2121:
to consider in racing: brake pedal displacement, brake pedal force, and vehicle deceleration. Various combinations of these variables work together to determine the stiffness, sensitivity, and pedal force of the brakes. When using the brakes effectively, the driver must go through a buildup phase and end with a modulating phase. These phases include attaining maximum deceleration and modulating the brake pressure. Brake performance is measured in bite and consistency. Bite happens when the driver first applies the brakes and they have not warmed up to the correct temperature to operate efficiently. Consistency is measured in how consistent the friction is during the entire time of braking. These two measurements determine the wear of the brakes.
513:
189:
788:
2207:. During repeated physiological (and psychological) evaluations of professional racing drivers, the two characteristics that stand out are racers' near-obsessive need to control their surroundings (the psychological aspect), and an unusual ability to process fast-moving information (physiological). In this, researchers have noted a strong correlation between racers' psychological profiles and those of fighter pilots. In tests comparing racers to members of the general public, the greater the complexity of the information processing matrix, the greater the speed gap between racers and the public.
224:
1163:
899:
208:
1946:
562:
57:
495:
1386:
1932:
1144:
1960:
5768:
6148:
881:
1374:
1974:
532:
1877:
1901:
2018:
1129:
1916:
1862:
593:. In Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as 'Formula', with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the 'Formula' terminology is not followed (with the exception of F1). The sport is usually arranged to follow an international format (such as F1), a regional format (such as the Formula 3 Euro Series), and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format (such as the German Formula 3 championship, or the British Formula Ford).
1608:
2144:
2003:
1989:
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bodies. Engines are tuned on a machine called a dynamometer, which is commonly known in the racing world as a DYNO. The car is driven onto the DYNO and many gauges and sensors are hooked up to the car that are controlled by an online program to test force, torque, or power. Through the testing, the car's engine maps can be changed to get the most horsepower and ultimately speed out of the vehicle.
1492:
689:, BRSCC F3 (formerly ClubF3, formerly ARP F3), Formula Vee and Club Formula Ford. Each series caters to a section of the market, with some primarily providing low-cost racing, while others aim for an authentic experience using the same regulations as the professional series (BRSCC F3). The SCCA is also responsible for sanctioning single-seater racing in much of North America.
547:
2112:
dependent on the temperature of the tyre and track when racing. Each time a driver pulls into the pits, the tyre pressure and temperature should be tested for optimal performance. When the tyres get too hot they will swell or inflate and need to be deflated to the correct pressure. When the tyres are not warmed up they will not perform as well.
627:, with more restrictions on technology aimed at controlling costs. While these cars are not as technologically advanced, they are faster, in part due to their lower downforce compared to F1 cars, and also because they compete on oval race tracks, being able to average a lap at 388 km/h (241 mph). The series' biggest race is the
2120:
Brakes on a race car are imperative in slowing and stopping the car at precise times and wear quickly depending on the road or track on which the car is being raced, how many laps are being run, track conditions due to weather, and how many caution runs require more braking. There are three variables
2102:
Suspension plays a huge part in giving the race car the ability to be driven optimally. Shocks are mounted vertically or horizontally to prevent the body from rolling in the corners. The suspension is important because it makes the car stable and easier to control and keeps the tires on the road when
2129:
The race car's engine needs a considerable amount of air to produce maximum power. The air intake manifold sucks the air from scoops on the hood and front bumper and feeds it into the engine. Many engine modifications to increase horsepower and efficiency are commonly used in many racing-sanctioning
992:
Sports prototypes, unlike GT cars, do not rely on road-legal cars as a base. They are closed-wheel and often closed-cockpit purpose-built race cars intended mainly for endurance racing. They have much lower weight, more horsepower and more downforce compared to GT cars, making them much faster. They
2093:
is installed under the car, the amount of drag force is significantly lowered, and the overall aerodynamics of the vehicle is positively adjusted. Wings and canards channel the airflow in the most efficient way to get the least amount of drag from the car. It is experimentally proven that downforce
1571:
The modern kart was invented by Art Ingels, a fabricator at the
Indianapolis-car manufacturer Kurtis-Kraft, in Southern California in 1956. Ingels took a small chainsaw engine and mounted it to a simple tube-frame chassis weighing less than 100 lb. Ingels, and everyone else who drove the kart,
2111:
Tyres called R-Compounds are commonly used in motorsports for high amounts of traction. The soft rubber allows them to expand when they are heated up, making more surface area on the pavement, therefore producing the most traction. These types of tyres do not have grooves on them. Tyre pressure is
2088:
Aerodynamics and airflow play big roles in the setup of a race car. Aerodynamic downforce improves the race car's handling by lowering the center of gravity and distributing the weight of the car equally on each tire. Once this is achieved, fuel consumption decreases and the forces against the car
969:
both using GT3 as their top class of GT car. GT3 cars have more significant aero than a GT2 car, but also have less horsepower, typically falling in between 500 and 550 horsepower. GT4 class cars have very little aerodynamics and less horsepower than GT3 machinery, typically around 450 horsepower.
1842:
In many types of auto races, particularly those held on closed courses, flags are displayed to indicate the general status of the track and to communicate instructions to competitors. While individual series have different rules, and the flags have changed from the first years (e.g., red used to
1266:
is also referred to as "Short
Circuit Racing". UK Stock car racing started in the 1950s and grew rapidly through the 1960s and 1970s. Events take place on shale or tarmac tracks – usually around 1/4 mile long. There are around 35 tracks in the UK and upwards of 7000 active drivers. The
1048:
These races are often conducted over long distances, at least 1,000 km (621 mi), and cars are driven by teams of two or more drivers, switching every few hours. Due to the performance difference between production-based sports cars and purpose-built sports prototypes, one race usually
700:
represents the most popular first open-wheel category for up-and-coming drivers stepping up from karts. The series is still the preferred option, as it has introduced an aero package and slicks, allowing the junior drivers to gain experience in a race car with dynamics closer to F1. The
1252:. Modified cars are best described as open-wheel cars. Modified cars have no parts related to the stock vehicle for which they are named after. A number of modified cars display a "manufacturer's" logo and "vehicle name", yet use components produced by another automobile manufacturer.
1311: – have fostered many distinct national championships. Single marque series are often found at the club level, to which the production-based cars, limited modifications, and close parity in performance are very well suited. Some of the better-known single-make series are the
2089:
are significantly lowered. Many aerodynamic experiments are conducted in wind tunnels, to simulate real-life situations while measuring the various drag forces on the car. These "Rolling roads" produce many wind situations and direct air flow at certain speeds and angles. When a
1302:
One-make, or single marque, championships often employ production-based cars from a single manufacturer or even a single model from a manufacturer's range. There are numerous notable one-make formulae from various countries and regions, some of which – such as the
960:
class cars. GT2 cars have powerful engines, often exceeding 600 horsepower. However, they have less downforce than GT3 cars and also have less driver aids. GT3 cars are far and away the most popular class of GT cars, with premier racing series such as the
1102:
Production-car racing, otherwise known as "showroom stock" in the US, is an economical and rules-restricted version of touring-car racing, mainly used to restrict costs. Numerous production racing categories are based on particular makes of cars.
1637:. Because it is based on a particular era it is more hobbyist-oriented, reducing corporate sponsorship. The only modern equipment used is related to safety and timing. A historical event can be of a number of different motorsport disciplines.
