308:|first3=Carissa |last4=Grantham |first4=Michael L. |last5=Mills |first5=Mark S. |title=Transforming the Applied Learning Experience Through Interdisciplinary Fieldwork |journal=The Geographical Bulletin |date=May 2022 |volume=63 |issue=2 |url=https://gammathetaupsilon.org/the-geographical-bulletin/2020s/volume63-2/article2.pdf |access-date=4 August 2023 |issn=2163-5900}}</ref> However, the methods and theory are distinct, and a technical geographer may be more concerned with the technological and theoretical concepts than the nature of the data.<ref name=Sala2>{{cite book |last1=Sala |first1=Maria |title=GEOGRAPHY – Vol. I: Geography |date=2009 |publisher=] UNESCO |url=https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c01/E6-14.pdf |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="cave1">{{cite book |last1=Cave |first1=Edward |title=Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts. The whole illustrated with notes. |date=1749 |publisher=Edward Cave |location=London |edition=2}}</ref> Further, a technical geographer may explore the relationship between the spatial technology and the end users to improve upon the technology and better understand the impact of the technology on human behavior.<ref name="Lin1">{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Yuancheng |last2=Wang |first2=Min |last3=Lei |first3=Junchao |last4=He |first4=Huiyan |title=Perception and Interaction of Urban Medical Space from the Perspective of Technical Geography: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China |journal=Journal of Urban Planning and Development |date=3 August 2023 |volume=149 |issue=4 |doi=10.1061/JUPDDM.UPENG-4432|s2cid=260653708 }}</ref> Thus, the spatial data types a technical geographer employs may vary widely, including human and physical geography topics, with the common thread being the techniques and philosophies employed.<ref name=Arabi1>{{cite journal |last1=Arabi |first1=Mouhaman |last2=Ngwa |first2=Moise |title=Modeling the Relationship Between Weather Parameters and Cholera in the City of Maroua, Far North Region, Cameroon |journal=] |date=March 2019 |volume=14(1):1–13 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.21163/GT_2019.141.01|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Boehm |first1=Richard G. |last2=Peters |first2=Samantha |title=Careers/Jobs in Geography:Business Cards of Department Graduates |date=2008 |publisher=Texas State University San Marcos |edition=sixth |url=https://gato-docs.its.txst.edu/jcr:8b8ecd11-661f-4626-8bcb-0e2fe31ed47e/Geography%20Alumni%20Business%20Card%20Directory%20-%206th%20Edition.pdf |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref> To accomplish this, technical geographers often create their own software or scripts, which can then be applied more broadly by others.<ref name="Kretzschmar1">{{cite book |last1=Kretzschmar Jr. |first1=William A. |editor1-last=Schlüter |editor1-first=Julia |editor2-last=Krug |editor2-first=Manfred |title=Research Methods in Language Variation and Change: Computer mapping of language data |date= 24 October 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107469846 |page=53}}</ref> They may also explore applying techniques developed for one application to another unrelated topic, such as applying ], originally developed for mining, to disciplines as diverse as real-estate prices.<ref name="Monmonier1" /><ref name="Chilès1">{{cite book |last1=Chilès |first1=Jean-Paul |last2=Desassis |first2=Nicolas |editor1-last=Sagar |editor1-first=B. S. Daya |editor2-last=Agterberg |editor2-first=Frits |editor3-last=Cheng |editor3-first=Qiuming |title=Handbook of Mathematical Geosciences |date=2018 |publisher=SpringerOpen |isbn=978-3-319-78998-9 |page=589 |chapter=29 Fifty Years of Kriging}}</ref>
300:|first3=Carissa |last4=Grantham |first4=Michael L. |last5=Mills |first5=Mark S. |title=Transforming the Applied Learning Experience Through Interdisciplinary Fieldwork |journal=The Geographical Bulletin |date=May 2022 |volume=63 |issue=2 |url=https://gammathetaupsilon.org/the-geographical-bulletin/2020s/volume63-2/article2.pdf |access-date=4 August 2023 |issn=2163-5900}}</ref> However, the methods and theory are distinct, and a technical geographer may be more concerned with the technological and theoretical concepts than the nature of the data.<ref name=Sala2>{{cite book |last1=Sala |first1=Maria |title=GEOGRAPHY – Vol. I: Geography |date=2009 |publisher=] UNESCO |url=https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c01/E6-14.pdf |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="cave1">{{cite book |last1=Cave |first1=Edward |title=Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts. The whole illustrated with notes. |date=1749 |publisher=Edward Cave |location=London |edition=2}}</ref> Further, a technical geographer may explore the relationship between the spatial technology and the end users to improve upon the technology and better understand the impact of the technology on human behavior.<ref name="Lin1">{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Yuancheng |last2=Wang |first2=Min |last3=Lei |first3=Junchao |last4=He |first4=Huiyan |title=Perception and Interaction of Urban Medical Space from the Perspective of Technical Geography: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China |journal=Journal of Urban Planning and Development |date=3 August 2023 |volume=149 |issue=4 |doi=10.1061/JUPDDM.UPENG-4432|s2cid=260653708 }}</ref> Thus, the spatial data types a technical geographer employs may vary widely, including human and physical geography topics, with the common thread being the techniques and philosophies employed.<ref name=Arabi1>{{cite journal |last1=Arabi |first1=Mouhaman |last2=Ngwa |first2=Moise |title=Modeling the Relationship Between Weather Parameters and Cholera in the City of Maroua, Far North Region, Cameroon |journal=] |date=March 2019 |volume=14(1):1–13 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.21163/GT_2019.141.01|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Boehm |first1=Richard G. |last2=Peters |first2=Samantha |title=Careers/Jobs in Geography:Business Cards of Department Graduates |date=2008 |publisher=Texas State University San Marcos |edition=sixth |url=https://gato-docs.its.txst.edu/jcr:8b8ecd11-661f-4626-8bcb-0e2fe31ed47e/Geography%20Alumni%20Business%20Card%20Directory%20-%206th%20Edition.pdf |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref> To accomplish this, technical geographers often create their own software or scripts, which can then be applied more broadly by others.<ref name="Kretzschmar1">{{cite book |last1=Kretzschmar Jr. |first1=William A. |editor1-last=Schlüter |editor1-first=Julia |editor2-last=Krug |editor2-first=Manfred |title=Research Methods in Language Variation and Change: Computer mapping of language data |date= 24 October 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107469846 |page=53}}</ref> They may also explore applying techniques developed for one application to another unrelated topic, such as applying ], originally developed for mining, to disciplines as diverse as real-estate prices.<ref name="Monmonier1" /><ref name="Chilès1">{{cite book |last1=Chilès |first1=Jean-Paul |last2=Desassis |first2=Nicolas |editor1-last=Sagar |editor1-first=B. S. Daya |editor2-last=Agterberg |editor2-first=Frits |editor3-last=Cheng |editor3-first=Qiuming |title=Handbook of Mathematical Geosciences |date=2018 |publisher=SpringerOpen |isbn=978-3-319-78998-9 |page=589 |chapter=29 Fifty Years of Kriging}}</ref>
274:''' Technical geography''' is the branch of ] that involves using, studying, and creating tools to obtain, analyze, interpret, understand, and communicate ].<ref name="Haidu1">{{cite journal |last1=Haidu |first1=Ionel |title=What is Technical Geography – a letter from the editor |journal=Geographia Technica |date=2016 |volume=11 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.21163/GT_2016.111.01|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Sala1>{{cite book |last1=Sala |first1=Maria |title=Geography Volume I |date=2009 |publisher=] UNESCO |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84826-960-6 |edition=1}}</ref><ref name=Tambassi>{{cite book |last1=Tambassi |first1=Timothy |title=The Philosophy of Geo-Ontologies |date=2021 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-78144-6 |edition=2}}</ref><ref name="Dada1">{{cite journal |last1=Dada |first1=Anup |title=The Process of Geomorphology Related to Sub Branches of Physical Geography |journal=Black Sea Journal of Scientific Research |date=December 2022 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.36962/GBSSJAR/59.3.004|doi-broken-date=2024
263:''' Technical geography''' is the branch of ] that involves using, studying, and creating tools to obtain, analyze, interpret, understand, and communicate ].<ref name="Haidu1">{{cite journal |last1=Haidu |first1=Ionel |title=What is Technical Geography – a letter from the editor |journal=Geographia Technica |date=2016 |volume=11 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.21163/GT_2016.111.01|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Sala1>{{cite book |last1=Sala |first1=Maria |title=Geography Volume I |date=2009 |publisher=] UNESCO |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84826-960-6 |edition=1}}</ref><ref name=Tambassi>{{cite book |last1=Tambassi |first1=Timothy |title=The Philosophy of Geo-Ontologies |date=2021 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-78144-6 |edition=2}}</ref><ref name="Dada1">{{cite journal |last1=Dada |first1=Anup |title=The Process of Geomorphology Related to Sub Branches of Physical Geography |journal=Black Sea Journal of Scientific Research |date=December 2022 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.36962/GBSSJAR/59.3.004|doi-broken-date=
1081:, can usually apply the concepts and techniques of technical geography. However, the methods and theory are distinct, and a technical geographer may be more concerned with the technological and theoretical concepts than the nature of the data. Further, a technical geographer may explore the relationship between the spatial technology and the end users to improve upon the technology and better understand the impact of the technology on human behavior. Thus, the spatial data types a technical geographer employs may vary widely, including human and physical geography topics, with the common thread being the techniques and philosophies employed. To accomplish this, technical geographers often create their own software or scripts, which can then be applied more broadly by others. They may also explore applying techniques developed for one application to another unrelated topic, such as applying
1578:) introduced the concept of "scientific geography" and discussed employing the scientific method to geographic concepts. This publication proposed how a field of scientific geography could be organized, and specified that "Phytogeography," "Zoogeography," and "Anthropogeography" could be areas where scientific principles could be applied. While this publication did not use the term technical geography in its description, several later publications explicitly link scientific and technical geography. By 1917, technical geography was included among courses taught at some British schools, alongside mathematics, chemistry, and other natural sciences. As techniques and concepts in technical geography advanced, geographers began to lament the lack of understanding and use of more advanced geographic concepts in society and law. Specifically, this became an issue during the 1930s
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time (temporal). Spatial datasets contain data points that are associated with specific geographic locations, and frequency in spatial datasets can be used to analyze patterns and distributions across different areas. Temporal datasets involve data points that are associated with specific time points, and frequency in temporal datasets helps analyze trends and patterns over time. Analyzing how the frequency of events changes across both space and time can reveal dynamic patterns. Spatial and temporal frequency are core concepts in technical geography because they are fundamental to understanding and analyzing geographic phenomena. Geography is inherently concerned with the distribution and dynamics of features across space and over time.
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1368:(WWW), Geographic information systems (GIS), and information theory have greatly aided cartographers in generalizing maps more efficiently and consistently. These tools can apply generalization rules systematically, ensuring high-quality outputs even as data volume increases. Cartographic generalization is foundational in technical geography because it ensures that maps are functional, readable, and tailored to their intended use. It balances the need for detail with the practical limitations of scale and medium, enhancing the effectiveness of maps as tools for communication, analysis, and decision-making.
1608:, which saw the extensive use of cartography and air photos, revolutionized these techniques and brought a new focus on the benefits they offered. In the years before the quantitative revolution, geography was generally fragmented and focused on descriptive approaches, and many United States universities were eliminating geography departments around the country. To address this, geographers began to debate the merits of more scientific and methods-based approaches to the discipline and advocate for the benefits these methods had to other technical courses. Some, such as the preeminent cartographer
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2093:"The risk is that non-geographers mastering these methods analyze the spatiotemporal data and information better than the geographers. That is why the need to deal with competition induced by other sciences claiming the geographic space as their subject of study and research becomes a serious challenge for geographers. Geographers need to test and adapt to the new methods, models and procedures and implement them in all fields and development trends of Geography. By these also, Technical Geography as a new line of research and professional training becomes a necessity."
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the map communicates the intended information effectively. The need for generalization arises because maps often depict large areas and scales, where including every detail is impractical and can overwhelm the map reader. The primary goal of cartographic generalization is to balance detail with readability, ensuring that the map serves its intended purpose without sacrificing essential information. By placing data in a spatial context, even though it is generalized, cartographic generalization creates additional information by revealing patterns and trends in the data.
2045:(a branch of geography that advocates that geographic research should focus on social issues transforming society). These frameworks were mostly advanced mostly by human geographers, leading to an observed gap between human and physical geographers. In response to the ideas and philosophies advanced during the quantitative revolution, particularly positivism and the emphasis on quantitative methods, the term critical geography was applied to ideological and theoretical criticisms of the methods and ideas of technical geographers. Other geographers, such as
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2505:. Each term has slightly differing definitions and scopes, and the best word choice has been debated in the literature since at least the 1700s when Cave defended the use of technical geography over practical geography. However, many of these alternative terms or phrases are "grammatically awkward" and do not link the discipline explicitly as a branch of geography in the same way as technical geography. This is an area of active scholarly debate, and any word choice will be inevitably met with criticism by others using a different model.
