604:|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1frRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 |language=en |chapter=13. Missing persons}}</ref><ref name=Lowe2005>{{cite journal |last1=Lowe |first1=NK |title="In the nation's compelling interest" |journal=Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing |date=May 2005 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=305 |doi=10.1111/j.1552-6909.2005.tb00346.x |pmid=15890827 |url=https://www.jognn.org/article/S0884-2175(15)34276-3/fulltext}}</ref><ref name=Sharby2006>{{cite journal |last1=Sharby |first1=Nancy |title=In the Nation's Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce. |journal=Journal of Physical Therapy Education |date=Fall 2006 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=81 |doi=10.1097/00001416-200607000-00016 |pmid=25009857 |url=https://journals.lww.com/jopte/fulltext/2006/07000/in_the_nation_s_compelling_interest__ensuring.16.aspx |issn=0899-1855}}</ref> The report found that the medical workforce in the United States was not as diverse as the population it served.<ref name=Blagg2009>{{cite journal |last1=Blagg |first1=James D. |last2=Blagg |first2=Oneida D. |title=How compelling was the interest in ensuring diversity in the allied health sciences workforce? |journal=Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity |date=2009 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=29β46 |jstor=44868047 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44868047 |issn=2475-2843}}</ref><ref name=AHA2004>{{cite news |title=IOM seeks national commitment on broadening diversity |work=AHA News |volume=40|issue=3 |publisher=American Hospital Association |date=9 February 2004 |pages=1, 3 |language=En}}</ref> The document adds to evidence that calls for greater racial and ethnic diversity among health professionals, with the aim of improving access to care for racial and ethnic minorities.<ref name=Sharby2006/><ref name=Blagg2009/> In 2005 he was chosen to chair a committee established to assess the medical needs of disabled veterans.<ref name=MME2009/> It resulted in the 2007 ''A 21st Century System for Evaluating Veteran's Disability Benefits''.<ref name=MME2009/> He has also written on the UK's and Canada's ], American health-care financing, problems with professional liability insurance, and the usage of cardiac care units.<ref name=Smed2004>{{cite journal |last1=Smedley |first1=Brian D. |last2=Butler |first2=Adrienne Stith |last3=Bristow |first3=Lonnie R. |title=Committee and Staff Biographies |journal=In the Nation's Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce |date=2004 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216001/ |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}</ref>
592:|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1frRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 |language=en |chapter=13. Missing persons}}</ref><ref name=Lowe2005>{{cite journal |last1=Lowe |first1=NK |title="In the nation's compelling interest" |journal=Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing |date=May 2005 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=305 |doi=10.1111/j.1552-6909.2005.tb00346.x |pmid=15890827 |url=https://www.jognn.org/article/S0884-2175(15)34276-3/fulltext}}</ref><ref name=Sharby2006>{{cite journal |last1=Sharby |first1=Nancy |title=In the Nation's Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce. |journal=Journal of Physical Therapy Education |date=Fall 2006 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=81 |doi=10.1097/00001416-200607000-00016 |pmid=25009857 |url=https://journals.lww.com/jopte/fulltext/2006/07000/in_the_nation_s_compelling_interest__ensuring.16.aspx |issn=0899-1855}}</ref> The report found that the medical workforce in the United States was not as diverse as the population it served.<ref name=Blagg2009>{{cite journal |last1=Blagg |first1=James D. |last2=Blagg |first2=Oneida D. |title=How compelling was the interest in ensuring diversity in the allied health sciences workforce? |journal=Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity |date=2009 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=29β46 |jstor=44868047 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44868047 |issn=2475-2843}}</ref><ref name=AHA2004>{{cite news |title=IOM seeks national commitment on broadening diversity |work=AHA News |volume=40|issue=3 |publisher=American Hospital Association |date=9 February 2004 |pages=1, 3 |language=En}}</ref> The document adds to evidence that calls for greater racial and ethnic diversity among health professionals, with the aim of improving access to care for racial and ethnic minorities.<ref name=Sharby2006/><ref name=Blagg2009/> In 2005 he was chosen to chair a committee established to assess the medical needs of disabled veterans.<ref name=MME2009/> It resulted in the 2007 ''A 21st Century System for Evaluating Veteran's Disability Benefits''.<ref name=MME2009/> He has also written on the UK's and Canada's ], American health-care financing, problems with professional liability insurance, and the usage of cardiac care units.<ref name=Smed2004>{{cite journal |last1=Smedley |first1=Brian D. |last2=Butler |first2=Adrienne Stith |last3=Bristow |first3=Lonnie R. |title=Committee and Staff Biographies |journal=In the Nation's Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce |date=2004 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216001/ |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}</ref>
384:
name=Cetina2015>{{cite book |last1=Duster |first1=Troy |title=Advances in Social Theory and
Methodology (RLE Social Theory): Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-72731-0 |editor1-last=Cetina |editor1-first=Karin Knorr |location=New York |pages=125β127 |language=en |chapter=3. Intermediate steps between micro- and macro-integration: the case for screening for inherited disorders |quote=Bristow noted many difficulties with mass sickle cell tests: Itβs not always possible to determine βwho is black or how black is black,β he said. |editor2-last=Cicourel |editor2-first=A. V. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sANUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126}}</ref> Bristow, an advocate for widespread voluntary testing for ], and having been president of the California Society of Internal Medicine since 1974, was appointed to lead a committee established to re-draft the rules.<ref name=Cetina2015/><ref name=Duster2003>{{cite book |last1=Duster |first1=Troy|author-link=Troy Duster |title=Backdoor to Eugenics |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=0-203-42695-9 |page=49 |edition=2nd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzuUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |language=en |chapter=3. The genetic screening of target populations}}</ref> He had noted problems in the policy of mandatory testing of all black people, saying at a press conference that "who is black or how black is black" is not always clear.<ref name=Cetina2015/><ref name=Duster2003/> He also criticized the screening programs for providing inappropriate counselling.<ref name=Libman1985/> One problem he highlighted was that it could lead to the racial status providing grounds to increase insurance premiums.<ref name=Cetina2015/>
376:
name=Cetina2015>{{cite book |last1=Duster |first1=Troy |title=Advances in Social Theory and
Methodology (RLE Social Theory): Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-72731-0 |editor1-last=Cetina |editor1-first=Karin Knorr |location=New York |pages=125β127 |language=en |chapter=3. Intermediate steps between micro- and macro-integration: the case for screening for inherited disorders |quote=Bristow noted many difficulties with mass sickle cell tests: Itβs not always possible to determine βwho is black or how black is black,β he said. |editor2-last=Cicourel |editor2-first=A. V. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sANUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126}}</ref> Bristow, an advocate for widespread voluntary testing for ], and having been president of the California Society of Internal Medicine since 1974, was appointed to lead a committee established to re-draft the rules.<ref name=Cetina2015/><ref name=Duster2003>{{cite book |last1=Duster |first1=Troy|author-link=Troy Duster |title=Backdoor to Eugenics |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=0-203-42695-9 |page=49 |edition=2nd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzuUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |language=en |chapter=3. The genetic screening of target populations}}</ref> He had noted problems in the policy of mandatory testing of all black people, saying at a press conference that "who is black or how black is black" is not always clear.<ref name=Cetina2015/><ref name=Duster2003/> He also criticized the screening programs for providing inappropriate counselling.<ref name=Libman1985/> One problem he highlighted was that it could lead to the racial status providing grounds to increase insurance premiums.<ref name=Cetina2015/>
