1088:, can usually apply the concepts and techniques of technical geography. However, the methods and theory are distinct, and a technical geographer may be more concerned with the technological and theoretical concepts than the nature of the data. Further, a technical geographer may explore the relationship between the spatial technology and the end users to improve upon the technology and better understand the impact of the technology on human behavior. Thus, the spatial data types a technical geographer employs may vary widely, including human and physical geography topics, with the common thread being the techniques and philosophies employed. To accomplish this, technical geographers often create their own software or scripts, which can then be applied more broadly by others. They may also explore applying techniques developed for one application to another unrelated topic, such as applying
1585:) introduced the concept of "scientific geography" and discussed employing the scientific method to geographic concepts. This publication proposed how a field of scientific geography could be organized, and specified that "Phytogeography," "Zoogeography," and "Anthropogeography" could be areas where scientific principles could be applied. While this publication did not use the term technical geography in its description, several later publications explicitly link scientific and technical geography. By 1917, technical geography was included among courses taught at some British schools, alongside mathematics, chemistry, and other natural sciences. As techniques and concepts in technical geography advanced, geographers began to lament the lack of understanding and use of more advanced geographic concepts in society and law. Specifically, this became an issue during the 1930s
1758:
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time (temporal). Spatial datasets contain data points that are associated with specific geographic locations, and frequency in spatial datasets can be used to analyze patterns and distributions across different areas. Temporal datasets involve data points that are associated with specific time points, and frequency in temporal datasets helps analyze trends and patterns over time. Analyzing how the frequency of events changes across both space and time can reveal dynamic patterns. Spatial and temporal frequency are core concepts in technical geography because they are fundamental to understanding and analyzing geographic phenomena. Geography is inherently concerned with the distribution and dynamics of features across space and over time.
1395:
1375:(WWW), Geographic information systems (GIS), and information theory have greatly aided cartographers in generalizing maps more efficiently and consistently. These tools can apply generalization rules systematically, ensuring high-quality outputs even as data volume increases. Cartographic generalization is foundational in technical geography because it ensures that maps are functional, readable, and tailored to their intended use. It balances the need for detail with the practical limitations of scale and medium, enhancing the effectiveness of maps as tools for communication, analysis, and decision-making.
1615:, which saw the extensive use of cartography and air photos, revolutionized these techniques and brought a new focus on the benefits they offered. In the years before the quantitative revolution, geography was generally fragmented and focused on descriptive approaches, and many United States universities were eliminating geography departments around the country. To address this, geographers began to debate the merits of more scientific and methods-based approaches to the discipline and advocate for the benefits these methods had to other technical courses. Some, such as the preeminent cartographer
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2100:"The risk is that non-geographers mastering these methods analyze the spatiotemporal data and information better than the geographers. That is why the need to deal with competition induced by other sciences claiming the geographic space as their subject of study and research becomes a serious challenge for geographers. Geographers need to test and adapt to the new methods, models and procedures and implement them in all fields and development trends of Geography. By these also, Technical Geography as a new line of research and professional training becomes a necessity."
1368:
the map communicates the intended information effectively. The need for generalization arises because maps often depict large areas and scales, where including every detail is impractical and can overwhelm the map reader. The primary goal of cartographic generalization is to balance detail with readability, ensuring that the map serves its intended purpose without sacrificing essential information. By placing data in a spatial context, even though it is generalized, cartographic generalization creates additional information by revealing patterns and trends in the data.
2052:(a branch of geography that advocates that geographic research should focus on social issues transforming society). These frameworks were mostly advanced mostly by human geographers, leading to an observed gap between human and physical geographers. In response to the ideas and philosophies advanced during the quantitative revolution, particularly positivism and the emphasis on quantitative methods, the term critical geography was applied to ideological and theoretical criticisms of the methods and ideas of technical geographers. Other geographers, such as
1318:
2512:. Each term has slightly differing definitions and scopes, and the best word choice has been debated in the literature since at least the 1700s when Cave defended the use of technical geography over practical geography. However, many of these alternative terms or phrases are "grammatically awkward" and do not link the discipline explicitly as a branch of geography in the same way as technical geography. This is an area of active scholarly debate, and any word choice will be inevitably met with criticism by others using a different model.
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Autocorrelation can be positive (indicating that similar values cluster together) or negative (indicating that dissimilar values are near each other). Spatial autocorrelation involves the correlation of a variable with itself across different spatial locations. Temporal autocorrelation involves the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself over successive time intervals. Autocorrelation is the foundation of Tobler's first law of geography. Spatial autocorrelation is measured with tools such as
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1680:, which focus on mathematical modeling and theoretical implications of cartography. These terms often compete and overlap with each other and often originate in separate countries, such as geographic information science in the United States, geomatics in France, and geoinformatics in Sweden. Three major technologies, remote sensing (RS), Geographic information systems (GIS), and the global positioning system (GPS) are highlighted as examples of technologies characterizing technical geography.
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technologies surrounding cartography and map production, which is only possible through cartographic generalization.<ref name="Haidu1" /><ref name ="Ormeling1" /> More then just reducing the overall level of information, cartographic generalization helps discover patterns and trends in data that underlie many techniques and technologies employed and investigated by technical geographers.<ref name="Haidu1" /><ref name ="Ormeling1" />
1885:. These terms all overlap to some degree, but at least one study indicates they differ substantially enough to continue using. The proliferation of these new terms may have been detrimental to their popularity, and it has been suggested that they were possibly created carelessly or hastily. This has led to some confusion, and properly defining the areas covered by each term is an active field of research. One paper on the topic stated the following:
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2504:"—are used to describe the same, or similar, concepts as technical geography. Some of the discrepancy in terminology is due to different cultures and languages having their own method of organization; for example, the term "information geography" is popular in research from China to describe similar concepts. It is closely associated with and sometimes used interchangeably with, the subfields of
1438:(geographia, a combination of Greek words ‘Geo,’ The Earth, and ‘Graphien,’ to describe. Literally "earth description"), a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. Technical geography as a distinct term in the English language within the discipline of geography dates back at least as far as 1749 to a book published by English printer
1739:, advancements in photography, aircraft, and rockets only increased the effectiveness of remote sensing techniques. As the technology became available to the general public, geographers were soon overwhelmed with large volumes of satellite and aerial images. New techniques were required to store, process, analyze, and use this new data source, birthing remote sensing scientists.
1919:(including visualizations such as the space-time prism and continuous transportation modeling approach), and GIS, for handling spatial-temporal data generated by novel technology like GPS and remote sensing. This part of technical geography focuses on spatial statistics and visualizing spatial information, emphasizing quantitative data and the scientific method.
2111:"technical geography" itself has been debated since at least the 1700s, concepts within technical geography are often separated from the rest of geography when organizing and categorizing subfields in the discipline. Terms such as "techniques of geographic analysis", "geographic information technology", are used synonymously with the term within textbooks.
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1845:(GPS), and the system's full capability was made available to the general public in 2000. This facilitated a level of rapid acquisition of spatial coordinates that previously would have been expensive. Geographers began studying methods and applications for this data. In subsequent years, other countries have launched satellite constellations enabling
1801:...if geographers reject GIS then it could fundamentally affect the outside world's perception of what geography is all about. Certainly, these external perceptions may well be based on a picture of geography as it once was, but nevertheless they cannot be ignored. "How could they be so foolish as to disown the very core of their discipline?"
1518:; it involves spatial relationships between points and theory. A publication in 1889 defined the term "technical" as "especially appropriate to any art or science", and stated that "we never hear teachers questioning whether technical geography shall be taught in the schools." An 1890 publication advertised that the 1891
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cartography and map production, which is only possible through cartographic generalization. More then just reducing the overall level of information, cartographic generalization helps discover patterns and trends in data that underlie many techniques and technologies employed and investigated by technical geographers.
1890:
in the context of previous technological conditions, remain in the shadow of new technologies, and are not modernised. The lack of specific terminological conditions, determined boundaries, or scopes of such definition use, encourages one to define the next terms, and the next science and research disciplines.
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Some have brought allegations that the culture in technical geography has introduced gender bias into geography departments as the discipline is disproportionately practiced by men and seen by some as more masculine. Nadine
Schuurman states that while there is not one reason for this discrepancy, but
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speculated that computer cartography facilitated by GIS would largely replace traditional pen and paper cartography. Geographers began to heavily debate the place of GIS in geography, with some rejecting its methods and others heavily advocating for it. In response to critics, British geographer Stan
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In 2009, UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life
Support Systems (EOLSS) employed the term technical geography to organize their literature related to geography, establishing a three-branch model of technical, human, and physical geography, referring to human and physical as the primary two. The benefit of this
1619:
went as far as to suggest that cartography should be a separate academic discipline from geography entirely, even if only at a few academic institutions. This approach was shunned by more traditional geographers, who viewed it as a deviation from how geographers had always viewed and interacted with
1889:
With the appearance of the next new technologies, immediately, new proposals of new sciences, new subdisciplines, appear. Many authors with great ease announce the origination of a new science, frequently not caring for the proper justification of its name definition. The old definitions, developed
1773:
published the first paper detailing the use of computers in the map-making process titled "Automation and
Cartography" in 1959. While novel in terms of application, the process detailed by Tobler did not allow for storing or analyzing of geographic data. As computer technology progressed and better
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has pushed the development of information management techniques to handle spatial data and support decision-makers. To this end, technical geographers often adapt technology and techniques from other disciplines to spatial problems rather than create original innovations, such as using computers to
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Attempts at subdividing geography have often been met with criticism. Geography has a history spanning cultures and thousands of years and is described as a "mother science" from which more specialized disciplines emerge, resulting in a fragmented discipline. Other existing models to subdivide the
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As technology such as GIS began to dominate geography departments, the need to develop new curriculum to teach the fundamental concepts became apparent. In response to this in 2006 the UCGIS published
Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge (GISTBoK), building on the "Model
1367:
Cartographic generalization is the process of simplifying the representation of geographical information on maps, making complex data more understandable and useful for specific purposes or scales. This process involves selectively reducing the detail of features to prevent clutter and ensure that
1352:
In statistics, frequency refers to the number of occurrences of a particular event or value within a dataset. When dealing with spatial and temporal datasets, the concept of frequency can be applied to understand how often certain events or values occur across different locations (spatial) or over
2515:
More controversially, others deny the idea that the thought and techniques of geography constitute a new branch. This argument asserts that geography must be applied and, therefore, must focus on some subset of human or physical geography. They also argue that there is not enough well-established
1814:
With the emergence of GIS, researchers rapidly began to explore methods to use the technology for various geographic problems. This led some geographers to declare the study of the computer-based methods their own science within geography. GIS serves as the primary technology driving the field of
1768:
Coinciding with the quantitative revolution was the emergence of early computers. The interdisciplinary nature of geography forces geographers to look at developments in other fields, and geographers tend to observe and adapt technological innovations from other disciplines rather than developing
1337:
Autocorrelation is fundamental to technical geography because it provides critical insights into the spatial and temporal structure of geographical data. It enhances the ability to model, analyze, and interpret spatial patterns and relationships, supporting various applications from environmental
1325:
Autocorrelation is a statistical measure used to assess the degree to which a given data set is correlated with itself over different time intervals or spatial distances. In essence, it quantifies the similarity between observations as a function of the time lag or spatial distance between them.