459:. At the same time, a new course is being charted towards an electric future, a dramatic change in direction that is challenging the old guard of gasoline engines. There is also a growing number of events for electric racing cars, such as the
432:(TC) is a popular touring car racing series in Argentina, and one of the oldest car racing series still active in the world. The first TC competition took place in 1931 with 12 races, each in a different province. Future Formula One star
1017:
cars being run mainly by manufacturers and the slightly less powerful LMP2 cars run by privateer teams. All three Le Mans Series run GT cars in addition to Le Mans
Prototypes; these cars have different restrictions than the FIA GT cars.
1576:, or karting, can be an economical way for amateurs to try racing and is also a fully-fledged international sport in its own right. A large proportion of professional racing drivers began in karts, often from a very young age, such as
724:
competition, which involves designing and building a single-seater car in a multidisciplinary team and racing it at the competition. This also develops other soft skills, such as teamwork, while promoting motorsport and engineering.
338:
With auto construction and racing dominated by France, the French automobile club ACF staged a number of major international races, usually from or to Paris, connecting with another major city, in France or elsewhere in Europe.
1628:
Historic motorsport or vintage motorsport uses vehicles limited to a particular era. Only safety precautions are modernized in these hobbyist races. A historical event can be of various types of motorsport disciplines, from
5008:
171:, aimed at proving these new machines were a practical mode of transport, but soon became an important way for automobile makers to demonstrate their machines. By the 1930s, specialist racing cars had developed.
2787:
de Groot, S., et al. "Car Racing In A Simulator: Validation And
Assessment Of Brake Pedal Stiffness." Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 20.1 (2011): 47–61. Academic Search Complete. Web. 7 Dec.
1882:
Full course caution condition for ovals. On road courses, it means a local area of caution. Depending on the type of racing, either two yellow flags will be used for a full course caution or a sign with 'SC'
799:
Touring car racing is a style of road racing that is run with production-derived four-seat race cars. The lesser use of aerodynamics means following cars have a much easier time following and passing than in
1572:
were startled at its performance capabilities. The sport soon blossomed in
Southern California, and quickly spread around the world. Although often seen as the entry point for serious racers into the sport,
1473:) using an index (a lowest e.t. allowed), and cars running under (quicker than) their index "break out" and lose. The slowest cars, bracket racers, are also handicapped, but rather than an index, they use a
631:, which is commonly referred to as "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing" due to being the longest continuously run race in the series and having the largest crowd for a single-day sporting event (350,000+).
1924:
The session is halted, all cars on the course must return to the pit lane. May also be seen combined with a green flag to indicate oil on the track, typically referred to as a 'pickle' flag combination.
1420:
mile (200 m) are also common. The vehicles may or may not be given the signal to start at the same time, depending on the class of racing. Vehicles range from the everyday car to the purpose-built
2214:, focus, and the ability to concentrate at high levels for long periods in an inherently difficult environment. Racing drivers mainly complain about pains in the lumbar, shoulder, and neck regions.
728:
The world's first all-female
Formula racing team was created in 2006. The group was an assemblage of drivers from different racing disciplines and formed for an MTV reality pilot, which was shot at
1469:
Drag racing is two cars head-to-head, the winner proceeding to the next round. Professional classes are all first to the finish line wins. Sportsman racing is handicapped (slower car getting a
355:, in Surrey, England, was the first purpose-built 'banked' motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km (2.75 mi) concrete track with high-speed banked corners.
167:
Auto racing has existed since the invention of the automobile. Races of various types were organized, with the first recorded as early as 1867. Many of the earliest events were effectively
407:. The changes that resulted from RJR's involvement, as well as the reduction of the schedule from 56 to 34 races a year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCAR's "modern era".
1894:
Local caution condition —no cars may pass at the particular corner where being displayed. When
Stationary indicates hazard off-course, when Waving indicates hazard on-course.
436:(Chevrolet) won the 1940 and 1941 editions of the TC. It was during this time that the series' Chevrolet-Ford rivalry began, with Ford acquiring most of its historical victories.
1182:, stock cars vaguely resemble production cars, but are in fact purpose-built racing machines that are built to tight specifications and, together with touring cars, also called
5419:
1400:
In drag racing, the objective is to complete a given straight-line distance, from a standing start, ahead of a vehicle in a parallel lane. This distance is traditionally
678:
brought about the revival of the F2 series. Domestic, or country-specific, series include
Formula Three and Formula Renault, with the leading introductory series being
1514:, various classes of specially modified vehicles, including cars, compete in races through off-road environments. In North America these races often take place in the
1588:, who was paralysed in a racing accident and now races a hand-controlled kart. As one of the cheapest ways to race, karting is seeing its popularity grow worldwide.
2103:
driving on uneven terrain. It works in three different ways including vertically, longitudinally, and laterally to control movement when racing on various tracks.
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Single-seater racing is not limited merely to professional teams and drivers. There exist many amateur racing clubs. In the UK, the major club series are the
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5414:
5246:
5389:
2699:
Diba, Fereydoon; Barari, Ahmad; Esmailzadeh, Ebrahim (July 10, 2014). "Handling and safety enhancement of race cars using active aerodynamic systems".
1599:(including the driver) of 490 hp/tonne (0.22 hp/lb). Without the driver, this figure doubles, to almost 980 hp/tonne (0.44 hp/lb).
1267:
sport is split into three basic divisions – distinguished by the rules regarding car contact during racing. The most famous championship are the
766:
736:
391:
80:
349:, opening in January 1906. The pear-shaped track was close to a mile in length, with slightly banked curves and a gravel surface of crushed cement.
2453:
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on track and no cars may pass. However, if the safety car gives a green light, then the cars behind can pass the safety car (lapped cars only).
3113:
2884:
Koutras C, Buecking B, Jaeger M, Ruchholtz S, Heep H (2014). "Musculoskeletal injuries in auto racing: a retrospective study of 137 drivers".
235:
The first prearranged match race of two self-powered road vehicles over a prescribed route occurred at 4:30 A.M. on August 30, 1867, between
675:
358:
One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2.5-mile-long (4.0 km)
275:
organized what is considered to be the world's first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-
2758:
164:
for competition. In North
America, the term is commonly used to describe all forms of automobile sport including non-racing disciplines.
2094:
is gained and the vehicle's handling is considerably changed when aerodynamic wings on the front and rear of the vehicle are installed.
2954:
2628:
4937:
1657:
989:. There are minor regional and national GT series using mainly GT4 and GT3 cars featuring both amateur and professional drivers.
942:
3983:
1527:
1439:
takes 4.5 seconds or less, reaching speeds of up to 530 km/h (329 mph). Drag racing was organized as a sport by
1111:
1022:
892:
804:. It often features full-contact racing with subtle bumping and nudging due to the small speed differentials and large grids.
4045:
2419:
929:
cars compete within their respective classes on closed circuits. The premier championship series of sports car racing is the
366:. It is the largest capacity sports venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257,000+ seated spectators.
938:
1462:
experiences. A top fuel car can be heard over 8 miles (13 km) away and can generate a reading from 1.5 to 3.9 on the
4930:
2798:
Memmert, D.; Simons, DJ; Grimme, T. (October 2009). "The relationship between visual attention and expertise in sports".
1531:
696:, which employs a small, low-cost machine on small tracks. Many of the current top drivers began their careers in karts.
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3106:
2988:
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regulation. There are several different series that are run all over the world, most notably, Japan's Super Taikyu and
1042:
1002:
770:
1545:
In Europe, "offroad" refers to events such as autocross or rallycross, while desert races and rally-raids such as the
5281:
2492:
2183:
1965:
The driver of the car with the indicated number is disqualified or will not be scored until they report to the pits.