288:|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/bristow-lonnie-1930 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226123802/https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/bristow-lonnie-1930 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |accessdate=November 25, 2023 |work=Contemporary Black Biography}}</ref><ref name="past">{{cite web |last=Miyamoto Walters |first=Melody M. |date=November 22, 2010 |title=Lonnie Bristow (1930- ) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/bristow-lonnie-1930/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226122652/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/bristow-lonnie-1930/ |archive-date=26 December 2023 |accessdate=November 25, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> He was inspired by visits to his mother at her workplace to enter the medical profession.<ref name=enc/> He later recounted that "one of the things that most impressed me in those visits was the realization that many cultures were represented on the staff."<ref name=enc/> He attended ] in ], Georgia, for two years, followed by a four year enrollment in the ], before returning to his studies.<ref name=enc/><ref name=past/> He graduated from the ] with a bachelor's degree in 1953 and received his medical degree from the ] in 1957.<ref name=Ostrom2023>{{Cite book |
268:|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/bristow-lonnie-1930 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226123802/https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/bristow-lonnie-1930 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |accessdate=November 25, 2023 |work=Contemporary Black Biography}}</ref><ref name="past">{{cite web |last=Miyamoto Walters |first=Melody M. |date=November 22, 2010 |title=Lonnie Bristow (1930- ) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/bristow-lonnie-1930/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226122652/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/bristow-lonnie-1930/ |archive-date=26 December 2023 |accessdate=November 25, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> He was inspired by visits to his mother at her workplace to enter the medical profession.<ref name=enc/> He later recounted that "one of the things that most impressed me in those visits was the realization that many cultures were represented on the staff."<ref name=enc/> He attended ] in ], Georgia, for two years, followed by a four year enrollment in the ], before returning to his studies.<ref name=enc/><ref name=past/> He graduated from the ] with a bachelor's degree in 1953 and received his medical degree from the ] in 1957.<ref name=Ostrom2023>{{Cite book |
600:
Regarding Dual
Loyalties: Workshop Summary |date=2009 |publisher=National Academies Press |location=Washington DC |isbn=978-0-309-12663-2 |page=59 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6RO55U16YoC&pg=PA59 |language=en |chapter=Appendix D}}</ref> He co-founded, with ], the Sullivan Commission, an initiative to encourage diversity within the medical profession.<ref name=Rose2011>{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Patti R. |title=Cultural Competency for Health Administration and Public Health |date=2011 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-7637-6164-6 |pages=117β118 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYDlBHTpLEoC&pg=PA117 |language=en |chapter=10. The ultimate challenge; educational and institutional considerations- the Sullivan Commission}}</ref> Following the publication of ''Missing Persons'', he led and co-authored the IOM's '']'', published in 2004.<ref name=Sullivan2014>{{cite book |last1=Sullivan |first1=Louis Wade |last2=Chanoff |first2=David |title=Breaking Ground: My Life in Medicine |date=2014 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-4663-2 |pages=
588:
Regarding Dual
Loyalties: Workshop Summary |date=2009 |publisher=National Academies Press |location=Washington DC |isbn=978-0-309-12663-2 |page=59 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6RO55U16YoC&pg=PA59 |language=en |chapter=Appendix D}}</ref> He co-founded, with ], the Sullivan Commission, an initiative to encourage diversity within the medical profession.<ref name=Rose2011>{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Patti R. |title=Cultural Competency for Health Administration and Public Health |date=2011 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-7637-6164-6 |pages=117β118 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYDlBHTpLEoC&pg=PA117 |language=en |chapter=10. The ultimate challenge; educational and institutional considerations- the Sullivan Commission}}</ref> Following the publication of ''Missing Persons'', he led and co-authored the IOM's '']'', published in 2004.<ref name=Sullivan2014>{{cite book |last1=Sullivan |first1=Louis Wade |last2=Chanoff |first2=David |title=Breaking Ground: My Life in Medicine |date=2014 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-4663-2 |pages=
354:/books?id=JpdB2p5g1F0C&pg=PA82 |work=] |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |date=August 1995 |pages=82, 85 |language=en}}</ref> He completed his ] at the University of California Berkeley Hospital.<ref name=enc/><ref name=gate>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Lonnie-Bristow-The-new-head-of-the-American-3025683.php|title=Lonnie Bristow / The new head of the American Medical Association talks about the failure of health care reform, insurance company profiteering and proposed cuts in Medicare|work=]|date=August 20, 1995|accessdate=November 25, 2023|first=Sabin|last=Russell|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221073043/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Lonnie-Bristow-The-new-head-of-the-American-3025683.php|archive-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> In 1964, he established a private practice in ], as an ] with a special interest in ], ] and HIV/AIDS.<ref name=Ostrom2023/> Having been affiliated with the ] (AMA) since 1958, he joined it in 1970, two years after the AMA began to admit Black physicians.<ref name=past/><ref name=Ostrom2023/>
342:/books?id=JpdB2p5g1F0C&pg=PA82 |work=] |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |date=August 1995 |pages=82, 85 |language=en}}</ref> He completed his ] at the University of California Berkeley Hospital.<ref name=enc/><ref name=gate>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Lonnie-Bristow-The-new-head-of-the-American-3025683.php|title=Lonnie Bristow / The new head of the American Medical Association talks about the failure of health care reform, insurance company profiteering and proposed cuts in Medicare|work=]|date=August 20, 1995|accessdate=November 25, 2023|first=Sabin|last=Russell|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221073043/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Lonnie-Bristow-The-new-head-of-the-American-3025683.php|archive-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> In 1964, he established a private practice in ], as an ] with a special interest in ], ] and HIV/AIDS.<ref name=Ostrom2023/> Having been affiliated with the ] (AMA) since 1958, he joined it in 1970, two years after the AMA began to admit Black physicians.<ref name=past/><ref name=Ostrom2023/>
462:
University Press |isbn=978-0-300-25740-3 |pages=462β463 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IK9FEAAAQBAJ&dq=sickle+lonnie+bristow&pg=PA462 |language=en |chapter=15. A new medical progressivism}}</ref> At the time, he told the press that he wanted to show that "competence is not determined by skin color",<ref name=Libman1985>{{cite news |last1=Libman |first1=Gary |title=First Black on AMA Board Makes His Mark : Dr. Lonnie
Bristow Sees Trustee's Role as an Opportunity to Improve the Lot of Minorities |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-12-vw-4140-story.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=12 August 1985 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128044414/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-12-vw-4140-story.html |archive-date=28 January 2024}}</ref> and that he would advocate for better health care for minorities.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Medicine: Quality health care for minorities major concern for AMA's first black trustee |journal=Jet |date=8 July 1985 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.
422:
University Press |isbn=978-0-300-25740-3 |pages=462β463 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IK9FEAAAQBAJ&dq=sickle+lonnie+bristow&pg=PA462 |language=en |chapter=15. A new medical progressivism}}</ref> At the time, he told the press that he wanted to show that "competence is not determined by skin color",<ref name=Libman1985>{{cite news |last1=Libman |first1=Gary |title=First Black on AMA Board Makes His Mark : Dr. Lonnie
Bristow Sees Trustee's Role as an Opportunity to Improve the Lot of Minorities |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-12-vw-4140-story.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=12 August 1985 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128044414/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-12-vw-4140-story.html |archive-date=28 January 2024}}</ref> and that he would advocate for better health care for minorities.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Medicine: Quality health care for minorities major concern for AMA's first black trustee |journal=Jet |date=8 July 1985 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.
957:, and having been president of the California Society of Internal Medicine since 1974, was appointed to lead a committee established to re-draft the rules. He had noted problems in the policy of mandatory testing of all black people, saying at a press conference that "who is black or how black is black" is not always clear. He also criticized the screening programs for providing inappropriate counselling. One problem he highlighted was that it could lead to the racial status providing grounds to increase insurance premiums.
