:and from there on to the kingdoms of Quataban,
2012:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1104:
1988:Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1341:"Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev"
509:texts refer to several coastal sites in the
2162:
1489:
1366:. Message of the Republic of Yemen, Berlin.
667:. Some scholars identify this group as the
2102:Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements
1919:
1477:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1111:
1097:
1054:Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev
2141:
1692:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1423:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1379:
1335:
1333:
1331:
970:This advance marked the beginning of the
473:According to Himanshu Prabha Ray (2003):
1594:
1592:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1355:
1353:
1034:
916:
888:
784:
620:
540:
421:
328:
2078:
1982:
1961:
1898:
1828:
1430:
2185:
1877:
1734:
1557:
1418:
1404:
1361:"Traders of the Gold and Incense Road"
1328:
855:to India, whereas formerly, under the
780:The Cambridge History of Africa (1975)
2120:
1755:
1589:
1505:
1350:
1092:
963:Sassanian Dynasty. The Arabs, led by
2099:
2006:
1940:
1779:
936: Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661
698:Greco Roman bypassing of land routes
325:Revision as of 21:01, 2 October 2007
140:Revision as of 21:01, 2 October 2007
90:Revision as of 20:36, 2 October 2007
80:
46:
1713:
1136:Austronesian maritime trade network
1012:meeting since November 27, 2000 in
196:
180:
154:
137:
130:
125:
99:
87:
13:
1920:Eckenstein, Lina (June 23, 2005).
1761:Meccan Trade And The Rise Of Islam
327:
35:
2214:
1964:The Indian Ocean in World History
1000:
521:and a range of gum resins termed
2203:History of the Arabian peninsula
1118:
942: Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750
703:
417:
1945:. University of Chicago Press.
1941:Lach, Donald Frederick (1994).
1785:The Cambridge History of Africa
1739:. University of Chicago Press.
1693:Rawlinson, Hugh George (2001).
1665:
1648:
1631:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1580:
1571:
1548:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1468:
1459:
930: Prophet Mohammad, 622-632
1836:. Cambridge University Press.
1787:. Cambridge University Press.
1718:. Cambridge University Press.
1697:. Asian Educational Services.
1450:
1395:
1370:
1032:. The official citation reads:
974:and the fall of ports such as
536:
489:on the walls of the temple at
334:The desert Cities in the Negev
1:
2100:Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003).
2083:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1924:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1880:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
1834:The Cambridge Ancient History
1714:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003).
1685:
438:, importing spices from the "
323:
285:
277:
256:
246:
921:Egypt under the rule of the
592:attracted settlers from the
561:, reported by the historian
184:
18:Browse history interactively
7:
1084:
1060:The four Nabatean towns of
868:According to Young (2001):
10:
2219:
2121:Young, Gary Keith (2001).
2058:The Encyclopedia Americana
1626:The Encyclopedia Americana
951:the areas under the Roman
863:
182:
2163:O'Leary, De Lacy (2001).
2142:Archibald, Zofia (2001).
1126:
972:Islamic conquest of Egypt
414:, animal skins and gold.
207:
204:
136:
86:
1322:
1306:Varangians to the Greeks
1010:World Heritage Committee
908:via the Red Sea port of
791:Periplus Maris Erythraei
710:Periplus Maris Erythraei
602:documents indicate that
565:to have been founded by
502:Periplus Maris Erythraei
1899:Colburn, Marta (2002).
1735:Larsen, Curtis (1983).
1474:Archibald 2001: 168-169
1146:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
85:
2165:Arabia Before Muhammad
1962:Kearney, Milo (2003).
1878:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
1656:"Land of Frankincense"
1082:
1050:
1040:
1026:The Frankincense trail
944:
898:
887:
861:
829:Roman trade with India
825:
794:
717:
633:
554:
534:
496:
427:
341:
2144:Hellenistic Economies
2079:Lindsay, W S (2006).
1990:. Osprey Publishing.
1763:. Gorgias Press LLC.
1392:Rawlinson 2001: 11-12
1311:Way of the Patriarchs
1221:Polynesian navigation
1141:Canadian canoe routes
1058:
1042:
1038:
920:
892:
870:
847:and the frontiers of
833:
796:
788:
707:
643:to the desire of the
624:
544:
497:
475:
425:
332:
1246:Sepik Coast exchange
805:Ptolemy Euergetes II
704:File:PeriplusMap.jpg
368:between roughly the
2104:. Lexington Books.