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Autocorrelation can be positive (indicating that similar values cluster together) or negative (indicating that dissimilar values are near each other). Spatial autocorrelation involves the correlation of a variable with itself across different spatial locations. Temporal autocorrelation involves the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself over successive time intervals. Autocorrelation is the foundation of Tobler's first law of geography. Spatial autocorrelation is measured with tools such as
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1673:, which focus on mathematical modeling and theoretical implications of cartography. These terms often compete and overlap with each other and often originate in separate countries, such as geographic information science in the United States, geomatics in France, and geoinformatics in Sweden. Three major technologies, remote sensing (RS), Geographic information systems (GIS), and the global positioning system (GPS) are highlighted as examples of technologies characterizing technical geography.
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1878:. These terms all overlap to some degree, but at least one study indicates they differ substantially enough to continue using. The proliferation of these new terms may have been detrimental to their popularity, and it has been suggested that they were possibly created carelessly or hastily. This has led to some confusion, and properly defining the areas covered by each term is an active field of research. One paper on the topic stated the following:
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2497:"—are used to describe the same, or similar, concepts as technical geography. Some of the discrepancy in terminology is due to different cultures and languages having their own method of organization; for example, the term "information geography" is popular in research from China to describe similar concepts. It is closely associated with and sometimes used interchangeably with, the subfields of
1431:(geographia, a combination of Greek words ‘Geo,’ The Earth, and ‘Graphien,’ to describe. Literally "earth description"), a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. Technical geography as a distinct term in the English language within the discipline of geography dates back at least as far as 1749 to a book published by English printer
1732:, advancements in photography, aircraft, and rockets only increased the effectiveness of remote sensing techniques. As the technology became available to the general public, geographers were soon overwhelmed with large volumes of satellite and aerial images. New techniques were required to store, process, analyze, and use this new data source, birthing remote sensing scientists.
1912:(including visualizations such as the space-time prism and continuous transportation modeling approach), and GIS, for handling spatial-temporal data generated by novel technology like GPS and remote sensing. This part of technical geography focuses on spatial statistics and visualizing spatial information, emphasizing quantitative data and the scientific method.
2104:"technical geography" itself has been debated since at least the 1700s, concepts within technical geography are often separated from the rest of geography when organizing and categorizing subfields in the discipline. Terms such as "techniques of geographic analysis", "geographic information technology", are used synonymously with the term within textbooks.
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1838:(GPS), and the system's full capability was made available to the general public in 2000. This facilitated a level of rapid acquisition of spatial coordinates that previously would have been expensive. Geographers began studying methods and applications for this data. In subsequent years, other countries have launched satellite constellations enabling
1794:...if geographers reject GIS then it could fundamentally affect the outside world's perception of what geography is all about. Certainly, these external perceptions may well be based on a picture of geography as it once was, but nevertheless they cannot be ignored. "How could they be so foolish as to disown the very core of their discipline?"
1511:; it involves spatial relationships between points and theory. A publication in 1889 defined the term "technical" as "especially appropriate to any art or science", and stated that "we never hear teachers questioning whether technical geography shall be taught in the schools." An 1890 publication advertised that the 1891
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cartography and map production, which is only possible through cartographic generalization. More then just reducing the overall level of information, cartographic generalization helps discover patterns and trends in data that underlie many techniques and technologies employed and investigated by technical geographers.
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in the context of previous technological conditions, remain in the shadow of new technologies, and are not modernised. The lack of specific terminological conditions, determined boundaries, or scopes of such definition use, encourages one to define the next terms, and the next science and research disciplines.
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Some have brought allegations that the culture in technical geography has introduced gender bias into geography departments as the discipline is disproportionately practiced by men and seen by some as more masculine. Nadine
Schuurman states that while there is not one reason for this discrepancy, but
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speculated that computer cartography facilitated by GIS would largely replace traditional pen and paper cartography. Geographers began to heavily debate the place of GIS in geography, with some rejecting its methods and others heavily advocating for it. In response to critics, British geographer Stan
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The other branches of geography, most commonly limited to ] and ], can usually apply the concepts and techniques of technical geography.<ref name="Sala1" /><ref name="Tambassi" /><ref name="Drake1">{{cite journal |last1=Drake |first1=Dawn M. |last2=Elias |first2=Ashley |last3=Ganong
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The other branches of geography, most commonly limited to ] and ], can usually apply the concepts and techniques of technical geography.<ref name="Sala1" /><ref name="Tambassi" /><ref name="Drake1">{{cite journal |last1=Drake |first1=Dawn M. |last2=Elias |first2=Ashley |last3=Ganong
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In 2009, UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life
Support Systems (EOLSS) employed the term technical geography to organize their literature related to geography, establishing a three-branch model of technical, human, and physical geography, referring to human and physical as the primary two. The benefit of this
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went as far as to suggest that cartography should be a separate academic discipline from geography entirely, even if only at a few academic institutions. This approach was shunned by more traditional geographers, who viewed it as a deviation from how geographers had always viewed and interacted with
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With the appearance of the next new technologies, immediately, new proposals of new sciences, new subdisciplines, appear. Many authors with great ease announce the origination of a new science, frequently not caring for the proper justification of its name definition. The old definitions, developed
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published the first paper detailing the use of computers in the map-making process titled "Automation and
Cartography" in 1959. While novel in terms of application, the process detailed by Tobler did not allow for storing or analyzing of geographic data. As computer technology progressed and better
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has pushed the development of information management techniques to handle spatial data and support decision-makers. To this end, technical geographers often adapt technology and techniques from other disciplines to spatial problems rather than create original innovations, such as using computers to
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Attempts at subdividing geography have often been met with criticism. Geography has a history spanning cultures and thousands of years and is described as a "mother science" from which more specialized disciplines emerge, resulting in a fragmented discipline. Other existing models to subdivide the
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As technology such as GIS began to dominate geography departments, the need to develop new curriculum to teach the fundamental concepts became apparent. In response to this in 2006 the UCGIS published
Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge (GISTBoK), building on the "Model
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Cartographic generalization is the process of simplifying the representation of geographical information on maps, making complex data more understandable and useful for specific purposes or scales. This process involves selectively reducing the detail of features to prevent clutter and ensure that
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In statistics, frequency refers to the number of occurrences of a particular event or value within a dataset. When dealing with spatial and temporal datasets, the concept of frequency can be applied to understand how often certain events or values occur across different locations (spatial) or over
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More controversially, others deny the idea that the thought and techniques of geography constitute a new branch. This argument asserts that geography must be applied and, therefore, must focus on some subset of human or physical geography. They also argue that there is not enough well-established
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With the emergence of GIS, researchers rapidly began to explore methods to use the technology for various geographic problems. This led some geographers to declare the study of the computer-based methods their own science within geography. GIS serves as the primary technology driving the field of
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Coinciding with the quantitative revolution was the emergence of early computers. The interdisciplinary nature of geography forces geographers to look at developments in other fields, and geographers tend to observe and adapt technological innovations from other disciplines rather than developing
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Autocorrelation is fundamental to technical geography because it provides critical insights into the spatial and temporal structure of geographical data. It enhances the ability to model, analyze, and interpret spatial patterns and relationships, supporting various applications from environmental
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Autocorrelation is a statistical measure used to assess the degree to which a given data set is correlated with itself over different time intervals or spatial distances. In essence, it quantifies the similarity between observations as a function of the time lag or spatial distance between them.
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to include processing of spatial data through the use of computers. This term has been described as being outside the branch of geography entirely and instead placed fully under the discipline of computer science, while other sources place it under the branch of technical geography. Sources have
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The 20th century saw the rapid emergence of technologies such as computers, satellites, and the corresponding software to operate them. These technologies rapidly changed how geographers operated, and significant effort went into considering how best to incorporate them into the discipline. With
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committee focused on geographic information, as the discipline concerned with handling geographic data or geographic information." In Canada, an effort was made to replace and absorb the term geodesy with geomatics; however, this was not successful, and globally, geodesy is generally considered
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Technical geography is highly theoretical and focuses on developing and testing methods and technologies for handling spatial-temporal data. These technologies are then applied to datasets and problems within the branches of human and/or physical geography. Historically, technical geography was
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Technical geography as a concept re-emerges to correct the historical trend in geography of adapting rather than developing new methods, technologies, and techniques for conducting geographic research by encouraging trained geographers to pursue this line of inquiry. While the use of the term
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As new technologies and methods applied by geographers, such as spatial analysis, cartography/GIS, remote sensing, and GPS, are widely applicable to various disciplines, concern grew among geographers that these other non-geographers in other disciplines might become better at using them than
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has been put forward as a distinct branch and umbrella for these wider concepts, the terms used to describe the study of spatial information as a distinct category vary. When subdividing the discipline within the literature, similar categories—such as "the
Spatial Tradition", "techniques of
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There are several concepts related to technical geography that are considered central attributes of the discipline. In one paper, autocorrelation and frequency are listed as the concepts that technical geography is based upon. Central to technical geography are the technologies surrounding
1459:"The Description confider'd as to Form is of three Sorts; The first exhibits the Earth, by a Draught or Delineation; the second by Tables, or Registers; and the third by Treties or Discourse. Hence Technical Geography may be divided into Representatory, Synoptical, and Explanatory."
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monitoring and urban planning to resource management and public health. By understanding and leveraging autocorrelation, geographers can make more informed decisions, improve the accuracy of their analyses, and contribute to solving real-world geographical problems.
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In teaching technical geography, instructors often need to fall back on examples from human and physical geography to explain the theoretical concepts. While technical geography mostly works with quantitative data, the techniques and technology can be applied to
1565:, and general research as courses that should be taught at in U.S. university geography departments. Hubbard specifies that technical geography refers to topics such as "mathematical or astronomical geography," as well as cartography. A 1910 publication in the
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to help educators teach GIScience. There has been significant debate around the term GIScience, including questioning if it can be considered a science. Many geographers, including
Michael Goodchild, continue to advance the use of the term today.
1711:"There is no longer any need to preach for aerial photography-not in the United States- for so widespread has become its use and so great its value that even the farmer who plants his fields in a remote corner of the country knows its value."
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in a 1970 paper, and more have been proposed since. Some geographers argue against the idea that laws in geography are necessary or even valid. These criticisms have been addressed by Tobler and others. Examples of these laws include
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Many academic institutions use, or have historically used, the term "technical geography" to either sub-divide their department or describe courses and content offered within their department. These include, but are not limited to:
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wording is that it is consistent with the other two branches and clearly places the discipline within geography. The categorization of technical geography in the EOLSS as a branch is expanded upon by Ionel Haidu in his 2016 paper
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coined the term "géomatique" in French. English-speaking
Canadians Pierre Gagnon and David Coleman translated the term as "geomatics", which was popularized in Canada through the 1980s and early 1990s. Today, it is defined by the
1483:, scholars have identified distinct "technical elements" in "Ptolemaic cartographic theory" such as map projection, lines of latitude and longitude, coordinates, grids, scales, and the theory of astronomically defined climates.
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In the same 1749 publication in which Cave discussed technical geography (Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts. The whole illustrated with notes)
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While when the term technical geography first entered the
English lexicon may be difficult to ascertain, technical geography as a concept crosses cultures, and techniques date back to the origins of cartography, surveying, and
1455:. In this book, they chose to use the term "technical geography" rather than "practical geography" to clarify that the branch is distinct in theory and methods. This publication defines technical geography with the following:
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While Cave published the "Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts", how much he wrote or edited is unclear. Other authors are not given within the
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to describe "the subset of information science that is about geographic information." GIScience is mentioned explicitly as being separate from quantitative geography, but under the branch of technical geography. In 1995, the
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maps. While the best approach to the technical aspect of geography was heavily debated among geographers, geography departments at universities across the United States began to teach a more scientific approach to geography.
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curricula" of the mid 90s. The GISTBoK is designed to inform curriculum teaching GIS and other geospatial technologies. This book is noted as having expanded the term "GIScience" to "GIScience and technology" (GIS&T).
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During the early days of the quantitative revolution, the term quantitative geography emerged as a subdiscipline within technical geography, focusing exclusively on new quantitative methods, such as spatial statistics,
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has been called the "founder of mathematical geography," and his activities are described as "little different from what we expect of a technical geographer." Within the "Ptolemaic tradition" of geography started by
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Gatrell, A C; Bracken, I J (1985). "Reviews: Central Place Theory, Gravity and
Spatial Interaction Models, Industrial Location, Scientific Geography Series, Computer-Assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects".
1519:, and cartography as examples of content within this division These publications demonstrate that the concept and term "technical geography" was in use in the United States to some capacity by the late 1800s.
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In the history of geography since the quantitative revolution, theorists from critical geography are often viewed as in direct confrontation with those of technical and quantitative geography. Some, such as
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and
Fisherman's Shoal below are in Wisconsin. These islands were the source of dispute during the U.S. Supreme Court cases Wisconsin v. Michigan, 295 U.S. 455 (1935) and Wisconsin v. Michigan, 297 U.S. 547
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Lin, Yuancheng; Wang, Min; Lei, Junchao; He, Huiyan (3 August 2023). "Perception and Interaction of Urban Medical Space from the Perspective of Technical Geography: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China".