486:/books?id=7MsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25 |access-date=28 January 2024 |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |date=March 1994 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Priest1993>{{cite news |last1=Priest |first1=Dana |last2=Weisskopf |first2=Michael |title=AMA Split on Clinton health plan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/12/06/ama-split-on-clinton-health-plan/97c9f379-c9c0-4467-b991-b7bc8f8839c5/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |
450:/books?id=7MsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25 |access-date=28 January 2024 |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |date=March 1994 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Priest1993>{{cite news |last1=Priest |first1=Dana |last2=Weisskopf |first2=Michael |title=AMA Split on Clinton health plan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/12/06/ama-split-on-clinton-health-plan/97c9f379-c9c0-4467-b991-b7bc8f8839c5/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |
474:|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref> During his tenure as Chair of the AMA Board of Trustees, it was successful in obtaining partial AMA support for the ].<ref name=Williams2020>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Richard Allen |title=Outstanding Black Physicians and Other Health Professionals in American History |journal=Blacks in Medicine |date=25 April 2020 |pages=97β154 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-41960-8_6 |
438:|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref> During his tenure as Chair of the AMA Board of Trustees, it was successful in obtaining partial AMA support for the ].<ref name=Williams2020>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Richard Allen |title=Outstanding Black Physicians and Other Health Professionals in American History |journal=Blacks in Medicine |date=25 April 2020 |pages=97β154 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-41960-8_6 |
1032:, published in 2004. The report found that the medical workforce in the United States was not as diverse as the population it served. The document adds to evidence that calls for greater racial and ethnic diversity among health professionals, with the aim of improving access to care for racial and ethnic minorities. In 2005 he was chosen to chair a committee established to assess the medical needs of disabled veterans. It resulted in the 2007
68:
566:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231052933/https://www.chicagotribune.com/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |accessdate=November 25, 2023 |work=]}}</ref> He has consulted on numerous health issues in different organizations, including serving on advisory committees for the ] on smoking (1987β1994) and ] (1989β1993).<ref name=enc/> He was elected to the ] in 1977.<ref name=enc/>
558:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231052933/https://www.chicagotribune.com/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |accessdate=November 25, 2023 |work=]}}</ref> He has consulted on numerous health issues in different organizations, including serving on advisory committees for the ] on smoking (1987β1994) and ] (1989β1993).<ref name=enc/> He was elected to the ] in 1977.<ref name=enc/>
536:|language=en}}</ref> As AMA president, he headed the introduction of questions on ] into medical board exams and encouraged education about ].<ref name=Ostrom2023/> He had previously been a member of with the Centers for Disease Control Advisory Committee on the Prevention of HIV Infection, and the Quadrennial Advisory Council on Social Security.<ref name=enc/>
520:|language=en}}</ref> As AMA president, he headed the introduction of questions on ] into medical board exams and encouraged education about ].<ref name=Ostrom2023/> He had previously been a member of with the Centers for Disease Control Advisory Committee on the Prevention of HIV Infection, and the Quadrennial Advisory Council on Social Security.<ref name=enc/>
969:, Bristow was elected onto the AMA board of trustees. At the time, he told the press that he wanted to show that "competence is not determined by skin color", and that he would advocate for better health care for minorities. During his tenure as Chair of the AMA Board of Trustees, it was successful in obtaining partial AMA support for the
1061:
The
California Medical Action Committee awarded Bristow their Award of Excellence in 1976. The following year he was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1989, he received the Contra Costa County Humanitarian of the Year award, and the following year received
599:
Bristow was a member of the
Quality of Healthcare in America Committee of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), which published ''To Err is Human'' in 1999, and ''Crossing the Quality Chasm'' in 2001.<ref name=MME2009>{{cite book |author=Institute of Medicine|title=Military Medical Ethics: Issues
587:
Bristow was a member of the
Quality of Healthcare in America Committee of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), which published ''To Err is Human'' in 1999, and ''Crossing the Quality Chasm'' in 2001.<ref name=MME2009>{{cite book |author=Institute of Medicine|title=Military Medical Ethics: Issues
527:
In June 1995 Bristow became president of the AMA.<ref name=past/> This made him the first ] president of the AMA in its 148 year history.<ref name=enc/><ref name=Priest1993/><ref name=Jones1994>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Joyce |title=Speechmaker or catalyst for change
511:
In June 1995 Bristow became president of the AMA.<ref name=past/> This made him the first ] president of the AMA in its 148 year history.<ref name=enc/><ref name=Priest1993/><ref name=Jones1994>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Joyce |title=Speechmaker or catalyst for change
461:
In 1985, following a protest by around 200 medical students led by ], Bristow was elected onto the AMA board of trustees.<ref name=Swenson2021>{{cite book |last1=Swenson |first1=Peter A. |title=Disorder: A History of Reform, Reaction, and Money in
American Medicine |date=2021 |publisher=Yale
421:
In 1985, following a protest by around 200 medical students led by ], Bristow was elected onto the AMA board of trustees.<ref name=Swenson2021>{{cite book |last1=Swenson |first1=Peter A. |title=Disorder: A History of Reform, Reaction, and Money in American Medicine |date=2021 |publisher=Yale
952:
Before universal testing of newborns, and two years after drafting of a California state policy to "detect, as early as possible, sickle cell anaemia", it was announced that it would be enforced, with the requirement to test "all black hospital patients in California". Bristow, an advocate for
296:=Hans |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbvOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |title=Forgotten African American Firsts: An Encyclopedia of Pioneering History |last2=Jr |first2=J. David Macey |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4408-7536-6 |location=California |pages=
276:=Hans |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbvOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |title=Forgotten African American Firsts: An Encyclopedia of Pioneering History |last2=Jr |first2=J. David Macey |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4408-7536-6 |location=California |pages=
383:
Before universal testing of newborns, and two years after drafting of a California state policy to "detect, as early as possible, sickle cell anaemia", it was announced that it would be enforced, with the requirement to test "all black hospital patients in California".<ref
375:
Before universal testing of newborns, and two years after drafting of a California state policy to "detect, as early as possible, sickle cell anaemia", it was announced that it would be enforced, with the requirement to test "all black hospital patients in California".<ref
349:
Bristow completed his ] in 1958 at the Veteran's Administration Hospital in San Francisco and New York's ], Columbia University.<ref name=Ostrom2023/><ref name=Jones1995>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Lisa C. |title=New American Medical Association president
337:
Bristow completed his ] in 1958 at the Veteran's Administration Hospital in San Francisco and New York's ], Columbia University.<ref name=Ostrom2023/><ref name=Jones1995>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Lisa C. |title=New American Medical Association president
565:
Bristow was the first black president of the ], elected in 1981.<ref name=Gura1994>{{cite web |last=Gura |first=Trisha |date=June 13, 1994 |title=AMA Elects 1st Black President |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-06-13-9406140014-story.html
557:
Bristow was the first black president of the ], elected in 1981.<ref name=Gura1994>{{cite web |last=Gura |first=Trisha |date=June 13, 1994 |title=AMA Elects 1st Black President |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-06-13-9406140014-story.html
170:
889:. He was inspired by visits to his mother at her workplace to enter the medical profession. He later recounted that "one of the things that most impressed me in those visits was the realization that many cultures were represented on the staff." He attended
1048:
Bristow was married to Margaret Jeter from 1957 to 1961, when they divorced. That year he married Marilyn Hingslage, a nurse; she died in 2017. He has three children, one from his first marriage and two from the second. His son, Robert Bristow, is an
60:
287:
Lonnie Bristow was born in 1930 in ], New York City, to Lonnie Harlis Bristow, a ] minister, and Vivian Wines Bristow, a nurse at ].<ref name="enc">{{cite web |last=Lesinski |first=Jeanne M. |title=Bristow, Lonnie 1930β
267:
Lonnie Bristow was born in 1930 in ], New York City, to Lonnie Harlis Bristow, a ] minister, and Vivian Wines Bristow, a nurse at ].<ref name="enc">{{cite web |last=Lesinski |first=Jeanne M. |title=Bristow, Lonnie 1930β
2131:
2089:
1028:
15:
988:. He had previously been a member of with the Centers for Disease Control Advisory Committee on the Prevention of HIV Infection, and the Quadrennial Advisory Council on Social Security.