1882:. Rowman Altamira.
1781:Fage, John Donnelly
1502:Eckenstein 2005: 86
1486:Archibald 2001: 169
1465:Archibald 2001: 168
1281:Trans-Saharan trade
1171:Incense trade route
1022:World Heritage Site
641:Syro-Ephraimite War
626:Tiglath-Pileser III
604:Tiglath-Pileser III
545:The economy of the
2037:Unknown parameter
1922:A History of Sinai
1859:Unknown parameter
1810:Unknown parameter
1201:Maritime Silk Road
1196:Maritime republics
1176:Indian Ocean trade
1041:
949:Roman-Persian Wars
945:
899:
835:At any rate, when
795:
718:
634:
555:
547:Kingdom of Qataban
434:had traded in the
428:
342:
223:<blockquote>
216:<blockquote>
152:
97:
1830:Edwards, I. E. S.
1616:Lindsay 2006: 101
1586:Farrokh 2007: 252
1456:Edwards 1969: 329
1447:Edwards 1969: 330
1319:
1318:
1301:Volga trade route
1226:Rome-India routes
980:Ptolemaic dynasty
955:were captured by
817:Himyarite Kingdom
778:According to the
743:Antigonus Cyclops
663:mentioned in the
606:advanced through
322:
157:Havelock the Dane
138:
102:Havelock the Dane
88:
68:
2210:
2178:
2157:
2136:
2115:
2094:
2073:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2039:|coauthors=
2035:
2033:
2025:
2001:
1977:
1956:
1935:
1914:
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1872:
1866:
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1861:|coauthors=
1857:
1855:
1847:
1823:
1817:
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1812:|coauthors=
1808:
1806:
1798:
1774:
1750:
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1708:
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1629:
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1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
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1584:
1578:
1577:Colburn 2002: 14
1575:
1569:
1566:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1525:Kearney 2003: 42
1523:
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1514:
1503:
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1487:
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1457:
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1428:
1425:
1416:
1413:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1377:
1376:O'Leary 2001: 30
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1291:Triangular trade
1166:Hiri trade cycle
1161:Hanseatic League
1151:Grand Trunk Road
1113:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1089:
953:Byzantine Empire
941:
935:
929:
895:Sassanian Empire
705:
637:I. E. S. Edwards
594:fertile crescent
446:. The "ships of
194:
193:
188:
175:
170:
151:
146:
128:
120:
115:
96:
69:
60:
59:
57:
52:
50:
42:
39:
21:
19:
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2213:
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2209:
2208:
2207:
2183:
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2175:
2154:
2133:
2112:
2091:
2070:
2055:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1998:
1974:
1953:
1932:
1911:
1890:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1771:
1757:Crone, Patricia
1747:
1726:
1705:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1558:
1554:Young 2001: 128
1553:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1431:
1427:Glasse 2001: 59
1426:
1419:
1415:Larsen 1983: 56
1414:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1211:Penarikan Route
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479:Horn of Africa
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2167:. Routledge.
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41:Content added
33:
30:
20:
2193:Trade routes
2164:
2143:
2122:
2101:
2080:
2056:
2045:suggested) (
2011:
1987:
1963:
1942:
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1900:
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1867:suggested) (
1833:
1818:suggested) (
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1607:Holl 2003: 9
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1397:
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1170:
1120:Trade routes
1078:Negev Desert
1059:
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995:15th century
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764:Gulf of Aden
759:Roman empire
719:
673:
660:
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598:
587:
569:exiles as a
556:
530:
526:
522:
500:
498:
476:
472:
440:Land of Punt
429:
410:rare woods,
408:East African
381:frankincense
350:Incense Road
349:
345:
343:
2062:. Grolier.
1266:Spice Route
853:Myos Hormos
659:, possibly
657:mu-u-na-a-a
653:Transjordan
537:Land routes
198:Next edit →
32:Next edit →
2187:Categories
2174:0415231884
2153:0415234662
2132:0415242193
2111:0739104071
2090:0543942538
2069:0717201201
2021:0415966906
1997:1846031087
1973:0415312779
1952:0226467317
1931:0543952150
1910:1852872497
1889:0759101906
1843:0521227178
1794:0521215927
1770:1593331029
1746:0226469069
1725:0521011094
1704:8120615492
1686:References
1286:Trepanging
1231:Royal Road
1131:Amber Road
1024:status to
989:conquered
976:Alexandria
843:as far as
768:Abyssinian
645:Israelites
567:Babylonian
505:and other
2041:ignored (
2030:cite book
1863:ignored (
1852:cite book
1814:ignored (
1803:cite book
1678:. UNESCO.
