827:, wild type sporangiophores contain large, easily seen octahedral paracrystalline crystals with size up to 5Ă—5Ă—5 ÎĽm. Generally, they are found near the main vacuole in clusters consisting of more than ten crystals. They are often associated to the vacuolar transepts. Sedimentation with speed of about 100 ÎĽm/s can be observed when the sporangiophores are tilted. Sliding along during sedimentation or pulling at the vacuolar membranes and transepts serves as an inter-cellular signal to a probable cytoskeleton response, and that activates receptors located in the cell membrane. These receptors in turn trigger a chain of events which finally leads to the asymmetrical growth of the cell wall. Studies of the bending angle of wild type and mutant strain sporangiophore growth have shown that mutant strains that do not have crystals exhibit reduced gravitropic response.
807:
vesicles secreting cell-wall material would be higher than on the upper side. Gravitropic bending starts after approximately 15 – 30 min in horizontally placed sporangiophores and continues until after, approximately 12 – 14 hours, the sporangiophore tip has recovered its original vertical position. Usually, the gravitropic response is weaker compared to the phototrophic one. However, in certain conditions, equilibrium could be established and the responses are comparable. In plants and fungi, phototropism and gravitropism interact in a complex manner. During continuous irradiation with unilateral light, the sporangiophore (fruiting body) of the zygomycete fungus, Phycomyces blakesleeanus reach a bending angle of photogravitropic equilibrium at which the gravitropic and phototropic stimuli balance each other (Fig. 1, bending angle +α, due to light irradiation).
465:
505:
separates the terminal gametangia from the progametangial base. At this point the zygophore is then called the suspensor. Vesicles accumulate at the fusion septum at which time it begins to dissolve. A little before the fusion septum completely dissolves, the primary outer wall begins to thicken. This can be seen as dark patches on the primary wall as the fusion septum dissolves. These dark patches on the wall will eventually develop into warty structures that make up the thickness of the zygospore wall. As the zygospore enlarges, so do the warty structures until there are contiguous around the entire cell. At this point, electron microscopy can no longer penetrate the wall. Eventually the warts push through the primary wall and darken which is likely caused by
1314:
811:
658:), in which interactions of two strains, designated (+) and (-), are necessary for the initiation of sexual activity. This interaction was found by Hans Burgeff of the University of Goettingen to be due to the exchange of low molecular weight substances that diffused through the substratum and atmosphere. This work constituted the first demonstration of sex hormone activity in any fungus. The elucidation of the hormonal control of sexual interaction in the Mucorales extends over 60 years and involved mycologists and biochemists from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the UK and the USA.
452:) are formed asexually. They are formed in specialized structures, the mitosporangia (sporangia) that contain few to several thousand of spores, depending on the species. Mitosporangia are carried by specialized hyphae, the mitosporangiophores (sporangiophores). These specialized hyphae usually show negative gravitropism and positive phototropism allowing good spore dispersal. The sporangia wall is thin and is easily destroyed by mechanical stimuli (e.g. falling raindrops, passing animals), leading to the dispersal of the ripe mitospores. The walls of these spores contain
683:
421:
541:
802:
through several distinctive developmental stages until the mature asexual spores are released. In addition to the positive phototropism, the sporangiophores are directed by a negative gravitropic response into a position suitable for spore dispersal and distribution. Both responses are growth reactions i.e. the bending is caused by differential growth on the respective opposite flanks of the sporangiophore, and influence each other. The only model for the mechanism of the gravitropic reaction of
1278:
157:
1431:. The evolution of sporangiospores typical of zygomycetes to conidia similar to those found in ascomycetes can be modeled by a series of forms seen in zygomycetes. Many zygomycetes produce multiple sporangiospores inside a single sporangium. Some have evolved multiple small sporangiola that contain few sporangiospores. In some cases, there may be a few as three spores in each sporangiolum, and a few species have sporangiola which contain just a single spore.
671:
established to limit the developing zygospore from the vegetative mycelium and in this way the zygophores become suspensor hyphae and gametangia are formed. After dissolving of the fusion wall, cytoplasm and a high number of nuclei from both gametangia are mixed. A selectional process (unstudied) results in a reduction of nuclei and meiosis takes place (also unstudied until today). Several cell wall modifications, as well as incorporation of
25:
480:
359:
133:
789:
1911:
440:. The exogenous dormancy is controlled by environmental factors such as temperature or nutrient availability. The endogenous or constitutive dormancy depends on characteristics of the spore itself; for example, metabolic features. In this type of dormancy, germination may be prevented even if the environmental conditions favor growth.
707:. This interaction is an example for biotrophic fusion parasitism, because genetic information is transferred into the host. Many morphological similarities in comparison to zygospore formation are seen, but the mature spore is called a sikyospore and is parasitic. During this process, gall-like structures are produced by the host
801:
Gravitropism is a turning or growth movement by a plant or fungus in response to gravity. It is equally widespread in both kingdoms. Statolites are required in both fungi and plants for the mechanism of gravity-sensing. The
Zygomycota sporangiophores originate from specialized “basal hyphae” and pass
739:
grow towards light. When light, particularly blue light, is involved in the regulation of fungal development, it directs the growth of fungal structures and activates metabolic pathways. For instance, the zygomycota use light as signal to promote vegetative reproduction and growth of aerial hyphae to
475:
are asexual spores different from sporangiospores. The primary function of chlamydospores is the persistence of the mycelium and they are released when the mycelium degrades. Chlamydospores have no mechanism for dispersal. In zygomycetes the formation of chlamydospores is usually intercalar. However,
1460:
Spatafora, Joseph W.; Chang, Ying; Benny, Gerald L.; Lazarus, Katy; Smith, Matthew E.; Berbee, Mary L.; Bonito, Gregory; Corradi, Nicolas; Grigoriev, Igor; Gryganskyi, Andrii; James, Timothy Y.; O’Donnell, Kerry; Roberson, Robert W.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Uehling, Jessie; Vilgalys, Rytas; White, Merlin
1300:
Some species of the order
Mucorales are able to grow under anaerobic conditions, while most of them require aerobic conditions. Furthermore, while the majority of the zygomycetes only grow at high water activities, some of them are able to grow in salt concentrations of at least 15%. Most species of
670:
derivatives and trisporic acid induce swelling of two potential hyphae, hence called zygophores, and a chemical gradient of these inducer molecules results in a growth towards each other. These progametangia come in contact with each other and build a strong connection. In the next stage, septae are
835:
Complex of apical lipid globules are also involved in graviperception. These lipids are clustered in cellular structures, complex of lipid globules, about 0.1mm below the very tip of the apex. (Fig. 2) The globules migrate to the columella when the sporangium is formed. In mature stage this complex
806:
is based on the floatability of the vacuole within the surrounding cytoplasm. The resulting asymmetric distribution of the cytoplasm is proposed to generate increased wall growth on the lower side of horizonally placed sporangiophores as in the thicker cytoplasmic layer forming there the number of
1411:. Sporangia can be launched as far as 2 m, placing them far away from the dung and hopefully on vegetation which will be eaten by an herbivore, eventually to be deposited with dung elsewhere. Different mechanisms for forcible spore discharge have evolved among members of the zygomycete order
1321:
Growth of
Zygomycota in solid agar can produce low or very high fibrous colony that rapidly fills the entire Petri dish. Its color may range from pure white to shades of gray or brown. In old cultures, dark pigmented sporangia are observed. Everything depends on the species and the media used. In
678:
Trisporic acid, as the endpoint of this recognition pathway, can solely be produced in presence of both compatible partners, which enzymatically produce trisporoid precursors to be further utilized by the potential sexual partner. Species specificity of these reactions is among others obtained by
504:
Once contact between the zygophores has been made, their walls adhere to each other, flatten and then the contact site is referred to as the fusion septum. The tips of the zygophore become distended and form what is called the progametangia. A septum develops by gradual inward extension until it
1334:
such as
Sabouraud dextrose agar. They can also grow on both selective and non-selective media. Minimal media, supplementary media and induction media can also be used. Most zygomycetes are sensitive to cycloheximide (actidione) and this agent should not be used in culture media.