2138:
3321:
2607:
2285:
2866:
1496:"Lonnie Bristow / The new head of the American Medical Association talks about the failure of health care reform, insurance company profiteering and proposed cuts in Medicare"
2303:
2237:
209:
Alter: pages, url. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: newspaper, isbn, pmc, authors 1-1. Removed proxy/dead URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. Formatted
3063:
2392:
1363:
1495:
1755:
3182:
3045:
1201:
Todd, J. S.; Rennie, D.; McAfee, R. E.; Bristow, L. R.; Painter, J. T.; Reardon, T. R.; Johnson, D. H.; Corlin, R. F.; Coble, Y. D.; Dickey, N. W. (19 July 1995).
2099:
153:
3331:
3146:
3111:
3057:
2771:
2681:
2625:
2147:
3164:
2836:
2795:
2747:
2660:
2565:
3336:
3254:
2818:
2705:
2654:
2279:
3218:
3158:
3152:
3129:
3093:
3051:
3003:
2991:
2920:
2884:
2675:
2577:
2350:
861:, published in 2004. In 2005 he was chosen to chair a committee established to assess the medical needs of disabled veterans, which resulted in the 2007
3278:
3272:
3242:
3021:
3015:
2944:
2938:
2926:
2890:
2878:
2854:
2842:
2765:
2717:
2666:
2511:
2440:
2344:
3346:
3266:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3039:
3027:
3009:
2968:
2962:
2908:
2902:
2860:
2789:
2783:
2601:
2446:
2309:
2207:
1401:
3248:
3075:
2985:
2950:
2914:
2759:
2729:
2693:
2517:
2505:
2386:
2362:
2267:
2231:
2189:
2124:
1605:
3230:
3087:
2956:
2824:
2741:
2699:
2687:
2535:
2470:
2398:
2326:
2297:
1554:
Bristow noted many difficulties with mass sickle cell tests: It's not always possible to determine "who is black or how black is black," he said.
906:
686:
2997:
2872:
2777:
2422:
2410:
1286:
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Institutional and Policy-Level Strategies for Increasing the Diversity of the U.S. Healthcare Workforce
2428:
2416:
2848:
1967:
995:, elected in 1981. He has consulted on numerous health issues in different organizations, including serving on advisory committees for the
1606:"First Black on AMA Board Makes His Mark : Dr. Lonnie Bristow Sees Trustee's Role as an Opportunity to Improve the Lot of Minorities"
90:
69:
28:
996:
3341:
1067:
857:
in 2001. He co-founded the Sullivan Commission; an initiative to encourage diversity within the medical profession, and co-authored
3316:
2177:
1664:
436:
en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBsoCwpv-DAxV0UkEAHTkkBPEQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=lonnie%20bristow%20who%20is%20black&f=false
1371:
1505:
1908:
1879:
1850:
1703:
1648:
1547:
1457:
1302:
992:
708:
1022:, the Sullivan Commission, an initiative to encourage diversity within the medical profession. Following the publication of
1636:
1010:
Bristow was a member of the Quality of Healthcare in America Committee of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), which published
123:
119:
161:
86:
127:
108:
1040:, American health-care financing, problems with professional liability insurance, and the usage of cardiac care units.
869:, American health-care financing, problems with professional liability insurance, and the usage of cardiac care units.
188:
1585:
849:
Bristow was a member of the Quality of Healthcare in America Committee of the Institute of Medicine, which published
165:
1540:
Advances in Social Theory and Methodology (RLE Social Theory): Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies
532:/books?id=nlwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |work=Black Enterprise |publisher=Earl G. Graves, Ltd. |date=October 1994 |pages=
516:/books?id=nlwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |work=Black Enterprise |publisher=Earl G. Graves, Ltd. |date=October 1994 |pages=
970:
97:
177:
3081:
1810:
1800:
1536:"3. Intermediate steps between micro- and macro-integration: the case for screening for inherited disorders"
3326:
2151:
1063:
1004:
980:
president of the AMA in its 148 year history. As AMA president, he headed the introduction of questions on
946:
811:
701:
1411:
2201:
1613:
2613:
2171:
1050:
3188:
1868:"10. The ultimate challenge; educational and institutional considerations- the Sullivan Commission"
1071:
902:
681:
949:(AMA) since 1958, he joined it in 1970, two years after the AMA began to admit Black physicians.
3176:
3170:
2464:
2368:
2116:
1500:
929:
at the University of California Berkeley Hospital. In 1964, he established a private practice in
115:
104:
2018:"How compelling was the interest in ensuring diversity in the allied health sciences workforce?"
3311:
2261:
1925:
184:
1896:
1867:
1535:
1445:
1259:
2487:
1838:
1781:
1729:
1573:
1474:
938:
930:
918:
823:
815:
785:
63:
3306:
2553:
926:
482:}}</ref><ref name=Ebony1994>{{cite news |title=Ebony |url=https://books.google.
446:}}</ref><ref name=Ebony1994>{{cite news |title=Ebony |url=https://books.google.
2059:. Vol. 40, no. 3. American Hospital Association. 9 February 2004. pp. 1, 3.
1665:"Medicine: Quality health care for minorities major concern for AMA's first black trustee"
8:
2932:
2595:
2195:
2094:
1037:
954:
942:
866:
838:
president of the AMA in its 148 year history, he headed the introduction of questions on
827:
795:
3033:
2583:
2523:
2255:
2037:
1941:
1714:
1683:
1110:
1085:
898:
221:. | Suggested by Jay8g | Linked from User:Jay8g/sandbox | #UCB_webform_linked 2219/2376
1968:"In the Nation's Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce"
2711:
2571:
2541:
2338:
2213:
2165:
2029:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1945:
1904:
1875:
1846:
1699:
1644:
1581:
1543:
1453:
1308:
1298:
1271:
1263:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1189:
1181:
1148:
1140:
1115:
1097:
1019:
977:
922:
890:
886:
835:
831:
819:
769:
757:
717:
676:
2076:
In the Nation's Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce
1029:
In the Nation's Compelling Interest; Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce
3194:
3099:
2637:
2631:
2547:
2529:
2499:
2404:
2374:
2183:
1979:
1937:
1709:
1691:
1479:
1290:
1255:
1214:
1173:
1105:
1062:
Californiaβs Most Distinguished Internist Award. He holds honorary doctorates from
894:
210:
16:
2291:
3284:
2896:
2801:
2723:
2452:
2273:
1805:
1684:"Outstanding Black Physicians and Other Health Professionals in American History"
921:
in 1958 at the Veteran's Administration Hospital in San Francisco and New York's
2071:
1695:
3260:
3069:
2830:
2559:
2434:
2380:
2332:
981:
966:
839:
726:
218:
195:
1177:
3300:
3117:
2493:
2458:
2033:
1991:
1874:. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 117β118.
