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341:. As more and more companies, in an effort to increase profits, move manufacturing to the cheaper labour markets of the third world, areas with weaker labour laws or environmental regulations, they give the means of production to foreign workers. These new managers of production have little or no loyalty to the original corporation. They see that profits are being made by the global brand for doing little (other than advertising) and see the possibilities of removing the middle men (i.e. the parent corporation) and marketing directly to the consumer. This can result in counterfeit products being virtually indistinguishable from original products, as they are being produced in the same company, and in damage to the parent corporation due to copyright infringement.
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348:, especially very expensive or desirable brands or those that are easy to reproduce cheaply, have become frequent and common targets of counterfeiting. The counterfeiters either attempt to deceive the consumer into thinking they are purchasing a legitimate item, or convince the consumer that they could deceive others with the imitation. An item which makes no attempt to deceive, such as a copy of a DVD with missing or different cover art or a book without a cover, is often known as a "bootleg" or a "pirated copy" instead.
27:
294:, has become global in recent years and the range of goods subject to infringement has increased significantly. Apparel and accessories accounted for over 50 percent of the counterfeit goods seized by U.S. Customs and Border Control. According to the study of Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau (CIB) of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), counterfeit goods make up 5 to 7% of world trade; however, these figures cannot be substantiated due to the secretive nature of the industry.
502:
crowd-sourced solutions to counterfeiting. One such free community, Collectors Proof, enables manufacturers and users alike to associate unique identification numbers to virtually any item so that each new owner can update its chain of custody. Because quality counterfeit items are often difficult to distinguish from authentic goods, this approach enables potential customers to access an item's current and previous owners – its
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that number as is practicable) or may require the factory to account for every part used and to return any unused, faulty or damaged parts. To help distinguish the originals from the counterfeits, the copyright holder may also employ the use of serial numbers or holograms etc., which may be attached to the product in another factory.
509:
To combat counterfeiting, companies may have the various parts of an item manufactured in independent factories and then limit the supply of certain distinguishing parts to the factory that performs the final assembly to the exact number required for the number of items to be assembled (or as near to
501:
solutions have come together to form special industry-wide and global organisations dedicated to combating the so-called "brand pirates" such as the
International Hologram Manufacturers Association. Other companies and organisations have established web-based communities that provide a framework for
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In the United States, a federal crackdown on counterfeit imports is driving an increase in domestic output of fake merchandise, according to investigators and industry executives. Raids carried out in New York City resulted in the seizure of an estimated $ 200 million in counterfeit apparel, bearing
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in the case of goods. They also have a reputation for being lower quality, sometimes not working at all, and sometimes containing toxic substances such as lead. This has resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people, due to automobile and aviation accidents, poisoning, or ceasing to take
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indicates that up to US$ 200 billion of international trade could have been in counterfeit and illegally copied goods in 2005. In
November 2009, the OECD updated these estimates, concluding that the share of counterfeit and illegitimate goods in world trade had increased from 1.85% in 2000 to 1.95%
403:
report regarding counterfeit electronic parts in the defense supply chain, highlighted in an investigation commenced in March 2011, found that 1800 cases of suspected counterfeit components were in use within over 1 million individual products". A 2012 follow-up report found that counterfeit parts
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In countries like North Korea and Russia where trade sanctions were imposed in the past to prevent the importation of popular brands, demand was stimulated for available counterfeit alternatives. The economic standing of a country or region also contributed to the demand for these products as the
407:
Another trend in counterfeiting, especially seen in consumer electronics, is the manufacture of entirely new products using poor quality materials or, more often, incorporating desirable features not present in a brand's authentic product line and then including prominent and fake brand names and
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Many counterfeit goods are produced and manufactured in China, making it the counterfeit capital of the world: the counterfeiting industry accounts for 8% of China's GDP. Counterfeit goods are also made in Russia, North Korea, Taiwan, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Turkey is responsible for 3.3% of word's
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In a detailed breakdown of the counterfeit goods industry, the total loss faced by countries around the world is $ 600 billion, with the United States facing the most economic impact. When calculating counterfeit products, current estimates place the global losses at $ 400 billion. On 29 November
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Luxury streetwear is out of reach for many people, not just because of international sanctions and low wages, but because exclusivity is built into its business model. Social and cultural forces are driving the unique fashion scene. In particular, social media has a huge influence on over these
800:
Observatory on
Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights has developed an anti-counterfeiting technology guide, to address the lack of information on technology solutions available on the market and help companies improve their protection against counterfeiting. In this guide, the main
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means to imitate something authentic, with the intent to steal, destroy, or replace the original, for use in illegal transactions, or otherwise to deceive individuals into believing that the fake is of equal or greater value than the real product.