1980:
to include processing of spatial data through the use of computers. This term has been described as being outside the branch of geography entirely and instead placed fully under the discipline of computer science, while other sources place it under the branch of technical geography. Sources have
1675:
The 20th century saw the rapid emergence of technologies such as computers, satellites, and the corresponding software to operate them. These technologies rapidly changed how geographers operated, and significant effort went into considering how best to incorporate them into the discipline. With
1946:
committee focused on geographic information, as the discipline concerned with handling geographic data or geographic information." In Canada, an effort was made to replace and absorb the term geodesy with geomatics; however, this was not successful, and globally, geodesy is generally considered
1834:
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Technical geography is highly theoretical and focuses on developing and testing methods and technologies for handling spatial-temporal data. These technologies are then applied to datasets and problems within the branches of human and/or physical geography. Historically, technical geography was
2110:
Technical geography as a concept re-emerges to correct the historical trend in geography of adapting rather than developing new methods, technologies, and techniques for conducting geographic research by encouraging trained geographers to pursue this line of inquiry. While the use of the term
2084:
As new technologies and methods applied by geographers, such as spatial analysis, cartography/GIS, remote sensing, and GPS, are widely applicable to various disciplines, concern grew among geographers that these other non-geographers in other disciplines might become better at using them than
286:
There are several concepts related to technical geography that are considered central attributes of the discipline. In one paper, autocorrelation and frequency are listed as the concepts that technical geography is based upon.<ref name="Haidu1" /> Central to technical geography are the
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has been put forward as a distinct branch and umbrella for these wider concepts, the terms used to describe the study of spatial information as a distinct category vary. When subdividing the discipline within the literature, similar categories—such as "the
Spatial Tradition", "techniques of
1150:
There are several concepts related to technical geography that are considered central attributes of the discipline. In one paper, autocorrelation and frequency are listed as the concepts that technical geography is based upon. Central to technical geography are the technologies surrounding
1466:"The Description confider'd as to Form is of three Sorts; The first exhibits the Earth, by a Draught or Delineation; the second by Tables, or Registers; and the third by Treties or Discourse. Hence Technical Geography may be divided into Representatory, Synoptical, and Explanatory."
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monitoring and urban planning to resource management and public health. By understanding and leveraging autocorrelation, geographers can make more informed decisions, improve the accuracy of their analyses, and contribute to solving real-world geographical problems.
177:
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In teaching technical geography, instructors often need to fall back on examples from human and physical geography to explain the theoretical concepts. While technical geography mostly works with quantitative data, the techniques and technology can be applied to
1572:, and general research as courses that should be taught at in U.S. university geography departments. Hubbard specifies that technical geography refers to topics such as "mathematical or astronomical geography," as well as cartography. A 1910 publication in the
63:
2008:
to help educators teach GIScience. There has been significant debate around the term GIScience, including questioning if it can be considered a science. Many geographers, including
Michael Goodchild, continue to advance the use of the term today.
1718:"There is no longer any need to preach for aerial photography-not in the United States- for so widespread has become its use and so great its value that even the farmer who plants his fields in a remote corner of the country knows its value."
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in a 1970 paper, and more have been proposed since. Some geographers argue against the idea that laws in geography are necessary or even valid. These criticisms have been addressed by Tobler and others. Examples of these laws include
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Many academic institutions use, or have historically used, the term "technical geography" to either sub-divide their department or describe courses and content offered within their department. These include, but are not limited to:
2141:
wording is that it is consistent with the other two branches and clearly places the discipline within geography. The categorization of technical geography in the EOLSS as a branch is expanded upon by Ionel Haidu in his 2016 paper
1937:
coined the term "géomatique" in French. English-speaking
Canadians Pierre Gagnon and David Coleman translated the term as "geomatics", which was popularized in Canada through the 1980s and early 1990s. Today, it is defined by the
1490:, scholars have identified distinct "technical elements" in "Ptolemaic cartographic theory" such as map projection, lines of latitude and longitude, coordinates, grids, scales, and the theory of astronomically defined climates.
2027:
In the same 1749 publication in which Cave discussed technical geography (Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts. The whole illustrated with notes)
1476:
While when the term technical geography first entered the
English lexicon may be difficult to ascertain, technical geography as a concept crosses cultures, and techniques date back to the origins of cartography, surveying, and
1462:. In this book, they chose to use the term "technical geography" rather than "practical geography" to clarify that the branch is distinct in theory and methods. This publication defines technical geography with the following:
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While Cave published the "Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts", how much he wrote or edited is unclear. Other authors are not given within the
1999:
to describe "the subset of information science that is about geographic information." GIScience is mentioned explicitly as being separate from quantitative geography, but under the branch of technical geography. In 1995, the
1620:
maps. While the best approach to the technical aspect of geography was heavily debated among geographers, geography departments at universities across the United States began to teach a more scientific approach to geography.
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curricula" of the mid 90s. The GISTBoK is designed to inform curriculum teaching GIS and other geospatial technologies. This book is noted as having expanded the term "GIScience" to "GIScience and technology" (GIS&T).
1914:
During the early days of the quantitative revolution, the term quantitative geography emerged as a subdiscipline within technical geography, focusing exclusively on new quantitative methods, such as spatial statistics,
1485:
has been called the "founder of mathematical geography," and his activities are described as "little different from what we expect of a technical geographer." Within the "Ptolemaic tradition" of geography started by
6863:
Gatrell, A C; Bracken, I J (1985). "Reviews: Central Place Theory, Gravity and
Spatial Interaction Models, Industrial Location, Scientific Geography Series, Computer-Assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects".
1526:, and cartography as examples of content within this division These publications demonstrate that the concept and term "technical geography" was in use in the United States to some capacity by the late 1800s.
2059:
In the history of geography since the quantitative revolution, theorists from critical geography are often viewed as in direct confrontation with those of technical and quantitative geography. Some, such as
1555:
and
Fisherman's Shoal below are in Wisconsin. These islands were the source of dispute during the U.S. Supreme Court cases Wisconsin v. Michigan, 295 U.S. 455 (1935) and Wisconsin v. Michigan, 297 U.S. 547
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Lin, Yuancheng; Wang, Min; Lei, Junchao; He, Huiyan (3 August 2023). "Perception and Interaction of Urban Medical Space from the Perspective of Technical Geography: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China".
2500:
geographic analysis", "geographic information and analysis", "geographic information technology", "geography methods and techniques", "geographic information technology", "scientific geography," and "
2032:
was considered an important part of the process within geography to correct errors on maps and other products to improve models of the world. In the 1970s, critical geography took on the framework of
2525:
may be related to the broader perception of science as a "masculine domain," and the perception that tools, like GIS, employed by technical geographers are part of the military-industrial complex.
15:
2068:, argue that many of the early criticisms of quantitative methods have been addressed with advances in technology, and persist due to ignorance of quantitative geography. Geographer
1976:
and later defined in the 1990s as the science of integrating spatial data derived from various technologies, such as remote sensing, GPS, and GIS. It was later defined by geographer
1714:
and, in subsequent years, was applied to civilian endeavors. A 1941 textbook titled "Aerophotography and Aerosurverying" stated the following in the first line of its preference:
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1311:
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During the quantitative revolution, several terms originated from the concept that the technologies developed during this period are a focus of independent study, including
1667:. French geographer Ionel Haidu noted Tobler's first law of geography, and the associated concept of spatial autocorrelation, as central concepts to technical geography.
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Effective generalization requires a deep understanding of the map's use case, the audience's needs, and the geographical context. Technological advancements, such as the
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2001:
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Technical geography differentiated more clearly during the quantitative revolution in the 1950s and 1960s. Before this, the techniques and methods of handling
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Melgaço, Lucas; Prouse, Carolyn (2017). "Milton Santos and the Centrality of the Periphery". In Melgaço, Lucas; Prouse, Carolyn; Brauch, Hans Günter (eds.).
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5001:
2056:, have criticized that geography for moving away from the abstract, unquantifiable aspects of place that are essential to the understanding of geography.
1782:, which allowed for storing and analysis of spatial data within a computer. These tools revolutionized the discipline of geography by contributing to the
7890:"Putting Canada on the map: Father of digitized mapping recounts how a stroke of luck led him to develop the world's first geographic information system"
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1934:
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Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts. The whole illustrated with notes
2492:
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1430:(tekhnikós, translated as artistic, skillful, workmanlike), meaning relating to a particular subject or activity and involving practical skills, and "
7782:
1895:
1321:
Clusters of the estimated percent of people in poverty by county in the contiguous United States in 2020 calculated using Anselin Local Moran's I.
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1943:
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93:
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as being a consequence of cartography shifting from simply producing maps to producing spatial information, influenced by a culmination of
2064:, argued that these criticisms were largely due to the difficulty in learning the emerging novel technologies. Some geographers, including
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in the Supreme Court of the United States, where the border was not defined with specific technical geographic concepts. During the 1940s,
7502:
2004:(UCGIS) was established in the United States to support the field of GIScience, such as the creation of a "model curricula" by geographer
7218:
3363:
Chilès, Jean-Paul; Desassis, Nicolas (2018). "29 Fifty Years of Kriging". In Sagar, B. S. Daya; Agterberg, Frits; Cheng, Qiuming (eds.).
2763:
1053:
6776:
Li, Xin; Zheng, Donghai; Feng, Min; Chen, Fahu (November 2021). "Information geography: The information revolution reshapes geography".
1498:, was translated into Arabic in the ninth century, often mixing them with elements of traditional Islamic cartography. For example, the
8013:
1522:
at Berne would have five divisions in it program, with the first being technical geography listing topics like mathematical geography,
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8652:
72:
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D'Alessandro-Scarpari, Cristina; Elmes, Gregory; Miller, Jennifer; Weiner, Daniel (2016). "Book Review: Geography and technology".
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2543:
1788:
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was established to serve as an outlet for research employing quantitative, technical, and scientific methods within geography.
1995:
In the 1990s, the term Geographic Information Science (GIScience) was coined and popularized in the United States by geographer
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1471:
Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts, 1749,
1446:. This 1749 book was divided into four parts, one of which was named "containing technical geography", which focused on both
7602:
5487:
Openshaw, Stan (May 1991). "A View on the GIS Crisis in Geography, or, Using GIS to Put Humpty-Dumpty Back Together Again".
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1951:
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202:
118:
111:
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Walker, Robert Toovey (28 Apr 2021). "Geography, Von Thünen, and Tobler's first law: Tracing the evolution of a concept".
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noted that some physical geographers suspect several of the philosophies underlying critical geography are "fundamentally
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DiBiase, David; DeMers, Michael; Johnson, Ann; Kemp, Karen; Luck, Ann Taylor; Plewe, Brandon; Wentz, Elizabeth (2006).
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Possibly the oldest surviving map has been engraved on this mammoth tusk, dated to 25,000 BC, found from Pavlov in the
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Hegarty, Christopher J.; Chatre, Eric (December 2008). "Evolution of the Global Navigation satellite system (GNSS)".
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3243:"Modeling the Relationship Between Weather Parameters and Cholera in the City of Maroua, Far North Region, Cameroon"
1427:
100:
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Hepple, L. (1998). "Context, Social Construction and Statistics: Regression, Social Science and Human geography".
5121:
Goodchild, Michael (2004). "The Validity and Usefulness of Laws in Geographic Information Science and Geography".
1130:
aid in cartography. They also explore adapting techniques developed for one area of geography to another, such as
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2279:
1046:
5742:
5040:
4796:
4743:
Hartshorne, Richard (1958). "The concept of geography as a science of space from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner".