1406:
1267:
1226:
1185:
1144:
1101:
1000:
214:
1284:
1243:
1128:
44:
3123:
2219:
1999:
1949:
1312:
1275:
1202:
1161:
1152:
1843:
Military Medical Ethics: Issues Regarding Dual Loyalties: Workshop Summary
1234:
1193:
1119:
976:
In June 1995 Bristow became president of the AMA. This made him the first
905:
with a bachelor's degree in 1953 and received his medical degree from the
2753:
2735:
2619:
2589:
2356:
2249:
2225:
1569:
2041:
2017:
1450:
Forgotten African American Firsts: An Encyclopedia of Pioneering History
1641:
Disorder: A History of Reform, Reaction, and Money in American Medicine
2070:
Smedley, Brian D.; Butler, Adrienne Stith; Bristow, Lonnie R. (2004).
934:
897:, Georgia, for two years, followed by a four year enrollment in the
2243:
1294:
985:
965:
In 1985, following a protest by around 200 medical students led by
843:
300:|language=en |chapter=Medicine: Lonnie Robert Bristow}}</ref>
280:|language=en |chapter=Medicine: Lonnie Robert Bristow}}</ref>
2146:
1034:
A 21st Century System for Evaluating Veteran's Disability Benefits
863:
A 21st Century System for Evaluating Veteran's Disability Benefits
882:
810:(born 1930) is an American physician and former president of the
814:(AMA). In his early career he established a private practice in
1872:
Cultural Competency for Health Administration and Public Health
1203:"The Brown and Williamson documents. Where do we go from here?"
878:
662:
466:/books?id=iLQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=lonnie+bristow+who+is+black&
1452:. California: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 122β123.
1282:
213:. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. |
2055:"IOM seeks national commitment on broadening diversity".
2022:
Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity
901:, before returning to his studies. He graduated from the
984:
into medical board exams and encouraged education about
842:
into medical board exams and encouraged education about
1930:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
1845:. Washington DC: National Academies Press. p. 59.
1200:
3322:
New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni
51:
1836:
444:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7182344/
2069:
1754:
Priest, Dana; Weisskopf, Michael (6 December 1993).
490:=Washington Post |date=6 December 1993}}</ref>
454:=Washington Post |date=6 December 1993}}</ref>
1244:"Diversity and the road to the "land of best care""
1538:. In Cetina, Karin Knorr; Cicourel, A. V. (eds.).
1283:Smedley, BD; Stith Butler, A; Bristow, LR (2004).
1133:The Bulletin of the American College of Physicians
1903:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 215β217.
1580:(2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 49.
1400:Miyamoto Walters, Melody M. (November 22, 2010).
3298:
1574:"3. The genetic screening of target populations"
1399:
1894:
1753:
1036:. He has also written on the UK's and Canada's
907:New York University Grossman School of Medicine
885:minister, and Vivian Wines Bristow, a nurse at
865:. He has also written on the UK's and Canada's
687:New York University Grossman School of Medicine
3332:Presidents of the American Medical Association
1671:. Johnson Publishing Company: 29. 8 July 1985.
1483:. Johnson Publishing Company. pp. 82, 85.
945:and HIV/AIDS. Having been affiliated with the
2132:
1961:
1959:
1895:Sullivan, Louis Wade; Chanoff, David (2014).
1749:
1747:
1162:"AIDS and the response of organized medicine"
991:Bristow was the first black president of the
881:, New York City, to Lonnie Harlis Bristow, a
722:Promoting diversity in the medical profession
2011:
2009:
1888:
1675:
1599:
1597:
1564:
1562:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1475:"New American Medical Association president"
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
732:Assessing medical needs of disabled veterans
639:Latest revision as of 05:13, 3 February 2024
162:Latest revision as of 05:13, 3 February 2024
3337:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
1643:. Yale University Press. pp. 462β463.
1043:
872:
2139:
2125:
2016:Blagg, James D.; Blagg, Oneida D. (2009).
2015:
1956:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1744:
1628:
997:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
775:University of California Berkeley Hospital
2006:
1773:
1722:
1713:
1682:Williams, Richard Allen (25 April 2020).
1594:
1559:
1542:. New York: Routledge. pp. 125β127.
1520:
1444:Ostrom, Hans; Jr, J. David Macey (2023).
1426:
1260:10.1001/virtualmentor.2003.5.6.pfor1-0306
1109:
1068:Wayne State University School of Medicine
3347:20th-century African-American physicians
2063:
1917:
1859:
1792:
1732:. Johnson Publishing Company. March 1994
1681:
1466:
1443:
1254:(6): virtualmentor.2003.5.6.pfor1β0306.
1077:
925:, Columbia University. He completed his
430:&dq=lonnie+bristow+who+is+black&
2048:
1926:""In the nation's compelling interest""
1825:
1634:
1493:
1241:
1159:
1126:
1083:
3299:
1965:
1788:. Earl G. Graves, Ltd. pp. 18β19.
1603:
1568:
1533:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
2120:
1972:Journal of Physical Therapy Education
1779:
1472:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1056:
993:American Society of Internal Medicine
709:American Society of Internal Medicine
87:Revision as of 16:32, 31 January 2024
2098:. September 27, 1994. Archived from
1923:
1901:Breaking Ground: My Life in Medicine
1865:
1798:
1782:"Speechmaker or catalyst for change"
1361:
77:
43:
1487:
1386:
1026:, he led and co-authored the IOM's
1003:(1989β1993). He was elected to the
877:Lonnie Bristow was born in 1930 in
859:In the Nation's Compelling Interest
713:Co-founding the Sullivan Commission
207:
176:
159:
152:
139:
96:
84:
13:
1942:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2005.tb00346.x
1756:"AMA Split on Clinton health plan"
1494:Russell, Sabin (August 20, 1995).
1326:
1242:Bristow, Lonnie R. (1 June 2003).
641:
32:
3358:
2072:"Committee and Staff Biographies"
1637:"15. A new medical progressivism"
1446:"Medicine: Lonnie Robert Bristow"
1289:. National Academies Press (US).
953:widespread voluntary testing for
143:
3342:20th-century American physicians
2078:. National Academies Press (US).
1984:10.1097/00001416-200607000-00016
1801:"AMA Elects 1st Black President"
1219:10.1001/jama.1995.03530030076038
1127:Bristow, Lonnie R. (June 1979).
971:Clinton health care plan of 1993
480:7182344 |isbn=978-3-030-41959-2
3317:City College of New York alumni
2082:
1657:
1604:Libman, Gary (12 August 1985).
1090:The Western Journal of Medicine
1086:"The myth of sickle cell trait"
960:
912:
1837:Institute of Medicine (2009).
1799:Gura, Trisha (June 13, 1994).
1473:Jones, Lisa C. (August 1995).
1:
2672:William W. Thayer (1928β1929)
1780:Jones, Joyce (October 1994).
1320:
1166:The Journal of Legal Medicine
1160:Bristow, L. R. (March 1989).
1018:in 2001. He co-founded, with
637:
595:
583:
523:
507:
457:
417:
345:
333:
283:
263:
2911:(vice president) (1964β1965)
2586:(vice president) (1915β1916)
2152:American Medical Association
1368:Contemporary Black Biography
1129:"Medical ethics: quo vadis?"
1084:Bristow, L. R. (July 1974).
1064:Morehouse School of Medicine
1005:National Academy of Medicine
947:American Medical Association
812:American Medical Association
702:American Medical Association
632:==Personal life and family==
625:==Personal life and family==
258:==Early life and education==
251:==Early life and education==
18:Browse history interactively
7:
1966:Sharby, Nancy (Fall 2006).
1696:10.1007/978-3-030-41960-8_6
999:on smoking (1987β1994) and
937:with a special interest in
822:with a special interest in
10:
3363:
1635:Swenson, Peter A. (2021).
1016:Crossing the Quality Chasm
855:Crossing the Quality Chasm
528:|url=https://books.google.
512:|url=https://books.google.
350:|url=https://books.google.
338:|url=https://books.google.