1319:
753:. Most commonly, these markets originate out of areas where the inability to buy popular streetwear brands has fueled more sophisticated markets for counterfeit goods. These markets have spawned the emergence of a tribe of widely available
359:. Some who produce these even do so with the wrong material. For example, the song "Heartbreak Hotel" which was never released on Sun, as by the time Elvis first heard it, prior to ever recording it, he had moved from Sun to
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seized and shut down 82 websites as part of a U.S. crackdown of websites that sell counterfeit goods, and was timed to coincide with "Cyber Monday," the start of the holiday online shopping season.
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Counterfeiting has also been issued to "cash in" on the ever growing record collecting market. One major example is bootleggers have cloned copies of Elvis
Presley's early singles for
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counterfeit goods, according to OCDE. Some counterfeits are produced in the same factory that produce the original, authentic product, using inferior materials. A United States
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for selling fake "Fendi" bags and leather goods in five states. Sam's Club agreed to pay Fendi a confidential amount to settle the dispute and dismiss the action. In the case
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Counterfeit money is currency that is produced without the legal sanction of the state or government; this is a crime in all jurisdictions of the world. The
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is a scientific process for investigating many aspects of various documents, and is often used to examine the provenance and verity of a suspected forgery.
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1030:
ICC Counterfeiting
Intelligence Bureau (1997), Countering Counterfeiting: A Guide to Protecting and Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights, United Kingdom.
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Anti-counterfeiting technologies are added to products or their packaging to allow consumers or inspectors to check whether a product is authentic. The
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of the real product. Counterfeit products are often produced with the intent to take advantage of the superior value of the imitated product. The word
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are public debt instruments that are produced without legal sanction, with the intention of "cashing them in" for authentic currency or using them as
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199:, mostly known for its guarding-of-officials task, was initially organized primarily to combat the counterfeiting of U.S. dollars in the wake of the
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logotypes to profit from brand recognition or brand image. An example would be imitation "Nokia" and "iPhone" cellular phones with features like
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The spread of counterfeit goods, including consumer goods (commonly called "knock-offs" or "rip-offs") and parts within the manufacturing
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460:". One of the largest seizures was a joint operation in Arizona, Texas and California that seized seventy-seven containers of fake "
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of counterfeit culture by referencing fake or knock-off goods in their designs. This brought counterfeit culture into the realm of
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players whose batteries are removable and replaceable, whereas in authentic originals the batteries are permanently installed.
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and has essentially shifted global acceptance towards becoming more lenient of these products as an appropriate alternative.
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is a term in United States law for the forgery of non-official documents, such as a trucking company's time and weight logs.
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1213:"Terahertz characterization of electronic components and comparison of terahertz imaging with X-ray imaging techniques"
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has also published standards related to the implementation of anti-counterfeiting solutions, including ISO 12931 and
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anti-counterfeiting technologies currently on the market are described, and classified into five main categories:
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468:" clothing, valued at $ 69.5 million. Another current method of attacking counterfeits is at the retail level.
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Senate Armed
Services Committee Announces Investigation into Counterfeit Electronic Parts in DOD Supply Chain
1467:"Hands-on with a functional 4.7-inch iPhone 6 clone w/ heavily detailed, skinned version of Android (Video)"
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markets giving people images of things they can't own and further fueling the desire to obtains certain “
203:. Both sides had printed counterfeit notes in attempts to destabilize the other's economy, an example of
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since original copies starting changing hands amongst music fans for hundreds (and then, thousands) of
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181:, mostly paper money, is usually treated as a serious crime by government justice systems worldwide.
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960:"Physical Unclonable Functions in Theory and Practice", p. 46, by Christoph Böhm, Maximilian Hofer
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are also examples of product reproduced by counterfeiters due to their high value to collectors.