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geographic analysis", "geographic information and analysis", "geographic information technology", "geography methods and techniques", "geographic information technology", "scientific geography," and "
2025:
was considered an important part of the process within geography to correct errors on maps and other products to improve models of the world. In the 1970s, critical geography took on the framework of
2518:
may be related to the broader perception of science as a "masculine domain," and the perception that tools, like GIS, employed by technical geographers are part of the military-industrial complex.
15:
2061:, argue that many of the early criticisms of quantitative methods have been addressed with advances in technology, and persist due to ignorance of quantitative geography. Geographer
1969:
and later defined in the 1990s as the science of integrating spatial data derived from various technologies, such as remote sensing, GPS, and GIS. It was later defined by geographer
1707:
and, in subsequent years, was applied to civilian endeavors. A 1941 textbook titled "Aerophotography and Aerosurverying" stated the following in the first line of its preference:
3266:
1304:
2113:
7853:
1862:
During the quantitative revolution, several terms originated from the concept that the technologies developed during this period are a focus of independent study, including
1660:. French geographer Ionel Haidu noted Tobler's first law of geography, and the associated concept of spatial autocorrelation, as central concepts to technical geography.
1364:
Effective generalization requires a deep understanding of the map's use case, the audience's needs, and the geographical context. Technological advancements, such as the
1200:
212:
144:
1994:
1670:
1484:
383:
1240:
1220:
8594:
1600:
Technical geography differentiated more clearly during the quantitative revolution in the 1950s and 1960s. Before this, the techniques and methods of handling
6465:
Melgaço, Lucas; Prouse, Carolyn (2017). "Milton Santos and the Centrality of the Periphery". In Melgaço, Lucas; Prouse, Carolyn; Brauch, Hans Günter (eds.).
3069:
5739:
4994:
2049:, have criticized that geography for moving away from the abstract, unquantifiable aspects of place that are essential to the understanding of geography.
1775:, which allowed for storing and analysis of spatial data within a computer. These tools revolutionized the discipline of geography by contributing to the
7883:"Putting Canada on the map: Father of digitized mapping recounts how a stroke of luck led him to develop the world's first geographic information system"
1927:
1554:
3975:
3183:
Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts. The whole illustrated with notes
2485:
7825:
1423:(tekhnikós, translated as artistic, skillful, workmanlike), meaning relating to a particular subject or activity and involving practical skills, and "
7775:
1888:
1314:
Clusters of the estimated percent of people in poverty by county in the contiguous United States in 2020 calculated using Anselin Local Moran's I.
6017:
5713:
2062:
1936:
156:
93:
2086:
31:
28:
2138:
as being a consequence of cartography shifting from simply producing maps to producing spatial information, influenced by a culmination of
2057:, argued that these criticisms were largely due to the difficulty in learning the emerging novel technologies. Some geographers, including
1582:
in the Supreme Court of the United States, where the border was not defined with specific technical geographic concepts. During the 1940s,
7495:
1997:(UCGIS) was established in the United States to support the field of GIScience, such as the creation of a "model curricula" by geographer
7211:
3356:
Chilès, Jean-Paul; Desassis, Nicolas (2018). "29 Fifty Years of Kriging". In Sagar, B. S. Daya; Agterberg, Frits; Cheng, Qiuming (eds.).
2756:
1046:
6769:
Li, Xin; Zheng, Donghai; Feng, Min; Chen, Fahu (November 2021). "Information geography: The information revolution reshapes geography".
1491:, was translated into Arabic in the ninth century, often mixing them with elements of traditional Islamic cartography. For example, the
8006:
1515:
at Berne would have five divisions in it program, with the first being technical geography listing topics like mathematical geography,
7383:
8645:
72:
6680:
D'Alessandro-Scarpari, Cristina; Elmes, Gregory; Miller, Jennifer; Weiner, Daniel (2016). "Book Review: Geography and technology".
4922:
2536:
1781:
7409:
3994:
3470:
2082:
was established to serve as an outlet for research employing quantitative, technical, and scientific methods within geography.
1988:
In the 1990s, the term Geographic Information Science (GIScience) was coined and popularized in the United States by geographer
4213:
3829:
4028:
152:
89:
7923:
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5358:
4905:
4114:
4077:
3892:
3867:
3635:
3365:
3026:
2986:
2701:
1464:
Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts, 1749,
1439:. This 1749 book was divided into four parts, one of which was named "containing technical geography", which focused on both
7595:
5480:
Openshaw, Stan (May 1991). "A View on the GIS Crisis in Geography, or, Using GIS to Put Humpty-Dumpty Back Together Again".
7520:
4897:
3627:
3142:
2978:
2697:
2566:
2128:
1944:
1428:
118:
4955:
Walker, Robert Toovey (28 Apr 2021). "Geography, Von Thünen, and Tobler's first law: Tracing the evolution of a concept".
2065:
noted that some physical geographers suspect several of the philosophies underlying critical geography are "fundamentally
4479:
2733:
2571:
1653:
8420:
7308:
3087:
1750:
7965:
7882:
6615:
6107:
DiBiase, David; DeMers, Michael; Johnson, Ann; Kemp, Karen; Luck, Ann Taylor; Plewe, Brandon; Wentz, Elizabeth (2006).
5571:
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3784:
2729:
1847:
1649:
1391:
Possibly the oldest surviving map has been engraved on this mammoth tusk, dated to 25,000 BC, found from Pavlov in the
179:
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2346:
7717:
7161:
6967:
6942:
6840:
6816:
6054:
6027:
5857:
5587:
Hegarty, Christopher J.; Chatre, Eric (December 2008). "Evolution of the Global Navigation satellite system (GNSS)".
4932:
4038:
4004:
3842:
3672:
3505:
3302:
1492:
7664:
3236:"Modeling the Relationship Between Weather Parameters and Cholera in the City of Maroua, Far North Region, Cameroon"
1420:
8729:
8640:
8604:
4262:
3917:
3659:
2642:
1512:
7258:
6490:
Hepple, L. (1998). "Context, Social Construction and Statistics: Regression, Social Science and Human geography".
5114:
Goodchild, Michael (2004). "The Validity and Usefulness of Laws in Geographic Information Science and Geography".
1123:
aid in cartography. They also explore adapting techniques developed for one area of geography to another, such as
8707:
6987:
2272:
1039:
5735:
5033:
4789:
4736:
Hartshorne, Richard (1958). "The concept of geography as a science of space from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner".
1762:
unique technologies to conduct geographic studies. More than a decade after the first computers were developed,
168:
8599:
8353:
7999:
6909:
4421:
3340:
2747:
2498:
2353:
2215:
1983:
1875:
1851:
1745:
1703:, new spatial data sources emerged during the quantitative revolution. Air photo technology was widely used in
1700:
1436:
1098:
1010:
697:
111:
5274:"Proposal of Redefinition of the Terms Geomatics and Geoinformatics on the Basis of Terminological Postulates"
2672:– Dutch cartographer who wrote the UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems chapter on Technical Geography.
8459:
4065:
3979:
2835:
The 1917 English review article is unclear on what was included in these British technical geography courses.
2596:
2581:
1772:
1568:
1118:
focused on cartography and globe-making. Today, while technical geographers still develop and make maps, the
1066:
that involves using, studying, and creating tools to obtain, analyze, interpret, understand, and communicate
808:
373:
5889:
5673:
2176:
1553:
In 1902, geodesy was suggested as a discipline supporting technical geography. In 1908, geography professor
8734:
8625:
8386:
7435:
3559:
735:
7800:
7233:
7013:
5890:"The Local Shape of Revolution: Reflections on Quantitative Geography at Cambridge in the 1950s and 1960s"
4384:"Technical Geography – an International Journal for the progress of Scientific Geography: Aims and Scopes"
3042:
Dada, Anup (December 2022). "The Process of Geomorphology Related to Sub Branches of Physical Geography".
2240:
1257:
8044:
8029:
6374:
6046:
The Geography of International Terrorism An Introduction to Spaces and Places of Violent Non-State Groups
5837:
5064:
2784:
2616:
1657:
1604:
were primarily focused on supporting human or physical geography, rather than a subject of study itself.
1355:
1015:
963:
2304:
2288:
1387:
100:
8695:
4586:
Ackerman, E.A. (1945). "Geographic training, wartime research, and immediate professional objectives".
2621:
2611:
2591:
1032:
5979:
ISO/TR 19122:2004(en) Geographic information/Geomatics — Qualification and certification of personnel
3693:"Temporal autocorrelation: a neglected factor in the study of behavioral repeatability and plasticity"
2531:
8501:
7992:
7061:
6835:(1 ed.). New Delhi: National Council of Educational Research and Training. 2006. pp. 1–12.
5705:
2551:
2442:
2401:
1835:
1821:
850:
403:
6133:
2586:
2054:
1728:, and the techniques employed were rapidly assimilated as aids in geographical studies. During the
1324:
8609:
8574:
8516:
8039:
7903:
7620:
Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)".
5935:
5799:
5188:
3387:
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
3086:
Drake, Dawn M.; Elias, Ashley; Ganong, Carissa; Grantham, Michael L.; Mills, Mark S. (May 2022).
2790:
2767:
2713:
2690:– cartographic theorist that wrote numerous books contributing to geographic information systems.
2576:
2561:
2208:
1989:
1595:
1583:
1545:
1537:
936:
923:
865:
413:
4506:
3435:"Critical Issues in the Methods of Data Collection in Geoinformatics and Environmental Sciences"
8429:
8396:
8144:
8074:
6134:"Revisiting the 'Is GIScience a science?' debate (or quite possibly scientific gerrymandering)"
2762:
2626:
2606:
2601:
2494:
2330:
2295:
1902:
1863:
1812:
by enabling real-time feedback in considering geography and landscape with community planning.
1767:
hardware became available, geographers rapidly adopted the technology to create maps. In 1960,
1340:
1094:
777:
745:
511:
441:
393:
175:
7136:
5980:
5149:
Arbia, Giuseppe; Benedetti, R.; Espa, G. (1996). ""Effects of MAUP on image classification"".
4921:
DeLyser, Dydia; Herbert, Steve; Aitken, Stuart; Crang, Mike; McDowell, Linda (November 2009).
4505:"The 'Quantitative Revolution'", GG3012(NS) Lecture 4, University of Aberdeen, 2011, webpage:
3407:
3382:
2362:
1242:
and then row normalizing the weight matrix. Top left shows anti-correlation giving a negative
1169:
8551:
8391:
8363:
8244:
8094:
6540:
4877:
Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael J.; Whatmore, Robert (2009).
4450:
4383:
3934:
3521:
Richmond, A. (2003). "Financially Efficient Ore Selections Incorporating Grade Uncertainty".
3063:
2311:
2247:
1779:
scientific approaches to the discipline during the quantitative revolution. In the 1985 book
1635:
The main claim for the quantitative revolution is that it led to a shift from a descriptive (
1579:
1128:
1127:, originally created for estimating gold ore distributions but now applied to topics such as
1090:
899:
740:
707:
654:
461:
66:
4519:
Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael J.; Whatmore, Sarah (2009).
3736:"Measuring spatio-temporal autocorrelation in time series data of collective human mobility"
2394:
8569:
8541:
8442:
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8278:
8149:
8139:
8109:
8079:
8049:
8034:
8018:
7749:
7629:
6866:
6731:
6499:
6424:
6280:
6243:
6145:
5901:
5489:
5387:
5285:
5200:
4832:
4631:
3807:
3747:
3523:
3394:
2058:
2015:
1839:
1741:
1377:
943:
918:
890:
791:
725:
516:
506:
476:
446:
398:
366:
355:
6339:
Kwan, Mei-Po (2004). "Beyond Difference: From Canonical Geography to Hybrid Geographies".
2325:
Technical geography employs, and has developed, many techniques and technologies, such as:
8:
8650:
8635:
8235:
8176:
8159:
8134:
8084:
4146:"The Michigan-Wisconsin Boundary Case in the Supreme Court of the United States, 1923–26"
3618:
3240:
2669:
2638:
2224:
2079:
1601:
1574:
1488:
1448:
1097:. Within the branch of technical geography are the major and overlapping subbranches of
1067:
1020:
543:
526:
501:
451:
378:
7753:
7633:
6870:
6735:
6632:
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6428:
6284:
6247:
6149:
5905:
5493:
5391:
5289:
5204:
5127:
5080:
4635:
3751:
3451:
3434:
3398:
3383:"Human Geography with Open Gis as a Transformative Introductory Higher Education Course"
2256:
2033:, and became an umbrella uniting various theoretical frameworks in geography, including
8671:
8531:
8481:
8320:
8191:
8154:
8129:
8119:
8114:
8099:
8089:
7929:
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6882:
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6697:
6515:
6440:
6390:
6296:
6199:
6161:
5955:
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5849:
5655:
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5505:
5403:
5216:
5131:
5084:
5025:
5017:
4972:
4749:
4717:
4681:
4647:
4558:
4355:
4233:
4157:
3691:
Mitchell, David J; Dujon, Antoine M; Beckmann, Christa; Biro, Peter (1 November 2019).