1256:
5698:
5355:
4194:
3887:
962:
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1458:(33 m/s), and when braking parachutes are deployed the deceleration is 4 g (39 m/s), more than the
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5633:
5271:
4468:
4199:
1308:
863:
512:
396:(FIA) replacing the World Championship for Sports Cars with the International Championship for GT Manufacturers.
289:
of
November 28, 1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile.
254:-fueled automobiles. The first organized contest was on April 28, 1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication
1945:
866:
also provides a venue for amateurs to compete in home-built factory-derived vehicles on various local circuits.
4642:
4060:
3228:
2165:
1278:, Bombers, and Rookie Bangers – and racing features Demolition Derbies, Figure of Eight, and Oval Racing.
1151:
1133:
820:
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400:
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Contrary to what may be popularly assumed, racing drivers as a group do not have unusually better reflexes or
5511:
4954:
4141:
3099:
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2435:
1595:(assuming a weight of 205 kg (452 lb), and a power output of 100 hp (75 kW)), can have a
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911:
328:
297:
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racing, which debuted in 2008, whereby the racing teams are owned and run by prominent sports clubs such as
188:
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tends to be contested by wealthy car owners and is thus more amateur and less competitive in its approach.
1523:
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816:
506:
468:
317:
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200:
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is undergoing a period of transition, but is still the longest-running road racing series in the U.S. The
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Due partly to the performance capabilities of modern racing cars, racing drivers require a high level of
1390:
604:. These cars are heavily based on technology and their aerodynamics. The speed record was set in 2005 by
359:
2927:
1979:
The car should give way to faster traffic. This may be an advisory or an order depending on the series.
1973:
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1900:
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573:) racing, the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front and rear to produce
27:
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hitting 373 km/h (232 mph). Some of the most prominent races are the Monaco Grand Prix, the
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chassis. While there are several professional teams and drivers in historical racing, this branch of
1611:
1281:
Semi Contact Formulas include BriSCA F1, F2, and Superstox – where bumpers are used tactically.
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283:
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or car setup is the set of adjustments made to the vehicle to optimize its behaviour (performance,
1959:
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262:, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne.
20:
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250:
Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful
66:
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5003:
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2928:"Driving a Race Car Takes Strength and Stamina: These Athletes Travel in Fast Lane but Keep Fit"
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399:
From 1962 through 2003, NASCAR's premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, sponsored by
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623:. The cars have traditionally been similar to, though less technologically sophisticated than,
418:, which ran its first season in 1998. The European races eventually became the closely related
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Students at colleges and universities can also take part in single-seater racing through the
686:
525:
216:
75:
616:. The season ends with the crowning of the World Championship for drivers and constructors.
373:
on February 21, 1948, with the help of several other drivers of the time. The first NASCAR "
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128:
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1088:, which is aimed at GT3 and below cars with a mixture of professional and pro-am drivers.
898:
8:
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3188:
2827:"Differences between racing and non-racing drivers: A simulator study using eye-tracking"
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1530:. In the 1980s and 1990s, the short course was extended to racing inside stadiums in the
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There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and regulations.
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A sprint kart race in Atwater California hosted by the International Karting Federation
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613:
609:
605:
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are raced in the 24 hours of Le Mans (held annually since 1923) and in the (European)
282:
The first American automobile race is generally considered to be the Thanksgiving Day
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The driver of the car with the indicated number has been penalized for misbehaviour.
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race cars than proper touring cars, and also have much more aggressive aerodynamics.
801:
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427:
363:
313:
309:
236:
212:
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1425:. Speeds and elapsed time differ from class to class. Average street cars cover the
494:
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2744:"Spectacles of Speed: Modernity, Masculinity, and Auto Racing in Kansas, 1909–1918"
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2211:
2008:
Depending on the series, either one lap remains or a slow vehicle is on the track.
2002:
1994:
The session is stopped. All cars must halt on the track or return to the pit lane.
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Touring Car and GT championships are dominant in North America. America's historic
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100:
41:
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Formula Two championship. Most rounds have two races and are support races to the
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1193:(National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing). NASCAR's premier series is the
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Non-contact formulas include National Hot Rods, Stock Rods, and Lightning Rods.
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40:"Race driver" redirects here. For the racing simulation video game series, see
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Another prototype and GT racing championship exists in the United States; the
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A car is being advised or ordered to give way to faster traffic approaching.
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specification touring cars from Europe's many national championships. While
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and enhance adhesion to the track. The most popular varieties of open-wheel
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Racing drivers, at the highest levels, are usually paid by the team, or by
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1229:. NASCAR also sanctions series outside of the United States, including the
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involves several racing classes, each fighting for its own championship.
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The session has started or resumed after a full course caution or stop.
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Van Leeuwen, P. M.; De Groot, S.; Happee, R.; De Winter, J. C. (2017).
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2277:
2168: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The car with the indicated number has mechanical trouble and must pit.
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2629:"More Than 80 People Died In A Single Racing Crash 60 Years Ago Today"
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2582:. Charlotte, North Carolina: ESPN Internet Ventures. Associated Press
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GT4 typically serves as the last step up to premier GT-class racing.
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reopened the F2 category again; most drivers have graduated from the
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2576:"Addition of IndyCar champ Hornish will give Penske third Cup team"
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2934:. Indianapolis: Tribune Publishing. Associated Press. May 19, 1985
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2308:"motor racing (noun) definition and synonyms Macmillan Dictionary"
1255:
There are also other stock car governing bodies, most notably the
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The automobile in American history and culture: a reference guide
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Despite their diminutive size, karts of the most powerful class,
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NASCAR also governs several smaller regional series, such as the
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658:(also known as the World Series by Renault, succession series of
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The major touring car championships conducted worldwide are the
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2046:, where more than 80 people died, including the French driver
1522:. Another format for off-road racing happens on closed-course
917:
In sports car racing, production-derived versions of two-seat
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There are other categories of single-seater racing, including
19:
This article is about the motorsport. For the video game, see
3625:
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Welcome to Who? What? Where? When? Why? on the World Wide Web
1921:
The car with the indicated number must pit for consultation.
634:
The other major international single-seater racing series is
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drivers routinely experience g-loadings in excess of 4.5 g.
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in the United States. Championships range from "grass root"
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is the most popular form of auto racing. Primarily raced on
451:, has had to navigate through the hairpin turns of a global
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When launching, a top fuel dragster will accelerate at 3.4
1225:
racing series). The series conduct races across the entire
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and a persistent chip shortage, each threatening to derail
33:"Racing cars" redirects here. For the Welsh pop band, see
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1213:. NASCAR also runs several feeder series, including the
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leads the field racing three-wide multiple rows back at
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shift, echoing past pivots. The industry, much like the
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National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR)
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and are able to corner at significantly higher speeds.
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From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a back seat to
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Motorsport involving the racing of cars for competition
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mile (400 m), though 1,000 feet (300 m) and
1315:(Europe's longest-running one-make championship), the
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announced a merger between the two series forming the
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Debris, fluid, or other hazard on the track surface.
1906:
Debris, fluid, or other hazard on the track surface.