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unique technologies to conduct geographic studies. More than a decade after the first computers were developed,
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8006:
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1990:
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1710:, new spatial data sources emerged during the quantitative revolution. Air photo technology was widely used in
1707:
1443:
1105:
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5281:"Proposal of Redefinition of the Terms Geomatics and Geoinformatics on the Basis of Terminological Postulates"
2679:– Dutch cartographer who wrote the UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems chapter on Technical Geography.
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The 1917 English review article is unclear on what was included in these British technical geography courses.
2603:
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1779:
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focused on cartography and globe-making. Today, while technical geographers still develop and make maps, the
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that involves using, studying, and creating tools to obtain, analyze, interpret, understand, and communicate
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In 1902, geodesy was suggested as a discipline supporting technical geography. In 1908, geography professor
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5897:"The Local Shape of Revolution: Reflections on Quantitative Geography at Cambridge in the 1950s and 1960s"
4391:"Technical Geography – an International Journal for the progress of Scientific Geography: Aims and Scopes"
3049:
Dada, Anup (December 2022). "The Process of Geomorphology Related to Sub Branches of Physical Geography".
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The Geography of International Terrorism An Introduction to Spaces and Places of Violent Non-State Groups
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were primarily focused on supporting human or physical geography, rather than a subject of study itself.
1362:
1022:
970:
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1394:
184:
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Ackerman, E.A. (1945). "Geographic training, wartime research, and immediate professional objectives".
2628:
2618:
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1039:
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ISO/TR 19122:2004(en) Geographic information/Geomatics — Qualification and certification of personnel
3700:"Temporal autocorrelation: a neglected factor in the study of behavioral repeatability and plasticity"
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6842:(1 ed.). New Delhi: National Council of Educational Research and Training. 2006. pp. 1–12.
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2408:
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410:
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2061:
1735:, and the techniques employed were rapidly assimilated as aids in geographical studies. During the
1331:
107:
8616:
8581:
8523:
8046:
7910:
7627:
Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)".
5942:
5806:
5195:
3394:
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
3093:
Drake, Dawn M.; Elias, Ashley; Ganong, Carissa; Grantham, Michael L.; Mills, Mark S. (May 2022).
2797:
2774:
2720:
2697:– cartographic theorist that wrote numerous books contributing to geographic information systems.
2583:
2568:
2215:
1996:
1602:
1590:
1552:
1544:
943:
930:
872:
420:
4513:
3442:"Critical Issues in the Methods of Data Collection in Geoinformatics and Environmental Sciences"
8436:
8403:
8151:
8081:
6141:"Revisiting the 'Is GIScience a science?' debate (or quite possibly scientific gerrymandering)"
2769:
2633:
2613:
2608:
2501:
2337:
2302:
1909:
1870:
1819:
by enabling real-time feedback in considering geography and landscape with community planning.
1774:
hardware became available, geographers rapidly adopted the technology to create maps. In 1960,
1347:
1101:
784:
752:
518:
448:
400:
153:
7143:
5987:
5156:
Arbia, Giuseppe; Benedetti, R.; Espa, G. (1996). ""Effects of MAUP on image classification"".
4928:
DeLyser, Dydia; Herbert, Steve; Aitken, Stuart; Crang, Mike; McDowell, Linda (November 2009).
4512:"The 'Quantitative Revolution'", GG3012(NS) Lecture 4, University of Aberdeen, 2011, webpage:
3414:
3389:
2369:
1249:
and then row normalizing the weight matrix. Top left shows anti-correlation giving a negative
1176:
8558:
8398:
8370:
8251:
8101:
6547:
4884:
Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael J.; Whatmore, Robert (2009).
4457:
4390:
3941:
3528:
Richmond, A. (2003). "Financially Efficient Ore Selections Incorporating Grade Uncertainty".
3070:
2318:
2254:
1786:
scientific approaches to the discipline during the quantitative revolution. In the 1985 book
1642:
The main claim for the quantitative revolution is that it led to a shift from a descriptive (
1586:
1135:
1134:, originally created for estimating gold ore distributions but now applied to topics such as
1097:
906:
747:
714:
661:
468:
66:
4526:
Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael J.; Whatmore, Sarah (2009).
3743:"Measuring spatio-temporal autocorrelation in time series data of collective human mobility"
2401:
8576:
8548:
8449:
8385:
8285:
8156:
8146:
8116:
8086:
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8041:
8025:
7756:
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5908:
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2022:
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950:
925:
897:
798:
732:
523:
513:
483:
453:
405:
373:
362:
6346:
Kwan, Mei-Po (2004). "Beyond Difference: From Canonical Geography to Hybrid Geographies".
2332:
Technical geography employs, and has developed, many techniques and technologies, such as:
8:
8657:
8642:
8242:
8183:
8166:
8141:
8091:
4153:"The Michigan-Wisconsin Boundary Case in the Supreme Court of the United States, 1923–26"
3625:
3247:
2676:
2645:
2231:
2086:
1608:
1581:
1495:
1455:
1104:. Within the branch of technical geography are the major and overlapping subbranches of
1074:
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5912:
5500:
5398:
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5211:
5134:
5087:
4642:
3758:
3458:
3441:
3405:
3390:"Human Geography with Open Gis as a Transformative Introductory Higher Education Course"
2263:
2040:, and became an umbrella uniting various theoretical frameworks in geography, including
8678:
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8327:
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8161:
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4565:
4362:
4240:
4164:
3698:
Mitchell, David J; Dujon, Antoine M; Beckmann, Christa; Biro, Peter (1 November 2019).
3547:
3223:
2655:
2167:
2146:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2018:
1841:
In 1978, the United States military launched the first satellites to enable the modern
1569:
1565:
1317:
1313:). Bottom right shows an 'ink blot' or spreading pattern with positive autocorrelation.
1232:
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887:
837:
666:
568:
528:
503:
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488:
473:
463:
425:
415:
191:
6934:
International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology
4546:"An Improved Curriculum for Cartographic Training at the College and University Level"
3300:
Kretzschmar Jr., William A. (24 October 2013). Schlüter, Julia; Krug, Manfred (eds.).
3140:
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8685:
8408:
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3508:
3481:
3368:
3343:
3305:
3227:
3109:
3029:
2989:
2809:
2803:
2785:
2717:– geographer that wrote numerous books contributing to geographic information systems
2563:
2553:
2465:
2385:
2049:
2041:
1629:
1548:
1092:, originally developed for mining, to disciplines as diverse as real-estate prices.
965:
757:
651:
613:
555:
6941:
6172:
5142:
5095:
5036:
3302:
Research Methods in Language Variation and Change: Computer mapping of language data
8690:
8503:
8375:
8260:
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8111:
7918:
7764:
7683:
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6355:
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6202:
6160:
5954:
5916:
5852:
5818:
5652:
5642:
5631:"GNSS CORS Network of the University of Palermo: Design and First Analysis of Data"
5603:
5546:
5504:
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5402:
5300:
5227:
5215:
5130:
5083:
5016:
4971:
4808:
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3721:
3711:
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3252:
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2392:
2270:
2199:
852:
719:
604:
545:
478:
395:
357:
16:
7917:. Footprints of Regional Science. Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 185–198.
6239:"Professionalisation, Activism, and the University: Whither 'Critical Geography'?"
5615:
4975:
3767:
3742:
3095:"Transforming the Applied Learning Experience Through Interdisciplinary Fieldwork"
2114:
8471:
8264:
8171:
8073:
7962:
7922:
7714:
7606:
7365:
7290:
6164:
6051:
4189:
3808:
2726:
2682:
2548:
2417:
2033:
1973:
1775:
1723:
1616:
1160:
1126:
1081:
820:
608:
538:
438:
7043:
3062:
1539:
8533:
8528:
8493:
8413:
8355:
8216:
7961:
Clarke, Keith C. (2015). "Tobler, Waldo R(udolph).". In Monmonier, Mark (ed.).
7768:
7648:
5607:
5219:
2714:
2694:
2667:
2509:
2456:
2440:
2286:
2206:
2150:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1916:
1878:
1793:
1689:
1593:
began focusing on technical geography as part of an applied geography program.
1478:
1459:
1399:
1372:
1113:
1002:
882:
877:
842:
762:
699:
588:
7783:"On the Eve of Retirement, Mark Monmonier Receives Lifetime Achievement Award"
7577:
7093:
6789:
6750:
5822:
4606:
4461:
4285:
3627:
GEOGRAPHY – Vol. II: Technical Geography Core concepts in the mapping sciences
3543:
3219:
1507:
1431:
1423:
8730:
8498:
8461:
8290:
8237:
6700:
5958:
5457:
St. Martin, Kevin; Wing, John (2007). "The Discourse and Discipline of GIS".
3960:
3113:
2376:
1806:
1415:
992:
980:
847:
810:
632:
622:
7193:
6726:
5647:
5630:
3716:
3699:
3257:
3242:
2952:
2935:
47:
8637:
8476:
8313:
8232:
8221:
8206:
8131:
5551:
5538:
5470:
4445:
2779:
2732:
2688:
2661:
2005:
1770:
1732:
1699:
1651:
1612:
1511:
1503:
1482:
1327:
1170:
825:
617:
593:
578:
498:
148:
7964:
The History of Cartography, Volume 6: Cartography in the Twentieth Century
7911:"Waldo Tobler (1931–2018): Analytical Cartographer and Regional Scientist"
7340:
6686:
1981:
noted that there is no universally accepted definition of geoinformatics.
1514:." Technical geography as a term is more than place name recollection and
8566:
8518:
8513:
8454:
8444:
8256:
8246:
5685:
5305:
5280:
4711:
Hartshorne, Richard (1955). "'Exceptionalism in Geography' re-examined".
2700:
2671:
2424:
2344:
2073:
1711:
1643:
1439:
915:
867:
862:
803:
793:
646:
600:
5657:
4679:
Hartshorne, Richard (1954). "Comment on 'Exceptionalism in geography'".
4111:
8571:
8321:
8299:
8274:
8269:
6278:
Peet, Richard (2000). "Celebrating Thirty Years of Radical Geography".
4813:
4692:
4658:
4626:
4569:
4545:
4343:"Scientific Geography: The Relation of Its Content to Its Subdivisions"
4168:
4152:
3942:"Prehistoric and Early Historic Maps in Europe: Conception of Cd-Atlas"
3892:
Key Concepts in Geography: Time, From Hegemonic Change to Everyday life
2162:
Technical geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:
2053:
1939:
1783:
1647:
920:
637:
7812:
American Association of Geographers Applied Geography Specialty Group!
7688:
7266:"Geography and Geospatial Sciences: Undergraduate Program – Geography"
6451:
6419:
5690:
5414:
5382:
5028:
4871:
Geography & Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4366:
4342:
4244:
2495:, vary dramatically between publications and cultures. While the term
1547:
passage, taken on June 20, 2016 from the International Space Station.
1418:
is the oldest surviving terrestrial globe, made between 1491 and 1493.
1165:
1142:, or the study of mathematical laws that govern information systems.
8543:
8365:
8345:
8308:
8304:
8022:
7747:
McMaster, Robert (1997). "In Memoriam: George F. Jenks (1916–1996)".
6932:
Couclelis, Helen (March 2017). "Ontology: Theoretical Perspectives".
6641:
Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society (1997)
6023:
Duckham, Matt; Goodchild, Michael F.; Worboys, Michael (2004-11-23).
5943:"Creation of Regions for Dialect Features Using a Cellular Automaton"
4485:
Jensen, J. Granville (1990). "Geography at Oregon State University".