3540:
3216:
2648:
2160:
2139:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2011:
1834:
In 1978, the United States military launched the first satellites to enable the modern
1562:
1558:
1310:
1306:). Bottom right shows an 'ink blot' or spreading pattern with positive autocorrelation.
1225:
1205:
1132:
1078:
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953:
948:
880:
830:
659:
561:
521:
496:
486:
481:
466:
456:
418:
408:
107:
6927:
International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology
4539:"An Improved Curriculum for Cartographic Training at the College and University Level"
3293:
Kretzschmar Jr., William A. (24 October 2013). Schlüter, Julia; Krug, Manfred (eds.).
3133:
2426:
8678:
8401:
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7713:
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6611:
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6352:
6300:
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6187:
6112:
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5959:
5913:
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5853:
5775:
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5567:
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5354:
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4901:
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4034:
4000:
3949:
3913:
3888:
3863:
3838:
3780:
3719:
3668:
3631:
3544:
3501:
3474:
3361:
3336:
3298:
3220:
3102:
3022:
2982:
2802:
2796:
2778:
2710:– geographer that wrote numerous books contributing to geographic information systems
2556:
2546:
2458:
2378:
2042:
2034:
1622:
1541:
1085:, originally developed for mining, to disciplines as diverse as real-estate prices.
958:
750:
644:
606:
548:
238:{{Short description|Study of using and creating tools to manage spatial information}}
231:{{Short description|Study of using and creating tools to manage spatial information}}
6934:
6165:
5135:
5088:
5029:
3295:
Research Methods in Language Variation and Change: Computer mapping of language data
8683:
8496:
8368:
8253:
8171:
8104:
7911:
7757:
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6874:
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6739:
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6507:
6432:
6386:
6348:
6288:
6251:
6195:
6153:
5947:
5909:
5845:
5811:
5645:
5635:
5624:"GNSS CORS Network of the University of Palermo: Design and First Analysis of Data"
5596:
5539:
5497:
5459:
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5293:
5220:
5208:
5123:
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4713:
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4595:
4550:
4347:
4274:
4225:
3755:
3714:
3704:
3532:
3446:
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3245:
3208:
3051:
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2385:
2263:
2192:
845:
712:
597:
538:
471:
388:
350:
16:
7910:. Footprints of Regional Science. Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 185–198.
6232:"Professionalisation, Activism, and the University: Whither 'Critical Geography'?"
5608:
4968:
3760:
3735:
3088:"Transforming the Applied Learning Experience Through Interdisciplinary Fieldwork"
2107:
8464:
8257:
8164:
8066:
7955:
7915:
7707:
7599:
7358:
7283:
6157:
6044:
4182:
3801:
2719:
2675:
2541:
2410:
2026:
1966:
1768:
1716:
1609:
1153:
1119:
1074:
813:
601:
531:
431:
7036:
3055:
1532:
8526:
8521:
8486:
8406:
8348:
8209:
7954:
Clarke, Keith C. (2015). "Tobler, Waldo R(udolph).". In Monmonier, Mark (ed.).
7761:
7641:
5600:
5212:
2707:
2687:
2660:
2502:
2449:
2433:
2279:
2199:
2143:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1909:
1871:
1786:
1682:
1586:
began focusing on technical geography as part of an applied geography program.
1471:
1452:
1392:
1365:
1106:
995:
875:
870:
835:
755:
692:
581:
205:
186:
7776:"On the Eve of Retirement, Mark Monmonier Receives Lifetime Achievement Award"
7570:
7086:
6782:
6743:
5815:
4599:
4454:
4278:
3620:
GEOGRAPHY – Vol. II: Technical Geography Core concepts in the mapping sciences
3536:
3212:
1500:
1424:
1416:
8723:
8491:
8454:
8283:
8230:
6693:
5951:
5450:
St. Martin, Kevin; Wing, John (2007). "The Discourse and Discipline of GIS".
3953:
3106:
2369:
1799:
1408:
985:
973:
840:
803:
625:
615:
201:
7186:
6719:
5640:
5623:
3709:
3692:
3250:
3235:
2945:
2928:
47:
8630:
8469:
8306:
8225:
8214:
8199:
8124:
5544:
5531:
5463:
4438:
2772:
2725:
2681:
2654:
1998:
1763:
1725:
1692:
1644:
1605:
1504:
1496:
1475:
1320:
1163:
818:
610:
586:
571:
491:
7957:
The History of Cartography, Volume 6: Cartography in the Twentieth Century
7904:"Waldo Tobler (1931–2018): Analytical Cartographer and Regional Scientist"
7333:
6679:
1974:
noted that there is no universally accepted definition of geoinformatics.
1507:." Technical geography as a term is more than place name recollection and
8559:
8511:
8506:
8447:
8437:
8249:
8239:
5678:
5298:
5273:
4704:
Hartshorne, Richard (1955). "'Exceptionalism in Geography' re-examined".
2693:
2664:
2417:
2337:
2066:
1704:
1636:
1432:
908:
860:
855:
796:
786:
639:
593:
5650:
4672:
Hartshorne, Richard (1954). "Comment on 'Exceptionalism in geography'".
4104:
8564:
8314:
8292:
8267:
8262:
6271:
Peet, Richard (2000). "Celebrating Thirty Years of Radical Geography".
4806:
4685:
4651:
4619:
4562:
4538:
4336:"Scientific Geography: The Relation of Its Content to Its Subdivisions"
4161:
4145:
3935:"Prehistoric and Early Historic Maps in Europe: Conception of Cd-Atlas"
3885:
Key Concepts in Geography: Time, From Hegemonic Change to Everyday life
2155:
Technical geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:
2046:
1932:
1776:
1640:
913:
630:
7805:
American Association of Geographers Applied Geography Specialty Group!
7681:
7259:"Geography and Geospatial Sciences: Undergraduate Program – Geography"
6444:
6412:
5683:
5407:
5375:
5021:
4864:
Geography & Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4359:
4335:
4237:
2488:, vary dramatically between publications and cultures. While the term
1540:
passage, taken on June 20, 2016 from the International Space Station.
1411:
is the oldest surviving terrestrial globe, made between 1491 and 1493.
1158:
1135:, or the study of mathematical laws that govern information systems.
8536:
8358:
8338:
8301:
8297:
8015:
7740:
McMaster, Robert (1997). "In Memoriam: George F. Jenks (1916–1996)".
6925:
Couclelis, Helen (March 2017). "Ontology: Theoretical Perspectives".
6634:
Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society (1997)
6016:
Duckham, Matt; Goodchild, Michael F.; Worboys, Michael (2004-11-23).
5936:"Creation of Regions for Dialect Features Using a Cellular Automaton"
4478:
Jensen, J. Granville (1990). "Geography at Oregon State University".
4414:
Scientific and Technical Geography of the European Economic Community
2465:
2231:
2167:
2078:
geographers. In response to this, in 2006, the peer-reviewed journal
1921:
1867:
1809:
1631:
Waldo Tobler in front of the Newberry Library. Chicago, November 2007
1102:
1063:
978:
968:
885:
768:
702:
682:
649:
635:
330:
6878:
6511:
6467:
Milton Santos: A Pioneer in Critical Geography from the Global South
5770:
Fotheringham, A. Stewart; Brunsdon, Chris; Charlton, Martin (2000).
5501:
4776:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4756:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4724:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4692:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4643:
4606:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4554:
3860:
Key Concepts in Geography: Space, The Fundamental Stuff of Geography
1627:
1162:
Moran's I statistic computed for different spatial patterns. Using '
338:
8310:
7984:
6436:
6292:
5399:
5351:
Introductory digital image processing: a remote sensing perspective
5013:
4351:
4229:
1826:
1729:
1508:
1404:
1399:
6665:
Lemmens, Mathias (April 2001). "Education: Surveying the Issues".
6256:
6231:
2722:– the primary originator of modern geographic information systems.
2651:– influential in the use of GIS and geographic methods in History.
8474:
8343:
8287:
8271:
8204:
4870:
2183:
1843:
1687:
1516:
1480:
1124:
1082:
823:
687:
620:
576:
7111:
6958:
Lake, Ron; Burggraf, David; Trninic, Milan; Rae, Laurie (2004).
6077:
4995:"A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region"
3439:
International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research
3268:
Careers/Jobs in Geography:Business Cards of Department Graduates
1757:
Interface Screenshot with Map of Median Income in Houston (2010)
7212:"Geography and Geography Education: Two Faces of the Same Coin"
6375:"Women and technology in geography: a cyborg manifesto for GIS"
6109:
Geographic information science and technology body of knowledge
5842:
Spatial Analysis Using Big Data: Methods and Urban Applications
4881:(5th ed.). USA & UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 611–12.
2484:
discipline of geography into categories and focuses, including
2114:
Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge
2108:
Geographic information science and technology body of knowledge
1941:
1440:
319:
Study of using and creating tools to manage spatial information
7388:
Department of Geography and Geomatics (GIS and Remote Sensing)
7012:
Pujol, Hermínia; Ramon, M. Dolors Garcia; Ortiz, Anna (2012).
6192:
International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition)
5622:
Dardanelli, Gino; Lo Brutto, Mauro; Pipitone, Claudia (2020).
4894:
Geography Volume I: Modeling Geographic Systems and Prediction
4523:(5th ed.). US & UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 611–12.
2122:
1415:
The term "technical geography" is a combination of the words "
7470:
Cartouche:Newsletter of the Canadian Cartographic Association
7014:"Academic careers in Spanish geography: a gender perspective"
6902:
Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis
6833:
Fundamentals of Physical Geography: Geography as a Discipline
6637:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 259.
5772:
Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis
1246:. Top right shows a spatial gradient giving a large positive
6859:
Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science
5769:
2716:– GIS scholar and winner of the RGS founder's medal in 2003.
1544:
in Michigan is at the top. Rock Island and the much smaller
1487:
later adopted these technical elements when Ptolmey's book,
7778:. Syracuse University Media, Law & Policy. May 12, 2021
7066:
California State University, Long Beach, Geography, Archive
6608:
Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment
6317:
Graf, W. (1998). "Why Physical Geographers Whine so Much".
5621:
2750: – Delineation and characterization of Martian regions
2509:
peer-reviewed literature to back the term as a new branch.
1754:
1444:
5934:
Juuso, Ilkka; Kretzschmar Jr., William A. (January 2016).
5706:"China launches final satellite in GPS-like Beidou system"
2678:– influential in computer cartography and thematic mapping
1073:
The other branches of geography, most commonly limited to
6988:"What is the Difference Between Geomatics and Geography?"
6138:
International Journal of Geographical Information Science
4920:
4876:
4518:
3887:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 140–152.
3690:
2663:– cartographic theorist that created the web application
1131:. Technical geography today is theoretically grounded in
6106:
6082:
University Consortium for Geographic Information Science
4436:
4218:
Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York
3085:
2929:"What is Technical Geography – a letter from the editor"
2799: – Creation of standards and the technical drawings
2793: – Field of communication of technical information
1995:
University Consortium for Geographic Information Science
1724:
Remote sensing technology again advanced rapidly during
7665:"Interview with a Celebrity Cartographer: Cindy Brewer"
6576:
Getis, Arthur; Bjelland, Mark; Getis, Victoria (2018).
6015:
4837:
ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies
4618:
Honeybone, R. C.; Sugden, J. C. G; Wallace, W. (1958).
3862:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 85–96.
3464:
3462:
2752:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1669:
these technologies came new disciplines and terms like
6960:
Geography Mark-Up Language: Foundation for the Geo-Web
6957:
5564:
Geodesign: Case Studies in Regional and Urban Planning
4774:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
4754:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
4722:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
4690:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
4617:
4604:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
3734:
Gao, Yong; Cheng, Jing; Meng, Haohan; Liu, Yu (2019).
54:
7795:
7793:
7768:
7712:. New Mexico Geographical Society. pp. 138–145.
5674:"Russia Launches Three More GLONASS-M Space Vehicles"
5353:. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 623.
3557:
1940:"immutable" as a term. Geomatics was included in the
1643:) geography. The first of these laws was proposed by
1260:
1228:
1208:
1172:
5933:
4866:(7th ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 64–76.
3976:"Tutorials in the History of Cartography – Overview"
3459:
6319:
The Association of American Geographers' Newsletter
3932:
3274:(sixth ed.). Texas State University San Marcos
7790:
7359:"Department of Geographical Sciences: Course list"
6575:
5320:(1st ed.). York, PA: The Maple Press Company.