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1219:. Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems IX: Advanced Applications in Industry and Defense.
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industry specialty, focused on creating legal documents which are difficult to forge.
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1073:"Magnitude of counterfeiting and piracy of tangible products – November 2009 update"
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Ahi, Kiarash (13 May 2015). Anwar, Mehdi F; Crowe, Thomas W; Manzur, Tariq (eds.).
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made to resemble the devices they imitate. Another example would be imitation
26:
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1675:"EUIPO Observatory publishes Anti-counterfeiting Technology Guide | Lexology"
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Senate Report
Reveals Extent of Chinese Counterfeit Parts in Defense Industry
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A number of companies involved in the development of anti-counterfeiting and
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essential compounds (e.g., in the case a person takes non-working medicine).
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1533:"L.A. police seize $ 10 million worth of counterfeit iPhones & iPods"
1434:"GooPhone and LG to offer first tri-SIM smartphones using MediaTek chips"
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brand and products, such as televisions, monitors, air conditioners, etc.
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European
Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights
1377:"Shanzhai ji: All you need to know about fake phones - Mobile Phones"
1156:"U.S. Shutters 82 Sites in Crackdown on Downloads, Counterfeit Goods"
1041:"The Economic Effect of Counterfeiting and Piracy, Executive Summary"
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or adapting documents with the intention to deceive. It is a form of
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49:
1644:"Counterfeit problem? The 2021 Anti-counterfeiting Technology Guide"
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593:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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for allowing the sale of counterfeit items, but lost on all claims.
1614:"13% of consumers misled into buying counterfeit goods or services"
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in 2007. That represents an increase to US$ 250 billion worldwide.
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Some see the rise in counterfeiting of goods as being related to
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to secure loans or lines of credit through legitimate channels.
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whose quality is almost indistinguishable from the original's.
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Making a copy or imitation which is represented as the original
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Counterfeit culture is the thriving markets surrounding fake
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reveal that the inside structure of the fake one is different
390:(left); although the packaging of these ICs is the same, the
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Beware of
Pirates! How to Avoid Bootleg Blu-rays and DVDs
1337:
Counterfeit
Electronic Components: Understanding the Risk
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prices but will gain the same social impact purchasing a
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1105:"Havocscope Counterfeit and Piracy Markets by Countries"
972:"Money and Finance in the Confederate States of America"
1131:"Havocscope Counterfeit and Piracy Markets by Products"
413:
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
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243:, and is often a key technique in the execution of
1847:Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery
1403:"Dual SIM review: Mobiles go two-in-one - page 2"
1326:, published 9 March 2011, accessed 2 January 2022
1857:
1775:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1706:"ISO 12931, la norme anti-contrefaçon pour tous"
1497:
1366:, published 31 May 2012, accessed 12 March 2022
157:Counterfeit products tend to have fake company
313:marker, next to a counterfeit "Shoupie" marker
221:
1498:Chase, Brendon; Derek Fung (8 October 2009).
1291:"MIT CIS: Publications: Foreign Policy Index"
780:Designers have even begun to acknowledge the
1591:"EUIPO Anti-Counterfeiting Technology Guide"
1673:Linsner, Bristows LLP-Marc (2 March 2021).
655:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
552:Learn how and when to remove these messages
110:as well as the imitations of items such as
102:frequently describes both the forgeries of
1761:This remainder of this section includes a
1369:
386:flash memory IC (right) and a counterfeit
1806:Learn how and when to remove this message
1530:
1524:
1180:"Inside the Knockoff-Tennis-Shoe Factory"
737:Learn how and when to remove this message
719:Learn how and when to remove this message
609:Learn how and when to remove this message
1825:OECD/EUIPO 2019 report on counterfeiting
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1712:from the original on 20 September 2021
1611:
1531:Humphries, Matthew (8 February 2011).
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1425:
1085:from the original on 25 September 2015
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513:
1413:from the original on 30 November 2021
1383:from the original on 16 December 2013
1217:SPIE Sensing Technology+ Applications
1178:Schmidle, Nicholas (19 August 2010).
1053:from the original on 12 November 2015
1012:from the original on 29 December 2021
506: – prior to purchase.
1747:
1704:Nouvelle, L'Usine (5 October 2012).