4421:
Scientific and Technical Geography of the European Economic Community
2472:
2238:
2174:
2085:
geographers. In response to this, in 2006, the peer-reviewed journal
1928:
1874:
1816:
1638:
Waldo Tobler in front of the Newberry Library. Chicago, November 2007
1109:
1070:
985:
975:
892:
775:
709:
689:
656:
642:
337:
6885:
6518:
6474:
Milton Santos: A Pioneer in Critical Geography from the Global South
5777:
Fotheringham, A. Stewart; Brunsdon, Chris; Charlton, Martin (2000).
5508:
4783:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4763:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4731:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4699:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4650:
4613:
Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945
4561:
3867:
Key Concepts in Geography: Space, The Fundamental Stuff of Geography
1634:
1169:
Moran's I statistic computed for different spatial patterns. Using '
345:
8317:
7991:
6443:
6299:
5406:
5358:
Introductory digital image processing: a remote sensing perspective
5020:
4358:
4236:
1833:
1736:
1515:
1411:
1406:
6672:
Lemmens, Mathias (April 2001). "Education: Surveying the Issues".
6263:
6238:
2729:– the primary originator of modern geographic information systems.
2658:– influential in the use of GIS and geographic methods in History.
8481:
8350:
8294:
8278:
8211:
4877:
2190:
1850:
1694:
1523:
1487:
1131:
1089:
830:
694:
627:
583:
7118:
6965:
Lake, Ron; Burggraf, David; Trninic, Milan; Rae, Laurie (2004).
6084:
5002:"A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region"
3446:
International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research
3275:
Careers/Jobs in Geography:Business Cards of Department Graduates
1764:
Interface Screenshot with Map of Median Income in Houston (2010)
7219:"Geography and Geography Education: Two Faces of the Same Coin"
6382:"Women and technology in geography: a cyborg manifesto for GIS"
6116:
Geographic information science and technology body of knowledge
5849:
Spatial Analysis Using Big Data: Methods and Urban Applications
4888:(5th ed.). USA & UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 611–12.
2491:
discipline of geography into categories and focuses, including
2121:
Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge
2115:
Geographic information science and technology body of knowledge
1948:
1447:
326:
Study of using and creating tools to manage spatial information
7395:
Department of Geography and Geomatics (GIS and Remote Sensing)
7019:
Pujol, Hermínia; Ramon, M. Dolors Garcia; Ortiz, Anna (2012).
6199:
International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition)
5629:
Dardanelli, Gino; Lo Brutto, Mauro; Pipitone, Claudia (2020).
4901:
Geography Volume I: Modeling Geographic Systems and Prediction
4530:(5th ed.). US & UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 611–12.
2129:
1422:
The term "technical geography" is a combination of the words "
7477:
Cartouche:Newsletter of the Canadian Cartographic Association
7021:"Academic careers in Spanish geography: a gender perspective"
6909:
Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis
6840:
Fundamentals of Physical Geography: Geography as a Discipline
6644:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 259.
5779:
Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis
1253:. Top right shows a spatial gradient giving a large positive
6866:
Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science
5776:
2723:– GIS scholar and winner of the RGS founder's medal in 2003.
1551:
in Michigan is at the top. Rock Island and the much smaller
1494:
later adopted these technical elements when Ptolmey's book,
7785:. Syracuse University Media, Law & Policy. May 12, 2021
7073:
California State University, Long Beach, Geography, Archive
6615:
Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment
6324:
Graf, W. (1998). "Why Physical Geographers Whine so Much".
5628:
2757: – Delineation and characterization of Martian regions
2516:
peer-reviewed literature to back the term as a new branch.
1761:
1451:
5941:
Juuso, Ilkka; Kretzschmar Jr., William A. (January 2016).
5713:"China launches final satellite in GPS-like Beidou system"
2685:– influential in computer cartography and thematic mapping
1080:
The other branches of geography, most commonly limited to
6995:"What is the Difference Between Geomatics and Geography?"
6145:
International Journal of Geographical Information Science
4927:
4883:
4525:
3894:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 140–152.
3697:
2670:– cartographic theorist that created the web application
1138:. Technical geography today is theoretically grounded in
6113:
6089:
University Consortium for Geographic Information Science
4443:
4225:
Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York
3092:
2936:"What is Technical Geography – a letter from the editor"
2806: – Creation of standards and the technical drawings
2800: – Field of communication of technical information
2002:
University Consortium for Geographic Information Science
1731:
Remote sensing technology again advanced rapidly during
7672:"Interview with a Celebrity Cartographer: Cindy Brewer"
6583:
Getis, Arthur; Bjelland, Mark; Getis, Victoria (2018).
6022:
4844:
ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies
4625:
Honeybone, R. C.; Sugden, J. C. G; Wallace, W. (1958).
3869:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 85–96.
3471:
3469:
2759:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1676:
these technologies came new disciplines and terms like
6967:
Geography Mark-Up Language: Foundation for the Geo-Web
6964:
5571:
Geodesign: Case Studies in Regional and Urban Planning
4781:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
4761:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
4729:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
4697:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
4624:
4611:--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016).
3741:
Gao, Yong; Cheng, Jing; Meng, Haohan; Liu, Yu (2019).
54:
7802:
7800:
7775:
7719:. New Mexico Geographical Society. pp. 138–145.
5681:"Russia Launches Three More GLONASS-M Space Vehicles"
5360:. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 623.
3564:
1947:"immutable" as a term. Geomatics was included in the
1650:) geography. The first of these laws was proposed by
1267:
1235:
1215:
1179:
5940:
4873:(7th ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 64–76.
3983:"Tutorials in the History of Cartography – Overview"
3466:
6326:
The Association of American Geographers' Newsletter
3939:
3281:(sixth ed.). Texas State University San Marcos
7797:
7366:"Department of Geographical Sciences: Course list"
6582:
5327:(1st ed.). York, PA: The Maple Press Company.
5155:
2012:
1305:
1257:. Bottom left shows random data giving a value of
1241:
1221:
1201:
7716:Leaders in American Geography Volume II: Research
7443:"Bachelor of Science Four-year (B.Sc. Four-year)"
7211:
6348:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
5811:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
5123:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
5076:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4745:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4713:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4681:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4595:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4550:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4488:Association of Pacific Coast Geographers Yearbook
4182:
4157:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
3940:Wolodtschenko, Alexander; Forner, Thomas (2007).
3502:
1984:
8728:
5845:"Chapter Six – Models in quantitative geography"
5842:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5564:
5562:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
4113:Baghdād: From Its Beginnings to the 14th Century
3834:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
2788: – Science of planets and planetary systems
7025:Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles
7018:
6988:
6986:
6775:
6720:
6718:
5743:"Galileo navigation satellite system goes live"
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5244:
4868:
4837:
4418:
4105:
4103:
4066:
4064:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3740:
3693:
3691:
3299:
3075:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (
2493:William Pattison's four traditions of geography
1742:
7749:Cartography and Geographic Information Systems
7461:
7435:
7186:
6862:
6612:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6050:Medina, Richard M.; Hepner, George F. (2013).
6000:Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems
5805:Miller, Harvey J.; Bridwell, Scott A. (2008).
5804:
5456:
5200:Cartography and Geographic Information Science
5175:Smith, Peter (2005). "The laws of geography".
4414:
4412:
4304:
4302:
3362:
1944:International Organization for Standardization
1389:
1356:
8602:Geographic data and information organizations
8007:
7808:"Previous Anderson Medal of Honor Recipients"
7708:
7706:
7258:
6818:. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
6816:Foundations of geographic information science
6542:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6471:
6341:
6339:
6026:Foundations of Geographic Information Science
5843:Murakami, Daisuke; Yamagata, Yoshiki (2020).
5800:
5798:
5761:
5593:
5559:
5539:"Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010"
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5489:Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space
5116:
5114:
5112:
4347:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
4110:Scheiner, Jens; Toral, Isabel (28 Jul 2022).
4109:
4077:International Encyclopedia of Human Geography
3806:
3651:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
2480:
1047:
7603:"Faculty page at U of Maine Dept of History"
6983:
6715:
6637:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6319:
6317:
6049:
6002:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, inc.
5482:
5480:
5342:(1 ed.). London: Methuen & Co. LTD.
5241:
4833:
4831:
4588:
4586:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4100:
4061:
3919:. Geo Abstracts, University of East Anglia.
3821:
3688:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3293:
3272:Boehm, Richard G.; Peters, Samantha (2008).
3205:
2766: – Series of geography texts, 1975–1996
1822:
1670:
131:
7954:
7853:
7712:
7161:
6925:
6490:
6366:
6132:
5450:
5193:
4955:
4838:Crampton, Jeremy W.; Krygier, John (2005).
4409:
4299:
4263:
4261:
3993:
3567:"A density function of the appraisal value"
3271:
3241:Arabi, Mouhaman; Ngwa, Moise (March 2019).
2764:Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography
2130:UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
8014:
8000:
7902:
7703:
7383:
7358:
7233:
7194:"Environmental Planning: Available Minors"
6906:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6680:
6578:
6576:
6533:
6336:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6043:
5991:
5795:
5523:
5351:
5349:
5318:
5316:
5196:"On the Origins of Analytical Cartography"
5187:
5109:
5065:
5063:
5061:
4995:
4993:
4931:The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography
4774:
4742:
4710:
4678:
4480:
4478:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4037:Mapping the Afterlife: From Homer to Dante
3503:Journel, A. G.; Huijbregts, C. J. (1978).
3318:
3304:. Cambridge University Press. p. 53.
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2639:
1596:
1054:
1040:
8653:National Council for Geographic Education
7825:
7740:
7687:
7663:
7620:
7467:
7136:
7086:
6931:
6856:
6809:
6807:
6665:
6601:
6465:
6379:
6314:
6262:
6077:
5807:"A Field-Based Theory for Time Geography"
5656:
5646:
5568:
5550:
5536:
5477:
5304:
5194:Clarke, Keith C.; Cloud, John G. (2000).
5120:
4840:"An Introduction to Critical Cartography"
4828:
4812:
4788:
4583:
4539:
4537:
4329:
3974:
3775:
3766:
3725:
3715:
3664:
3580:
3457:
3422:
3415:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W14-99-2019
3413:
3337:
3256:
3240:
3208:Journal of Urban Planning and Development
2951:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
1903:
7913:. In Batey, Peter; Plane, David (eds.).
7746:
7409:
7111:
6907:A. Stewart, Fotheringham (May 2, 2000).
6724:
6613:Dahlman, Carl; Renwick, William (2013).
6271:
6230:
6186:
5587:
5486:
5285:International Journal of Geo-Information
5278:
5072:"On the First Law of Geography: A Reply"
4921:
4592:
4385:
4383:
4270:"The progress of geographical knowledge"
4258:
4070:
4006:. Vancouver, BC: UBCPress. p. 242.
3784:The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2
3781:
3623:
3565:Barris, J.; Garcia Almirall, P. (2010).
3527:
3088:
3086:
3051:Black Sea Journal of Scientific Research
3023:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2794: – Series of geography publications
1832:
1756:
1693:
1646:) geography to an empirical law-making (
1633:
1538:
1405:
1393:
1316:
1173:' neighbors for each grid cell, setting
1164:
7887:
7626:
7570:
7035:
6992:
6969:(1 ed.). John Wiley and Sons Inc.
6764:
6671:
6573:
6476:(1 ed.). Springer. pp. 5–10.
6236:
6138:
6118:. Association of American Geographers.
6102:
5894:
5719:. The Associated Press. June 23, 2020.
5346:
5331:
5313:
5058:
4990:
4475:
4308:
4267:
4218:
4212:
4137:
4040:. Oxford University Press. p. 52.