492:
Zygophores are chemotropic aerial hyphae that are the sex organs of zygomycota, except for
Phycomyces in which they are not aerial but found in the substratum. They have two different mating types (+) and (-). The opposite mating types grow towards each other due to volatile
334:. Approximately 1060 species are known. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals, while others form symbiotic relationships with plants. Zygomycete
780:
builds two types of sporangiophores, the macrophores and the microphores which differ in size. The formation of these sporangiophores work at different light fluences and therefore with specific photoreceptors. Light also regulates asexual sporulation. In
751:
has a complex photoreceptor system. It is able to react to different light intensities and different wavelengths. In contrast to the positive reaction to blue light, there is also a negative reaction to UV light. Reactions to red light were also observed.
1437:, a zygomycete, has a sporangiolum that contains one spore with a sporangium wall that is visible at the base of the sporangium. This structure is similar to a conidium, which has two, fused cell walls, an inner spore wall and an outer sporangium wall.
1309:
in 2–3 days with their coarse aerial mycelium. When incubated in liquid culture under semi-anaerobic conditions, several species grow in yeast like state. Zygospore formation may be stimulated at higher temperatures of incubation (30–40 °C).
523:
nuclei. Type 2 is when some nuclei do not pair and degenerate instead, meiosis is delayed until germination. Type 3 is when haploid nuclei continue to divide mitotically and then some associate into groups and some do not. This results in
848:. However, the rank (i.e., phylum or subphylum) these clades is in dispute. What follows is a phylogeny of fungi with the zygomycete subphyla derived from Spatafora et al. (2016) with both possible phylum names.
711:. This, coupled with further evidence, has led to the assumption that trisporoids are not strictly species-specific, but that they might represent the general principle of mating recognition in Mucorales.
1736:
Schimek, Christine; Kleppe, Kathrin; Saleem, Abdel-Rahman; Voigt, Kerstin; Burmester, Anke; Wöstemeyer, Johannes (2003). "Sexual reactions in
Mortierellales are mediated by the trisporic acid system".
1390:. Zygosporangia are typically thick-walled, highly resilient to environmental hardships, and metabolically inert. When conditions improve, however, they germinate to produce a sporangium or vegetative
456:
in some species. Sporopollenin is formed out of β-carotene and is very resistant to biological and chemical degradation. Zygomycete spores may also be classified in respect to their persistence:
768:) are responsible for synthesis of beta-carotene. The product of the gene crgA, which was found in Mucor suppresses the carotene formation by inhibiting the accumulation of carB and carRP mRNAs.
679:
spatial segregation, physicochemical features of derivatives (volatility and light sensitivity), chemical modifications of trisporoids and transcriptional/posttranscriptional regulation.
844:
Historically, all fungi producing a zygospore were considered to be related and placed into
Zygomycota. The use of molecular phylogenetics has increasingly revealed this grouping to be
695:
Trisporoids are also used in the mediation of the recognition between parasite and host. An example is the host-parasite interaction of a parasexual nature observed between
785:
the product of the crgA gene acts as an activator. In contrast, the sexual development of
Phycomyces is inhibited by light because of a specialized photoreceptor system.
1285:
The zygomycetes are able to grow in a wide range of environments. Most of them are mesophilic (growing at 10–40 °C with an optimum 20–35 °C), but some, like
2641:
428:
The term "spore" is used to describe a structure related to propagation and dispersal. Zygomycete spores can be formed through both sexual and asexual means. Before
2498:
2415:
1209:
1774:
Grolig F, Herkenrath H, Pumm T, Gross A, Galland P (February 2004). "Gravity susception by buoyancy: floating lipid globules in sporangiophores of phycomyces".
2714:
1697:
Schultze, Kornelia; Schimek, Christine; Wöstemeyer, Johannes; Burmester, Anke (2005). "Sexuality and parasitism share common regulatory pathways in the fungus
2646:
2616:
2508:
2274:
1215:
568:-acetyl glucosamine. Fungal hyphae grow at the tip. Therefore, specialized vesicles, the chitosomes, bring precursors of chitin and its synthesizing enzyme,
2503:
2242:
2734:
2285:
3587:
2621:
1192:
5356:
449:
5751:
5361:
2104:
682:
2631:
2583:
5219:
2772:
2280:
1948:
836:
is believed to act as a gravireceptor due to its floatability. Mutants that lack this lipid complex show greatly lowered gravitropic response.
597:
589:
2626:
1394:. Meiosis occurs during germination of the zygosporangium so the resulting spores or hyphae are haploid. Grows in warm and damp conditions.
6278:
1820:
Schimek C, Eibe P, Horiel T, Galland P, Ootaki T (1999). "Protein crystals in phycomyces sporangiophores are involved in graviperception".
667:
207:
814:
Lipid globules and protein crystals in sporangiophore. 1. Lipid globules; 2. Protein crystals; 3. Vacuolar transepts; 4. Central vacuole
1667:
Gooday, Graham W.; Carlile, Michael J. (August 1997). "The discovery of fungal sex hormones: III. Trisporic acid and its precursors".
501:
and its precursors. Once two opposite mating types have made initial contact, they give rise to a zygospore through multiple steps.
6343:
6369:
5457:
3774:
3458:
1322:
liquid culture, Zygomycota usually form a bland mass and do not produce spores. This is because they cannot grow aerial hyphae.
666:
Recognition of compatible sexual partners in zygomycota is based on a cooperative biosynthesis pathway of trisporic acid. Early
1397:
Some zygomycetes disperse their spores in a more precise manner than simply allowing them to drift aimlessly on air currents.
1651:
1624:
1593:
1533:
1293:, are thermophilic with a minimum growth temperature of about 20 °C and maximum extending up to 60 °C. Others like
6374:
3689:
3429:
3425:
1403:, a fungus which grows on animal dung, bends its sporangiophores towards light with the help of a light sensitive pigment (
760:
The two genes for the enzymes phytoene desaturase (carB) and the bifunctional phytoene synthase/carotene cyclase (carRA in
4167:
576:. The enzyme on the membrane catalyzes glycosidic bond formations from the nucleotide sugar substrate, uridine diphospho-
89:
1941:
1566:
1092:
Many species of zygomycetes can be used in important industrial processes. A resume of them is presented in the table.
61:
464:
3639:
2995:
108:
476:
it may also be terminal. In accordance with their function chlamydospores have a thick cell wall and are pigmented.
6479:
4201:
3674:
3453:
3448:
3155:
1989:
68:
4196:
3779:
3420:
3367:
3145:
1984:
1355:. It spreads over the surface of bread and other food sources, sending hyphae inward to absorb nutrients. In its
3150:
1378:
are in close proximity to each other. Growth of the gametangia commences after gametangia come in contact, and
46:
6484:
4280:
4270:
4253:
3494:
2068:
2058:
2041:
1934:
1370:
As in most zygomycetes, asexual reproduction is the most common form of reproduction. Sexual reproduction in
1313:
346:
are formed or to wall off dead hyphae. Zygomycota is no longer recognised as it was not believed to be truly
75:
4042:
3361:
519:
behavior. Type 1 is when the nuclei fuse quickly, within a few days, resulting in mature zygospore having
6291:
5450:
4114:
810:
42:
6296:
1926:
156:
3220:
3162:
57:
6397:
5594:
3950:
6335:
3957:
3519:
3199:
1920:
651:
638:
Trisporic acid was discovered in 1964 as a metabolite that caused enhanced carotene production in
5679:
4285:
4160:
4038:
4001:
3943:
3868:
3843:
3837:
3634:
3326:
3248:
2848:
2456:
2073:
926:, subphylum Entomophthoromycotina, phylum Basidiolomycota, Entomophthoromycota, or Zoopagomycota
35:
6423:
743:
Fungal phototropism has been investigated in detail using the fruiting body, sporangiophore, of
6231:
5443:
4066:
3997:
3736:
3725:
3654:
3644:
3629:
3535:
3500:
3472:
3437:
3409:
3227:
2448:
2232:
1558:
1912:
List of all
Zygomycetes species from Zygomycetes database by PM Kirk in Catalogue of Life 2008
515:
usually occurs before zygospore germination and there are a few main types of distinguishable
6474:
6418:
6410:
5907:
5557:
4248:
3809:
3557:
3213:
2988:
2593:
2255:
2224:
2036:
1965:
1610:
1583:
273:
6446:
6304:
6269:
5572:
3983:
3973:
3787:
3684:
3679:
3543:
3466:
3405:
2881:
2828:
2387:
2250:
1829:
1463:"A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data"
1356:
788:
8:
6469:
5063:
4847:
4095:
3823:
3815:
3649:
3241:
2858:
2833:
2573:
2374:
2313:
2308:
389:
5435:
1833:
675:(responsible for the dark colour of spores) take place resulting in a mature zygospore.