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series. The category is officially registered as the
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In the United States, the most popular series is the
3027:
International Conference of Sports Car Clubs (ICSCC)
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The oldest surviving sports car racing event is the
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2602:"Herbert's engine thunders to 3.9 on Richter scale"
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2647:
439:Over the last few years, auto racing has seen a
26:"Auto race" redirects here. For other uses, see
3017:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)
2751:Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains
2072:, reliability, etc.). Adjustments can occur in
1189:The largest stock car racing governing body is
1106:Most series, with a few exceptions, follow the
1033:race cars compared to LMP and FIA GT cars. The
937:, divided into two separate championships: the
5032:24H Silverstone – European Touring Car Edition
4952:
2776:
2510:"Le Mans series showcases prototype race cars"
5692:
4938:
3107:
3082:Confederation of Australian Motorsport (CAMS)
3037:International Motor Sports Association (IMSA)
2485:The Automobile Year Book of Sports Car Racing
2438:(August 17, 1967). "How Brooklands started".
2200:, and can command very substantial salaries.
1843:start a race), these are generally accepted.
425:
2042:The worst accident in racing history is the
389:
267:
256:
2442:. Vol. 127, no. 3731. p. 43.
2414:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 278.
1870:End of the hazardous section of the track.
1640:Some of the most famous events include the
933:. The main series for GT car racing is the
753:After 25 years away from the sport, former
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5009:24 Hours of Barcelona - Trofeo FermĂ VĂ©lez
4945:
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3121:
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2217:Racing drivers experience extremely large
1447:(NHRA). The NHRA was formed to discourage
1029:, which consists of slower and lower-cost
713:, being less powerful and lighter than an
377:" race ever was held on June 19, 1949, at
55:
2860:
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2482:
2184:Learn how and when to remove this message
1435:mile in 12 to 16 seconds, whereas a
973:Other major GT championships include the
392:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
300:automobile race held in the mountains of
3032:International Hot Rod Association (IHRA)
2536:"Blink and you'll miss these F1 records"
2403:
2401:
2359:
1887:) will be used as the field follows the
1658:FIA Thoroughbred Grand Prix Championship
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1084:on the famed Nordschleife track and the
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596:F1 is a worldwide series that runs only
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422:, both of which mix prototypes and GTs.
347:first purpose-built motor racing circuit
265:On July 22, 1894, the Parisian magazine
222:
206:
187:
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943:GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup
6384:
3022:Grand American Road Racing Association
2955:"Formula One drivers feel the G-force"
2952:
2663:Adams, Eric; Brown, Joe (April 2006).
2626:
2407:
1528:Crandon International Off-Road Raceway
948:The prevailing classes of GT cars are
839:traces its lineage to the now-defunct
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2386:(in French). July 23, 1894. p. 1
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776:
304:, Italy near the island's capital of
2764:from the original on October 9, 2022
2627:George, Patrick (November 6, 2015).
2355:
2353:
2166:adding citations to reliable sources
2137:
1855:Displayed from the observation post
1602:
1052:Famous sports car races include the
939:GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup
869:
843:, the cars are much more similar to
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3062:SCORE International Off-Road Racing
3052:National Hot Rod Association (NHRA)
2080:, engines, tires, and many others.
2053:
1671:
1532:Mickey Thompson Entertainment Group
1117:
13:
3087:Best In The Desert Off-Road Racing
2877:
1740:High Performance Drivers Education
1480:
1287:
1197:, its most famous races being the
1043:WeatherTech SportsCar Championship
1003:WeatherTech SportsCar Championship
771:FIA World Touring Car Championship
327:, begun in 1923. It is run by the
14:
6403:
3067:Sports Car Club of America (SCCA)
2976:
2574:Fryer, Jenna (November 8, 2007).
2454:"Stadium List: 100 000+ Stadiums"
2350:
2133:
1381:in Tarlton, Gauteng, South Africa
1257:Automobile Racing Club of America
6146:
5766:
2982:
2953:Norton, Charlie (May 10, 2010).
2812:10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.06.002
2247:
2142:
2016:
2011:A slow vehicle is on the track.
2001:
1987:
1972:
1958:
1944:
1930:
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1343:. There are also single-chassis
1005:. These cars are referred to as
963:FIA World Endurance Championship
931:FIA World Endurance Championship
813:British Touring Car Championship
345:, in Australia, was the world's
5666:Defunct races are indicated in
5634:Charge of the Headlight Brigade
5110:Coppa Florio 12 Hours of Sicily
3042:National Auto Sport Association
2946:
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2528:
2508:Perez, A.J. (August 30, 2007).
2360:Paolozzi, RĂ©mi (May 28, 2003).
2153:needs additional citations for
2083:
1852:Displayed from the start tower
1831:
1443:in the early 1950s through the
864:National Auto Sport Association
709:represent the last step on the
705:is another entry-level series.
5287:6 Hours of Indianapolis (IMSA)
3072:United States Auto Club (USAC)
3007:American Le Mans Series (ALMS)
2742:Marston, Steve (Autumn 2015).
2501:
2476:
2446:
2428:
2372:
2325:
2300:
1552:
1362:
1274:Full-contact formulas include
1152:Daytona International Speedway
1134:Daytona International Speedway
1009:(Le Mans prototype) cars with
821:World Touring Car Championship
556:Delft University of Technology
401:R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
1:
2293:
2097:
1534:; this format was revived by
1170:stock car on an asphalt track
474:
65:going into the first turn at
5648:TCR Spa 500 Laps or 23 Hours
5420:4 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps
5262:6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps
3616:International Formula Master
2852:10.1371/journal.pone.0186871
2721:10.1080/00423114.2014.930158
2487:. Motorbooks International.
2031:
1678:Category:Auto racing by type
1445:National Hot Rod Association
817:Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
676:FIA Formula Two Championship
507:Sepang International Circuit
318:World Sportscar Championship
7:
6244:Radio-controlled car racing
3677:Ginetta Junior Championship
3340:Australian National Formula
2408:Berger, Michael L. (2001).
2240:
2023:The session has concluded.
1132:NASCAR green flag start at
1082:24 Hours of the NĂĽrburgring
831:is a one-day event open to
646:). Regional series include
360:Indianapolis Motor Speedway
329:Automobile Club of the West
227:A remaining section of the
10:
6408:
5899:Mountain bike orienteering
5706:
3754:BMW M1 Procar Championship
3259:V de V Challenge Monoplace
3002:Motorsports UK Association
2483:Jenkinson, Dennis (1983).
2362:"The cradle of motorsport"
2268:List of auto racing tracks
2057:
2035:
1835:
1675:
1642:Goodwood Festival of Speed
1621:
1564:
1484:
1366:
1321:John Cooper Mini Challenge
1291:
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975:GT World Challenge America
873:
852:Sports Car Club of America
780:
483:
211:Fernand Gabriel driving a
181:
177:
39:
32:
28:Auto race (disambiguation)
25:
18:
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6223:Offshore powerboat racing
6193:
6175:Motorcycle chariot racing
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5571:1000 km Le Mans (Bugatti)
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3809:Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup
3744:Australian Mini Challenge
3726:
3643:
3444:
3425:FIA Formula Championship
3367:
3267:
3141:
3130:
2283:List of auto racing films
2124:
2115:
1612:Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca
1243:NASCAR Brasil Sprint Race
1239:NASCAR Whelen Euro Series
1227:continental United States
935:GT World Challenge Europe
925:(GTs), and purpose-built
730:Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca
554:electric race-car of the
426:
390:
122:
117:
109:
99:
94:
86:
73:
54:
6218:Inshore powerboat racing
5599:Race of a Thousand Years
5440:4 Hours of Red Bull Ring
3804:Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup
3682:Lamborghini Super Trofeo
3012:Indy Racing League (IRL)
2898:10.3810/psm.2014.11.2094
2205:peripheral response time
2106:
1800:Short track motor racing
1317:Radical European Masters
1264:British Stock car racing
829:European Touring Car Cup
654:(specifically in Asia),
524:during practice for the
469:Electric GT Championship
195:classified first in his
21:Auto Racing (video game)
6371:List of forms of racing
5738:Middle-distance running
5621:25 Hours of Thunderhill
5400:4 Hours of Le Castellet
5267:6 Hours of Watkins Glen
3350:Grand Prix motor racing
2701:Vehicle System Dynamics
2368:. Forix, Autosport, 8W.