5148:
2005:
1298:
1250:. Bottom left shows random data giving a value of
1234:
1214:
1194:
7709:Leaders in American Geography Volume II: Research
7436:"Bachelor of Science Four-year (B.Sc. Four-year)"
7204:
6341:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
5804:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
5116:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
5069:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4738:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4706:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4674:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4588:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4543:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4481:Association of Pacific Coast Geographers Yearbook
4175:
4150:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
3933:Wolodtschenko, Alexander; Forner, Thomas (2007).
3495:
3068:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1977:
208:. | Suggested by Neko-chan | #UCB_webform 817/900
8721:
5838:"Chapter Six – Models in quantitative geography"
5835:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5557:
5555:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5257:
4106:Baghdād: From Its Beginnings to the 14th Century
3827:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
2781: – Science of planets and planetary systems
7018:Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles
7011:
6981:
6979:
6768:
6713:
6711:
5736:"Galileo navigation satellite system goes live"
5255:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
4861:
4830:
4411:
4098:
4096:
4059:
4057:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3733:
3686:
3684:
3292:
2486:William Pattison's four traditions of geography
1735:
7742:Cartography and Geographic Information Systems
7454:
7428:
7179:
6855:
6605:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6043:Medina, Richard M.; Hepner, George F. (2013).
5993:Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems
5798:Miller, Harvey J.; Bridwell, Scott A. (2008).
5797:
5449:
5193:Cartography and Geographic Information Science
5168:Smith, Peter (2005). "The laws of geography".
4407:
4405:
4297:
4295:
3355:
1937:International Organization for Standardization
1382:
1349:
8595:Geographic data and information organizations
8000:
7801:"Previous Anderson Medal of Honor Recipients"
7701:
7699:
7251:
6811:. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
6809:Foundations of geographic information science
6535:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6464:
6334:
6332:
6019:Foundations of Geographic Information Science
5836:Murakami, Daisuke; Yamagata, Yoshiki (2020).
5793:
5791:
5754:
5586:
5552:
5532:"Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010"
5525:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5482:Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space
5109:
5107:
5105:
4340:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
4103:Scheiner, Jens; Toral, Isabel (28 Jul 2022).
4102:
4070:International Encyclopedia of Human Geography
3799:
3644:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
2473:
1040:
7596:"Faculty page at U of Maine Dept of History"
6976:
6708:
6630:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6312:
6310:
6042:
5995:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, inc.
5475:
5473:
5335:(1 ed.). London: Methuen & Co. LTD.
5234:
4826:
4824:
4581:
4579:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4093:
4054:
3912:. Geo Abstracts, University of East Anglia.
3814:
3681:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3286:
3265:Boehm, Richard G.; Peters, Samantha (2008).
3198:
2759: – Series of geography texts, 1975–1996
1815:
1663:
7947:
7846:
7705:
7154:
6918:
6483:
6359:
6125:
5443:
5186:
4948:
4831:Crampton, Jeremy W.; Krygier, John (2005).
4402:
4292:
4256:
4254:
3986:
3560:"A density function of the appraisal value"
3264:
3234:Arabi, Mouhaman; Ngwa, Moise (March 2019).
2757:Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography
2123:UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
8007:
7993:
7895:
7696:
7376:
7351:
7226:
7187:"Environmental Planning: Available Minors"
6899:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6673:
6571:
6569:
6526:
6329:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6036:
5984:
5788:
5516:
5344:
5342:
5311:
5309:
5189:"On the Origins of Analytical Cartography"
5180:
5102:
5058:
5056:
5054:
4988:
4986:
4924:The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography
4767:
4735:
4703:
4671:
4473:
4471:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4030:Mapping the Afterlife: From Homer to Dante
3496:Journel, A. G.; Huijbregts, C. J. (1978).
3311:
3297:. Cambridge University Press. p. 53.
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2632:
1589:
1047:
1033:
8646:National Council for Geographic Education
7818:
7733:
7680:
7656:
7613:
7460:
7129:
7079:
6924:
6849:
6802:
6800:
6658:
6594:
6458:
6372:
6307:
6255:
6070:
5800:"A Field-Based Theory for Time Geography"
5649:
5639:
5561:
5543:
5529:
5470:
5297:
5187:Clarke, Keith C.; Cloud, John G. (2000).
5113:
4833:"An Introduction to Critical Cartography"
4821:
4805:
4781:
4576:
4532:
4530:
4322:
3967:
3768:
3759:
3718:
3708:
3657:
3573:
3450:
3415:
3408:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W14-99-2019
3406:
3330:
3249:
3233:
3201:Journal of Urban Planning and Development
2944:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
1896:
7906:. In Batey, Peter; Plane, David (eds.).
7739:
7402:
7104:
6900:A. Stewart, Fotheringham (May 2, 2000).
6717:
6606:Dahlman, Carl; Renwick, William (2013).
6264:
6223:
6179:
5580:
5479:
5278:International Journal of Geo-Information
5271:
5065:"On the First Law of Geography: A Reply"
4914:
4585:
4378:
4376:
4263:"The progress of geographical knowledge"
4251:
4063:
3999:. Vancouver, BC: UBCPress. p. 242.
3777:The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2
3774:
3616:
3558:Barris, J.; Garcia Almirall, P. (2010).
3520:
3081:
3079:
3044:Black Sea Journal of Scientific Research
3016:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2787: – Series of geography publications
1825:
1749:
1686:
1639:) geography to an empirical law-making (
1626:
1531:
1398:
1386:
1309:
1166:' neighbors for each grid cell, setting
1157:
7880:
7619:
7563:
7028:
6985:
6962:(1 ed.). John Wiley and Sons Inc.
6757:
6664:
6566:
6469:(1 ed.). Springer. pp. 5–10.
6229:
6131:
6111:. Association of American Geographers.
6095:
5887:
5712:. The Associated Press. June 23, 2020.
5339:
5324:
5306:
5051:
4983:
4468:
4301:
4260:
4211:
4205:
4130:
4033:. Oxford University Press. p. 52.
4020:
3992:
3901:
3876:
3851:
3727:
3489:
3374:
3349:
3333:Technological Transition in Cartography
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3127:
3125:
3123:
2995:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2684:– Wrote Kitab al-Buldan (Ya'qubi book).
2537:California State University, Long Beach
2319:
1782:Technological Transition in Cartography
1557:included technical geography alongside
1499:between 902–903 C.E., was described by
315:Revision as of 20:02, 19 September 2024
153:Revision as of 20:02, 19 September 2024
90:Revision as of 18:39, 14 September 2024
8722:
7953:
6825:
6797:
6489:
6404:
5990:
5927:
5536:Journal of Spatial Information Science
5373:
5348:
5330:
5315:
5062:
4992:
4954:
4896:(1 ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom:
4885:
4862:Johnston, Ron; Sidaway, James (2016).
4770:Perspective on the Nature of Geography
4527:
4477:
4143:
3907:
3882:
3857:
3800:Kenney, J. F.; Keeping, E. S. (1962).
3793:
3468:
3380:
3194:
3192:
2977:(1 ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom:
2829:
2819:
7988:
7901:
7538:
7513:
7488:
7326:
7301:
7276:
7054:
6951:
6904:(1 ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.
5742:from the original on October 18, 2017
5167:
4891:
4787:
4536:
4373:
4333:
3926:
3432:
3227:
3076:
2926:
2849:
2805: – Type of written communication
2702:Neighborhood effect averaging problem
2085:In a 2016 paper within this journal,
1857:
1527:
8690:
8014:
7706:Karan, P.P.; Mather, Cotton (2000).
7662:
7214:. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
6806:
6410:
6338:
6316:
6270:
6185:
6049:. Taylor & Francis. p. xi.
4790:"The George F. Jenks Map Collection"
4412:Bamford, C. G; Robinson, H. (1986).
3358:Handbook of Mathematical Geosciences
3180:
3157:
3131:
3120:
3041:
3035:
2972:
2953:
2698:Uncertain geographic context problem
2567:Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
2521:
2129:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
1945:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
1695:reconnaissance/surveillance aircraft
1616:
1299:{\displaystyle -1/(N-1)\simeq -0.04}
80:
46:
8702:
7861:American Association of Geographers
7833:American Association of Geographers
7238:Northwest Missouri State University
5272:Krawczyk, Artur (9 November 2022).
5128:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402008.x
5081:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x
4620:"Geography and Technical Education"
4390:. "Geographia Technica" Association
4026:
3996:Four Centuries of Special Geography
3831:Analysis of Frequency Distributions
3828:Gardiner, V.; Gardiner, G. (1979).
3452:10.56201/ijssmr.v9.no8.2023.pg18.28
3433:Bello, Innocent E. (October 2023).
3189:
2657:– influential in spatial statistics
2572:Northwest Missouri State University
1852:Galileo navigation satellite system
1513:International Geographical Congress
1503:as "technical geography themes of
211:
198:
167:
150:
143:
130:
99:
87:
13:
7881:Greiner, Lynn (17 December 2007).
7410:"U of Saskatchewan to U of Regina"
6986:Collins, Eric (15 February 2016).
6720:"The Four Traditions of Geography"
6631:National Research Council (1997).
6391:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2002.tb00748.x
6373:Schuurman, Nadine (28 June 2008).
6200:10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10691-2
5850:10.1016/B978-0-12-813127-5.00006-0
5716:from the original on June 24, 2020
5318:Aerophotography and Aerosurverying
4750:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1958.tb01562.x
4718:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1955.tb01671.x
4499:
4066:"Cartography in Islamic Societies"
3185:(2 ed.). London: Edward Cave.
1848:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
1830:GPS constellation system animation
1147:
337:
317:
134:
35:
8746:
4927:(1 ed.). SAGE Publications.
4879:The Dictionary of Human Geography
4521:The Dictionary of Human Geography
4437:A Secondary Schoolmaster (1917).
3973:
3910:An Introduction to Time-Geography
3803:Mathematics of Statistics, Part 1
3335:(1 ed.). Univ of Wisconsin.
2775: – Amateur-focused geography
1950:
1676:
8701:
8689:
8677:
8666:
8665:
8641:International Geography Olympiad
7874:
7588:
7005:
6893:
6624:
6353:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.00432.x
5914:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2008.00731.x
3019:The Philosophy of Geo-Ontologies
2643:List of Graeco-Roman geographers
2457:
2441:
2425:
2409:
2393:
2377:
2361:
2345:
2329:
2303:
2287:
2271:
2255:
2239:
2223:
2207:
2191:
2175:
2159:
1965:was coined by Swedish scientist
1654:Tobler's second law of geography
1580:Michigan-Wisconsin Boundary Case
1138:
7960:. University of Chicago Press.
7908:Great Minds in Regional Science
7622:Journal of Geographical Systems
7034:
6935:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0680
6009:
5973:
5888:Haggett, Peter (16 July 2008).
5881:
5829:
5728:
5698:
5666:
5615:
5421:
5367:
5161:
5151:Journal of Geographical Systems
5142:
4855:
4761:
4729:
4697:
4665:
4611:
4512:
4430:
3806:(3rd ed.). Princeton, NJ:
3740:Geo-spatial Information Science
3551:
3514:
3258:
2149:
2072:
2006:Emergence of critical geography
1650:Tobler's first law of geography
1522:
1112:
8354:Geographic information science
7854:"MICHAEL DEMERS (2010 WINNER)"
7525:University of Southern Alabama
7500:University of Southern Alabama
6541:"Geographia Technica Volume 1"
5940:Journal of English Linguistics
4778:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4758:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4726:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4694:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4608:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4267:Scottish Geographical Magazine
4072:. Elsevier. pp. 414–427.
3658:Goodchild, Michael F. (1986).
2748:Areography (geography of Mars)
2512:
2499:geographic information science
2478:
2354:Geographic information systems
2216:Geographic information science
1984:Geographic Information Science
1978:Geographic Information Science
1876:geographic information science
1746:Geographic information systems
1284:
1272:
1099:geographic information science
698:Geographic information science
1:
8460:Geographic information system
7546:"Technical Geography Courses"
7338:University of Mary Washington
7263:South Dakota State University
5530:Goodchild, Michael F (2010).
5429:"The 50th Anniversary of GIS"
4969:10.1080/00167428.2021.1906670
3761:10.1080/10095020.2019.1643609
3360:. SpringerOpen. p. 589.
3135:GEOGRAPHY – Vol. I: Geography
2842:
2696:– geographer that coined the
2597:University of Mary Washington
2582:South Dakota State University
1773:geographic information system
1569:American Geographical Society
809:Geographic information system
313:
270:
259:
8387:Environmental social science
7916:10.1007/978-3-030-46157-7_12
7442:. University of Saskatchewan
7112:"Geography Program: Degrees"
6771:Science China Earth Sciences
6580:(15 ed.). McGraw Hill.
6158:10.1080/13658816.2012.674529
5376:"Automation and Cartography"
4768:Hartshorne, Richard (1959).
3567:European Real Estate Society
1961:In the late 1980s, the term
1915:
1736:Computer cartography and GIS
1334:
736:Environmental social science
18:Browse history interactively
7:
7826:"MEI-PO KWAN (2022 WINNER)"
7463:"Mosquitoes and Map Design"
6682:Progress in Human Geography
5562:McElvaney, Shannon (2012).