82:
5902:
5584:
5073:
4265:
4243:
4231:
4206:
4153:
4007:
3989:
3805:
3801:
3718:
3711:
3669:
3415:
2934:
2886:
2873:
2853:
2838:
2818:
2767:
2438:
2410:
2364:
2300:
2053:
2031:
2019:
1994:
1880:
1799:
1495:
1462:
1386:, which is the fusion of the nuclei, follows closely after. The zygosporangia are then
1255:
1238:
640:
581:
151:
3356:
2973:
1841:
1680:
1551:
580:-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The nascent polysaccharide chain is then cleaved by the enzyme
6405:
6283:
5694:
5407:
5333:
5314:
5024:
4607:
4275:
4238:
4226:
4216:
4134:
4119:
3270:
3206:
3135:
3016:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2843:
2694:
2544:
2430:
2356:
2063:
2026:
2014:
2004:
1916:
1845:
1791:
1753:
1718:
1647:
1620:
1589:
1562:
1529:
1525:
1500:
1482:
1013:
890:
569:
384:
characteristically formed by the members of this clade, in which resistant spherical
245:
1803:
5970:
5849:
5741:
5684:
5624:
5619:
5547:
5532:
5379:
5325:
5079:
4525:
4190:
4072:
4028:
3968:
3887:
3704:
3624:
3613:
3385:
3321:
3021:
2981:
2963:
2810:
2757:
2699:
2608:
2565:
2536:
2420:
2382:
2290:
1978:
1872:
1837:
1783:
1745:
1710:
1676:
1490:
1474:
1412:
1344:
1244:
940:
436:
is very low and it may last from a few hours to many years. There are two types of
280:
5011:
644:. It was later shown to be the hormone that brought about zygophore production in
420:
6143:
6048:
6010:
5965:
5897:
5654:
5614:
5599:
5492:
5252:
4427:
3929:
3284:
3177:
3172:
3113:
3076:
2939:
2929:
2911:
2863:
2777:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2636:
2598:
2474:
2397:
2265:
2181:
2151:
2146:
1641:
1614:
1581:
1519:
1154:
873:
331:
286:
1427:
from the sporangiospore is the main defining difference between zygomycetes and
6330:
6203:
6148:
6138:
5980:
5794:
5746:
5659:
5634:
5629:
5609:
5604:
5507:
5497:
5348:
5338:
5302:
5277:
4966:
4757:
4658:
4580:
4389:
4221:
4057:
3874:
3731:
3581:
3570:
3549:
3443:
3108:
3026:
3008:
2924:
2919:
2744:
2724:
2704:
2686:
2671:
2656:
2513:
2405:
2346:
2009:
1714:
1227:
1030:
943:, subphylum Entomophthoromycotina, phylum Entomophthoromycota or Zoopagomycota
923:
700:
655:
609:
553:
540:
472:
433:
397:
381:
262:
239:
222:
1787:
1749:
1277:
6463:
6254:
5927:
5912:
5874:
5799:
5735:
5721:
5669:
5664:
5578:
5567:
5562:
5542:
5537:
5512:
5384:
5183:
5175:
5005:
4926:
4866:
4777:
4751:
4480:
4129:
4090:
4023:
3936:
3859:
3764:
3748:
3697:
3563:
3530:
3525:
3306:
3140:
3118:
3096:
2795:
2762:
2752:
2676:
2489:
2479:
2338:
2114:
1486:
1404:
1331:
1221:
989:
672:
619:
453:
6436:
1261:
735:
light is responsible for the dispersal mechanism and the sporangiophores of
6123:
6118:
6093:
6068:
6058:
5985:
5854:
5728:
5689:
5674:
5649:
5644:
5589:
5522:
5417:
5244:
5224:
5164:
5068:
5041:
4988:
4946:
4913:
4688:
4466:
4405:
4145:
3919:
3880:
3829:
3769:
3340:
3334:
3290:
3234:
3167:
3130:
3125:
3092:
3071:
2823:
2588:
2466:
2096:
1849:
1795:
1757:
1722:
1504:
1165:
771:
646:
592:. These fibers are embedded in an amorphous matrix consisting of proteins,
516:
347:
327:
257:
252:
1900:
6356:
6263:
6178:
6153:
6098:
6073:
5995:
5990:
5955:
5945:
5639:
5552:
5308:
5234:
5086:
5050:
5030:
4978:
4952:
4842:
4790:
4763:
4745:
4718:
4485:
4354:
4343:
3904:
3758:
3619:
3575:
3486:
3276:
2156:
1957:
1956:
1433:
1428:
1375:
1181:
630:
compound responsible for sexual differentiation in those fungal species.
561:
429:
369:
267:
229:
588:-acetamido group in chitin. After this the chitosan polymer chain forms
6211:
6173:
6103:
6083:
6078:
6063:
6033:
6005:
5960:
5950:
5922:
5859:
5834:
5527:
5502:
5389:
5213:
5204:
5189:
5057:
4994:
4853:
4814:
4809:
4695:
4612:
4507:
4419:
4124:
4107:
3793:
3659:
3396:
3376:
3315:
3062:
3035:
2554:
1884:
1387:
1379:
1360:
1306:
573:
529:
293:
142:
1582:
David Moore; Geoffrey D. Robson; Anthony P. J. Trinci (14 July 2011).
548:
Zygomycetes exhibit a special structure of cell wall. Most fungi have
6361:
6317:
6128:
6108:
6000:
5879:
5814:
5804:
5789:
5784:
5765:
5517:
5288:
5229:
4937:
4902:
4860:
4837:
4819:
4706:
4642:
4517:
4394:
4337:
4324:
4176:
3914:
3049:
1408:
1399:
1383:
1352:
1143:
845:
627:
615:
494:
385:
339:
234:
168:
6387:
6225:
1876:
755:
424:
Detail of sporangia of a
Mucorales fungi species growing on a peach.
24:
6431:
6382:
6322:
6248:
6183:
6163:
6158:
6133:
6113:
6088:
6053:
6043:
6038:
5869:
5844:
5824:
5484:
5295:
5257:
5158:
5135:
4682:
4677:
4669:
4599:
4474:
4349:
4332:
4310:
4260:
4101:
3664:
3044:
2578:
2212:
2203:
2189:
2048:
1478:
1424:
1374:, as in other zygomycetes, occurs when haploid hyphae of different
1363:
at the tips of upright hyphae, each containing hundreds of haploid
1128:
1117:
557:
437:
364:
6348:
1696:
1407:) and then "fires" them with an explosive squirt of high-pressure
6188:
6168:
5864:
5839:
5829:
5819:
5775:
5712:
5411:
5146:
4983:
4829:
4736:
4725:
4589:
4495:
4451:
4359:
3480:
3004:
2800:
2527:
1133:
Leather, detergent and medical industry (steroid transformation)
1064:
623:
525:
520:
512:
506:
6028:
6020:
5889:
5004:
4801:
4531:
4433:
4375:
3101:
3040:
1961:
1198:
1124:
818:
593:
549:
405:
343:
323:
315:
311:
178:
479:
6309:
5937:
5809:
5371:
3603:
3182:
3031:
1391:
1364:
1111:
830:
654:
discovered that some species of Mucorales were self-sterile (
335:
319:
132:
5975:
5467:
4628:
3053:
1640:
Watkinson, Sarah C.; Boddy, Lynne; Money, Nicholas (2015).