2312:macmillandictionary.com
1070:6 Hours of Watkins Glen
1039:American Le Mans Series
1035:Rolex Sports Car Series
1027:Rolex Sports Car Series
979:GT World Challenge Asia
420:European Le Mans Series
416:American Le Mans Series
320:between 1955 and 1973.
67:Circuit of the Americas
6213:Jet sprint boat racing
5471:TCR European Endurance
5454:4 Hours of Silverstone
5328:6 Hours of NĂĽrburgring
2263:Outline of auto racing
1825:Wheelstand Competition
1619:
1562:
1507:
1397:
1382:
1219:Craftsman Truck Series
1184:Silhouette racing cars
1171:
1159:
1140:
914:
895:
809:Supercars Championship
796:
735:In December 2005, the
660:World Series by Nissan
566:
558:
543:
528:
509:
379:Daytona Beach, Florida
369:NASCAR was founded by
335:won the race in 2023.
268:
257:
232:
220:
204:
184:History of auto racing
5816:Cross country running
5743:Long-distance running
5210:1000 Miles of Sebring
5117:12 Hours at the Point
5026:Longest Day of Nelson
4262:Quarter Midget racing
4102:Allison Legacy Series
3779:Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy
3774:Ginetta GT5 Challenge
3749:Aston Martin Asia Cup
3386:Formula Car Challenge
3254:Monoposto Racing Club
3184:Formula Car Challenge
2932:The Los Angeles Times
2665:"The Perfect Racecar"
2635:. Gizmodo Media Group
2044:1955 Le Mans disaster
2038:Deaths in motorsports
1720:Drifting (motorsport)
1610:
1597:power-to-weight ratio
1560:
1518:, such as the famous
1494:
1388:
1376:
1168:ASA Late Model Series
1165:
1146:
1131:
1098:Production car racing
1092:Production-car racing
1064:-Franchorchamps, the
987:International GT Open
901:
883:
856:SPEED World Challenge
825:World Touring Car Cup
790:
687:Monoposto Racing Club
564:
549:
534:
526:2019 Indianapolis 500
515:
497:
226:
210:
191:
6310:Cross-country skiing
6284:Slalom skateboarding
5967:Mountain bike racing
5627:Carrera Panamericana
5550:1000 km Buenos Aires
5543:1000 km Brands Hatch
5385:4 Hours of Barcelona
5380:4 Hours of Abu Dhabi
5307:6 Hours of Donington
5257:6 Hours of SĂŁo Paulo
5227:6 Hours of Abu Dhabi
5039:24 Hours of Chamonix
5004:24 Hours of PortimĂŁo
4979:NĂĽrburgring 24 Hours
4798:Super Comp/Quick Rod
3903:Stock Car Pro Series
3789:Renault Sport Trophy
3769:Ginetta GT4 Supercup
3718:TVR Tuscan Challenge
3621:Toyota Racing Series
2991:at Wikimedia Commons
2333:"Isaac Watt Boulton"
2162:improve this article
2064:In auto racing, the
1730:Electric drag racing
1710:Dirt speedway racing
1540:Stadium Super Trucks
1269:BriSCA F1 Stock Cars
1250:Whelen Modified Tour
1235:NASCAR Mexico Series
1231:NASCAR Canada Series
1080:. There is also the
999:Asian Le Mans Series
565:Racing driver's view
457:production schedules
343:Aspendale Racecourse
312:, it was the oldest
285:Chicago Times-Herald
131:(demonstration only)
129:1900 Summer Olympics
6118:Pickup truck racing
6053:Paralympic swimming
6043:Open water swimming
5952:Road bicycle racing
5517:1000 km Paul Ricard
5447:4 Hours of Shanghai
5410:4 Hours of PortimĂŁo
5335:6 Hours of PortimĂŁo
5197:Indianapolis 8 Hour
5089:12 Hours of Sebring
4974:24 Hours of Daytona
4969:24 Hours of Le Mans
3928:Turismo Nacional BR
3794:SEAT Leon Supercopa
3705:Porsche Carrera Cup
3631:Superleague Formula
3457:ADAC Formel Masters
3199:Formula Enterprises
3189:Formula Continental
2959:The Daily Telegraph
2843:2017PLoSO..1286871V
2800:Psychol Sport Exerc
2713:2014VSD....52.1171D
2464:on October 23, 2006
1785:Pickup truck racing
1780:Power Wheels Racing
1624:Historic motorsport
1524:short course tracks
1313:Mini 7 Championship
1066:12 Hours of Sebring
1058:Rolex 24 at Daytona
1054:24 Hours of Le Mans
763:Formula Palmer Audi
741:Superleague Formula
668:Formula Palmer Audi
656:Formula Renault 3.5
638:(formerly known as
503:Ferrari 150Âş Italia
325:24 Hours of Le Mans
316:event, part of the
76:governing body
51:
6334:Multi-sport racing
6133:Touring car racing
5919:Canoe orienteering
5914:Radio orienteering
5909:Trail orienteering
5433:4 Hours of Estoril
5405:4 Hours of Mugello
5300:6 Hours of Atlanta
5203:California 8 Hours
5192:8 Hours of Bahrain
5084:12 Hours of Kuwait
4999:24 Hours of Zolder
4912:Side by Side (UTV)
4152:Whelen Euro Series
4107:IMCA Sport Compact
3601:Grand Prix Masters
3391:Formula Enterprise
3345:Grand Prix Masters
2996:Sanctioning bodies
2580:ESPN News Services
2380:"Le Petit journal"
1820:Swamp Buggy racing
1755:Legends car racing
1700:Board track racing
1620:
1578:Michael Schumacher
1563:
1508:
1504:Best in the Desert
1398:
1383:
1347:formulae, such as
1174:In North America,
1172:
1160:
1141:
1045:starting in 2014.