1661:. UNESCO.
1644:. UNESCO.
1628:1989: 176
1346:. UNESCO.
1296:Via Maris
1256:Silk Road
1236:Salt road
1186:Kula ring
1046:Khor Rori
1020:attached
1018:Australia
957:Khosrow I
875:Tetrarchy
857:Ptolemies
751:Palestine
722:Nabateans
680:Khor Rori
649:Aramaeans
628:attacked
608:Phoenicia
575:aromatics
551:Abyssinia
531:mok rotu.
432:Egyptians
402:and fine
185:→Decline
127:final cut
2010:(2006).
1986:(2007).
1832:(1969).
1783:(1975).
1759:(2004).
1241:Sea lane
1156:Hærvejen
1085:See also
923:Rashidun
911:al-Mocha
849:Ethiopia
772:Parthian
738:Damascus
734:Dead Sea
732:and the
669:Minaeans
661:Meunites
647:and the
600:Assyrian
571:Chaldean
527:kankamon
519:bdellium
487:1500 BCE
448:Tarshish
412:feathers
404:textiles
360:through
208:Line 47:
205:Line 47:
167:contribs
112:contribs
56:Wikitext
2198:Incense
1066:Mamshit
993:in the
961:Persian
959:of the
893:Green:
879:Palmyra
864:Decline
819:around
813:Sabaean
801:Eudoxos
757:by the
724:seized
581:in the
579:Babylon
436:Red sea
378:Arabian
372:to the
348:or the
340:routes.
2171:
2150:
2129:
2108:
2087:
2066:
2060:(1989)
2018:
1994:
1970:
1949:
1928:
1907:
1886:
1840:
1791:
1767:
1743:
1722:
1701:
1676:(HTML)
1659:(HTML)
1642:(HTML)
1544:Source
1364:(HTML)
1344:(HTML)
1074:Shivta
1062:Haluza
1014:Cairns
1006:UNESCO
940:
934:
928:
906:Coffee
881:, and
837:Gallus
821:115 BC
809:116 BC
807:(died
755:Greece
684:Shabwa
676:Dhofar
616:vassal
563:Strabo
559:Gerrha
515:cassia
491:Thebes
460:silver
452:Tyrian
406:; and
392:spices
389:Indian
362:Arabia
192:(2006)
67:Inline
49:Visual
1323:Notes
1070:Avdat
845:Syene
747:Syria
726:Petra
692:Ma'in
590:Yemen
523:duaka
507:Greek
468:Ophir
464:ivory
450:," a
396:ebony
385:myrrh
358:India
354:Egypt
176:edits
174:1,612
121:edits
119:1,612
2169:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2047:help
2016:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1968:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1869:help
1838:ISBN
1820:help
1789:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1072:and
1030:Oman
883:Aila
841:Nile
827:The
749:and
720:The
688:Saba
630:Gaza
612:Gaza
529:and
525:and
499:The
483:Oman
456:gold
444:Aden
430:The
400:silk
383:and
344:The
163:talk
149:undo
144:edit
108:talk
94:edit
1028:in
1008:'s
610:to
577:to
470:.
356:to
2189::
2034::
2032:}}
2028:{{
1856::
1854:}}
1850:{{
1807::
1805:}}
1801:{{
1591:^
1559:^
1507:^
1491:^
1479:^
1432:^
1420:^
1406:^
1381:^
1352:^
1330:^
1068:,
1064:,
1016:,
982:.
925:.
712:,
690:,
517:,
462:,
458:,
398:,
394:,
387:;
252:[[
187::
165:|
110:|
2177:.
2156:.
2135:.
2114:.
2093:.
2072:.
2049:)
2024:.
2000:.
1976:.
1955:.
1934:.
1913:.
1892:.
1871:)
1846:.
1822:)
1797:.
1773:.
1749:.
1728:.
1707:.
1112:e
1105:t
1098:v
913:.
793:.
782::
169:)
161:(
114:)
106:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