661:
401:
358:
1906:
1549:
Raven, P.H.; Evert, R.F.; Eichhorn, S.E. (2005). "Fungi".
1459:
1317:
Zygomycetes on Sub-media, in light and non-light condition
719:
Light regulation has been investigated in the zygomycetes
5465:
1773:
432:
the spore is in a dormant state. During this period, the
1819:
1735:
772:
Influence of light in sporulation and sexual development
3003:
584:. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the
1305:
grow rapidly on agar at room temperature filling the
1692:
1690:
1639:
596:(which putatively cross-link the chitosan fibers),
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1550:
1548:
756:Activation of beta-carotene biosynthesis by light
6461:
5752:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
1687:
5324:
1729:
2180:
1863:Cain, R. F. (1972). "Evolution of the Fungi".
1575:
1330:Zygomycetes grow well on most standard fungal
412:is a suffix referring to a division of fungi.
5451:
4161:
2989:
1942:
1666:
4175:
1815:
1813:
819:Protein crystals involved in graviperception
5040:
1769:
1767:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
686:Postulated biosynthesis of trisporic acid B
564:of chitin. Chitin is built of β-1,4 bonded
528:and haploid nuclei being found in the germ
5458:
5444:
4168:
4154:
2996:
2982:
1949:
1935:
1588:. Cambridge University Press. p. 52.
1382:, or the fusion of the cytoplasm, occurs.
1297:can grow at temperatures below 0 °C.
893:, phylum Kickxellomycota or Zoopagomycota
831:Lipid droplets involved in graviperception
131:
4418:
3221:Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes
1919:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1810:
1494:
650:. The American mycologist and geneticist
497:given off by the opposite strand, mainly
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4323:
1764:
1511:
1446:
1312:
1276:
809:
792:Bending angle in vertical sporangiophore
787:
681:
662:Functions of trisporic acid in Mucorales
539:
478:
463:
419:
357:
5483:
4308:
3775:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
3459:Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
1608:
1557:(7th ed.). W.H. Freeman. pp.
1418:
16:Division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi
6462:
5711:
5426:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
1012:subphylum Mortierollomycotina, phylum
6230:
6229:
5439:
4149:
2977:
1930:
1521:Biology: A Guide to the Natural World
1517:
1272:
626:pathways in the zygomycetes. It is a
6398:b558535b-bdc5-4a17-841f-9726373db064
3690:Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
3430:Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
3426:Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis
1862:
1343:A common example of a zygomycete is
572:, to the outside of the membrane by
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
498:
13:
1087:
988:subphylum Glomeromycotina, phylum
544:Typical fungal cell wall structure
468:Zygospore diagram and reproduction
404:", referring to the fusion of two
362:An immature zygosporangium of the
322:. The members are now part of two
14:
6496:
1894:
618:compound that is synthesized via
603:
459:
408:which produces these spores, and
3675:Congenital cutaneous candidiasis
3454:Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
3449:Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis
3156:Proximal subungual onychomycosis
1646:(3rd ed.). Academic Press.
1359:phase it develops bulbous black
1325:
690:
155:
23:
3780:Primary cutaneous aspergillosis
3421:Disseminated coccidioidomycosis
3146:White superficial onychomycosis
1903:at the Tree of Life Web Project
1856:
1585:21st Century Guidebook to Fungi
1338:
1148:Food production (i.e., tempeh)
796:
714:
556:, while zygomycetes synthesize
34:needs additional citations for
4905:
4901:
4661:
4657:
3151:Distal subungual onychomycosis
1660:
1633:
1602:
1542:
1461:M.; Stajich, Jason E. (2016).
600:, lipids and other compounds.
368:fungus forming from two fused
1:
3495:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
1842:10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00400-7
1681:10.1016/S0269-915X(97)80017-1
1440:
487:
443:
4043:Encephalitozoon intestinalis
3536:South American blastomycosis
3531:North American blastomycosis
3136:Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
839:
740:facilitate spore dispersal.
535:
448:In zygomycetes, mitospores (
353:
7:
4115:Granuloma gluteale infantum
3141:Tinea unguium/onychomycosis
342:, forming septa only where
10:
6501:
3163:Tinea corporis gladiatorum
1822:Advances in Space Research
1715:10.1016/j.gene.2005.01.007
1281:Zygomycetes on solid media
633:
607:
6238:
6201:
6019:
5936:
5888:
5773:
5764:
5707:
5479:
5475:
5470:phyla/divisions by domain
5402:
5370:
5347:
5274:
5243:
5203:
5174:
5154:
5145:
5133:
5129:
4974:
4965:
4936:
4921:
4912:
4899:
4895:
4828:
4800:
4785:
4776:
4735:
4714:
4705:
4668:
4655:
4651:
4638:
4625:
4621:
4598:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4516:
4503:
4494:
4461:
4448:
4414:
4403:
4385:
4372:
4319:
4304:
4300:
4184:
4083:
4056:
4022:
3967:
3951:Syncephalastrum racemosum
3913:
3898:
3858:
3747:
3602:
3511:
3395:
3384:
3375:
3355:
3305:
3262:
3191:
3085:
3070:
3061:
3015:
2960:
2910:
2872:
2809:
2794:
2743:
2685:
2664:
2655:
2607:
2564:
2553:
2535:
2526:
2488:
2465:
2447:
2429:
2396:
2373:
2355:
2337:
2326:
2299:
2264:
2241:
2223:
2211:
2202:
2173:
2139:
2122:
2113:
2095:
2088:
1972:
1788:10.1007/s00425-003-1145-x
1750:10.1017/S0953756203007949
1062:
1027:
1010:
1003:
986:
979:
972:
937:
920:
913:
887:
870:
863:
856:
614:Trisporic acid is a C-18
415:
372:, showing a "yoke" shape.
220:
215:
193:C. Moreau 1954 (informal)
152:Scientific classification
150:
139:
130:
125:
4631:
4627:
3958:Apophysomyces variabilis
3520:Blastomyces dermatitidis
3235:Trichophyton schoenleini
3200:Epidermophyton floccosum
1921:Medical Subject Headings
825:Phycomyces blakesleeanus
737:Phycomyces blakesleeanus
721:Phycomyces blakesleeanus
652:Albert Francis Blakeslee
6480:Fungi by classification
5680:Thermodesulfobacteriota
4039:Enterocytozoon bieneusi
4002:Conidiobolus incongruus
3944:Lichtheimia corymbifera
3869:Cryptococcus neoformans
3838:Pseudallescheria boydii
3327:Malassezia folliculitis
3249:Trichophyton verrucosum
2849:Cryptomycocolacomycetes
2642:Sporopachydermiomycetes
2457:Calcarisporiellomycetes
876:, phylum Zoopagomycota
4067:Rhinosporidium seeberi
3998:Conidiobolus coronatus
3737:Pneumocystis pneumonia
3726:Pneumocystis jirovecii
3655:Candidal onychomycosis
3645:Antibiotic candidiasis
3501:Paracoccidioidomycosis
3473:African histoplasmosis
3438:Histoplasma capsulatum
3410:Coccidioides posadasii
3228:Trichophyton tonsurans
2499:Palaeovesiarbusmycetes
2449:Calcarisporiellomycota
2416:Ramicandelaberomycetes
2233:Neocallimastigomycetes
1699:Parasitella parasitica
1318:
1282:
1210:Mortierella romanniana
1033:, phylum Mucoromycota
815:
793:
733:Pilobolus crystallinus
729:Pilobolus crystallinus
697:Parasitella parasitica
687:
545:
484:
469:
425:
373:
6419:Paleobiology Database
5908:Neocallimastigomycota
3810:Phialophora verrucosa
3640:Chronic mucocutaneous
3558:Talaromyces marneffei
3214:Microsporum audouinii
2966:(polyphyletic group).