4027:
3999:
3908:
3883:
3858:
3734:
3496:
3381:
3356:
3340:Technological Transition in Cartography
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3002:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2691:– Wrote Kitab al-Buldan (Ya'qubi book).
2544:California State University, Long Beach
2326:
1789:Technological Transition in Cartography
1564:included technical geography alongside
1506:between 902–903 C.E., was described by
322:Revision as of 18:39, 14 September 2024
169:Revision as of 18:39, 14 September 2024
90:Revision as of 02:38, 11 September 2024
8729:
7960:
6832:
6804:
6496:
6411:
5997:
5934:
5543:Journal of Spatial Information Science
5380:
5355:
5337:
5322:
5069:
4999:
4961:
4903:(1 ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom:
4892:
4869:Johnston, Ron; Sidaway, James (2016).
4777:Perspective on the Nature of Geography
4534:
4484:
4150:
3914:
3889:
3864:
3807:Kenney, J. F.; Keeping, E. S. (1962).
3800:
3475:
3387:
3201:
3199:
2984:(1 ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom:
2836:
2826:
7995:
7908:
7545:
7520:
7495:
7333:
7308:
7283:
7061:
6958:
6911:(1 ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.
5749:from the original on October 18, 2017
5174:
4898:
4794:
4543:
4380:
4340:
3933:
3439:
3234:
3083:
2933:
2856:
2812: – Type of written communication
2709:Neighborhood effect averaging problem
2092:In a 2016 paper within this journal,
1864:
1534:
8697:
8021:
7713:Karan, P.P.; Mather, Cotton (2000).
7669:
7221:. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
6813:
6417:
6345:
6323:
6277:
6192:
6056:. Taylor & Francis. p. xi.
4797:"The George F. Jenks Map Collection"
4419:Bamford, C. G; Robinson, H. (1986).
3365:Handbook of Mathematical Geosciences
3187:
3164:
3138:
3127:
3048:
3042:
2979:
2960:
2705:Uncertain geographic context problem
2574:Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
2528:
2136:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
1952:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
1702:reconnaissance/surveillance aircraft
1623:
1306:{\displaystyle -1/(N-1)\simeq -0.04}
137:
80:
46:
8709:
7868:American Association of Geographers
7840:American Association of Geographers
7245:Northwest Missouri State University
5279:Krawczyk, Artur (9 November 2022).
5135:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402008.x
5088:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x
4627:"Geography and Technical Education"
4397:. "Geographia Technica" Association
4033:
4003:Four Centuries of Special Geography
3838:Analysis of Frequency Distributions
3835:Gardiner, V.; Gardiner, G. (1979).
3459:10.56201/ijssmr.v9.no8.2023.pg18.28
3440:Bello, Innocent E. (October 2023).
3196:
2664:– influential in spatial statistics
2579:Northwest Missouri State University
1859:Galileo navigation satellite system
1520:International Geographical Congress
1510:as "technical geography themes of
227:
214:
183:
166:
159:
146:
130:
99:
87:
13:
7888:Greiner, Lynn (17 December 2007).
7417:"U of Saskatchewan to U of Regina"
6993:Collins, Eric (15 February 2016).
6727:"The Four Traditions of Geography"
6638:National Research Council (1997).
6398:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2002.tb00748.x
6380:Schuurman, Nadine (28 June 2008).
6207:10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10691-2
5857:10.1016/B978-0-12-813127-5.00006-0
5723:from the original on June 24, 2020
5325:Aerophotography and Aerosurverying
4757:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1958.tb01562.x
4725:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1955.tb01671.x
4506:
4073:"Cartography in Islamic Societies"
3192:(2 ed.). London: Edward Cave.
1855:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
1837:GPS constellation system animation
1154:
344:
324:
218:
35:
8753:
4934:(1 ed.). SAGE Publications.
4886:The Dictionary of Human Geography
4528:The Dictionary of Human Geography
4444:A Secondary Schoolmaster (1917).
3980:
3917:An Introduction to Time-Geography
3810:Mathematics of Statistics, Part 1
3342:(1 ed.). Univ of Wisconsin.
2782: – Amateur-focused geography
1957:
1683:
8708:
8696:
8684:
8673:
8672:
8648:International Geography Olympiad
7881:
7595:
7012:
6900:
6631:
6360:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.00432.x
5921:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2008.00731.x
3026:The Philosophy of Geo-Ontologies
2650:List of Graeco-Roman geographers
2464:
2448:
2432:
2416:
2400:
2384:
2368:
2352:
2336:
2310:
2294:
2278:
2262:
2246:
2230:
2214:
2198:
2182:
2166:
1972:was coined by Swedish scientist
1661:Tobler's second law of geography
1587:Michigan-Wisconsin Boundary Case
1145:
7967:. University of Chicago Press.
7915:Great Minds in Regional Science
7629:Journal of Geographical Systems
7041:
6942:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0680
6016:
5980:
5895:Haggett, Peter (16 July 2008).
5888:
5836:
5735:
5705:
5673:
5622:
5428:
5374:
5168:
5158:Journal of Geographical Systems
5149:
4862:
4768:
4736:
4704:
4672:
4618:
4519:
4437:
3813:(3rd ed.). Princeton, NJ:
3747:Geo-spatial Information Science
3558:
3521:
3265:
2156:
2079:
2013:Emergence of critical geography
1657:Tobler's first law of geography
1529:
1119:
8361:Geographic information science
7861:"MICHAEL DEMERS (2010 WINNER)"
7532:University of Southern Alabama
7507:University of Southern Alabama
6548:"Geographia Technica Volume 1"
5947:Journal of English Linguistics
4785:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4765:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4733:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4701:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4615:(7th ed). New York: Routledge.
4274:Scottish Geographical Magazine
4079:. Elsevier. pp. 414–427.
3665:Goodchild, Michael F. (1986).
2755:Areography (geography of Mars)
2519:
2506:geographic information science
2485:
2361:Geographic information systems
2223:Geographic information science
1991:Geographic Information Science
1985:Geographic Information Science
1883:geographic information science
1753:Geographic information systems
1291:
1279:
1106:geographic information science
705:Geographic information science
1:
8467:Geographic information system
7553:"Technical Geography Courses"
7345:University of Mary Washington
7270:South Dakota State University
5537:Goodchild, Michael F (2010).
5436:"The 50th Anniversary of GIS"
4976:10.1080/00167428.2021.1906670
3768:10.1080/10095020.2019.1643609
3367:. SpringerOpen. p. 589.
3142:GEOGRAPHY – Vol. I: Geography
2849:
2703:– geographer that coined the
2604:University of Mary Washington
2589:South Dakota State University
1780:geographic information system
1576:American Geographical Society
816:Geographic information system
320:
282:
273:
8394:Environmental social science
7923:10.1007/978-3-030-46157-7_12
7449:. University of Saskatchewan
7119:"Geography Program: Degrees"
6778:Science China Earth Sciences
6587:(15 ed.). McGraw Hill.
6165:10.1080/13658816.2012.674529
5383:"Automation and Cartography"
4775:Hartshorne, Richard (1959).
3574:European Real Estate Society
1968:In the late 1980s, the term
1922:
1743:Computer cartography and GIS
1341:
743:Environmental social science
18:Browse history interactively
7:
7833:"MEI-PO KWAN (2022 WINNER)"
7470:"Mosquitoes and Map Design"
6689:Progress in Human Geography
5569:McElvaney, Shannon (2012).
4309:Hubbard, George D. (1908).
4219:Hurlbut, George C. (1890).
3065:(inactive 31 January 2024).
2792:Scientific Geography Series
2747:
2624:University of South Alabama
2143:What is technical geography
1954:under technical geography.
1857:, and the European Union's
1444:St John's Gate, Clerkenwell
1390:Early history and etymology
1363:Cartographic generalization
1357:Cartographic generalization
971:Non-representational theory
223:elaborated on core concepts
10:
8758:
7769:10.1559/152304097782438764
7649:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w
7557:Portland Community college
7503:"Geography Advising Guide"
7320:Tennessee State University
6725:Pattison, William (1964).
6499:Environment and Planning A
6280:Environment and Planning A
6243:Environment and Planning A
5608:10.1109/JPROC.2008.2006090
5220:10.1559/152304000783547821
3786:(1 ed.). Esri Press.
3507:. London: Academic Press.
3024:Tambassi, Timothy (2021).
2643:
2629:Portland Community College
2619:University of Saskatchewan
2599:Tennessee State University
2481:Controversy, and criticism
2133:
2118:
2016:
1988:
1961:
1926:
1907:
1826:
1746:
1687:
1627:
1600:
1382:
1378:
1360:
1345:
1158:
1100:, differentiating it from
216:
135:
8668:
8625:
8594:
8557:
8509:Global Positioning System
8435:
8426:
8384:
8336:
8197:
8072:
8065:
8032:
7676:Cartographic Perspectives
7468:Petroniro, Elise (2006).
7148:Everett Community College
7069:"Department of Geography"
6790:10.1007/s11430-021-9857-5
6751:10.1080/00221346408985265
6617:(6th ed.). Pearson.
6585:Introduction to Geography
6193:Peet, J. Richard (2020).
5823:10.1080/00045600802471049
5781:. Sage Publications Ltd.
4801:Cartographic Perspectives
4795:White, Travis M. (2018).
4607:10.1080/00045604509357271
4341:Tower, Walter S. (1910).
4286:10.1080/00369220208733393
4194:School and Home Education
4151:Martin, Lawrence (1930).
3624:Ormeling, Ferjan (2009).
3220:10.1061/JUPDDM.UPENG-4432
3102:The Geographical Bulletin
3063:10.36962/GBSSJAR/59.3.004
2559:Everett Community College
2409:Global Positioning System
1843:Global Positioning System
1829:Global Positioning System
1823:Global Positioning System
1706:Along with computers and
1671:20th century technologies
858:Global Positioning System
411:Environmental determinism
280:
271:
238:
235:
165:
86:
7670:Roth, Robert E. (2010).
7397:. University of Peshawar
7295:Southern Utah University
6701:10.1177/0309132506070191
6029:. CRC Press. p. 4.
5998:DeMers, Michael (2009).
5959:10.1177/0075424215620279
4779:. Chicago: Rand McNally.
4631:The Geographical Journal
4200:(1): 108. September 1889
4071:Brentjes, Sonja (2009).
4000:Sitwell, O.F.G. (1993).
3338:Monmonier, Mark (1985).
3251:. 14(1):1–13 (1): 1–13.
3028:(2 ed.). Springer.
2819:
2594:Southern Utah University
2149:and technology like the
1665:Arbia's law of geography
1454:, including concepts of
1202:{\displaystyle w_{ij}=1}
203:Extended confirmed users
119:Extended confirmed users
8737:Technical communication
8617:National mapping agency
8582:Survey (human research)
8524:Participant observation
7198:Jacksonville University
7048:Babeș-Bolyai University
6139:Reitsma, Femke (2013).
5648:10.21163/GT_2020.151.05
5596:Proceedings of the IEEE
4423:. Prentice Hall Press.
4268:Holdich, T. H. (1902).
3782:Mitchell, Andy (2005).
3668:Spatial Autocorrelation
3544:10.1023/A:1023239606028
3388:Holler, Joseph (2019).