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982:from the original on 20 January 2022
653:adding citations to reliable sources
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558:
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185:Forgery of money or government bonds
130:(which have caused many accidents),
1601:from the original on 17 March 2021.
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823:International Standard Organization
13:
1830:Anti-counterfeit news and features
1786:this remainder of this section by
1654:from the original on 23 March 2021
1571:from the original on 6 August 2012
1446:from the original on 21 March 2015
1297:from the original on 31 March 2014
1271:from the original on 26 March 2010
882:Counterfeit banknote detection pen
811:Chemical and physical technologies
420:using inferior components and the
404:came "overwhelmingly from China".
401:Senate Committee on Armed Services
14:
1892:
1818:
1685:from the original on 23 June 2021
1512:from the original on 2 April 2015
1500:"Fake iPod versus the real thing"
1479:from the original on 2 April 2015
1315:Senate Armed Services Committee,
1192:from the original on 18 June 2018
777:” items by any means accessible.
533:This article has multiple issues.
1752:
1624:from the original on 8 June 2021
978:. Economic History Association.
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792:Anti-counterfeiting technologies
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932:Prescription Drug Marketing Act
541:or discuss these issues on the
320:Department of Homeland Security
255:Questioned document examination
1465:Esposito, Dom (24 July 2014).
1259:"Intellectual Property Rights"
1123:
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1024:
994:
963:
954:
927:Philatelic fakes and forgeries
817:Technologies for digital media
761:average consumer can't afford
1:
1849:virtual museum exhibition at
1612:Dillon, Frank (8 June 2021).
1432:Fingas, Jon (5 August 2013).
948:
436:the logos of brands such as "
424:operating system, often with
367:such as their album with the
464:" shoes and a container of "
197:United States Secret Service
21:Counterfeit (disambiguation)
7:
1851:Library and Archives Canada
1185:The New York Times Magazine
832:
589:the claims made and adding
222:Counterfeiting of documents
10:
1897:
1335:Trace Laboratories, Inc.,
1168:magazine, 29 November 2010
852:
275:Counterfeit consumer goods
272:
225:
188:
94:are fakes or unauthorized
64:Office of Field Operations
18:
1346:, accessed 4 January 2022
1002:"Catching Counterfeiters"
235:is the process of making
128:unapproved aircraft parts
1881:Organized crime activity
283:Bulk bag of counterfeit
1832:at SecuringIndustry.com
1790:more precise citations.
1161:26 January 2014 at the
887:Counterfeit medications
814:Mechanical technologies
805:Electronic technologies
466:Abercrombie & Fitch
249:Uttering and publishing
179:counterfeiting of money
1733:Cite journal requires
877:Copyright infringement
395:
334:
314:
287:
171:trademark infringement
138:and electronic parts,
82:
52:
38:
1078:. OECD, Paris. 2009.
1046:. OECD, Paris. 2007.
1006:U.S. Marshals Service
917:Intellectual property
668:"Counterfeit culture"
454:Seven for all Mankind
381:
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76:international airport
58:
44:
29:
1597:. 26 February 2021.
1362:8 April 2022 at the
1322:8 April 2022 at the
1223:: 94830K-94830K-15.
808:Marking technologies
649:improve this section
126:, automobile parts,
92:Counterfeit products
19:For other uses, see
1229:2015SPIE.9483E..0KA
872:Coin counterfeiting
514:Counterfeit culture
363:. Rare releases by
165:, which results in
66:agent checking the
1763:list of references
1565:"Collectors Proof"
1342:2022-01-04 at the
1237:10.1117/12.2183128
1111:on 4 February 2010
970:Weidenmier, Marc.
855:Outline of forgery
786:mainstream culture
574:possibly contains
490:sued auction site
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201:American Civil War
83:
53:
39:
1871:Commercial crimes
1816:
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1650:. 22 March 2021.
1409:. 3 August 2007.
897:Entertainment law
892:Counterfeit watch
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576:original research
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488:Tiffany & Co.
269:Counterfeit goods
259:Security printing
191:Counterfeit money
80:stereo microscope
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1541:. Archived from
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1008:. 15 June 2020.