141:
3139:
2978:
2811:
2647:
2614:William Clarence Braisted
2480:
2319:
2172:Alexander Hodgdon Stevens
2158:
1402:"Lonnie Bristow (1930- )"
1178:10.1080/01947648909513557
1051:obstetrician-gynecologist
801:
791:
781:
763:
753:
745:
738:
694:
670:
655:
648:
230:
227:
158:
128:Pending changes reviewers
83:
1072:City College of New York
1044:Personal life and family
903:City College of New York
873:Early life and education
729:into medical board exams
682:City College of New York
120:Extended confirmed users
2465:George Miller Sternberg
2369:Joseph Janvier Woodward
2090:"Like father, like son"
1866:Rose, Patti R. (2011).
1501:San Francisco Chronicle
1364:"Bristow, Lonnie 1930β"
82:
3183:William G. Plested III
3046:Harrison L. Rogers Jr.
2262:David Humphreys Storer
917:Bristow completed his
830:and misinformation on
426:/books?id=iLQDAAAAMBAJ
3147:Randolph D. Smoak Jr.
3112:Daniel H. Johnson Jr.
2488:William Williams Keen
1924:Lowe, NK (May 2005).
1897:"13. Missing persons"
1534:Duster, Troy (2015).
1078:Selected publications
939:occupational medicine
931:San Pablo, California
824:occupational medicine
816:San Pablo, California
808:Lonnie Robert Bristow
786:Occupational medicine
772:, Columbia University
650:Lonnie Robert Bristow
3058:William S. Hotchkiss
2772:Herman L. Kretschmer
2682:William Gerry Morgan
2626:George de Schweinitz
2554:John Benjamin Murphy
1578:Backdoor to Eugenics
1362:Lesinski, Jeanne M.
716:Dispelling myths on
3327:American internists
3165:Donald J. Palmisano
2933:Dwight Locke Wilbur
2837:Edward J. McCormick
2796:Roscoe L. Sensenich
2748:Nathan B. Van Etten
2661:Wendell C. Phillips
2638:William Allen Pusey
2596:Charles Horace Mayo
2566:John A. Witherspoon
2196:Beverly R. Wellford
2178:John Collins Warren
2102:on 26 December 2023
2095:The Washington Post
1813:on 31 December 2023
1508:on 21 December 2023
1414:on 26 December 2023
1374:on 26 December 2023
1038:socialized medicine
955:sickle cell disease
943:sickle cell anaemia
867:socialized medicine
828:sickle cell disease
796:Sickle cell disease
3255:Barbara L. McAneny
3034:Frank J. Jirka Jr.
2819:Elmer L. Henderson
2706:Walter L. Bierring
2655:William D. Haggard
2584:Albert Vander Veer
2524:William James Mayo
2280:William O. Baldwin
2256:Nathan Smith Davis
1688:Blacks in Medicine
1616:on 28 January 2024
1248:The Virtual Mentor
1057:Awards and honours
923:Delafield Hospital
899:United States Navy
770:Delafield Hospital
643:American physician
174:
124:New page reviewers
94:
3294:
3293:
3219:Jeremy A. Lazarus
3159:Yank D. Coble Jr.
3153:Richard F. Corlin
3106:Lonnie R. Bristow
3094:Joseph T. Painter
3052:John J. Coury Jr.
3004:Thomas E. Nesbitt
2992:Richard E. Palmer
2921:Charles L. Hudson
2885:Leonard W. Larson
2712:James S. McLester
2676:Malcolm L. Harris
2608:Alexander Lambert
2578:William L. Rodman
2572:Victor C. Vaughan
2542:William C. Gorgas
2351:Theophilus Parvin
2339:Henry I. Bowditch
2286:George Mendenhall
2214:George Bacon Wood
2166:Nathaniel Chapman
1910:978-0-8203-4663-2
1881:978-0-7637-6164-6
1852:978-0-309-12663-2
1705:978-3-030-41959-2
1650:978-0-300-25740-3
1610:Los Angeles Times
1549:978-0-415-72731-0
1459:978-1-4408-7536-6
1304:978-0-309-09125-1
1020:Louis W. Sullivan
891:Morehouse College
887:Sydenham Hospital
832:sickle cell trait
805:
804:
758:Internal medicine
718:sickle cell trait
707:President of the
677:Morehouse College
636:
160:
85:
65:
3354:
3279:Jack Resneck Jr.
3273:Gerald E. Harmon
3243:Andrew W. Gurman
3195:Nancy H. Nielsen
3100:Robert E. McAfee
3022:Daniel T. Cloud,
3016:Robert B. Hunter
2945:W. C. Bornemeier
2939:Gerald D. Dorman
2927:Milford O. Rouse
2891:George M. Fister
2879:E. Vincent Askey
2867:Gunnar Gundersen
2855:Dwight H. Murray
2843:Walter B. Martin
2766:James E. Paullin
2718:James Tate Mason
2667:Jabez N. Jackson
2632:Ray Lyman Wilbur
2548:William H. Welch
2530:Joseph D. Bryant
2512:John Herr Musser
2500:John Allan Wyeth
2441:James F. Hibberd
2405:A. Y. P. Garnett
2375:John Light Atlee
2345:T. G. Richardson
2184:Reuben D. Mussey
2141:
2134:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1834:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1809:. Archived from
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:Black Enterprise
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1612:. Archived from
1601:
1592:
1591:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1504:. Archived from
1491:
1485:
1484:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1441:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1410:. Archived from
1397:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1370:. Archived from
1359:
1316:
1279:
1238:
1197:
1156:
1123:
1113:
1070:(1995), and the
978:African American
836:African American
646:
645:
412:==Later career==
405:==Later career==
328:==Early career==
321:==Early career==
222:
202:
192:
173:
168:
150:
149:
147:
134:
112:
93:
66:
57:
56:
54:
49:
47:
39:
36:
21:
19:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:Jesse Ehrenfeld
3267:Susan R. Bailey
3237:Steven J. Stack
3225:Ardis Dee Hoven
3213:Peter W. Carmel
3207:Cecil B. Wilson
3201:J. James Rohack
3189:Ronald M. Davis
3135:
3040:Joseph F. Boyle
3028:William Y. Rial
3010:Hoyt D. Gardner
2974:
2969:Malcolm C. Todd
2963:Russell B. Roth
2909:Donovan F. Ward
2903:Norman A. Welch
2897:Edward R. Annis
2861:David B. Allman
2807:
2802:Ernest E. Irons
2790:Edward L. Bortz
2784:H. H. Shoulders
2724:Charles G. Heyd
2643:
2602:Arthur D. Bevan
2476:
2453:R. Beverly Cole
2447:Donald MacLean,
2315:
2310:Joseph M. Toner
2304:Thomas M. Logan
2274:Samuel D. Gross
2208:Charles A. Pope
2202:Jonathan Knight
2154:
2145:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2014:
2007:
1964:
1957:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1835:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1806:Chicago Tribune
1797:
1793:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1760:Washington Post
1752:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1706:
1680:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1567:
1560:
1550:
1532:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1492:
1488:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1442:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1398:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1327:
1323:
1305:
1080:
1059:
1046:
1024:Missing Persons
1012:To Err is Human
963:
915:
875:
851:To Err is Human
834:. As the first
826:, and wrote on
782:Sub-specialties
666:
665:, New York City
660:
651:
644:
633:
626:
617:
612:
605:
603:
593:
591:
579:
574:
567:
559:
549:
544:
537:
535:
531:
521:
519:
515:
503:
498:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
413:
406:
397:
392:
385:
377:
367:
362:
355:
353:
343:
341:
329:
322:
313:
308:
301:
299:
295:
291:
281:
279:
275:
271:
259:
252:
243:
238:
223:
208:
206:
205:
204:
200:
198:
182:
180:
175:
169:
164:
156:
154:β Previous edit
151:
142:
140:
138:
137:
136:
132:
130:
102:
100:
95:
89:
81:
80:
79:
78:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
62:
58:
52:
50:
45:
42:
40:
37:
35:Content deleted
34:
31:
29:β Previous edit
26:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3261:Patrice Harris
3258:
3252:
3249:David O. Barbe
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3177:J. Edward Hill
3174:
3171:John C. Nelson
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3130:Thomas Reardon
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3076:C. John Tupper
3073:
3070:Alan R. Nelson
3067:
3064:James E. Davis
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2986:Max H. Parrott
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2951:Wesley W. Hall
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2915:James Z. Appel
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2831:Louis H. Bauer
2828:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2760:Fred W. Rankin
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2730:J. H. J. Upham
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2694:Edward H. Cary
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2560:Abraham Jacobi
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2518:L. S. McMurtry
2515:
2509:
2506:Frank Billings
2503:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2435:Hunter McGuire
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2393:William Brodie
2390:
2387:H. F. Campbell
2384:
2381:Austin Flint I
2378:
2372:
2366:
2363:John T. Hodgen
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2333:J. Marion Sims
2330:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2268:Henry F. Askew
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2232:Harvey Lindsly
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2190:James Moultrie
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2081:
2062:
2047:
2005:
1955:
1916:
1909:
1887:
1880:
1858:
1851:
1824:
1791:
1772:
1743:
1721:
1704:
1674:
1656:
1649:
1627:
1593:
1586:
1558:
1548:
1519:
1486:
1465:
1458:
1425:
1385:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1303:
1295:10.17226/10885
1280:
1239:
1213:(3): 256β258.