4302:Hubbard, George D. (1908).
4212:Hurlbut, George C. (1890).
2785:Scientific Geography Series
2740:
2617:University of South Alabama
2136:What is technical geography
1947:under technical geography.
1850:, and the European Union's
1437:St John's Gate, Clerkenwell
1383:Early history and etymology
1356:Cartographic generalization
1350:Cartographic generalization
964:Non-representational theory
200:Altered doi-broken-date. |
139:elaborated on core concepts
10:
8751:
7762:10.1559/152304097782438764
7642:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w
7550:Portland Community college
7496:"Geography Advising Guide"
7313:Tennessee State University
6718:Pattison, William (1964).
6492:Environment and Planning A
6273:Environment and Planning A
6236:Environment and Planning A
5601:10.1109/JPROC.2008.2006090
5213:10.1559/152304000783547821
3779:(1 ed.). Esri Press.
3500:. London: Academic Press.
3017:Tambassi, Timothy (2021).
2636:
2622:Portland Community College
2612:University of Saskatchewan
2592:Tennessee State University
2474:Controversy, and criticism
2126:
2111:
2009:
1981:
1954:
1919:
1900:
1819:
1739:
1680:
1620:
1593:
1375:
1371:
1353:
1338:
1151:
1093:, differentiating it from
132:
8661:
8618:
8587:
8550:
8502:Global Positioning System
8428:
8419:
8377:
8329:
8190:
8065:
8058:
8025:
7669:Cartographic Perspectives
7461:Petroniro, Elise (2006).
7141:Everett Community College
7062:"Department of Geography"
6783:10.1007/s11430-021-9857-5
6744:10.1080/00221346408985265
6610:(6th ed.). Pearson.
6578:Introduction to Geography
6186:Peet, J. Richard (2020).
5816:10.1080/00045600802471049
5774:. Sage Publications Ltd.
4794:Cartographic Perspectives
4788:White, Travis M. (2018).
4600:10.1080/00045604509357271
4334:Tower, Walter S. (1910).
4279:10.1080/00369220208733393
4187:School and Home Education
4144:Martin, Lawrence (1930).
3617:Ormeling, Ferjan (2009).
3213:10.1061/JUPDDM.UPENG-4432
3095:The Geographical Bulletin
3056:10.36962/GBSSJAR/59.3.004
2552:Everett Community College
2402:Global Positioning System
1836:Global Positioning System
1822:Global Positioning System
1816:Global Positioning System
1699:Along with computers and
1664:20th century technologies
851:Global Positioning System
404:Environmental determinism
222:
219:
149:
86:
7663:Roth, Robert E. (2010).
7390:. University of Peshawar
7288:Southern Utah University
6694:10.1177/0309132506070191
6022:. CRC Press. p. 4.
5991:DeMers, Michael (2009).
5952:10.1177/0075424215620279
4772:. Chicago: Rand McNally.
4624:The Geographical Journal
4193:(1): 108. September 1889
4064:Brentjes, Sonja (2009).
3993:Sitwell, O.F.G. (1993).
3331:Monmonier, Mark (1985).
3244:. 14(1):1–13 (1): 1–13.
3021:(2 ed.). Springer.
2812:
2587:Southern Utah University
2142:and technology like the
1658:Arbia's law of geography
1447:, including concepts of
1195:{\displaystyle w_{ij}=1}
119:Extended confirmed users
8730:Technical communication
8610:National mapping agency
8575:Survey (human research)
8517:Participant observation
7191:Jacksonville University
7041:Babeș-Bolyai University
6132:Reitsma, Femke (2013).
5641:10.21163/GT_2020.151.05
5589:Proceedings of the IEEE
4416:. Prentice Hall Press.
4261:Holdich, T. H. (1902).
3775:Mitchell, Andy (2005).
3661:Spatial Autocorrelation
3537:10.1023/A:1023239606028
3381:Holler, Joseph (2019).
3251:10.21163/GT_2019.141.01
2946:10.21163/GT_2016.111.01
2791:Technical communication
2768:Map communication model
2714:Michael Frank Goodchild
2633:Influential geographers
2577:Oregon State University
2562:Jacksonville University
2532:Babeș-Bolyai University
1990:Michael Frank Goodchild
1596:Quantitative revolution
1590:Quantitative revolution
1584:Oregon State University
924:Survey (human research)
866:Participant observation
414:Quantitative revolution
85:
8600:Geographical societies
8397:Landscape architecture
7902:Getis, Arthur (2020).
7575:Weber State University
7416:. University of Regina
7363:University of Maryland
7162:"Careers in Geography"
7037:"Faculty of Geography"
6230:Castree, Noel (2000).
5545:10.5311/JOSIS.2010.1.2
5464:10.3138/carto.42.3.235
5374:Tobler, Waldo (1959).
5333:Geography from the Air
5316:Bagley, James (1941).
5063:Tobler, Waldo (2004).
4993:Tobler, Waldo (1970).
4892:Baker, Robert (2009).
4537:Jenks, George (1953).
4109:. BRILL. p. 804.
3908:Thrift, Nigel (1977).
3883:Taylor, Peter (2009).
3858:Thrift, Nigel (2009).
3471:"Map Printing Methods"
3469:Fitzgerald, Joseph H.
3058:(inactive 2024-09-19).
2763:History of cartography
2627:Weber State University
2607:University of Peshawar
2602:University of Maryland
2495:quantitative geography
2296:Quantitative geography
2101:
1903:quantitative geography
1897:Quantitative geography
1894:
1864:quantitative geography
1831:
1805:
1758:
1722:
1696:
1671:analytical cartography
1632:
1550:
1467:
1412:
1396:
1341:Frequency (statistics)
1315:
1307:
1300:
1236:
1216:
1196:
1095:quantitative geography
937:Theoretical Approaches
746:Landscape architecture
394:History of cartography
342:
8392:Environmental studies
8364:Statistical geography
8245:Environmental science
6413:"A View of Geography"
5894:Geographical Analysis
5349:Jensen, John (2016).
3808:Van Nostrand Reinhold
3720:10536/DRO/DU:30135712
3710:10.1093/beheco/arz180
3630:UNESCO. p. 482.
3181:Cave, Edward (1749).
2927:Haidu, Ionel (2016).
2312:Qualitative geography
2248:Statistical geography
2091:
1880:
1842:, including Russia's
1829:
1792:
1753:
1709:
1690:
1630:
1535:
1457:
1402:
1390:
1313:
1301:
1237:
1217:
1197:
1161:
1129:real estate appraisal
1091:qualitative geography
741:Environmental studies
708:Statistical geography
341:
254:{{Geography sidebar}}
247:{{Geography sidebar}}
8605:Geoscience societies
8570:Interview (research)
8542:Land change modeling
8443:Computer cartography
8421:Techniques and tools
8279:Earth system science
7234:"Major in Geography"
6807:Mark, David (2003).
6724:Journal of Geography
6411:Tuan, Yi-Fu (1991).
5844:. pp. 159–178.
5299:10.3390/ijgi11110557
4214:"Geographical notes"
3524:Mathematical Geology
3498:Mining Geostatistics
3132:Sala, Maria (2009).
2973:Sala, Maria (2009).
2320:Techniques and tools
2059:Stewart Fotheringham
2016:Critical cartography
1840:Satellite navigation
1742:Computer cartography
1378:History of geography
1325:Getis–Ord statistics
1258:
1226:
1206:
1170:
919:Interview (research)
891:Land change modeling
792:Computer cartography
726:Integrated geography
399:Historical geography
367:History of geography
267:2024 }}</ref>
8735:Technical geography
8651:Spatial citizenship
8636:Geographers on Film
8626:Geography education
8236:Atmospheric science
7754:1997CGISy..24...56M
7634:2022JGS....24..281F
6871:1985EnPlB..12..493G
6736:1964JGeog..63..211P
6548:Geographia Technica
6504:1998EnPlA..30..225H
6429:1991GeoRv..81...99T
6417:Geographical Review
6379:Canadian Geographer
6285:2000EnPlA..32..951P
6248:2000EnPlA..32..955C
6188:"Radical Geography"
6150:2013IJGIS..27..211R
5906:2008GeoAn..40..336H
5686:on February 6, 2009
5628:Geographia Technica
5494:1991EnPlA..23..621O
5392:1959GeoRv..49..526T
5380:Geographical Review
5331:Walker, F. (1953).
5290:2022IJGI...11..557K
5205:2000CGISc..27..195C
4957:Geographical Review
4636:1958GeogJ.124..232.
4388:Geographia Technica
4304:"College Geography"
3752:2019GSIS...22..166G
3399:2019ISPAr4214...99H
3241:Geographia Technica
2933:Geographia Technica
2670:Ferjan Ormeling Jr.
2639:List of geographers
2490:technical geography
2080:Geographia Technica
1602:spatial information
1575:Geographical Review
1485:Islamic geographers
1449:cartographic design
1068:spatial information
1060:Technical geography
673:Technical geography
325:Part of a series on
8532:Statistical survey
8482:Geologic modelling
8321:Quaternary science
7888:The Globe and Mail
7284:"Geography at SUU"
5170:Teaching Geography
5002:Economic Geography
4807:10.14714/CP91.1516
4487:. pp. 153–164
4443:The English Review
4308:Educational Review
4027:Gee, Emma (2020).
3697:Behavioral Ecology
2975:Geography Volume I
2649:Anne Kelly Knowles
2140:information theory
2039:feminist geography
2031:Marxist philosophy
2023:critical geography
2012:Critical geography
1858:New Subdisciplines
1832:
1771:created the first
1759:
1697:
1633:
1563:physical geography
1559:regional geography
1551:
1528:Early 20th century
1427:", from the Greek
1419:", from the Greek
1413:
1397:
1316:
1308:
1296:
1232:
1212:
1192:
1133:information theory
1079:physical geography
991:Post-structuralism
881:Statistical survey
831:Geologic modelling
660:Quaternary science
562:Physical geography
419:Critical geography
409:Regional geography
343:
165:
97:
8717:
8716:
8583:
8582:
8415:
8414:
8402:Landscape ecology
8222:Coastal geography
7925:978-3-030-46157-7
7682:10.14714/CP66.104
7309:"Geography Minor"
7166:Grossmont College
7116:College of DuPage
6644:978-0-309-05199-6
6587:978-1-259-57000-1
6476:978-3-319-53825-9
6209:978-0-08-102296-2
6118:978-0-89291-267-4
6002:978-0-470-12906-7
5781:978-0-7619-5948-9
5595:(12): 1902–1917.
5360:978-0-13-405816-0
4907:978-1-84826-960-6
4439:"A Reform School"
4183:"Art of Teaching"
4116:978-90-04-51337-2
4079:978-0-08-044911-1
3894:978-1-4051-9146-3
3869:978-1-4051-9146-3
3637:978-1-84826-960-6
3367:978-3-319-78998-9
3028:978-3-030-78144-6
2988:978-1-84826-960-6
2803:Technical writing
2797:Technical drawing
2779:Planetary science
2557:Grossmont College
2547:College of DuPage
2522:Academic programs
2043:radical geography
2035:Marxist geography
1928:Bernard Dubuisson
1790:Openshaw stated:
1623:Laws of geography
1617:Laws of geography
1555:George D. Hubbard
1542:St. Martin Island
1235:{\displaystyle i}
1215:{\displaystyle j}
1062:is the branch of
1057:
1056:
905:
904:
783:
782:
751:Landscape ecology
645:Landscape ecology
607:Coastal geography
312:
151:
88:
68:
8742:
8705:
8704:
8693:
8692:
8681:
8669:
8668:
8497:Geovisualization
8426:
8425:
8369:Spatial analysis
8254:Paleoclimatology
8063:
8062:
8009:
8002:
7995:
7986:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7899:
7893:
7892:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7858:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7839:
7830:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7797:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7703:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7684:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7598:. Archived from
7592:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7521:"GEO Curriculum"
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7467:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7421:
7414:transfer credits
7406:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7244:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7208:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7158:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7009:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6992:Geomatics Canada
6983:
6974:
6973:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6766:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6715:
6706:
6705:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6603:
6592:
6591:
6573:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6545:
6537:
6524:
6523:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6370:
6357:
6356:
6336:
6327:
6326:
6314:
6305:
6304:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6104:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6013:
6007:
6006:
5988:
5982:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5795:
5786:
5785:
5767:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5682:. Archived from
5670:
5664:
5663:
5653:
5643:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5559:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5527:
5514:
5513:
5477:
5468:
5467:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5313:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5284:(11): Krawczyk.