2594:Schizosaccharomycetes
2256:Monoblepharidomycetes
2225:Neocallimastigomycota
1518:Krogh, David (2010).
1423:The evolution of the
1316:
1280:
813:
791:
685:
543:
482:
467:
423:
361:
274:Entomophthoromycotina
6485:Obsolete fungus taxa
5573:Coprothermobacterota
3984:Basidiobolus ranarum
3974:Entomophthoramycosis
3788:Exophiala jeanselmei
3685:Systemic candidiasis
3680:Perianal candidiasis
3544:Sporothrix schenckii
3467:Histoplasma duboisii
3406:Coccidioides immitis
2882:Peribolosporomycetes
2829:Agaricostilbomycetes
2715:Collemopsidiomycetes
2589:Pneumocystidomycetes
2388:Entomophthoromycetes
2251:Hyaloraphidiomycetes
2132:Paramicrosporidiales
1738:Mycological Research
1419:Evolution of conidia
725:Mucor circinelloides
703:of zygomycetes, and
400:for "joining" or "a
43:improve this article
5303:Gunflint microbiota
5064:Klebsormidiophyceae
4848:Hyphochytriomycetes
4096:Fungal folliculitis
3824:Geotrichum candidum
3816:Chromoblastomycosis
3660:Candidal paronychia
3650:Candidal intertrigo
3242:Trichophyton rubrum
2859:Spiculogloeomycetes
2834:Cystobasidiomycetes
2647:Trigonopsidomycetes
2617:Alloascoideomycetes
2574:Archaeorhizomycetes
2509:Archaeosporomycetes
2375:Entomophthoromycota
2314:Blastocladiomycetes
2309:Physodermatomycetes
2275:Caulochytriomycetes
2115:Microsporidiomycota
1834:1999AdSpR..24..687S
1372:Rhizopus stolonifer
1351:), a member of the
1349:Rhizopus stolonifer
1216:Mortierella vinacea
560:, the deacetylated
390:sexual reproduction
5903:Blastocladiomycota
5074:Coleochaetophyceae
4454:
4450:
4378:
4374:
4008:Conidiobolomycosis
3990:Basidiobolomycosis
3806:Fonsecaea compacta
3802:Fonsecaea pedrosoi
3670:Diaper candidiasis
3416:Coccidioidomycosis
2935:Bartheletiomycetes
2887:Monilielliomycetes
2874:Ustilaginomycotina
2854:Atractiellomycetes
2839:Microbotryomycetes
2819:Tritirachiomycetes
2768:Laboulbeniomycetes
2504:Paraglomeromycetes
2439:Mortierellomycetes
2411:Dimargaritomycetes
2365:Basidiobolomycetes
2301:Blastocladiomycota
2243:Monoblepharomycota
1319:
1283:
1273:Culture conditions
1256:Blakeslea trispora
1239:Mortierella alpina
816:
794:
731:. For example, in
688:
641:Blakeslea trispora
582:chitin deacetylase
546:
485:
470:
426:
388:are formed during
374:
6457:
6456:
6406:Open Tree of Life
6232:Taxon identifiers
6223:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6197:
6196:
5760:
5759:
5703:
5702:
5695:Verrucomicrobiota
5433:
5432:
5398:
5397:
5334:Spironematellidae
5315:Meteora sporadica
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5199:
5198:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5025:Prasinodermophyta
4961:
4960:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4772:
4771:
4608:Centroplasthelida
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4444:
4443:
4368:
4367:
4143:
4142:
4135:Phaeohyphomycosis
4120:Hyalohyphomycosis
4052:
4051:
4018:
4017:
3854:
3853:
3598:
3597:
3351:
3350:
3316:Malassezia furfur
3301:
3300:
3271:Hortaea werneckii
3258:
3257:
3207:Microsporum canis
2971:
2970:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2902:Exobasidiomycetes
2897:Ustilaginomycetes
2892:Malasseziomycetes
2844:Classiculomycetes
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2735:Xylobotryomycetes
2695:Candelariomycetes
2545:Entorrhizomycetes
2522:
2521:
2431:Mortierellomycota
2357:Basidiobolomycota
2322:
2321:
2286:Sanchytriomycetes
2198:
2197:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
1653:978-0-12-382035-8
1626:978-0-412-46600-7
1611:Gadd, Geoffrey M.
1609:Gow, Neil A. R.;
1595:978-1-107-00676-8
1553:Biology of plants
1535:978-0-321-61655-5
1526:Benjamin Cummings
1270:
1269:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1014:Mortierellomycota
961:
960:
952:
951:
902:
901:
891:Kickxellomycotina
570:chitin synthetase
301:
300:
246:Kickxellomycotina
211:
194:
119:
118:
111:
93:
6492:
6450:
6449:
6440:
6439:
6427:
6426:
6414:
6413:
6401:
6400:
6391:
6390:
6378:
6377:
6365:
6364:
6352:
6351:
6339:
6338:
6326:
6325:
6313:
6312:
6300:
6299:
6287:
6286:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6227:
6226:
5971:Anthocerotophyta
5850:Hemimastigophora
5771:
5770:
5742:Nitrososphaerota
5709:
5708:
5685:Thermomicrobiota
5625:Kiritimatiellota
5620:Ignavibacteriota
5585:Deferribacterota
5548:Campylobacterota
5533:Bdellovibrionota
5481:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5437:
5436:
5380:Collodictyonidae
5326:Hemimastigophora
5322:
5321:
5281:
5152:
5151:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5131:
5130:
5080:Zygnematophyceae
5038:
5037:
5018:
5002:
5001:
4972:
4971:
4919:
4918:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4783:
4782:
4712:
4711:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4596:
4595:
4583:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4526:Choanoflagellata
4501:
4500:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4213:
4193:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4073:Rhinosporidiosis
4029:Microsporidiosis
3969:Entomophthorales
3911:
3910:
3888:Trichosporonosis
3614:Candida albicans
3588:Adiaspiromycosis
3393:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3322:Tinea versicolor
3083:
3082:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3005:Fungal infection
2998:
2991:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2964:fungi imperfecti
2811:Pucciniomycotina
2807:
2806:
2758:Geoglossomycetes
2700:Coniocybomycetes
2662:
2661:
2622:Dipodascomycetes
2609:Saccharomycotina
2566:Taphrinomycotina
2562:
2561:
2537:Entorrhizomycota
2533:
2532:
2421:Kickxellomycetes
2383:Neozygitomycetes
2335:
2334:
2291:Chytridiomycetes
2221:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2178:
2177:
2120:
2119:
2093:
2092:
2001:
1981:
1964:classification,
1951:
1944:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1889:
1888:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1473:(5): 1028–1046.