1198:
1157:
1139:(6): 417β418.
1124:
1079:
1076:
1058:
1055:
1045:
1042:
982:medical ethics
967:Benjamin Spock
962:
959:
914:
911:
874:
871:
840:medical ethics
803:
802:
799:
798:
793:
789:
788:
783:
779:
778:
777:
776:
773:
765:
761:
760:
755:
751:
750:
747:
743:
742:
740:Medical career
736:
735:
734:
733:
730:
727:medical ethics
723:
720:
714:
711:
705:
696:
695:Known for
692:
691:
690:
689:
684:
679:
672:
668:
667:
661:
657:
653:
652:
649:
642:
640:
635:
634:
631:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
615:
613:
610:
607:
606:
601:
598:
596:
594:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
577:
575:
572:
569:
568:
564:
562:
560:
556:
554:
551:
550:
547:
545:
542:
539:
538:
533:
529:
526:
524:
522:
517:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
501:
499:
496:
493:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:
458:
456:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
411:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
393:
390:
387:
386:
382:
380:
378:
374:
372:
369:
368:
365:
363:
360:
357:
356:
351:
348:
346:
344:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
327:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
311:
309:
306:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
286:
284:
282:
277:
273:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
257:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
241:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
199:
194:
193:
178:
157:
144:ββLater career
131:
114:
113:
98:
67:
61:
59:
41:
33:
27:
23:
22:
14:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3359:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Living people
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:Robert M. Wah
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:Percy Wootton
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3088:John L. Clowe
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:C. A. Hoffman
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2825:John W. Cline
2823:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2742:Rock Sleyster
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:Dean D. Lewis
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:E. Starr Judd
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:H. L. Burrell
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:C. A. L. Reed
2492:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2471:J. M. Mathews
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2459:Nicholas Senn
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:E. H. Gregory
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2327:W. K. Bowling
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:D. W. Yandell
2296:
2293:
2292:Alfred StillΓ©
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1731:
1725:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1587:0-203-42695-9
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:BlackPast.org
1403:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1054:
1052:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:in 1999, and
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1001:HIV infection
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
958:
956:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
853:in 1999, and
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
800:
797:
794:
790:
787:
784:
780:
774:
771:
768:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
741:
737:
731:
728:
724:
721:
719:
715:
712:
710:
706:
703:
700:President of
699:
698:
697:
693:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
673:
669:
664:
658:
654:
647:
638:
630:
628:
623:
621:
620:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:
597:
585:
582:
578:
576:
573:
571:
570:
563:
561:
555:
553:
552:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:
525:
509:
506:
502:
500:
497:
495:
494:
459:
419:
416:
410:
408:
403:
401:
400:
396:
394:
391:
389:
388:
381:
379:
373:
371:
370:
366:
364:
361:
359:
358:
347:
335:
332:
326:
324:
319:
317:
316:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:
285:
265:
262:
256:
254:
249:
247:
246:
242:
240:
237:
235:
234:
226:
220:
216:
212:
197:
190:
186:
181:
172:
167:
163:
155:
145:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:Autopatrolled
110:
106:
101:
99:Whispyhistory
92:
88:
70:
55:
48:
38:Content added
30:
20:
3124:Nancy Dickey
3105:
3082:John J. Ring
2998:John H. Budd
2873:Louis M. Orr
2778:Roger I. Lee
2423:W. T. Briggs
2411:W. W. Dawson
2238:Henry Miller
2220:Zina Pitcher
2106:November 25,
2104:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2093:
2084:
2075:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2028:(2): 29β46.
2025:
2021:
1975:
1971:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1900:
1890:
1871:
1861:
1842:
1839:"Appendix D"
1817:November 25,
1815:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1804:
1794:
1785:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:
1734:. Retrieved
1724:
1687:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1640:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1609:
1577:
1570:Duster, Troy
1553:
1539:
1512:November 25,
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1499:
1489:
1478:
1468:
1449:
1418:November 25,
1416:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1405:
1378:November 25,
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1367:
1285:
1251:
1247:
1210:
1206:
1172:(1): 11β17.
1169:
1165:
1136:
1132:
1096:(1): 77β82.