5269:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5111:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5060:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5032:. Archived from
4999:
4990:
4981:
4980:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4534:
4525:
4524:
4516:
4510:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4486:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4409:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4331:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4141:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3978:. Archived from
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3939:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3836:
3825:
3812:
3811:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3712:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3655:
3642:
3641:
3625:
3614:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3473:. Archived from
3466:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3430:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3328:
3309:
3308:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3140:
3129:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3059:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3014:
2993:
2992:
2970:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2924:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2753:
2736:law of geography
2461:
2445:
2429:
2413:
2397:
2386:Geovisualization
2381:
2365:
2349:
2333:
2307:
2291:
2275:
2264:Spatial analysis
2259:
2243:
2227:
2211:
2195:
2179:
2163:
2099:
1892:
1803:
1720:
1567:Bulletin of the
1465:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1271:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1202:for neighbours
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1049:
1042:
1035:
896:
895:
846:Geovisualization
774:
773:
713:Spatial analysis
598:Paleoclimatology
389:Age of Discovery
322:
321:
209:
193:
183:
164:
159:
141:
140:
138:
125:
115:
96:
69:
60:
59:
57:
52:
50:
42:
39:
21:
19:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8720:
8719:
8718:
8713:
8657:
8614:
8579:
8546:
8465:Distributed GIS
8411:
8373:
8325:
8258:Palaeogeography
8186:
8054:
8021:
8013:
7983:
7982:
7972:
7970:
7968:
7952:
7948:
7938:
7936:
7926:
7900:
7896:
7879:
7875:
7865:
7863:
7856:
7852:
7851:
7847:
7837:
7835:
7828:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7809:
7807:
7799:
7798:
7791:
7781:
7779:
7774:
7773:
7769:
7738:
7734:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7704:
7697:
7687:
7685:
7661:
7657:
7618:
7614:
7605:
7603:
7594:
7593:
7589:
7579:
7577:
7569:
7568:
7564:
7554:
7552:
7544:
7543:
7539:
7529:
7527:
7519:
7518:
7514:
7504:
7502:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7479:
7477:
7465:
7459:
7455:
7445:
7443:
7434:
7433:
7429:
7419:
7417:
7408:
7407:
7403:
7393:
7391:
7382:
7381:
7377:
7367:
7365:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7317:
7315:
7307:
7306:
7302:
7292:
7290:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7267:
7265:
7257:
7256:
7252:
7242:
7240:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7217:
7215:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7195:
7193:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7160:
7159:
7155:
7145:
7143:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7120:
7118:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7095:
7093:
7091:Century College
7085:
7084:
7080:
7070:
7068:
7060:
7059:
7055:
7045:
7043:
7033:
7029:
7010:
7006:
6996:
6994:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6956:
6952:
6945:
6923:
6919:
6912:
6898:
6894:
6879:10.1068/b120493
6854:
6850:
6843:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6819:
6805:
6798:
6767:
6758:
6748:
6746:
6716:
6709:
6678:
6674:
6667:Surveying World
6663:
6659:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6629:
6625:
6618:
6604:
6595:
6588:
6574:
6567:
6557:
6555:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6527:
6512:10.1068/a300225
6488:
6484:
6477:
6463:
6459:
6449:
6447:
6409:
6405:
6395:
6393:
6371:
6360:
6337:
6330:
6315:
6308:
6269:
6265:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6184:
6180:
6170:
6168:
6144:(13): 211–221.
6130:
6126:
6119:
6105:
6096:
6086:
6084:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6041:
6037:
6030:
6014:
6010:
6003:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5886:
5882:
5872:
5870:
5860:
5834:
5830:
5820:
5818:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5768:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5719:
5717:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5689:
5687:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5620:
5616:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5560:
5553:
5528:
5517:
5502:10.1068/a230621
5478:
5471:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5412:
5410:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5347:
5340:
5329:
5325:
5314:
5307:
5270:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5185:
5181:
5166:
5162:
5147:
5143:
5112:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5061:
5052:
5042:
5040:
5039:on 8 March 2019
5036:
4997:
4991:
4984:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4890:
4886:
4875:
4871:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4844:
4829:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4786:
4782:
4766:
4762:
4734:
4730:
4702:
4698:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4644:10.2307/1790251
4616:
4612:
4584:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4555:10.2307/2560899
4535:
4528:
4517:
4513:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4476:
4469:
4459:
4457:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4410:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4346:(11): 801–825.
4332:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4300:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4273:(10): 505–525.
4259:
4252:
4242:
4240:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4194:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4142:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4101:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4062:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4025:
4021:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3991:
3987:
3982:on 6 July 2006.
3974:Frenz, Thomas.
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3834:
3826:
3815:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3773:
3769:
3732:
3728:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3664:
3656:
3645:
3638:
3623:
3615:
3574:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3467:
3460:
3431:
3416:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3329:
3312:
3305:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3232:
3228:
3197:
3190:
3179:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3090:
3084:
3077:
3061:
3060:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3015:
2996:
2989:
2971:
2954:
2925:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2751:
2743:
2720:Roger Tomlinson
2676:George F. Jenks
2645:
2637:Main articles:
2635:
2542:Century College
2524:
2515:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2152:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2100:
2097:
2075:
2067:anti-scientific
2027:critical theory
2018:
2010:Main articles:
2008:
1986:
1980:
1967:Kjell Samuelson
1959:
1953:
1924:
1918:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1860:
1824:
1818:
1804:
1798:
1769:Roger Tomlinson
1748:
1740:Main articles:
1738:
1721:
1717:James W. Bagley
1715:
1685:
1679:
1666:
1625:
1619:
1598:
1592:
1530:
1525:
1493:Kitab al-Buldan
1466:
1463:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1154:Autocorrelation
1150:
1148:Autocorrelation
1141:
1120:Information Age
1115:
1075:human geography
1053:
1003:
1002:
939:
929:
928:
814:Distributed GIS
771:
761:
760:
728:
718:
717:
675:
665:
664:
602:Palaeogeography
564:
554:
553:
434:
432:Human geography
424:
423:
369:
320:
309:
301:
291:
286:
279:
278:}}</ref>
277:
268:
266:
255:
248:
239:
232:
215:
210:
199:
197:
196:
195:
191:
189:
173:
171:
166:
160:
155:
147:
145:← Previous edit
142:
135:→Core concepts
133:
131:
129:
128:
127:
123:
121:
105:
103:
98:
92:
84:
83:
82:
81:
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
74:
65:
61:
55:
53:
48:
45:
43:
40:
38:Content deleted
37:
34:
29:← Previous edit
26:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8748:
8738:
8737:
8732:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8699:
8687:
8675:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8655:
8654:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8584:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8556:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8527:Remote sensing
8524:
8522:Photogrammetry
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8487:Geomathematics
8484:
8479:
8478:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8457:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8445:
8434:
8432:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8407:Time geography
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8383:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8349:Geoinformatics
8346:
8341:
8335:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8304:
8295:
8290:
8281:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8265:
8260:
8247:
8242:
8228:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8212:
8210:Phytogeography
8207:
8196:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8071:
8069:
8060:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8012:
8011:
8004:
7997:
7989:
7981:
7980:
7967:978-0226152127
7966:
7946:
7924:
7894:
7873:
7845:
7817:
7789:
7767:
7732:
7718:
7695:
7675:(66): 91–101.
7655:
7628:(3): 281–283.
7612:
7587:
7562:
7537:
7512:
7487:
7453:
7427:
7401:
7384:"introduction"
7375:
7350:
7325:
7300:
7275:
7250:
7225:
7203:
7178:
7153:
7128:
7103:
7078:
7053:
7027:
7004:
6975:
6968:
6950:
6943:
6917:
6910:
6892:
6865:(4): 493–496.
6848:
6841:
6824:
6817:
6796:
6777:(2): 379–382.
6756:
6730:(5): 211–216.
6707:
6688:(5): 675–677.
6672:
6657:
6643:
6623:
6617:978-0321843333
6616:
6593:
6586:
6565:
6525:
6498:(2): 225–234.
6482:
6475:
6457:
6437:10.2307/215179
6403:
6385:(3): 258–265.
6358:
6347:(4): 756–763.
6328:
6306:
6293:10.1068/a32202
6279:(6): 951–953.
6263:
6242:(6): 955–970.
6222:
6208:
6178:
6124:
6117:
6094:
6069:
6055:
6035:
6028:
6008:
6001:
5983:
5972:
5926:
5900:(3): 336–352.
5880:
5858:
5828:
5787:
5780:
5753:
5727:
5697:
5665:
5614:
5579:
5573:978-1589483163
5572:
5566:. Esri Press.
5551:
5515:
5488:(5): 621–628.
5469:
5458:(3): 235–248.
5442:
5420:
5400:10.2307/212211
5386:(4): 526–534.
5366:
5359:
5338:
5323:
5305:
5233:
5199:(3): 195–204.
5179:
5160:
5141:
5122:(2): 300–303.
5101:
5075:(2): 304–310.
5050:
5014:10.2307/143141
4982:
4963:(4): 591–607.
4947:
4933:
4913:
4906:
4884:
4869:
4854:
4820:
4780:
4760:
4728:
4696:
4664:
4630:(2): 232–234.
4610:
4575:
4549:(4): 317–331.
4526:
4511:
4498:
4467:
4449:(7): 331–337.
4429:
4422:
4401:
4372:
4352:10.2307/199630
4321:
4291:
4250:
4230:10.2307/196643
4204:
4174:
4156:(3): 105–163.
4129:
4115:
4092:
4078:
4053:
4039:
4019:
4005:
3985:
3966:
3925:
3918:
3900:
3893:
3875:
3868:
3850:
3843:
3813:
3792:
3786:978-1589481169
3785:
3767:
3746:(3): 166–173.
3726:
3703:(1): 222–231.
3680:
3673:
3643:
3636:
3572:
3550:
3531:(2): 195–215.
3513:
3506:
3488:
3477:on 4 June 2007
3458:
3414:
3373:
3366:
3348:
3341:
3310:
3303:
3285:
3257:
3226:
3188:
3156:
3119:
3075:
3034:
3027:
2994:
2987:
2952:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2828:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2708:Michael DeMers
2705:
2691:
2688:Mark Monmonier
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:Cynthia Brewer
2658:
2652:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2503:geoinformatics
2491:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2450:Remote sensing
2448:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2434:Photogrammetry
2432:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2280:Time geography
2278:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2200:Geoinformatics
2198:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2144:World Wide Web
2127:Main article:
2124:
2121:
2112:Main article:
2109:
2106:
2095:
2074:
2071:
2007:
2004:
1982:Main article:
1979:
1976:
1971:Michael DeMers
1963:geoinformatics
1957:geoinformatics
1955:Main article:
1952:
1951:Geoinformatics
1949:
1920:Main article:
1917:
1914:
1910:time geography
1901:Main article:
1898:
1895:
1889:Artur Krawczyk
1885:
1872:geoinformatics
1859:
1856:
1820:Main article:
1817:
1814:
1796:
1787:Mark Monmonier
1737:
1734:
1713:
1683:Remote sensing
1681:Main article:
1678:
1677:Remote sensing
1675:
1665:
1662:
1621:Main article:
1618:
1615:
1594:Main article:
1591:
1588:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1472:remote sensing
1461:
1393:Czech Republic
1384:
1381:
1373:
1370:
1366:World Wide Web
1354:Main article:
1351:
1348:
1339:Main article:
1336:
1333:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1231:
1211:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1152:Main article:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1114:
1111:
1107:geoinformatics
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
996:Deconstruction
993:
983:
982:
981:
976:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
940:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
903:
902:
894:
893:
888:
883:
878:
876:Remote Sensing
873:
871:Photogrammetry
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
836:Geomathematics
833:
828:
827:
826:
821:
816:
806:
801:
800:
799:
794:
781:
780:
772:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
756:Time geography
753:
748:
743:
738:
729:
724:
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
693:Geoinformatics
690:
685:
676:
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
604:
591:
590:
589:
584:
582:Phytogeography
579:
565:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
535:
534:
529:
524:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
435:
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
370:
365:
364:
361:
360:
359:
358:
353:
345:
344:
334:
333:
327:
326:
318:
316:
311:
310:
306:
304:
302:
298:
296:
293:
292:
289:
287:
284:
281:
280:
275:
273:
271:
269:
264:
262:
260:
257:
256:
253:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
190:
185:
184:
169:
148:
122:
117:
116:
101:
70:
64:
62:
44:
36:
27:
23:
22:
14:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8747:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8710:
8709:
8700:
8698:
8697:
8688:
8686:
8685:
8680:
8676:
8674:
8673:
8664:
8663:
8660:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8586:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8557:
8555:
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8549:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8492:Geostatistics
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8455:Geochronology
8453:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8418:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8376:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8322:
8319:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8285:
8284:Geomorphology
8282:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8231:Earth science
8229:
8227:
8223:
8220:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8189:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8064:
8061:
8057:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8024:
8020:
8017:
8010:
8005:
8003:
7998:
7996:
7991:
7990:
7987:
7969:
7963:
7959:
7958:
7950:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7898:
7890:
7889:
7884:
7877:
7862:
7855:
7849:
7834:
7827:
7821:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7794:
7777:
7771:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7736:
7721:
7719:0-9643841-1-6
7715:
7711:
7710:
7702:
7700:
7683:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7659:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7616:
7602:on 2015-12-08
7601:
7597:
7591:
7576:
7572:
7566:
7551:
7547:
7541:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7501:
7497:
7491:
7475:
7471:
7464:
7457:
7441:
7437:
7431:
7415:
7411:
7405:
7389:
7385:
7379:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7339:
7335:
7329:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7289:
7285:
7279:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7239:
7235:
7229:
7213:
7207:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7167:
7163:
7157:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7092:
7088:
7082:
7067:
7063:
7057:
7042:
7038:
7031:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7008:
6993:
6989:
6982:
6980:
6971:
6969:0-470-87154-7
6965:
6961:
6954:
6946:
6944:9780470659632
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6921:
6913:
6907:
6903:
6896:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6852:
6844:
6842:81-7450-518-0
6838:
6834:
6828:
6820:
6818:0-203-00954-1
6814:
6810:
6803:
6801:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6714:
6712:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6676:
6668:
6661:
6646:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6627:
6619:
6613:
6609:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6589:
6583:
6579:
6572:
6570:
6553:
6549:
6542:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6486:
6478:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6423:(1): 99–107.