3258:10.21163/GT_2019.141.01
2953:10.21163/GT_2016.111.01
2798:Technical communication
2775:Map communication model
2721:Michael Frank Goodchild
2640:Influential geographers
2584:Oregon State University
2569:Jacksonville University
2539:Babeș-Bolyai University
1997:Michael Frank Goodchild
1603:Quantitative revolution
1597:Quantitative revolution
1591:Oregon State University
931:Survey (human research)
873:Participant observation
421:Quantitative revolution
315:====Autocorrelation====
308:====Autocorrelation====
85:
8607:Geographical societies
8404:Landscape architecture
7909:Getis, Arthur (2020).
7582:Weber State University
7423:. University of Regina
7370:University of Maryland
7169:"Careers in Geography"
7044:"Faculty of Geography"
6237:Castree, Noel (2000).
5552:10.5311/JOSIS.2010.1.2
5471:10.3138/carto.42.3.235
5381:Tobler, Waldo (1959).
5340:Geography from the Air
5323:Bagley, James (1941).
5070:Tobler, Waldo (2004).
5000:Tobler, Waldo (1970).
4899:Baker, Robert (2009).
4544:Jenks, George (1953).
4116:. BRILL. p. 804.
3915:Thrift, Nigel (1977).
3890:Taylor, Peter (2009).
3865:Thrift, Nigel (2009).
3478:"Map Printing Methods"
3476:Fitzgerald, Joseph H.
2770:History of cartography
2634:Weber State University
2614:University of Peshawar
2609:University of Maryland
2502:quantitative geography
2303:Quantitative geography
2108:
1910:quantitative geography
1904:Quantitative geography
1901:
1871:quantitative geography
1838:
1812:
1765:
1729:
1703:
1678:analytical cartography
1639:
1557:
1474:
1419:
1403:
1348:Frequency (statistics)
1322:
1314:
1307:
1243:
1223:
1203:
1102:quantitative geography
944:Theoretical Approaches
753:Landscape architecture
401:History of cartography
349:
8399:Environmental studies
8371:Statistical geography
8252:Environmental science
6420:"A View of Geography"
5901:Geographical Analysis
5356:Jensen, John (2016).
3815:Van Nostrand Reinhold
3727:10536/DRO/DU:30135712
3717:10.1093/beheco/arz180
3637:UNESCO. p. 482.
3188:Cave, Edward (1749).
2934:Haidu, Ionel (2016).
2319:Qualitative geography
2255:Statistical geography
2098:
1887:
1849:, including Russia's
1836:
1799:
1760:
1716:
1697:
1637:
1542:
1464:
1409:
1397:
1320:
1308:
1244:
1224:
1204:
1168:
1136:real estate appraisal
1098:qualitative geography
748:Environmental studies
715:Statistical geography
348:
8612:Geoscience societies
8577:Interview (research)
8549:Land change modeling
8450:Computer cartography
8428:Techniques and tools
8286:Earth system science
7241:"Major in Geography"
6814:Mark, David (2003).
6731:Journal of Geography
6418:Tuan, Yi-Fu (1991).
5851:. pp. 159–178.
5306:10.3390/ijgi11110557
4221:"Geographical notes"
3531:Mathematical Geology
3505:Mining Geostatistics
3139:Sala, Maria (2009).
2980:Sala, Maria (2009).
2327:Techniques and tools
2066:Stewart Fotheringham
2023:Critical cartography
1847:Satellite navigation
1749:Computer cartography
1385:History of geography
1332:Getis–Ord statistics
1265:
1233:
1213:
1177:
926:Interview (research)
898:Land change modeling
799:Computer cartography
733:Integrated geography
406:Historical geography
374:History of geography
8742:Technical geography
8658:Spatial citizenship
8643:Geographers on Film
8633:Geography education
8243:Atmospheric science
7761:1997CGISy..24...56M
7641:2022JGS....24..281F
6878:1985EnPlB..12..493G
6743:1964JGeog..63..211P
6555:Geographia Technica
6511:1998EnPlA..30..225H
6436:1991GeoRv..81...99T
6424:Geographical Review
6386:Canadian Geographer
6292:2000EnPlA..32..951P
6255:2000EnPlA..32..955C
6195:"Radical Geography"
6157:2013IJGIS..27..211R
5913:2008GeoAn..40..336H
5693:on February 6, 2009
5635:Geographia Technica
5501:1991EnPlA..23..621O
5399:1959GeoRv..49..526T
5387:Geographical Review
5338:Walker, F. (1953).
5297:2022IJGI...11..557K
5212:2000CGISc..27..195C
4964:Geographical Review
4643:1958GeogJ.124..232.
4395:Geographia Technica
4311:"College Geography"
3759:2019GSIS...22..166G
3406:2019ISPAr4214...99H
3248:Geographia Technica
2940:Geographia Technica
2677:Ferjan Ormeling Jr.
2646:List of geographers
2497:technical geography
2087:Geographia Technica
1609:spatial information
1582:Geographical Review
1492:Islamic geographers
1456:cartographic design
1075:spatial information
1067:Technical geography
680:Technical geography
332:Part of a series on
266:===Core concepts===
259:===Core concepts===
8539:Statistical survey
8489:Geologic modelling
8328:Quaternary science
7895:The Globe and Mail
7291:"Geography at SUU"
5177:Teaching Geography
5009:Economic Geography
4814:10.14714/CP91.1516
4494:. pp. 153–164
4450:The English Review
4315:Educational Review
4034:Gee, Emma (2020).
3704:Behavioral Ecology
2982:Geography Volume I
2656:Anne Kelly Knowles
2147:information theory
2046:feminist geography
2038:Marxist philosophy
2030:critical geography
2019:Critical geography
1865:New Subdisciplines
1839:
1778:created the first
1766:
1704:
1640:
1570:physical geography
1566:regional geography
1558:
1535:Early 20th century
1434:", from the Greek
1426:", from the Greek
1420:
1404:
1323:
1315:
1303:
1239:
1219:
1199:
1140:information theory
1086:physical geography
998:Post-structuralism
888:Statistical survey
838:Geologic modelling
667:Quaternary science
569:Physical geography
426:Critical geography
416:Regional geography
350:
181:
97:
8724:
8723:
8590:
8589:
8422:
8421:
8409:Landscape ecology
8229:Coastal geography
7932:978-3-030-46157-7
7689:10.14714/CP66.104
7316:"Geography Minor"
7173:Grossmont College
7123:College of DuPage
6651:978-0-309-05199-6
6594:978-1-259-57000-1
6483:978-3-319-53825-9
6216:978-0-08-102296-2
6125:978-0-89291-267-4
6009:978-0-470-12906-7
5788:978-0-7619-5948-9
5602:(12): 1902–1917.
5367:978-0-13-405816-0
4914:978-1-84826-960-6
4446:"A Reform School"
4190:"Art of Teaching"
4123:978-90-04-51337-2
4086:978-0-08-044911-1
3901:978-1-4051-9146-3
3876:978-1-4051-9146-3
3644:978-1-84826-960-6
3374:978-3-319-78998-9
3035:978-3-030-78144-6
2995:978-1-84826-960-6
2810:Technical writing
2804:Technical drawing
2786:Planetary science
2564:Grossmont College
2554:College of DuPage
2529:Academic programs
2050:radical geography
2042:Marxist geography
1935:Bernard Dubuisson
1797:Openshaw stated:
1630:Laws of geography
1624:Laws of geography
1562:George D. Hubbard
1549:St. Martin Island
1242:{\displaystyle i}
1222:{\displaystyle j}
1069:is the branch of
1064:
1063:
912:
911:
790:
789:
758:Landscape ecology
652:Landscape ecology
614:Coastal geography
319:
167:
138:→Autocorrelation
88:
68:
8749:
8712:
8711:
8700:
8699:
8688:
8676:
8675:
8504:Geovisualization
8433:
8432:
8376:Spatial analysis
8261:Paleoclimatology
8070:
8069:
8016:
8009:
8002:
7993:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7865:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7837:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7804:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7779:
7773:
7772:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7710:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7696:
7691:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7605:. Archived from
7599:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7574:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7528:"GEO Curriculum"
7524:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7488:
7474:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7421:transfer credits
7413:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7016:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7005:
6999:Geomatics Canada
6990:
6981:
6980:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6811:
6802:
6801:
6773:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6722:
6713:
6712:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6610:
6599:
6598:
6580:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6552:
6544:
6531:
6530:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6377:
6364:
6363:
6343:
6334:
6333:
6321:
6312:
6311:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6111:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6020:
6014:
6013:
5995:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5802:
5793:
5792:
5774:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5689:. Archived from
5677:
5671:
5670:
5660:
5650:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5566:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5534:
5521:
5520:
5484:
5475:
5474:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5353:
5344:
5343:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5291:(11): Krawczyk.
5276:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5118:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5067:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5045:
5039:. Archived from
5006:
4997:
4988:
4987:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4541:
4532:
4531:
4523:
4517:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4493:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4338:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4148:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3985:. Archived from
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3946:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3843:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3719:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3673:
3662:
3649:
3648:
3632:
3621:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3480:. Archived from
3473:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3437:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3335:
3316:
3315:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3147:
3136:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3099:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3066:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3021:
3000:
2999:
2977:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2931:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2760:
2743:law of geography
2468:
2452:
2436:
2420:
2404:
2393:Geovisualization
2388:
2372:
2356:
2340:
2314:
2298:
2282:
2271:Spatial analysis
2266:
2250:
2234:
2218:
2202:
2186:
2170:
2106:
1899:
1810:
1727:
1574:Bulletin of the
1472:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1278:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1209:for neighbours
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1056:
1049:
1042:
903:
902:
853:Geovisualization
781:
780:
720:Spatial analysis
605:Paleoclimatology
396:Age of Discovery
329:
328:
225:
224:
222:
209:
199:
180:
175:
157:
156:
144:
143:
141:
133:
125:
115:
96:
69:
60:
59:
57:
52:
50:
42:
39:
21:
19:
8757:
8756:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8720:
8664:
8621:
8586:
8553:
8472:Distributed GIS
8418:
8380:
8332:
8265:Palaeogeography
8193:
8061:
8028:
8020:
7990:
7989:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7959:
7955:
7945:
7943:
7933:
7907:
7903:
7886:
7882:
7872:
7870:
7863:
7859:
7858:
7854:
7844:
7842:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7816:
7814:
7806:
7805:
7798:
7788:
7786:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7745:
7741:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7711:
7704:
7694:
7692:
7668:
7664:
7625:
7621:
7612:
7610:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7586:
7584:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7561:
7559:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7536:
7534:
7526:
7525:
7521:
7511:
7509:
7501:
7500:
7496:
7486:
7484:
7472:
7466:
7462:
7452:
7450:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7426:
7424:
7415:
7414:
7410:
7400:
7398:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7374:
7372:
7364:
7363:
7359:
7349:
7347:
7339:
7338:
7334:
7324:
7322:
7314:
7313:
7309:
7299:
7297:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7274:
7272:
7264:
7263:
7259:
7249:
7247:
7239:
7238:
7234:
7224:
7222:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7192:
7191:
7187:
7177:
7175:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7152:
7150:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7125:
7117:
7116:
7112:
7102:
7100:
7098:Century College
7092:
7091:
7087:
7077:
7075:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7052:
7050:
7040:
7036:
7017:
7013:
7003:
7001:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6963:
6959:
6952:
6930:
6926:
6919:
6905:
6901:
6886:10.1068/b120493
6861:
6857:
6850:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6812:
6805:
6774:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6723:
6716:
6685:
6681:
6674:Surveying World
6670:
6666:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6636:
6632:
6625:
6611:
6602:
6595:
6581:
6574:
6564:
6562:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6534:
6519:10.1068/a300225
6495:
6491:
6484:
6470:
6466:
6456:
6454:
6416:
6412:
6402:
6400:
6378:
6367:
6344:
6337:
6322:
6315:
6276:
6272:
6235:
6231:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6191:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6151:(13): 211–221.