1457:
1413:Entomophthorales
1345:black bread mold
1245:Arachidonic acid
1095:
1094:
1016:or Mucoromycota
1006:
1005:
992:or Mucoromycota
982:
981:
975:
974:
941:Entomophthorales
916:
915:
866:
865:
859:
858:
852:
851:
778:P. blakesleeanus
699:, a facultative
281:Entomophthorales
206:
192:
160:
159:
140:Sporangium of a
135:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6445:
6443:
6435:
6430:
6422:
6417:
6409:
6404:
6396:
6394:
6386:
6381:
6373:
6368:
6360:
6355:
6347:
6342:
6334:
6329:
6321:
6316:
6308:
6303:
6295:
6290:
6282:
6277:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6234:
6224:
6215:
6193:
6144:Gnathostomulida
6049:Xenacoelomorpha
6015:
6011:Flowering plant
5966:Marchantiophyta
5932:
5898:Chytridiomycota
5884:
5756:
5699:
5655:Planctomycetota
5615:Gemmatimonadota
5600:Elusimicrobiota
5493:Acidobacteriota
5471:
5464:
5434:
5429:
5394:
5366:
5357:Ancyromonadidae
5343:
5320:
5275:
5262:
5253:Malawimonadidae
5239:
5195:
5170:
5134:
5093:
5036:
5009:
5008:
5000:
4957:
4932:
4900:
4871:
4824:
4796:
4768:
4731:
4701:
4656:
4647:
4626:
4617:
4594:
4579:
4538:
4512:
4490:
4449:
4440:
4404:
4399:
4373:
4364:
4309:
4296:
4295:
4211:
4189:
4180:
4174:
4144:
4139:
4079:
4048:
4026:
4014:
3971:
3963:
3930:Rhizopus oryzae
3917:
3902:
3894:
3850:
3743:
3594:
3507:
3388:
3365:
3360:
3347:
3297:
3285:Piedraia hortae
3254:
3187:
3178:Tinea incognito
3173:Tinea imbricata
3077:Dermatophytosis
3074:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2972:
2967:
2944:
2940:Tremellomycetes
2930:Wallemiomycetes
2912:Agaricomycotina
2906:
2868:
2864:Pucciniomycetes
2798:
2782:
2778:Sordariomycetes
2739:
2730:Lecanoromycetes
2720:Dothideomycetes
2710:Arthoniomycetes
2681:
2651:
2637:Saccharomycetes
2603:
2599:Taphrinomycetes
2579:Neolectomycetes
2557:
2549:
2518:
2484:
2475:Endogonomycetes
2461:
2443:
2425:
2398:Kickxellomycota
2392:
2369:
2351:
2330:
2318:
2295:
2266:Chytridiomycota
2260:
2237:
2216:
2194:
2182:Aphelidiomycota
2174:Aphelidiomyceta
2161:
2152:Metchnikovellea
2147:Chytridiopsidea
2135:
2126:Morellosporales
2109:
2084:
2083:
1999:
1977:
1968:
1955:
1907:Zygomycetes.org
1897:
1892:
1877:10.2307/3758010
1861:
1857:
1818:
1811:
1772:
1765:
1734:
1730:
1695:
1688:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1613:, eds. (1995).
1607:
1603:
1596:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1528:. p. 409.
1516:
1512:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1421:
1341:
1328:
1275:
1090:
1088:Industrial uses
1085:
1076:
1052:
1043:
962:
953:
903:
874:Zoopagomycotina
842:
833:
821:
799:
776:The zygomycete
774:
758:
717:
693:
664:
636:
612:
606:
538:
490:
462:
450:sporangiospores
446:
418:
356:
318:of the kingdom
287:Zoopagomycotina
205:
191:
154:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6498:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6441:
6428:
6415:
6402:
6392:
6379:
6366:
6353:
6340:
6327:
6314:
6301:
6288:
6275:
6260:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6209:
6207:
6204:Incertae sedis
6199:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6149:Micrognathozoa
6146:
6141:
6139:Acanthocephala
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6025:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5981:Lycopodiophyta
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5894:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5795:Ancyromonadida
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5747:Thermoproteota
5744:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5717:
5715:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5660:Pseudomonadota
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5635:Mycoplasmatota
5632:
5630:Lentisphaerota
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5610:Fusobacteriota
5607:
5605:Fibrobacterota
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5508:Armatimonadota
5505:
5500:
5498:Actinomycetota
5495:
5489:
5487:
5473:
5472:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5440:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5421:
5414:
5410:excluded from
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5362:Planomonadidae
5359:
5353:
5351:
5349:Ancyromonadida
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5339:Paramastigidae
5336:
5330:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5291:
5284:
5282:
5278:Incertae sedis
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5209:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5140:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5083:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5054:
5046:
5044:
5035:
5034:
5027:
5021:
5019:
4999:
4998:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4967:Archaeplastida
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4942:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4922:
4916:
4907:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4758:Dinoflagellata
4754:
4752:Chrompodellida
4749:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4663:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4581:Diaphoretickes
4568:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4456:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4409:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4314:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:Mesomycetozoea
4283:
4278:
4268:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4222:Diaphoretickes
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:classification
4173:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4062:
4060:
4058:Mesomycetozoea
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4034:
4032:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4010:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3979:
3977:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3923:
3908:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3877:
3875:Cryptococcosis
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3844:Allescheriasis
3834:
3833:
3832:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3754:
3752:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3732:Pneumocystosis
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3609:
3607:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3582:Emmonsia parva
3578:
3573:
3571:Scedosporiosis
3568:
3567:
3566:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3550:Sporotrichosis
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3444:Histoplasmosis
3434:
3433:
3432:
3423:
3418:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3379:
3370:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3119:Dermatophytids
3116:
3109:Tinea corporis
3106:
3105:
3104:
3089:
3087:
3080:
3065:
3056:
3027:dermatomycosis
3013:
3012:
3009:mesomycetozoea
3001:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Agaricomycetes
2922:
2920:Dacrymycetales
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2745:Sordariomyceta
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:Eurotiomycetes
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:Lichinomycetes
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2687:Dothideomyceta
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2672:Orbiliomycetes
2668:
2666:
2659:
2657:Pezizomycotina
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2514:Glomeromycetes
2511:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:Zoopagomycetes
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2347:Olpidiomycetes
2343:
2341:
2332:
2331:(paraphyletic)
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:(paraphyletic)
2206:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:Nucleophagales
2127:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2105:Rozellomycetes
2101:
2099:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:Mesomycetozoea
2071:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2010:Diaphoretickes
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1895:External links
1893:
1891:
1890:
1855:
1828:(6): 687–696.
1809:
1782:(4): 658–667.
1763:
1744:(6): 736–747.
1728:
1686:
1675:(3): 126–130.
1659:
1652:
1632:
1625:
1616:Growing Fungus
1601:
1594:
1574:
1568:978-0716762843
1567:
1541:
1534:
1510:
1479:10.3852/16-042
1444:
1442:
1439:
1420:
1417:
1340:
1337:
1332:culture medium
1327:
1324:
1295:Mucor hiemalis
1291:Mucor pusillus
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:Linolenic acid
1225:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:Mucoromycotina
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
985:
980:
978:
973:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
959:
958:
955:
954:
950:
949:
946:
945:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
924:Basidiobolales
919:
914:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
900:
899:
896:
895:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
869:
864:
862:
857:
855:
850:
841:
838:
832:
829:
820:
817:
798:
795:
773:
770:
757:
754:
716:
713:
709:Absidia glauca
705:Absidia glauca
692:
689:
663:
660:
635:
632:
610:Trisporic acid
608:Main article:
605:
604:Trisporic acid
602:
554:polysaccharide
552:as structural
537:
534:
499:trisporic acid
489:
486:
473:Chlamydospores
461:
460:Chlamydospores
458:
445:
442:
434:metabolic rate
417:
414:
406:hyphal strands
380:refers to the
355:
352:
310:, is a former
299:
298:
297:
296:
284:
283:
271:
270:
265:
263:Dimargaritales
260:
255:
243:
242:
240:Mortierellales
237:
232:
223:Mucoromycotina
218:
217:
213:
212:
200:
196:
195:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
148:
147:
137:
136:
128:
127:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6497:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6448:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5928:Basidiomycota
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5913:Glomeromycota
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5875:Stramenopiles
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5800:Apusomonadida
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5736:Nanoarchaeota
5733:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5722:Euryarchaeota
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5670:Spirochaetota
5668:
5666:
5665:Rhodothermota
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5595:Dictyoglomota
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5579:Cyanobacteria
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5568:Chrysiogenota