6422:
6418:
6414:
6407:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6335:
6333:
6324:
6320:
6313:
6311:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6267:
6258:
6257:10.1068/a3263
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6226:
6211:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6128:
6120:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6058:
6056:9781439886885
6052:
6048:
6047:
6039:
6031:
6029:9780203009543
6025:
6021:
6020:
6012:
6004:
5998:
5994:
5987:
5981:
5976:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5859:9780128131275
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5832:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5792:
5783:
5777:
5773:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5669:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5474:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5452:Cartographica
5446:
5430:
5424:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5343:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5312:
5310:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4987:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4936:
4934:9781412919913
4930:
4926:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4880:
4873:
4865:
4858:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4825:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4744:(2): 97–108.
4743:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4601:
4597:
4594:(4): 121–43.
4593:
4589:
4582:
4580:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4531:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4502:
4483:
4482:
4474:
4472:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4425:
4419:
4415:
4408:
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4389:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4296:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4255:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4192:
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4184:
4178:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4138:
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4134:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4099:
4097:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4042:
4040:9780190670498
4036:
4032:
4031:
4023:
4008:
4006:0-7748-0444-0
4002:
3998:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3955:
3951:
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3943:
3936:
3929:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3844:0-902246-98-4
3840:
3833:
3832:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3676:
3674:0-86094-223-6
3670:
3667:. Geo Books.
3663:
3662:
3654:
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3648:
3639:
3633:
3629:
3622:
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3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
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3579:
3577:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3507:0-12-391050-1
3503:
3499:
3492:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3304:9781107469846
3300:
3296:
3289:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3252:
3247:
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3214:
3210:
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3169:
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3144:
3137:
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3096:
3089:
3082:
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3057:
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3038:
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3024:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2967:
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2879:
2877:
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2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2832:
2822:
2818:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2731:
2728:– coined the
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2370:Geostatistics
2364:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2105:
2098:Ionel Haidu,
2094:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1801:
1800:Stan Openshaw
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1556:
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8588:Institutions
8470:Internet GIS
8430:Quantitative
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8307:Soil science
8226:Oceanography
8215:Zoogeography
8200:Biogeography
8075:Agricultural
7971:. Retrieved
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5810:(1): 49–75.
5807:
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5744:. Retrieved
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5684:the original
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4392:. Retrieved
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3995:
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3980:the original
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3945:
3942:E-perimetron
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3475:the original
3445:(8): 18–28.
3442:
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3098:
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3064:cite journal
3047:
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3018:
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2831:
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2773:Neogeography
2726:Waldo Tobler
2682:Ibn al-Faqih
2655:Arthur Getis
2525:
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2150:Sub-branches
2135:
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2092:
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2073:21st century
2063:William Graf
2051:
2019:
1999:Duane Marble
1987:
1960:
1925:
1906:
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1833:
1806:
1793:
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1764:Waldo Tobler
1760:
1726:World War II
1723:
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1645:Waldo Tobler
1634:
1610:George Jenks
1606:World War II
1599:
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1523:20th century
1497:Ibn al-Faqih
1476:Eratosthenes
1468:
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1414:
1363:
1359:
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1317:
1251:
1247:
1243:
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1116:
1113:Fundamentals
1087:
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819:Internet GIS
778:Quantitative
730:
677:
672:
611:Oceanography
587:Zoogeography
572:Biogeography
566:
442:Agricultural
436:
374:Graeco-Roman
202:Use this bot
170:Citation bot
8708:WikiProject
8560:Ethnography
8552:Qualitative
8512:Map algebra
8507:Hydrography
8448:Web mapping
8438:Cartography
8250:Climatology
8240:Meteorology
8095:Development
7866:11 February
7838:11 February
7571:"Geography"
7334:"Geography"
7196:25 November
7137:"Geography"
7087:"Geography"
6194:: 197–205.
5946:(1): 4–33.
5679:Inside GNSS
5008:: 234–240.
4657:30 December
4224:: 599–620.
4122:14 December
3149:30 December
2694:Mei-Po Kwan
2665:ColorBrewer
2513:Gender bias
2479:Ontological
2418:Map algebra
2338:Cartography
2087:Ionel Haidu
2055:Peter Gould
1705:World War I
1637:idiographic
1546:Fish Island
1538:Rock Island
1501:Henri Massé
1433:Edward Cave
1254:near 0 (or
1021:Geographers
909:Ethnography
900:Qualitative
861:Map algebra
856:Hydrography
797:Web mapping
787:Cartography
640:Hydrography
594:Climatology
462:Development
265:31 January
213:Next edit →
206:Report bugs
32:Next edit →
8724:Categories
8565:Geopoetics
8379:Integrated
8315:Edaphology
8293:Glaciology
8268:Geophysics
8263:Geobiology
8150:Settlement
8140:Population
8110:Historical
8080:Behavioral
8040:Philosophy
7973:5 February
7939:13 January
7725:24 January
7688:2 February
7606:2015-12-03
7555:28 January
7480:30 January
7446:30 January
7420:30 January
7394:30 January
7368:28 January
7268:28 January
7171:11 October
7146:11 October
7121:11 October
7024:: 465–467.
6911:0761959483
6171:20 January
5919:3 February
5873:3 February
5738:. dw.com.
5226:25 January
5157:: 123–141.
4847:30 January
4712:: 205–44.
4568:30 January
4460:1 February
4423:0582988845
4365:18 January
4284:1 February
4167:1 February
4085:29 January
3959:24 January
3393:: 99–106.
3342:0299100707
3278:8 November
3050:(3): 1–2.
2843:References
2047:Yi-Fu Tuan
1933:ISO/TC 211
1846:, China's
1777:positivist
1641:nomothetic
1489:Geographia
1453:projection
1376:See also:
944:Behavioral
914:Geopoetics
631:Glaciology
517:Settlement
507:Population
477:Historical
447:Behavioral
8619:Education
8537:Surveying
8359:Geomatics
8339:Geodesign
8331:Technical
8302:Limnology
8298:Hydrology
8177:Strategic
8160:Transport
8135:Political
8125:Marketing
8085:Cognitive
8016:Geography
7934:226747451
7650:250510161
6997:7 January
6887:131269013
6791:243866306
6749:27 August
6702:128681685
6558:1 January
6554:(2). 2006
6520:144335512
6450:5 January
6396:7 January
6301:128738768
6087:8 January
6078:"History"
5965:7 January
5960:130940338
5868:213700891
5660:215889035
5510:131571153
5176:(3): 150.
4977:233620037
4394:1 January
4314:4 January
4310:: 381–400
4197:4 January
4012:4 January
3954:1790-3769
3545:116703619
3221:260653708
3107:2163-5900
2466:Surveying
2232:Geomatics
2168:Geodesign
1926:In 1960,
1922:Geomatics
1916:Geomatics
1868:geomatics
1810:geodesign
1572:(now the
1429:γεωγραφία
1425:geography
1417:technical
1335:Frequency
1321:Moran's I
1291:−
1288:≃
1279:−
1262:−
1103:geomatics
1064:geography
1011:Societies
979:Semiotics
969:Modernism
886:Surveying
703:Geomatics
683:Geodesign
650:Limnology
636:Hydrology
544:Strategic
527:Transport
502:Political
492:Marketing
452:Cognitive
331:Geography
192:5,195,934
8672:Category
8311:Pedology
8192:Physical
8155:Regional
8145:Religion
8130:Military
8120:Language
8115:Internet
8100:Economic
8090:Cultural
8059:Branches
8030:Glossary
7810:31 March
6929:: 1–11.
6669:: 36–38.
6166:27150014
6062:16 March
5740:Archived
5720:June 24,
5714:Archived
5710:phys.org
5435:18 April
5413:10 March
5136:17912938
5094:10 March
5089:33201684
5030:34085823
4940:27 April
4900:UNESCO.
4451:ProQuest
4243:24 March
4046:20 March
3112:4 August
2981:UNESCO.
2741:See also
2700:and the
2096:—
2089:stated:
1886:—
1797:—
1730:Cold War
1714:—
1509:toponymy
1462:—
1421:τεχνικός
1405:Erdapfel
954:Feminist
949:Critical
655:Pedology
522:Regional
512:Religion
497:Military
487:Language
482:Internet
467:Economic
457:Cultural
180:contribs
112:contribs
102:GeogSage
56:Wikitext
8696:Commons
8475:Web GIS
8344:Geodesy
8288:Geology
8272:Geodesy
8205:Ecology
8182:Tourism
8050:Outline
8035:History
7782:May 12,
7750:Bibcode
7630:Bibcode
7440:Geology
6867:Bibcode
6732:Bibcode
6500:Bibcode
6425:Bibcode
6281:Bibcode
6244:Bibcode
6146:Bibcode
5902:Bibcode
5490:Bibcode
5388:Bibcode
5286:Bibcode
5221:7501501
5201:Bibcode
5043:22 July
4813:4 April
4686:2561120
4652:1790251
4632:Bibcode
4563:2560899
4455:2421484
4162:2560596
3748:Bibcode
3395:Bibcode
2939:: 1–5.
2184:Geodesy
1844:GLONASS
1549:(1936).
1517:geodesy
1481:Ptolemy
1372:History
1125:kriging
1083:Kriging
959:Marxist
824:Web GIS
769:Methods
688:Geodesy
621:Geology
577:Ecology
549:Tourism
384:Islamic
379:Chinese
356:Outline
223:Line 1:
220:Line 1:
8684:Portal
8172:Social
8105:Health
8019:topics
7964:
7932:
7922:
7716:
7648:
7218:25 May
7046:5 July
6966:
6941:
6908:
6885:
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6789:
6700:
6650:21 May
6641:
6614:
6584:
6518:
6473:
6445:215179
6443:
6299:
6215:26 May
6206:
6164:
6115:
6053:
6026:
5999:
5958:
5866:
5856:
5821:28 May
5778:
5658:
5609:838848
5607:
5570:
5508:
5431:. ESRI
5408:212211
5406:
5357:
5219:
5134:
5087:
5028:
5022:143141
5020:
4975:
4931:
4904:
4800:(91).
4684:
4650:
4561:
4453:
4420:
4360:199630
4358:
4238:196643
4236:
4160:
4113:
4076:
4037:
4003:
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3916:
3891:
3866:
3841:
3783:
3671:
3634:
3543:
3504:
3481:9 June
3364:
3339:
3301:
3219:
3145:UNESCO
3105:
3025:
2985:
2734:second
2041:, and
1942:UNESCO
1874:, and
1656:, and
1451:, and
1441:globes
1105:, and
731:Fields
678:Fields
567:Fields
539:Social
472:Health
437:Fields
351:Portal
276:-09-19
67:Inline
49:Visual
8165:Urban
8067:Human
8045:Index
7930:S2CID
7857:(PDF)
7829:(PDF)
7646:S2CID
7466:(PDF)
7243:9 May
6883:S2CID
6787:S2CID
6698:S2CID
6544:(PDF)
6516:S2CID
6441:JSTOR
6297:S2CID
6162:S2CID
5956:S2CID
5864:S2CID
5656:S2CID
5605:S2CID
5538:(1).
5506:S2CID
5404:JSTOR
5217:S2CID
5132:S2CID
5085:S2CID
5037:(PDF)
5026:S2CID
5018:JSTOR
4998:(PDF)
4973:S2CID
4898:EOLSS
4682:JSTOR
4648:JSTOR
4559:JSTOR
4485:(PDF)
4356:JSTOR
4234:JSTOR
4158:JSTOR
3948:(2).
3938:(PDF)
3835:(PDF)
3665:(PDF)
3628:EOLSS
3624:(PDF)
3563:(PDF)
3541:S2CID
3272:(PDF)
3217:S2CID
3207:(4).
3143:EOLSS
3139:(PDF)
3101:(2).
3091:(PDF)
2979:EOLSS
2826:text.
2813:Notes
2730:first
1935:, an
1407:" of
1403:The "
1016:Index
532:Urban
194:edits
126:edits
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