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297:A report by the
212:government bonds
205:economic warfare
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483:Tiffany v. eBay
462:Nike Air Jordan
426:user interfaces
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124:pharmaceuticals
72:travel document
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1876:Counterfeiters
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1819:External links
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862:Authentication
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1842:Brenton Film
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1782:Please help
1774:
1726:cite journal
1714:. Retrieved
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
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1656:. Retrieved
1647:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1617:
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1573:. Retrieved
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1543:the original
1536:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1503:
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1481:. Retrieved
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1448:. Retrieved
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1415:. Retrieved
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1194:. Retrieved
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1139:. Retrieved
1135:the original
1125:
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1109:the original
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1035:
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1014:. Retrieved
1005:
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975:
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847:Money portal
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663:
647:Please help
635:
605:
599:January 2020
596:
573:
549:
542:
536:
535:Please help
532:
508:
496:
481:
476:division of
446:Izod Lacoste
434:
406:
397:
392:X-ray images
350:
343:
336:
329:Counterfeit
316:
296:
292:supply chain
289:
253:
231:
210:Counterfeit
209:
194:
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156:
99:
91:
86:
84:
68:authenticity
45:Counterfeit
30:Counterfeit
1840:article at
1796:August 2011
1788:introducing
1089:15 November
1057:15 November
1016:29 December
986:29 December
418:smartphones
365:The Beatles
353:Sun Records
142:, works of
136:electronics
100:counterfeit
87:counterfeit
36:flea market
1860:Categories
1472:9to5Google
949:References
922:Legal fake
751:streetwear
679:newspapers
583:improve it
538:improve it
504:provenance
474:Sam's Club
430:"iPod" MP3
414:television
361:RCA Victor
318:2010, the
237:facsimiles
216:collateral
1648:Scantrust
1407:GSM Arena
1245:118178651
902:Fauxbergé
827:ISO 22381
767:knock-off
709:June 2022
636:does not
587:verifying
544:talk page
472:sued the
108:documents
50:banknotes
1710:Archived
1689:18 March
1683:Archived
1652:Archived
1622:Archived
1599:Archived
1569:Archived
1538:Geek.com
1510:Archived
1477:Archived
1444:Archived
1439:Engadget
1417:27 April
1411:Archived
1387:5 August
1381:Archived
1379:. CNET.
1360:Archived
1340:Archived
1320:Archived
1295:Archived
1266:Archived
1196:27 March
1190:Archived
1159:Archived
1141:14 April
1115:14 April
1080:Archived
1048:Archived
1010:Archived
980:Archived
833:See also
757:brands.
456:", and "
450:Rocawear
410:dual SIM
344:Certain
263:printing
140:software
116:handbags
112:clothing
104:currency
96:replicas
78:using a
32:t-shirts
1866:Forgery
1784:improve
1716:17 June
1658:17 June
1628:17 June
1575:16 July
1549:9 March
1516:9 March
1483:9 March
1450:9 March
1225:Bibcode
755:copycat
693:scholar
657:removed
642:sources
581:Please
478:Walmart
422:Android
388:replica
357:dollars
311:Sharpie
233:Forgery
228:Forgery
132:watches
1301:15 May
1275:15 May
1243:
976:EH.net
763:luxury
695:
688:
681:
674:
666:
285:Viagra
167:patent
163:brands
152:movies
150:, and
74:at an
1769:, or
1269:(PDF)
1262:(PDF)
1241:S2CID
1166:Wired
1083:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
1051:(PDF)
1044:(PDF)
798:EUIPO
782:trend
775:hyped
700:JSTOR
686:books
470:Fendi
384:Intel
261:is a
241:fraud
159:logos
120:shoes
70:of a
59:U.S.
34:at a
1739:help
1718:2021
1691:2021
1660:2021
1630:2021
1577:2012
1551:2015
1518:2015
1505:CNET
1485:2015
1452:2015
1419:2014
1389:2013
1303:2010
1277:2010
1221:9483
1198:2015
1143:2010
1117:2010
1091:2016
1059:2016
1018:2021
988:2021
937:Slug
821:The
672:news
640:any
638:cite
492:eBay
458:Fubu
452:", "
448:", "
444:", "
442:Polo
440:", "
177:The
161:and
148:toys
106:and
1233:doi
651:by
585:by
373:EMI
169:or
144:art
85:To
61:CBP
1862::
1773:,
1765:,
1730::
1728:}}
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