915:
896:
797:
783:Touring car racing
777:Touring car racing
614:British Grand Prix
610:Italian Grand Prix
606:Juan Pablo Montoya
569:In single-seater (
567:
559:
544:
538:car racing at the
529:
520:IndyCar driven by
510:
434:Juan Manuel Fangio
245:Isaac Watt Boulton
233:
221:
205:
169:reliability trials
113:Outdoor and indoor
49:
6379:
6378:
6262:
6261:
6208:Hydroplane racing
6157:Motorcycle racing
6123:Sports car racing
6048:Marathon swimming
5929:Mountain marathon
5894:Foot orienteering
5880:
5879:
5674:
5673:
5487:Mil Milhas Brasil
5426:4 Hours of AragĂłn
5415:4 Hours of Sepang
5349:Riverside 6 Hours
5342:6 Hours of Zhuhai
5314:6 Hours of Mexico
5277:6 Hours of Austin
5247:6 Hours of Jeddah
5232:6 Hours of Bogotá
5138:Rothmans 12 hours
5131:12 Hours of Reims
4920:
4919:
4843:
4842:
4772:Funny Car (TA/FC)
4723:
4722:
4559:
4558:
4398:
4397:
4257:Midget car racing
4252:Sprint car racing
4213:
4212:
4174:Turismo Carretera
4074:
4073:
3817:
3816:
3739:Audi Sport TT Cup
3700:Mustang Challenge
3695:Mini Challenge UK
3667:Ferrari Challenge
3639:
3638:
3363:
3362:
3335:Formula Super Vee
2989:Automobile racing
2987:Media related to
2516:. Gannett Company
2458:worldstadiums.com
2421:978-0-313-24558-9
2337:gracesguide.co.uk
2288:Racing video game
2273:Motorcycle racing
2227:sports prototypes
2194:
2193:
2186:
2029:
2028:
1815:Sprint car racing
1760:Midget car racing
1715:Dirt track racing
1650:Monterey Historic
1603:Historical racing
1538:in 2013 with his
1437:top fuel dragster
1307:and, previously,
1195:NASCAR Cup Series
1031:Daytona Prototype
908:Le Mans Prototype
876:Sports car racing
870:Sports car racing
802:open-wheel racing
739:gave approval to
703:Star Mazda Series
480:Open-wheel racing
428:Turismo Carretera
414:evolved into the
364:Speedway, Indiana
314:sports car racing
296:was an open road
237:Ashton-under-Lyne
150:automobile racing
135:
134:
6399:
6341:Adventure racing
6203:Drag boat racing
6195:Motorboat racing
6150:
6128:Stock car racing
6086:
6085:
6010:Greyhound racing
5934:Car orienteering
5904:Ski orienteering
5867:Snowshoe running
5862:Backward running
5821:Mountain running
5809:Off-road running
5770:
5721:
5720:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5678:
5677:
5557:1000 km Istanbul
5395:4 Hours of Imola
5390:4 Hours of Dubai
5356:Mid-Ohio 6 Hours
5321:6 Hours of Monza
5293:6 Hours of Perth
5282:Monterey 6 Hours
5242:6 Hours of Imola
5124:12 Hours of Brno
5094:Bathurst 12 Hour
5067:Tokachi 24 Hours
5060:Bathurst 24 Hour
5053:Willhire 24 Hour
5047:
5021:2CV 24 Hour Race
5017:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4924:
4923:
4736:
4735:
4572:
4571:
4411:
4410:
4277:
4276:
4087:
4086:
3923:Turismo Nacional
3878:
3877:
3713:Renault Clio Cup
3652:
3651:
3376:
3375:
3295:Formula C (SCCA)
3290:Formula B (SCCA)
3285:Formula A (SCCA)
3214:Formula Regional
3179:Formula Atlantic
3139:
3138:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3077:Formula One (F1)
2986:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2854:
2837:(11): e0186871.
2822:
2816:
2815:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2748:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2707:(9): 1171–1190.
2696:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2660:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2460:. Archived from
2450:
2444:
2443:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2304:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2146:
2138:
2054:Racing-car setup
2020:
2005:
1991:
1976:
1962:
1948:
1934:
1918:
1903:
1879:
1864:
1846:
1845:
1810:Solar car racing
1705:Demolition derby
1672:Other categories
1646:Goodwood Revival
1434:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1305:Porsche Supercup
1176:stock car racing
1156:2015 Daytona 500
1138:2015 Daytona 500
1124:Stock car racing
1118:Stock car racing
927:sports prototype
921:, also known as
672:Formula Atlantic
629:Indianapolis 500
431:
430:
403:cigarette brand
395:
394:
273:
270:Le Petit Journal
260:
59:
52:
48:
42:TOCA Race Driver
6407:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6362:
6329:
6315:Snowboard cross
6293:
6258:
6249:Slot car racing
6227:
6189:
6151:
6142:
6113:Off-road racing
6075:
6057:
6029:
6025:Sled dog racing
5991:
5938:
5876:
5840:
5804:
5771:
5762:
5710:
5705:
5675:
5670:
5660:
5616:25 Hours of Spa
5604:
5585:1000 km Okayama
5578:1000 km Mosport
5512:1006 km Palanga
5500:
5475:
5459:
5368:
5363:Mosport 6 Hours
5272:Bathurst 6 Hour
5252:6 Hours of Rome
5237:6 Hours of Fuji
5215:
5180:
5176:Kyalami 9 Hours
5164:
5143:
5104:Sepang 12 Hours
5072:
5041:
5011:
4957:
4955:endurance races
4951:
4921:
4916:
4839:
4815:
4803:Top Doorslammer
4769:Dragster (TA/D)
4730:
4719:
4715:Group D GT Cars
4668:GT3 (1998–1999)
4663:GT2 (2005–2010)
4658:GT2 (1993–1999)
4653:GT1 (2000–2012)
4648:GT1 (1993–1999)
4611:
4566:
4555:
4530:(1981–1993 era)
4452:
4405:
4394:
4390:World Rally Car
4323:
4266:
4209:
4178:
4081:
4070:
3937:
3872:
3865:
3813:
3799:Trofeo Maserati
3734:Audi R8 LMS Cup
3722:
3662:Caterham Racing
3647:
3635:
3589:Formula Renault
3440:
3371:
3359:
3330:Formula Pacific
3325:Formula Mondial
3263:
3133:
3126:
3120:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2882:
2878:
2823:
2819:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2697:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2669:Popular Science
2661:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2608:. July 26, 2007
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2406:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2358:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2190:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2159:
2147:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2086:
2062:
2056:
2040:
2034:
1889:pace/safety car
1840:
1834:
1829:
1680:
1674:
1648:in Britain and
1626:
1605:
1582:Fernando Alonso
1569:
1555:
1512:off-road racing
1489:
1487:Off-road racing
1483:
1481:Off-road racing
1431:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:launching at a
1371:
1365:
1349:Formula Renault
1300:
1290:
1288:One-make racing
1126:
1120:
1100:
1094:
1062:24 Hours of Spa
910:car, during an
878:
872:
860:Trans-Am Series
791:Opening lap of
785:
779:
759:Jonathan Palmer
674:. In 2009, the
652:Formula V6 Asia
552:Formula Student
499:Fernando Alonso
492:
484:Main articles:
482:
477:
371:Bill France Sr.
193:Albert Lemaître
186:
180:
140:(also known as
95:Characteristics
90:August 30, 1867
87:First contested
69:
45:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6405:
6395:
6394:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6270:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6103:Formula racing
6100:
6094:
6092:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6071:Speed climbing
6067:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6001:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5987:Cycle speedway
5984:
5979:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5944:Bicycle racing
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5890:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5564:1000 km Jarama
5560:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5537:Suzuka 1000 km
5534:
5532:Sepang 1000 km
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5490:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5035:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4754:
4742:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4569:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4283:
4281:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4084:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Mazda MX-5 Cup
3687:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:Formula Junior
3312:
3310:Formula Holden
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
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2977:External links
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2886:Phys Sportsmed
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2134:Racing drivers
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1656:racing to the
1622:Main article:
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1565:Main article:
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1485:Main article:
1482:
1479:
1377:Jet-propelled
1367:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1289:
1286:
1215:Xfinity Series
1148:Jimmie Johnson
1122:Main article:
1119:
1116:
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
995:Le Mans series
912:endurance race
874:Main article:
871:
868:
781:Main article:
778:
775:
749:Liverpool F.C.