6137:
6133:
6126:
6112:
6103:
6093:
6091:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6021:
6017:
6010:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5981:
5971:
5969:
5939:
5935:
5925:
5923:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5867:
5841:
5837:
5827:
5825:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5775:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5696:
5694:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5627:
5623:
5592:
5588:
5581:
5567:
5560:
5535:
5524:
5509:10.1068/a230621
5485:
5478:
5455:
5451:
5441:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5419:
5417:
5379:
5375:
5368:
5354:
5347:
5336:
5332:
5321:
5314:
5277:
5242:
5232:
5230:
5192:
5188:
5173:
5169:
5154:
5150:
5119:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5068:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5046:on 8 March 2019
5043:
5004:
4998:
4991:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4926:
4922:
4915:
4897:
4893:
4882:
4878:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4836:
4829:
4819:
4817:
4793:
4789:
4773:
4769:
4741:
4737:
4709:
4705:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4661:
4651:10.2307/1790251
4623:
4619:
4591:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4562:10.2307/2560899
4542:
4535:
4524:
4520:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4483:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4417:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4353:(11): 801–825.
4339:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4307:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4280:(10): 505–525.
4266:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4149:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4108:
4101:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4069:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4014:
3998:
3994:
3989:on 6 July 2006.
3981:Frenz, Thomas.
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3944:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3841:
3833:
3822:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3780:
3776:
3739:
3735:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3671:
3663:
3652:
3645:
3630:
3622:
3581:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3474:
3467:
3438:
3423:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3336:
3319:
3312:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3239:
3235:
3204:
3197:
3186:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3068:
3067:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3022:
3003:
2996:
2978:
2961:
2932:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2758:
2750:
2727:Roger Tomlinson
2683:George F. Jenks
2652:
2644:Main articles:
2642:
2549:Century College
2531:
2522:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2159:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2107:
2104:
2082:
2074:anti-scientific
2034:critical theory
2025:
2017:Main articles:
2015:
1993:
1987:
1974:Kjell Samuelson
1966:
1960:
1931:
1925:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1867:
1831:
1825:
1811:
1805:
1776:Roger Tomlinson
1755:
1747:Main articles:
1745:
1728:
1724:James W. Bagley
1722:
1692:
1686:
1673:
1632:
1626:
1605:
1599:
1537:
1532:
1500:Kitab al-Buldan
1473:
1470:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1274:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1161:Autocorrelation
1157:
1155:Autocorrelation
1148:
1127:Information Age
1122:
1082:human geography
1060:
1010:
1009:
946:
936:
935:
821:Distributed GIS
778:
768:
767:
735:
725:
724:
682:
672:
671:
609:Palaeogeography
571:
561:
560:
441:
439:Human geography
431:
430:
376:
327:
316:
309:
300:
295:
288:
276:
267:
260:
251:
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231:
226:
219:→Core concepts
217:
215:
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211:
207:
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189:
187:
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176:
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161:← Previous edit
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29:← Previous edit
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12:
11:
5:
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8706:
8694:
8682:
8669:
8666:
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8661:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8629:
8627:
8623:
8622:
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8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8598:
8596:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8563:
8561:
8555:
8554:
8552:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8534:Remote sensing
8531:
8529:Photogrammetry
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8494:Geomathematics
8491:
8486:
8485:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8464:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8452:
8441:
8439:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8416:
8414:Time geography
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8390:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8356:Geoinformatics
8353:
8348:
8342:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8311:
8302:
8297:
8288:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8272:
8267:
8254:
8249:
8235:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8219:
8217:Phytogeography
8214:
8203:
8201:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8078:
8076:
8067:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8019:
8018:
8011:
8004:
7996:
7988:
7987:
7974:978-0226152127
7973:
7953:
7931:
7901:
7880:
7852:
7824:
7796:
7774:
7739:
7725:
7702:
7682:(66): 91–101.
7662:
7635:(3): 281–283.
7619:
7594:
7569:
7544:
7519:
7494:
7460:
7434:
7408:
7391:"introduction"
7382:
7357:
7332:
7307:
7282:
7257:
7232:
7210:
7185:
7160:
7135:
7110:
7085:
7060:
7034:
7011:
6982:
6975:
6957:
6950:
6924:
6917:
6899:
6872:(4): 493–496.
6855:
6848:
6831:
6824:
6803:
6784:(2): 379–382.
6763:
6737:(5): 211–216.
6714:
6695:(5): 675–677.
6679:
6664:
6650:
6630:
6624:978-0321843333
6623:
6600:
6593:
6572:
6532:
6505:(2): 225–234.
6489:
6482:
6464:
6444:10.2307/215179
6410:
6392:(3): 258–265.
6365:
6354:(4): 756–763.
6335:
6313:
6300:10.1068/a32202
6286:(6): 951–953.
6270:
6249:(6): 955–970.
6229:
6215:
6185:
6131:
6124:
6101:
6076:
6062:
6042:
6035:
6015:
6008:
5990:
5979:
5933:
5907:(3): 336–352.
5887:
5865:
5835:
5794:
5787:
5760:
5734:
5704:
5672:
5621:
5586:
5580:978-1589483163
5579:
5573:. Esri Press.
5558:
5522:
5495:(5): 621–628.
5476:
5465:(3): 235–248.
5449:
5427:
5407:10.2307/212211
5393:(4): 526–534.
5373:
5366:
5345:
5330:
5312:
5240:
5206:(3): 195–204.
5186:
5167:
5148:
5129:(2): 300–303.
5108:
5082:(2): 304–310.
5057:
5021:10.2307/143141
4989:
4970:(4): 591–607.
4954:
4940:
4920:
4913:
4891:
4876:
4861:
4827:
4787:
4767:
4735:
4703:
4671:
4637:(2): 232–234.
4617:
4582:
4556:(4): 317–331.
4533:
4518:
4505:
4474:
4456:(7): 331–337.
4436:
4429:
4408:
4379:
4359:10.2307/199630
4328:
4298:
4257:
4237:10.2307/196643
4211:
4181:
4163:(3): 105–163.
4136:
4122:
4099:
4085:
4060:
4046:
4026:
4012:
3992:
3973:
3932:
3925:
3907:
3900:
3882:
3875:
3857:
3850:
3820:
3799:
3793:978-1589481169
3792:
3774:
3753:(3): 166–173.
3733:
3710:(1): 222–231.
3687:
3680:
3650:
3643:
3579:
3557:
3538:(2): 195–215.
3520:
3513:
3495:
3484:on 4 June 2007
3465:
3421:
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3348:
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3195:
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2814:
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2807:
2795:
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2783:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2715:Michael DeMers
2712:
2698:
2695:Mark Monmonier
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:Cynthia Brewer
2665:
2659:
2641:
2638:
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2636:
2631:
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2611:
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2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2510:geoinformatics
2498:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2457:Remote sensing
2455:
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2447:
2445:
2441:Photogrammetry
2439:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2413:
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2293:
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2287:Time geography
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2275:
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2261:
2259:
2253:
2252:
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2237:
2236:
2229:
2227:
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2220:
2213:
2211:
2207:Geoinformatics
2205:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2151:World Wide Web
2134:Main article:
2131:
2128:
2119:Main article:
2116:
2113:
2102:
2081:
2078:
2014:
2011:
1989:Main article:
1986:
1983:
1978:Michael DeMers
1970:geoinformatics
1964:geoinformatics
1962:Main article:
1959:
1958:Geoinformatics
1956:
1927:Main article:
1924:
1921:
1917:time geography
1908:Main article:
1905:
1902:
1896:Artur Krawczyk
1892:
1879:geoinformatics
1866:
1863:
1827:Main article:
1824:
1821:
1803:
1794:Mark Monmonier
1744:
1741:
1720:
1690:Remote sensing
1688:Main article:
1685:
1684:Remote sensing
1682:
1672:
1669:
1628:Main article:
1625:
1622:
1601:Main article:
1598:
1595:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1479:remote sensing
1468:
1400:Czech Republic
1391:
1388:
1380:
1377:
1373:World Wide Web
1361:Main article:
1358:
1355:
1346:Main article:
1343:
1340:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
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1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1238:
1218:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1159:Main article:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1121:
1118:
1114:geoinformatics
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:Deconstruction
1000:
990:
989:
988:
983:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
910:
909:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
883:Remote Sensing
880:
878:Photogrammetry
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
843:Geomathematics
840:
835:
834:
833:
828:
823:
813:
808:
807:
806:
801:
788:
787:
779:
774:
773:
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769:
766:
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763:Time geography
760:
755:
750:
745:
736:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
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717:
712:
707:
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700:Geoinformatics
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669:
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659:
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598:
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589:Phytogeography
586:
572:
567:
566:
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562:
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558:
553:
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541:
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531:
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206:
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200:
185:
164:
122:
117:
116:
102:The Blue Rider
101:
70:
64:
62:
44:
36:
27:
23:
22:
14:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8754:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8717:
8716:
8707:
8705:
8704:
8695:
8693:
8692:
8687:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8671:
8670:
8667:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8624:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8593:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8564:
8562:
8560:
8556:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8499:Geostatistics
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8462:Geochronology
8460:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8434:
8431:
8429:
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8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8383:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8339:
8335:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8292:
8291:Geomorphology
8289:
8287:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8238:Earth science
8236:
8234:
8230:
8227:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8200:
8196:
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8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8075:
8071:
8068:
8064:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8031:
8027:
8024:
8017:
8012:
8010:
8005:
8003:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7976:
7970:
7966:
7965:
7957:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7905:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7884:
7869:
7862:
7856:
7841:
7834:
7828:
7813:
7809:
7803:
7801:
7784:
7778:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7743:
7728:
7726:0-9643841-1-6
7722:
7718:
7717:
7709:
7707:
7690:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7666:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7623:
7609:on 2015-12-08
7608:
7604:
7598:
7583:
7579:
7573:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7533:
7529:
7523:
7508:
7504:
7498:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7422:
7418:
7412:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7371:
7367:
7361:
7346:
7342:
7336:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7246:
7242:
7236:
7220:
7214:
7199:
7195:
7189:
7174:
7170:
7164:
7149:
7145:
7139:
7124:
7120:
7114:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7049:
7045:
7038:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7015:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6987:
6978:
6976:0-470-87154-7
6972:
6968:
6961:
6953:
6951:9780470659632
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6928:
6920:
6914:
6910:
6903:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6859:
6851:
6849:81-7450-518-0
6845:
6841:
6835:
6827:
6825:0-203-00954-1
6821:
6817:
6810:
6808:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6721:
6719:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6683:
6675:
6668:
6653:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6634:
6626:
6620:
6616:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6596:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6577:
6560:
6556:
6549:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6485:
6479:
6475:
6468:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6430:(1): 99–107.
6429:
6425:
6421:
6414:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6342:
6340:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6318:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6265:
6264:10.1068/a3263
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6233:
6218:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6135:
6127:
6121:
6117:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6065:
6063:9781439886885
6059:
6055:
6054:
6046:
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6036:9780203009543
6032:
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6027:
6019:
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5988:
5983:
5968:
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5937:
5922:
5918:
5914:
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5902:
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5868:
5866:9780128131275
5862:
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5839:
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5812:
5808:
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5790:
5784:
5780:
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5738:
5722:
5718:
5714:
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5640:
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5459:Cartographica
5453:
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5225:
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5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4994:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4943:
4941:9781412919913
4937:
4933:
4932:
4924:
4916:
4910:
4906:
4902:
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4887:
4880:
4872:
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4841:
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4815:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4758:
4754:
4751:(2): 97–108.