5566:
5564:
5563:Chloroflexota
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:Calditrichota
5541:
5539:
5538:Caldisericota
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5513:Atribacterota
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5406:Âątraditional
5405:
5404:
5401:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5385:Mantamonadida
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5273:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5185:
5184:Heterolobosea
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5176:Discicristata
5173:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5007:
5006:Viridiplantae
5003:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4927:Microheliella
4924:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4894:
4868:
4867:Actinophryida
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:Stramenopiles
4775:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4481:Ichthyosporea
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4428:Rotosphaerida
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Apusomonadida
4388:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Stramenopiles
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4212:(major groups
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4130:Keratomycosis
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Alternariosis
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4024:Microsporidia
4021:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3937:Mucor indicus
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3860:Basidiomycota
3857:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Aspergillosis
3763:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3719:C. tropicalis
3716:
3714:
3713:
3712:C. lusitaniae
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3564:Talaromycosis
3562:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Blastomycosis
3524:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3481:Lacazia loboi
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:opportunistic
3363:
3358:
3354:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3307:Basidiomycota
3304:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:tinea capitis
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2965:
2959:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2796:Basidiomycota
2793:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Leotiomycetes
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Xylonomycetes
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2677:Pezizomycetes
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Pichiomycetes
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Novakomycetes
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2490:Glomeromycota
2487:
2481:
2480:Mucoromycetes
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2339:Olpidiomycota
2336:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:Microsporidia
2138:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2097:Rozellomycota
2094:
2091:
2089:Rozellomyceta
2087:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Stramenopiles
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2000:(major groups
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:fungal orders
1963:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:beta-carotene
1402:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1333:
1326:Culture media
1323:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1222:Mucor indicus
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
991:
990:Glomeromycota
984:
983:
977:
976:
970:
969:
966:
965:
957:
956:
948:
947:
944:
942:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
925:
918:
917:
911:
910:
907:
906:
898:
897:
894:
892:
885:
884:
881:
880:
877:
875:
868:
867:
861:
860:
854:
853:
849:
847:
837:
828:
826:
812:
808:
805:
790:
786:
784:
779:
769:
767:
763:
753:
750:
746:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:Parasexualism
684:
680:
676:
674:
673:sporopollenin
669:
659:
657:
656:heterothallic
653:
649:
648:
643:
642:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
611:
601:
599:
598:mannoproteins
595:
591:
590:micro fibrils
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
542:
533:
531:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
508:
502:
500:
496:
481:
477:
474:
466:
457:
455:
454:sporopollenin
451:
441:
439:
435:
431:
422:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:zygosporangia
379:
371:
367:
366:
360:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:Zoopagomycota
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
295:
292:
291:
290:
288:
282:
279:
278:
277:
275:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
249:
247:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
226:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
201:
198:
197:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
149:
146:
144:
138:
134:
129:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
6475:Fungus phyla
6239:
6210:
6202:
6124:Orthonectida
6119:Gastrotricha
6094:Nematomorpha
6069:Chaetognatha
6059:Hemichordate
5986:Pteridophyta
5917:
5855:Malawimonada
5729:Korarchaeota
5690:Thermotogota
5675:Synergistota
5650:Nitrospirota
5645:Nitrospinota
5590:Deinococcota
5523:Bacteroidota
5423:
5418:paraphyletic
5313:
5294:
5276:
5245:Malawimonada
5225:Anaeromonada
5220:Anaeramoebae
5212:
5188:
5165:Tsukubamonas
5163:
5085:
5078:
5069:Charophyceae
5056:
5049:
5042:Streptophyta
5029:
5013:
4993:
4989:Rhodelphidia
4947:Palpitomonas
4945:
4925:
4914:Pancryptista
4859:
4852:
4789:
4756:
4744:
4724:
4694:
4689:Foraminifera
4687:
4530:
4473:
4467:Tunicaraptor
4465:
4432:
4406:Opisthokonta
4342:
4271:Opisthokonta
4100:
4065:
4037:
3996:
3982:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3920:Mucormycosis
3899:
3881:Trichosporon
3879:
3867:
3836:
3830:Geotrichosis
3822:
3800:
3786:
3770:Aspergilloma
3757:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3635:Vulvovaginal
3612:
3580:
3556:
3542:
3518:
3493:
3479:
3465:
3436:
3404:
3389:(yeast+mold)
3357:Subcutaneous
3341:White piedra
3335:Trichosporon
3333:
3314:
3291:Black piedra
3283:
3269:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3168:Tinea faciei
3131:Tinea manuum
3126:Tinea cruris
3093:Tinea barbae
3072:Dermatophyte
2824:Mixiomycetes
2773:Sareomycetes
2467:Mucoromycota
2327:
2281:Coenomycetes
2059:Opisthokonta
1868:
1864:
1858:
1825:
1821:
1779:
1775:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1642:
1635:
1619:. Springer.
1615:
1604:
1584:
1577:
1552:
1544:
1520:
1513:
1470:
1466:
1432:
1422:
1398:
1396:
1376:mating types
1371:
1369:
1348:
1342:
1339:Reproduction
1329:
1320:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1287:Mucor miehei
1286:
1284:
1254:
1237:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1191:
1175:
1166:Fumaric acid
1159:
1153:
1138:
1116:
1110:
1091:
1063:
1028:
1011:
987:
938:
921:
888:
871:
846:paraphyletic
843:
834:
824:
822:
803:
800:
797:Gravitropism
782:
777:
775:
765:
761:
759:
748:
747:as a model.
744:
742:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
718:
715:Phototropism
708:
704:
701:mycoparasite
696:
694:
677:
665:
647:Mucor mucedo
645:
639:
637:
613:
585:
577:
565:
547:
511:
503:
491:
471:
447:
427:
409:
393:
377:
375:
363:
348:monophyletic
328:Mucoromycota
308:zygote fungi
307:
303:
302:
285:
272:
258:Kickxellales
253:Asellariales
244:
221:
202:
188:
141:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:"Zygomycota"
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
6357:iNaturalist
6264:Wikispecies
6179:Brachiopoda
6154:Cycliophora
6099:Onychophora
6074:Kinorhyncha
5996:Ginkgophyta
5991:Cycadophyta
5956:Chlorophyta
5946:Glaucophyta
5640:Myxococcota
5558:Chlorobiota
5553:Chlamydiota
5309:Chitinozoan
5235:Parabasalia
5087:Embryophyta
5051:Chlorokybus
5031:Chlorophyta
4979:Glaucophyta
4953:Cryptophyta
4843:Pirsoniales
4810:Bicosoecida
4791:Platysulcus
4764:Perkinsozoa
4746:Apicomplexa
4719:Colponemida
4486:Pluriformea
4355:Archamoebea
4344:Eumycetozoa
3905:Zygomycosis
3759:Aspergillus
3705:C. glabrata
3620:Candidiasis
3576:Emmonsiosis
3487:Lobomycosis
3277:Tinea nigra
3192:By organism
3086:By location
3017:Superficial
2627:Lipomycetes
2558:(sac fungi)
2157:Microsporea
1958:Opisthokont
1871:(1): 1–14.
1434:Choanephora
1429:ascomycetes
1182:Lactic acid
764:, carRP in
562:homopolymer
483:Sporangium.
430:germination
268:Harpellales
230:Endogonales
203:Zygomycetes
126:Zygomycota
6470:Zygomycota
6464:Categories
6270:Zygomycota
6240:Zygomycota
6212:Parakaryon
6174:Entoprocta
6109:Arthropoda
6104:Tardigrada
6084:Priapulida
6079:Loricifera
6064:Echinoderm
6034:Ctenophora
6006:Gnetophyta
5961:Charophyta
5951:Rhodophyta
5923:Ascomycota
5918:Zygomycota
5860:Metamonada
5835:Euglenozoa
5820:Ciliophora
5528:Balneolota
5503:Aquificota
5390:Rigifilida
5289:Acritarchs
5214:Barthelona
5205:Metamonada
5190:Euglenozoa
5058:Mesostigma
5014:sensu lato
4995:Rhodophyta
4854:Ochrophyta
4815:Placidozoa
4726:Ciliophora
4696:Radiolaria
4613:Haptophyta
4508:Filasterea
4420:Holomycota
4125:Otomycosis
4108:Fusariosis
3900:Zygomycota
3794:Eumycetoma
3630:Esophageal
3397:Onygenales
3377:Ascomycota
3063:Ascomycota
2962:See also:
2555:Ascomycota
2328:Zygomycota
1962:True fungi
1901:Zygomycota
1669:Mycologist
1441:References
1380:plasmogamy
1307:Petri dish
1262:β-carotene
1193:R. delemar
1144:Cellulases
1029:subphylum
889:subphylum
872:subphylum
804:Phycomyces
762:Phycomyces
749:Phycomyces
745:Phycomyces
668:trisporoid
620:β-carotene
574:exocytosis
530:sporangium
495:pheromones
488:Zygophores
444:Mitospores
378:Zygomycota
370:gametangia
340:coenocytic
304:Zygomycota
294:Zoopagales
189:Zygomycota
185:Division:
143:Phycomyces
99:March 2019
69:newspapers
6437:100364588
6129:Dicyemida
6001:Pinophyta
5880:Telonemia
5815:Cryptista
5805:Breviatea
5790:Amoebozoa
5785:Alveolata
5766:Eukaryote
5518:Bacillota
5230:Fornicata
5136:Excavates
4938:Cryptista
4861:Oomycetes
4838:Developea
4820:Sagenista
4707:Alveolata
4643:Telonemia
4518:Choanozoa
4395:Breviatea
4338:Tubulinea
4325:Amoebozoa
4266:Amoebozoa
4244:Alveolata
4232:Cryptista
4207:Eukaryota
4177:Eukaryote
4084:Ungrouped
3915:Mucorales
3386:Dimorphic
3050:endothrix
3022:cutaneous
2213:Zoosporic
2190:Aphelidea
2054:Amoebozoa
2032:Alveolata
2020:Cryptista
1995:Eukaryota
1917:Mucorales
1865:Mycologia
1709:: 33–44.