621:IndyCar Series
598:street circuit
587:IndyCar Series
540:Hockenheimring
490:Open-wheel car
486:Formula racing
481:
478:
476:
473:
465:Eco Grand Prix
441:transformative
412:IMSA GT Series
375:Strictly Stock
279:entrance fee.
197:Peugeot Type 5
182:Main article:
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156:involving the
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6020:Pigeon racing
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5997:Animal racing
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5972:Track cycling
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5962:Gravel racing
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5785:Half marathon
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5592:1000 km Paris
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5160:Qatar 1812 km
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5155:Petit Le Mans
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4994:Fuji 24 Hours
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4989:Dubai 24 Hour
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3785:
3784:MĂ©gane Trophy
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Commodore Cup
3757:
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3570:
3568:
3567:Opel/Vauxhall
3565:
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3404:
3402:
3401:MRF Challenge
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3355:Tasman Series
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
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3320:Formula Libre
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Formula Dream
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
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3250:
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3244:Supermodified
3242:
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3234:Super Formula
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2577:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2494:9782880011291
2490:
2486:
2479:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2402:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2255:Sports portal
2245:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2188:
2185:
2177:
2174:February 2013
2167:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2151:This section
2149:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2092:
2081:
2079:
2078:transmissions
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2048:Pierre Levegh
2045:
2039:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:Monster truck
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Banger racing
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1464:Richter scale
1461:
1460:Space Shuttle
1457:
1452:
1450:
1449:street racing
1446:
1442:
1438:
1424:
1396:
1392:
1389:Two modified
1387:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:single seater
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:Brickyard 400
1208:
1207:Coca-Cola 600
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1086:Dubai 24 Hour
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:Petit Le Mans
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:grand tourers
920:
913:
909:
905:
900:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:(Australia),
810:
805:
803:
795:Race of Japan
794:
789:
784:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
726:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:Formula Three
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:Super Formula
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
591:Super Formula
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
563:
557:
553:
548:
541:
537:
536:Formula Three
533:
527:
523:
519:
514:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
487:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
429:
423:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
397:
393:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
308:. Founded in
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
286:
280:
278:
274:
272:
271:
263:
261:
259:
258:Le Vélocipède
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
231:track in 2007
230:
225:
218:
214:
209:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
175:
172:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
130:
127:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
102:
98:
93:
89:
85:
82:
79:
77:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
47:
43:
36:
29:
22:
6279:Sandboarding
6274:Longboarding
6267:Board racing
6185:Track racing
6165:Beach racing
6138:Truck racing
6089:
6081:Motor racing
6015:Horse racing
6005:Camel racing
5886:Orienteering
5826:Fell running
5777:Road running
5758:Steeplechase
5667:
5653:
5646:
5641:Targa Florio
5639:
5632:
5625:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5495:Mille Miglia
5493:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5208:
5201:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5037:
5030:
4984:Spa 24 Hours
4877:Trophy truck
4784:Pro Modified
4312:Group Rally5
4307:Group Rally4
4302:Group Rally3
4297:Group Rally2
4292:Group Rally1
4287:Groups Rally
4169:Street Stock
3908:Stock Series
3893:NGTC (TCN-1)
3482:Formula Asia
3411:USF Pro 2000
3204:Formula Ford
3174:Formula 1000
3123:
2962:. Retrieved
2958:
2948:
2938:February 24,
2936:. Retrieved
2931:
2922:
2892:(4): 80–86.
2889:
2885:
2879:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2768:September 3,
2766:. Retrieved
2754:
2750:
2737:
2704:
2700:
2679:September 2,
2677:. Retrieved
2672:
2668:
2637:. Retrieved
2632:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2605:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2579:
2569:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2539:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2513:
2503:
2484:
2478:
2468:September 2,
2466:. Retrieved
2462:the original
2457:
2448:
2439:
2436:Sammy, Davis
2430:
2410:
2390:September 2,
2388:. Retrieved
2383:
2374:
2365:
2340:. Retrieved
2336:
2327:
2317:September 2,
2315:. Retrieved
2311:
2302:
2223:formula cars
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2180:
2171:
2160:Please help
2155:verification
2152:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2087:
2084:Aerodynamics
2066:racing setup
2063:
2060:Racing setup
2041:
1841:
1838:Racing flags
1832:Use of flags
1745:Hillclimbing
1725:Eco-Marathon
1660:for classic
1654:Austin Seven
1639:
1627:
1590:
1586:Wayne Rainey
1570:
1544:
1536:Robby Gordon
1509:
1468:
1453:
1399:
1301:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1223:pickup truck
1203:Southern 500
1188:
1173:
1105:
1101:
1078:Road Atlanta
1051:
1047:
1020:
991:
972:
947:
916:
849:
806:
798:
752:
734:
727:
719:
711:Road to Indy
698:Formula Ford
691:
684:
680:Formula Ford
640:Formula 3000
633:
618:
595:
568:
518:Dallara DW12
501:driving the
438:
424:
409:
398:
383:
368:
357:
351:
346:
341:
337:
331:(ACO). Team
322:
294:Targa Florio
291:
284:
281:
266:
264:
255:
249:
241:Old Trafford
234:
217:Paris-Madrid
173:
166:
149:
146:motor racing
145:
141:
137:
136:
46:
6392:Auto racing
6289:Street luge
6108:Kart racing
6098:Drag racing
6090:Auto racing
5957:Cyclo-cross
5857:Racewalking
5042: [
5012: [
4953:Automobile
4812:Competition
4794:Super Stock
4765:Top Alcohol
4247:Superstocks
4164:Super Stock
4036:Diesel 2000
3918:Top Race V6
3898:TCR (TCN-2)
3709:Radical Cup
3648:spec racing
3572:Palmer Audi
3421:USF Juniors
3224:Formula Vee
3124:auto racing
3122:Classes of
2806:: 146–151.
2757:: 192–207.