1093:
1089:
1060:
1047:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1009:
990:
975:
964:
961:Later career
951:
916:
913:Early career
876:
862:
858:
854:
850:
848:
807:
806:
764:Institutions
739:
725:Introducing
428:&pg=PA29
215:Use this bot
179:Citation bot
3307:1930 births
3281:(2022β2023)
3275:(2021β2022)
3269:(2020β2021)
3263:(2019β2020)
3257:(2018β2019)
3251:(2017β2018)
3245:(2016β2017)
3239:(2015β2016)
3233:(2014β2015)
3227:(2013β2014)
3221:(2012β2013)
3215:(2011β2012)
3209:(2010β2011)
3203:(2009β2010)
3197:(2008β2009)
3191:(2007β2008)
3185:(2006β2007)
3179:(2005β2006)
3173:(2004β2005)
3167:(2003β2004)
3161:(2002β2003)
3155:(2001β2002)
3149:(2000β2001)
3132:(1999β2000)
3126:(1998β1999)
3120:(1997β1998)
3114:(1996β1997)
3108:(1995β1996)
3102:(1994β1995)
3096:(1993β1994)
3090:(1992β1993)
3084:(1991β1992)
3078:(1990β1991)
3072:(1989β1990)
3066:(1988β1989)
3060:(1987β1988)
3054:(1986β1987)
3048:(1985β1986)
3042:(1984β1985)
3036:(1983β1984)
3030:(1982β1983)
3018:(1980β1981)
3012:(1979β1980)
3006:(1978β1979)
3000:(1977β1978)
2994:(1976β1977)
2988:(1975β1976)
2971:(1974β1975)
2965:(1973β1974)
2959:(1972β1972)
2953:(1971β1972)
2947:(1970β1971)
2941:(1969β1970)
2935:(1968β1969)
2929:(1967β1968)
2923:(1966β1967)
2917:(1965β1966)
2899:(1963β1964)
2893:(1962β1963)
2887:(1961β1962)
2881:(1960β1961)
2875:(1959β1960)
2869:(1958β1959)
2863:(1957β1958)
2857:(1956β1957)
2851:(1955β1956)
2845:(1954β1955)
2839:(1953β1954)
2833:(1952β1953)
2827:(1951β1952)
2821:(1950β1951)
2804:(1949β1950)
2798:(1948β1949)
2792:(1947β1948)
2786:(1946β1947)
2780:(1945β1946)
2774:(1944β1945)
2768:(1943β1944)
2762:(1942β1943)
2756:(1941β1942)
2754:Frank Lahey
2750:(1940β1941)
2744:(1939β1940)
2738:(1938β1939)
2736:Irvin Abell
2732:(1937β1938)
2726:(1936β1937)
2714:(1935β1936)
2708:(1934β1935)
2702:(1933β1934)
2696:(1932β1933)
2690:(1931β1932)
2684:(1930β1931)
2678:(1929β1930)
2669:(1927β1928)
2663:(1926β1927)
2657:(1925β1926)
2640:(1924β1925)
2634:(1923β1924)
2628:(1922β1923)
2622:(1921β1922)
2620:Hubert Work
2616:(1920β1921)
2610:(1919β1920)
2604:(1918β1919)
2598:(1917β1918)
2592:(1916β1917)
2590:Rupert Blue
2574:(1914β1915)
2568:(1913β1914)
2562:(1912β1913)
2556:(1911β1912)
2550:(1910β1911)
2544:(1909β1910)
2538:(1908β1909)
2532:(1907β1908)
2526:(1906β1907)
2520:(1905β1906)
2514:(1904β1905)
2508:(1903β1904)
2502:(1902β1903)
2496:(1901β1902)
2490:(1900β1901)
2473:(1899β1900)
2467:(1898β1899)
2461:(1897β1898)
2455:(1896β1897)
2443:(1894β1895)
2437:(1893β1894)
2431:(1892β1893)
2429:H. O. Marcy
2425:(1891β1892)
2419:(1890β1891)
2417:E. M. Moore
2413:(1889β1890)
2407:(1888β1889)
2401:(1887β1888)
2395:(1886β1887)
2389:(1885β1886)
2383:(1884β1885)
2377:(1883β1884)
2371:(1882β1883)
2365:(1881β1882)
2359:(1880β1881)
2357:Lewis Sayre
2353:(1879β1880)
2347:(1878β1879)
2341:(1877β1878)
2335:(1876β1877)
2329:(1875β1876)
2312:(1874β1875)
2306:(1873β1874)
2300:(1872β1873)
2294:(1871β1872)
2288:(1870β1871)
2282:(1869β1870)
2276:(1868β1869)
2270:(1867β1868)
2264:(1866β1867)
2258:(1864β1866)
2252:(1863β1864)
2250:Alden March
2246:(1860β1861)
2240:(1859β1860)
2234:(1858β1859)
2228:(1857β1858)
2226:Paul F. Eve
2222:(1856β1857)
2216:(1855β1856)
2210:(1854β1855)
2204:(1853β1854)
2198:(1852β1853)
2192:(1851β1852)
2186:(1850β1851)
2180:(1849β1850)
2174:(1848β1849)
2168:(1847β1848)
219:Report bugs
3301:Categories
3024:1981β1982)
2849:Elmer Hess
2449:1885β1896)
2148:Presidents
1936:(3): 305.
1765:28 January
1736:28 January
1690:: 97β154.
1620:28 January
1321:References
1007:in 1977.
919:internship
746:Profession
2979:1975β2000
2812:1950β1975
2648:1925β1950
2481:1900β1925
2320:1875β1900
2159:1847β1875
2034:2475-2843
1992:0899-1855
1978:(2): 81.
1268:1937-7010
1227:0098-7484
1186:0194-7648
1145:0002-8010
1102:0093-0415
935:internist
927:residency
909:in 1957.
820:internist
749:Physician
671:Education
488:newspaper
292:=Ostrom |
272:=Ostrom |
201:5,204,818
2244:Eli Ives
2057:AHA News
2042:44868047
2000:25009857
1950:15890827
1572:(2003).
1313:25009857
1276:23268950
1153:11662592
1074:(1995).
1066:(1994),
986:HIV/AIDS
933:, as an
844:HIV/AIDS
818:, as an
792:Research
231:Line 47:
228:Line 47:
189:contribs
109:contribs
53:Wikitext
3287:(2023β)
2150:of the
1730:"Ebony"
1715:7182344
1235:7609236
1194:2708901
1120:4840172
1111:1129505
895:Atlanta
883:Baptist
602:215β217
590:215-217
298:122β123
278:122-123
2905:(1964)
2720:(1936)
2580:(1915)
2040:
2032:
1998:
1990:
1948:
1907:
1878:
1849:
1712:
1702:
1647:
1584:
1546:
1456:
1311:
1301:
1274:
1266:
1233:
1225:
1192:
1184:
1151:
1143:
1118:
1108:
1100:
879:Harlem
663:Harlem
294:first1
211:dashes
133:59,791
64:Inline
46:Visual
3140:2000β
2038:JSTOR
1480:Ebony
754:Field
704:(AMA)
534:18β19
518:18-19
514:co.uk
448:co.uk
424:co.uk
340:co.uk
290:last1
274:first
203:edits
135:edits
2108:2023
2030:ISSN
1996:PMID
1988:ISSN
1946:PMID
1905:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1819:2023
1767:2024
1738:2024
1700:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1622:2024
1582:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1514:2023
1454:ISBN
1420:2023
1380:2023
1309:PMID
1299:ISBN
1272:PMID
1264:ISSN
1231:PMID
1223:ISSN
1207:JAMA
1190:PMID
1182:ISSN
1149:PMID
1141:ISSN
1116:PMID
1098:ISSN
659:1930
656:Born
472:PA29
452:work
270:last
196:Bots
185:talk
171:undo
166:edit
148:page
105:talk
91:edit
1980:doi
1938:doi
1710:PMC
1692:doi
1669:Jet
1291:doi
1256:doi
1215:doi
1211:274
1174:doi
1106:PMC
1094:121
893:in
530:com
484:com
476:pmc
464:com
440:url
352:com
3303::
2092:.
2074:.
2036:.
2024:.
2020:.
2008:^
1994:.
1986:.
1976:20
1974:.
1970:.
1958:^
1944:.
1934:34
1932:.
1928:.
1899:.
1870:.
1841:.
1827:^
1803:.
1784:.
1758:.
1746:^
1708:.
1698:.
1686:.
1667:.
1639:.
1608:.
1596:^
1576:.
1561:^
1552:.
1522:^
1498:.
1477:.
1448:.
1428:^
1404:.
1388:^
1366:.
1328:^
1307:.
1297:.
1270:.
1262:.
1250:.
1246:.
1229:.
1221:.
1209:.
1205:.
1188:.
1180:.
1170:10
1168:.
1164:.
1147:.
1135:.
1131:.
1114:.
1104:.
1092:.
1088:.
1053:.
973:.
941:,
846:.
468:pg
432:hl
217:.
187:|
146::
126:,
122:,
118:,
107:|
2140:e
2133:t
2126:v
2110:.
2044:.
2026:2
2002:.
1982::
1952:.
1940::
1913:.
1884:.
1855:.
1821:.
1769:.
1740:.
1718:.
1694::
1653:.
1624:.
1590:.
1516:.
1462:.
1422:.
1382:.
1315:.
1293::
1278:.
1258::
1252:5
1237:.
1217::
1196:.
1176::
1155:.
1137:2
1122:.
478:=
470:=
442:=
434:=
191:)
183:(
111:)
103:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.