4750:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
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4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4608:
4604:
4601:(4): 121–43.
4600:
4596:
4589:
4587:
4571:
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4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4540:
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4067:
4065:
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4047:9780190670498
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3851:0-902246-98-4
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3709:
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3694:
3692:
3683:
3681:0-86094-223-6
3677:
3674:. Geo Books.
3670:
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3532:
3524:
3516:
3514:0-12-391050-1
3510:
3506:
3499:
3483:
3479:
3472:
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3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3311:9781107469846
3307:
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3296:
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3259:
3254:
3250:
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3200:
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3115:
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3087:
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3027:
3020:
3018:
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3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2991:
2987:
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2972:
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2937:
2930:
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2900:
2898:
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2882:
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2862:
2860:
2855:
2839:
2829:
2825:
2811:
2808:
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2801:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2738:
2735:– coined the
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2696:
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2675:
2673:
2669:
2666:
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2660:
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2647:
2635:
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2617:
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2612:
2610:
2607:
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2602:
2600:
2597:
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2590:
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2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
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2537:
2536:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
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2435:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2377:Geostatistics
2371:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2313:
2308:
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2256:
2249:
2244:
2240:
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2228:
2224:
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2212:
2208:
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2185:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2127:
2122:
2112:
2105:Ionel Haidu,
2101:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1808:
1807:Stan Openshaw
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1740:
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1734:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1696:
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1681:
1679:
1668:
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1658:
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1649:
1645:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:, written by
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1416:Martin Behaim
1413:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1236:
1216:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1152:
1146:Core concepts
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
993:Postmodernism
991:
987:
984:
982:
981:Structuralism
979:
978:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
945:
940:
939:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
908:
905:
904:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
848:Geostatistics
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
814:
812:
811:Geochronology
809:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
791:
786:
783:
782:
777:
772:
771:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
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740:
739:
734:
729:
728:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
681:
676:
675:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:Geomorphology
631:
629:
626:
624:
623:Earth science
621:
619:
615:
612:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
576:
575:
570:
565:
564:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
440:
435:
434:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
375:
370:
369:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
353:
347:
343:
342:
339:
336:
335:
331:
330:
321:
313:
311:
306:
304:
303:
299:
297:
294:
292:
291:
284:
279:
275:
270:
264:
262:
257:
255:
254:
250:
248:
245:
243:
242:
234:
230:
220:
204:
197:
193:
188:
179:
174:
170:
162:
155:
150:
139:
120:
113:
109:
104:
95:
91:
73:
58:
51:
41:Content added
33:
30:
20:
8713:
8701:
8689:
8677:
8638:Geo-literacy
8595:Institutions
8477:Internet GIS
8437:Quantitative
8337:
8314:Soil science
8233:Oceanography
8222:Zoogeography
8207:Biogeography
8082:Agricultural
7978:. Retrieved
7963:
7956:
7944:. Retrieved
7914:
7904:
7893:
7883:
7871:. Retrieved
7867:
7855:
7843:. Retrieved
7839:
7827:
7815:. Retrieved
7811:
7787:. Retrieved
7777:
7755:(1): 56–59.
7752:
7748:
7742:
7730:. Retrieved
7715:
7693:. Retrieved
7679:
7675:
7665:
7632:
7628:
7622:
7611:. Retrieved
7607:the original
7597:
7587:29 September
7585:. Retrieved
7581:
7572:
7560:. Retrieved
7556:
7547:
7537:29 September
7535:. Retrieved
7531:
7522:
7512:29 September
7510:. Retrieved
7506:
7497:
7485:. Retrieved
7480:
7476:
7463:
7451:. Retrieved
7446:
7437:
7425:. Retrieved
7420:
7411:
7399:. Retrieved
7394:
7385:
7373:. Retrieved
7369:
7360:
7350:29 September
7348:. Retrieved
7344:
7335:
7325:29 September
7323:. Retrieved
7319:
7310:
7300:29 September
7298:. Retrieved
7294:
7285:
7273:. Retrieved
7269:
7260:
7248:. Retrieved
7244:
7235:
7223:. Retrieved
7213:
7201:. Retrieved
7197:
7188:
7176:. Retrieved
7172:
7163:
7151:. Retrieved
7147:
7138:
7126:. Retrieved
7122:
7113:
7103:29 September
7101:. Retrieved
7097:
7088:
7078:29 September
7076:. Retrieved
7072:
7063:
7051:. Retrieved
7047:
7042:Man, Titus.
7037:
7028:
7024:
7014:
7002:. Retrieved
6998:
6966:
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6734:
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6640:
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6563:. Retrieved
6558:
6554:
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6492:
6473:
6467:
6455:. Retrieved
6427:
6423:
6413:
6401:. Retrieved
6389:
6385:
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6347:
6329:
6325:
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6220:. Retrieved
6198:
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6176:. Retrieved
6148:
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6092:. Retrieved
6088:
6079:
6067:. Retrieved
6052:
6045:
6025:
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5993:
5982:
5970:. Retrieved
5950:
5946:
5936:
5924:. Retrieved
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1994:
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1771:Waldo Tobler
1767:
1733:World War II
1730:
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1652:Waldo Tobler
1641:
1617:George Jenks
1613:World War II
1606:
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1530:20th century
1504:Ibn al-Faqih
1483:Eratosthenes
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826:Internet GIS
785:Quantitative
737:
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618:Oceanography
594:Zoogeography
579:Biogeography
573:
449:Agricultural
443:
381:Graeco-Roman
8715:WikiProject
8567:Ethnography
8559:Qualitative
8519:Map algebra
8514:Hydrography
8455:Web mapping
8445:Cartography
8257:Climatology
8247:Meteorology
8102:Development
7873:11 February
7845:11 February
7578:"Geography"
7341:"Geography"
7203:25 November
7144:"Geography"
7094:"Geography"
6201:: 197–205.
5953:(1): 4–33.
5686:Inside GNSS
5015:: 234–240.
4664:30 December
4231:: 599–620.
4129:14 December
3156:30 December
2701:Mei-Po Kwan
2672:ColorBrewer
2520:Gender bias
2486:Ontological
2425:Map algebra
2345:Cartography
2094:Ionel Haidu
2062:Peter Gould
1712:World War I
1644:idiographic
1553:Fish Island
1545:Rock Island
1508:Henri Massé
1440:Edward Cave
1261:near 0 (or
1028:Geographers
916:Ethnography
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868:Map algebra
863:Hydrography
804:Web mapping
794:Cartography
647:Hydrography
601:Climatology
469:Development
229:Next edit →
154:Visual edit
32:Next edit →
8731:Categories
8572:Geopoetics
8386:Integrated
8322:Edaphology
8300:Glaciology
8275:Geophysics
8270:Geobiology
8157:Settlement
8147:Population
8117:Historical
8087:Behavioral
8047:Philosophy
7980:5 February
7946:13 January
7732:24 January
7695:2 February
7613:2015-12-03
7562:28 January
7487:30 January
7453:30 January
7427:30 January
7401:30 January
7375:28 January
7275:28 January
7178:11 October
7153:11 October
7128:11 October
7031:: 465–467.
6918:0761959483
6178:20 January
5926:3 February
5880:3 February
5745:. dw.com.
5233:25 January
5164:: 123–141.
4854:30 January
4719:: 205–44.
4575:30 January
4467:1 February
4430:0582988845
4372:18 January
4291:1 February
4174:1 February
4092:29 January
3966:24 January
3400:: 99–106.
3349:0299100707
3285:8 November
3057:(3): 1–2.
2850:References
2054:Yi-Fu Tuan
1940:ISO/TC 211
1853:, China's
1784:positivist
1648:nomothetic
1496:Geographia
1460:projection
1383:See also:
951:Behavioral
921:Geopoetics
638:Glaciology
524:Settlement
514:Population
484:Historical
454:Behavioral
8626:Education
8544:Surveying
8366:Geomatics
8346:Geodesign
8338:Technical
8309:Limnology
8305:Hydrology
8184:Strategic
8167:Transport
8142:Political
8132:Marketing
8092:Cognitive
8023:Geography
7941:226747451
7657:250510161
7004:7 January
6894:131269013
6798:243866306
6756:27 August
6709:128681685
6565:1 January
6561:(2). 2006
6527:144335512
6457:5 January
6403:7 January
6308:128738768
6094:8 January
6085:"History"
5972:7 January
5967:130940338
5875:213700891
5667:215889035
5517:131571153
5183:(3): 150.
4984:233620037
4401:1 January
4321:4 January
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4204:4 January
4019:4 January
3961:1790-3769
3552:116703619
3228:260653708
3114:2163-5900
2473:Surveying
2239:Geomatics
2175:Geodesign
1933:In 1960,
1929:Geomatics
1923:Geomatics
1875:geomatics
1817:geodesign
1579:(now the
1436:γεωγραφία
1432:geography
1424:technical
1342:Frequency
1328:Moran's I
1298:−
1295:≃
1286:−
1269:−
1110:geomatics
1071:geography
1018:Societies
986:Semiotics
976:Modernism
893:Surveying
710:Geomatics
690:Geodesign
657:Limnology
643:Hydrology
551:Strategic
534:Transport
509:Political
499:Marketing
459:Cognitive
338:Geography
8679:Category
8318:Pedology
8199:Physical
8162:Regional
8152:Religion
8137:Military
8127:Language
8122:Internet
8107:Economic
8097:Cultural
8066:Branches
8037:Glossary
7817:31 March
6936:: 1–11.
6676:: 36–38.
6173:27150014
6069:16 March
5747:Archived
5727:June 24,
5721:Archived
5717:phys.org
5442:18 April
5420:10 March
5143:17912938
5101:10 March
5096:33201684
5037:34085823
4947:27 April
4907:UNESCO.
4458:ProQuest
4250:24 March
4053:20 March
3119:4 August
2988:UNESCO.
2748:See also
2707:and the
2103:—
2096:stated:
1893:—
1804:—
1737:Cold War
1721:—
1516:toponymy
1469:—
1428:τεχνικός
1412:Erdapfel
961:Feminist
956:Critical
662:Pedology
529:Regional
519:Religion
504:Military
494:Language
489:Internet
474:Economic
464:Cultural
239:Line 12:
236:Line 12:
196:contribs
186:GeogSage
112:contribs
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8279:Geodesy
8212:Ecology
8189:Tourism
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8042:History
7789:May 12,
7757:Bibcode
7637:Bibcode
7447:Geology
6874:Bibcode
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4820:4 April
4693:2561120
4659:1790251
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4570:2560899
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3402:Bibcode
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2191:Geodesy
1851:GLONASS
1556:(1936).
1524:geodesy
1488:Ptolemy
1379:History
1132:kriging
1090:Kriging
966:Marxist
831:Web GIS
776:Methods
695:Geodesy
628:Geology
584:Ecology
556:Tourism
391:Islamic
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363:Outline
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1448:globes
1112:, and
738:Fields
685:Fields
574:Fields
546:Social
479:Health
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358:Portal
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8074:Human
8052:Index
7937:S2CID
7864:(PDF)
7836:(PDF)
7653:S2CID
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7250:9 May
6890:S2CID
6794:S2CID
6705:S2CID
6551:(PDF)
6523:S2CID
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6304:S2CID
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5092:S2CID
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1023:Index
539:Urban
210:edits
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