2639:October 25,
2586:February 8,
2074:suspensions
1795:Road racing
1775:Mud bogging
1765:Mini Sprint
1662:Formula One
1631:road racing
1574:kart racing
1567:Kart racing
1553:Kart racing
1547:Paris-Dakar
1441:Wally Parks
1369:Drag racing
1363:Drag racing
1353:Formula BMW
1298:Spec racing
1262:In the UK,
1199:Daytona 500
1180:oval tracks
919:sports cars
889:Silverstone
722:Formula SAE
707:Indy Lights
694:kart racing
602:race tracks
583:Formula One
579:road racing
388:, with the
201:Paris–Rouen
199:3hp in the
162:automobiles
138:Auto racing
50:Auto racing
35:Racing Cars
6239:Air racing
6180:Rally raid
5982:BMX racing
5836:Skyrunning
5748:Relay race
5480:1000 miles
4867:Rallycross
4862:Dune buggy
4710:Appendix K
4406:prototypes
4385:Super 2000
4380:Super 1600
4319:Group R-GT
4237:V8 Hotstox
4112:Late model
4082:car racing
4051:Superstars
4031:Super 2000
3949:Appendix J
3873:car racing
3467:Barber Pro
2675:(4): 50–51
2612:August 11,
2520:August 20,
2294:References
2278:Race track
2098:Suspension
2076:, brakes,
2036:See also:
1885:Safety car
1790:Rallycross
1750:Ice racing
1676:See also:
1666:auto sport
1471:head start
1357:farm teams
1294:One-Design
1292:See also:
1209:, and the
985:, and the
833:Super 2000
745:A.C. Milan
644:GP2 Series
612:, and the
571:open-wheel
522:Pippa Mann
475:Categories
353:Brooklands
229:Brooklands
154:motorsport
142:car racing
63:stock cars
6356:Aquathlon
6346:Triathlon
6170:Motocross
5924:Rogaining
5733:Sprinting
5527:Baja 1000
4872:Autocross
4786:(Pro Mod)
4778:Pro Stock
4757:Funny Car
4232:BriSCA F2
4227:BriSCA F1
4122:Modifieds
3913:Supercars
3856:Superkart
3764:Dacia Cup
3686:Lotus Cup
3532:Lightning
3194:Formula E
2964:April 11,
2729:110554353
2545:August 8,
2514:USA Today
2235:Formula 1
2231:downforce
2032:Accidents
1690:Autograss
1685:Autocross
1593:superkart
1520:Baja 1000
1502:during a
1500:Hummer H3
1395:dragstrip
1333:Caterhams
793:2012 WTCC
757:champion
755:Formula 2
636:Formula 2
575:downforce
550:The 2017
461:Formula E
449:champions
298:endurance
101:Mixed-sex
6386:Category
6351:Duathlon
6325:Sledding
6063:Climbing
6035:Swimming
5790:Marathon
5753:Hurdling
5655:The 2904
5148:10 hours
5077:12 hours
4962:24 hours
4902:Group T5
4897:Group T4
4892:Group T3
4887:Group T2
4882:Group T1
4857:Baja Bug
4849:Off-road
4831:Modified
4751:Dragster
4746:Top Fuel
4607:Trans-Am
4528:IMSA GTP
4511:Group CN
4448:Clubmans
4272:Rallying
4242:Hot Rods
3871:Touring
3861:Electric
3645:One-make
3541:Masters
3505:Chrysler
3486:Formula
3396:Indy NXT
3372:formulae
3369:One-make
2914:22425278
2906:25419891
2871:29121090
2831:PLOS ONE
2759:Archived
2633:Jalopnik
2606:NHRA.com
2540:Red Bull
2342:July 27,
2241:See also
2221:because
2219:g-forces
2198:sponsors
2091:diffuser
2070:handling
1735:Folkrace
1635:rallying
1616:Monterey
1542:series.
1526:such as
1496:Rod Hall
1423:dragster
1379:dragster
1329:Ginettas
1325:Clio Cup
1259:(ARCA).
1136:for the
1023:Grand-Am
1001:and the
983:Super GT
941:and the
904:Audi R18
837:Super GT
823:and the
453:pandemic
381:, U.S..
252:gasoline
118:Presence
74:Highest
5872:Parkour
5716:Running
5668:italics
5505:1000 km
5464:2 hours
5373:4 Hours
5220:6 hours
5185:8 hours
5169:9 hours
4835:Pro FWD
4827:Top Gas
4820:Defunct
4808:Altered
4759:(TF/FC)
4643:Group D
4638:Group B
4633:Group 5
4628:Group 4
4623:Group 3
4616:Defunct
4567:touring
4506:Group C
4501:Group A
4496:Group 7
4491:Group 6
4486:Group 5
4481:Group 4
4476:Group 3
4457:Defunct
4404:Sports
4370:Group R
4365:Group N
4360:Group S
4355:Group B
4350:Group A
4345:Group 4
4340:Group 2
4335:Group 1
4328:Defunct
4183:Defunct
4137:Xfinity
4117:Legends
4026:Class 2
4021:Class 1
4016:Group S
4004:Group N
3999:Group H
3994:Group G
3989:Group F
3984:Group E
3979:Group C
3974:Group A
3969:Group 5
3964:Group 2
3959:Group 1
3942:Defunct
3823:Karting
3727:Defunct
3672:Fun Cup
3525:Hyundai
3462:Auto GP
3445:Defunct
3416:USF2000
3268:Defunct
3249:BOSS GP
3229:IndyCar
3132:Formula
2862:5679571
2839:Bibcode
2709:Bibcode
2440:Autocar
2384:Gallica
2212:fitness
1475:dial-in
1430:⁄
1415:⁄
1405:⁄
1276:Bangers
1154:in the
1108:Group N
885:FIA GT1
819:(DTM),
717:racer.
715:IndyCar
625:F1 cars
467:or the
405:Winston
386:GT cars
333:Ferrari
306:Palermo
178:History
152:) is a
124:Olympic
5976:Keirin
5800:Ekiden
5708:Racing
4907:Truggy
4753:(TF/D)
4739:Active
4731:racing
4673:LM GTE
4575:Active
4565:Grand
4414:Active
4280:Active
4195:AUSCAR
4157:Mexico
4147:Canada
4127:NASCAR
4090:Active
4080:Stock
4056:V8Star
3933:TC2000
3881:Active
3655:Active
3562:Nissan
3550:Russia
3537:Maruti
3490:Abarth
3379:Active
3209:FF1600
3142:Active
3134:racing
2912:
2904:
2869:
2859:
2727:
2491:
2418:
2125:Engine
2116:Brakes
1805:Slalom
1618:, 2008
1516:desert
1339:, and
1241:, and
1205:, the
1201:, the
1191:NASCAR
1068:, the
1056:, the
827:. The
585:, the
542:, 2008
463:, the
302:Sicily
158:racing
6232:Other
5845:Other
5609:Other
5046:]
5016:]
4729:Drag
4602:GT300
4597:GT500
4551:S2000
4521:GC-21
4190:ASCAR
4142:Truck
3954:BTC-T
3626:S5000
3582:Rolon
3557:Mazda
3545:China
3520:Swift
3510:König
3280:F5000
3275:F3000
3239:S5000
2910:S2CID
2788:2016.
2762:(PDF)
2747:(PDF)
2725:S2CID
2107:Tyres
1849:Flag
1498:in a
277:franc
148:, or
61:Many
4780:(PS)
4683:AAGT
4678:IMSA
4544:LMPC
4539:LMP1
4441:LMP3
4436:LMP2
4421:LMDh
4219:Oval
4200:IROC
4097:ARCA
4066:WTCR
4061:WTCC
4046:ETCR
3888:BTCC
3594:2.0L
3495:Alfa
3472:CFGP
3452:A1GP
3169:F600
2966:2013
2940:2013
2902:PMID
2867:PMID
2770:2019
2681:2019
2641:2018
2614:2010
2588:2009
2547:2018
2522:2008
2489:ISBN
2470:2013
2416:ISBN
2392:2019
2344:2016
2319:2019
2225:and
1644:and
1580:and
1506:race
1391:AMCs
1351:and
1341:MX5s
1337:BMWs
1309:IROC
1296:and
1217:and
1112:IMSA
1037:and
1015:LMDh
1013:and
967:IMSA
965:and
956:and
906:, a
902:The
893:2011
850:The
841:JGTC
747:and
670:and
650:and
642:and
600:and
589:and
581:are
516:The
488:and
445:cars
410:The
310:1906
292:The
287:race
239:and
219:1903
213:Mors
110:Type
4790:Gas
4703:GTX
4698:GTU
4693:GTS
4688:GTO
4592:GT4
4587:GT2
4582:GT3
4534:LMP
4469:DPi
4431:LMP
4426:LMH
4205:SRX
4132:Cup
4041:DTM
4009:Aus
3851:KZ2
3846:KZ1
3841:KF3
3836:KF2
3831:KF1
3611:GP3
3606:GP2
3577:RUS
3515:LGB
3500:BMW
3477:FA1
3406:SRF
3300:FCJ
3219:GB3
2894:doi
2857:PMC
2847:doi
2808:doi
2717:doi
2673:268
2164:by
1633:to
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