1643:The Fungi
1487:0027-5514
1467:Mycologia
1409:cytoplasm
1400:Pilobolus
1384:Karyogamy
1361:sporangia
1353:Mucorales
1155:R. oryzae
1129:proteases
840:Phylogeny
628:pheromone
616:terpenoid
536:Cell wall
376:The name
354:Etymology
235:Mucorales
175:Kingdom:
169:Eukaryota
6432:Tropicos
6383:MycoBank
6331:Fungorum
6284:60013082
6279:AusFungi
6249:Wikidata
6189:Annelida
6184:Mollusca
6164:Phoronid
6159:Nemertea
6134:Rotifera
6114:Flatworm
6089:Nematoda
6054:Chordate
6044:Cnidaria
6039:Placozoa
5870:Rhizaria
5845:Haptista
5825:Cercozoa
5485:Bacteria
5412:protists
5408:kingdoms
5296:Grypania
5258:Imasidae
5159:Jakobida
4683:Endomyxa
4678:Cercozoa
4670:Rhizaria
4600:Haptista
4532:Animalia
4475:Bicellum
4350:Variosea
4333:Discosea
4311:Amorphea
4261:Amorphea
4239:Rhizaria
4227:Hacrobia
4217:Excavata
4202:Bacteria
4102:Fusarium
3698:C. auris
3665:Candidid
3362:systemic
3114:Ringworm
3045:exothrix
2204:Eumycota
2049:Amorphea
2027:Rhizaria
2015:Hacrobia
2005:Excavata
1990:Bacteria
1850:11542610
1804:21460919
1796:14605883
1758:12951800
1723:15777660
1505:27738200
1425:conidium
1266:Diverse
1249:Diverse
1232:Diverse
1203:Diverse
1186:Diverse
1176:Rhizopus
1170:Diverse
1160:Rhizopus
1158:, other
1139:Rhizopus
1118:Rhizopus
1109:Several
558:chitosan
438:dormancy
365:Rhizopus
312:division
165:Domain:
6411:4115686
6255:Q215384
6169:Bryozoa
5865:Provora
5840:Jakobea
5830:Discoba
5776:Protist
5713:Archaea
5466:Extant
5147:Discoba
5012:Plants
4984:Picozoa
4830:Gyrista
4737:Myzozoa
4590:Provora
4496:Filozoa
4452:Holozoa
4360:Cutosea
4276:Animals
4197:Archaea
2801:basidia
2528:Dikarya
2064:Animals
1985:Archaea
1885:3758010
1830:Bibcode
1496:6078412
1388:diploid
1357:asexual
1125:Lipases
1101:Product
1098:Species
1065:Dikarya
634:History
624:retinol
594:glucans
526:diploid
521:haploid
517:nuclear
513:Meiosis
507:melanin
410:-mycota
344:gametes
338:may be
216:Orders
199:Class:
83:scholar
6447:230551
6444:uBio:
6424:212613
6395:NZOR:
6375:936291
6323:1ZYGOP
6029:Sponge
6021:Animal
5420:groups
4802:Bigyra
4376:Obazoa
4254:Plants
4191:Domain
3102:Kerion
3041:Piedra
2799:(with
2042:Plants
1979:Domain
1923:(MeSH)
1883:
1848:
1802:
1794:
1776:Planta
1756:
1721:
1650:
1623:
1592:
1565:
1532:
1503:
1493:
1485:
1392:hyphae
1365:spores
1199:Biotin
939:order
922:order
550:chitin
416:Spores
386:spores
336:hyphae
326:: the
316:phylum
208:Winter
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
6388:90405
6362:55113
6336:90405
6297:23738
5938:Plant
5890:Fungi
5810:CRuMs
5372:CRuMs
4434:Fungi
4281:Fungi
3751:-like
3606:-like
3604:Yeast
3512:Other
3263:Other
3183:Favus
3032:Tinea
2665:Other
2215:fungi
2069:Fungi
1881:JSTOR
1800:S2CID
1559:268–9
1303:Mucor
1112:Mucor
1104:Uses
783:Mucor
766:Mucor
398:Greek
394:Zygos
324:phyla
320:Fungi
306:, or
179:Fungi
90:JSTOR
76:books
6370:ITIS
6344:GBIF
6318:EPPO
6310:5560
6292:BOLD
5976:Moss
5468:life
5424:bold
4629:TSAR
3749:Mold
3625:Oral
3366:and
3054:hair
3052:) =
3036:skin
3007:and
1846:PMID
1792:PMID
1754:PMID
1719:PMID
1703:Gene
1648:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1501:PMID
1483:ISSN
1219:and
1178:spp.
1162:spp.
1127:and
1121:spp.
1115:and
727:and
622:and
402:yoke
330:and
210:1881
62:news
6305:EoL
4903:CAM
4659:SAR
3884:spp
3019:and
1873:doi
1838:doi
1784:doi
1780:218
1746:doi
1742:107
1711:doi
1707:348
1701:".
1677:doi
1491:PMC
1475:doi
1471:108
1289:or
823:In
396:is
314:or
145:sp.
45:by
6466::
6434::
6421::
6408::
6385::
6372::
6359::
6349:96
6346::
6333::
6320::
6307::
6294::
6281::
6266::
6251::
3428:.
3034:=
3029:):
1960::
1879:.
1869:64
1867:.
1844:.
1836:.
1826:24
1824:.
1812:^
1798:.
1790:.
1778:.
1766:^
1752:.
1740:.
1717:.
1705:.
1689:^
1673:11
1671:.
1561:.
1524:.
1499:.
1489:.
1481:.
1469:.
1465:.
1448:^
1415:.
1367:.
1213:,
723:,
532:.
509:.
392:.
350:.
289::
276::
248::
225::
5778:"
5774:"
5738:"
5734:"
5731:"
5727:"
5724:"
5720:"
5581:"
5577:"
5459:e
5452:t
5445:v
5416:*
5307:â€
5301:â€
5293:â€
5287:â€
5138:*
5090:Âą
5017:)
5010:(
4721:*
4535:Âą
4472:â€
4437:Âą
4288:)
4169:e
4162:t
4155:v
4041:/
4031:)
4027:(
4000:/
3976:)
3972:(
3922:)
3918:(
3907:)
3903:(
3808:/
3804:/
3408:/
3364:,
3359:,
3095:/
3079:)
3075:(
3047:/
3043:(
3038:;
3025:(
2997:e
2990:t
2983:v
2803:)
2497:â€
2279:?
2273:?
2076:)
1950:e
1943:t
1936:v
1887:.
1875::
1852:.
1840::
1832::
1806:.
1786::
1760:.
1748::
1725:.
1713::
1683:.
1679::
1656:.
1629:.
1598:.
1571:.
1538:.
1507:.
1477::
1347:(
586:N
578:N
566:N
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
