499:). Zussmanite was discovered in combination with deerite and howieite, two new minerals discovered in the Franciscan formation, Mendocino County, California. Deerite and howieite have been found at other locations while zussmanite has only been found at this type locality, making it a rare occurring mineral. Experiments have revealed that zussmanite is stable up to 600 °C at pressures between 10 kb and 30 kb and that the end members of zussmanite are orthoferrosilite, biotite and quartz. The example of the reaction is
619:). The six-member rings are not directly linked to one another which allows for adjustment by tilting outwards of all tetrahedral, as opposed to many micas where rotations and tilts are used to achieve the larger dimensions of the octahedral layer. The flattening of the octahedral layer perpendicular to the layer is pronounced in zussmanite due to shared and unshared edges. This flattening could be due to the tendency for shared oxygens to come closer and shields iron (Fe) atoms from other neighboring iron (Fe) atoms.
615:). The Fe-(O,OH) mean distance in the first octahedron is 2.1 Angstroms, the second octahedron is 2.14 Angstroms, and in the third octahedron is 2.17 Angstroms. The mean distance in the Si-O bonds in zussmanite are 1.61 Angstroms for the first tetrahedron, 1.61 Angstroms for the second tetrahedron, and 1.65 Angstroms for the third tetrahedron; data given in table I (
611:). Zussmanite's structure has a close affinity to that of the trioctahedral micas which have a layer of Fe-O octahedral sandwiched between inward pointing tetrahedral. It differs from the micas because its Si-O ratio is 9:21 which results in a sharing coefficient 1.83, as compared with 2.5 and 1.75 for micas, and 1.2 and 2.0 for framework silicates (
638:
octahedra parallel to (0001). The optical properties result from virtually pure zussmanite that was separated from thin sections, approximately 200 micrometers thick, under a polarizing microscope by means of a microdrill. The indices of refraction compare well with those determined be
401:). The three principal Barrovian types are low P/T type, medium P/T type, and high P/T type. The high P/T type, referred to as glaucophanic metamorphism, is characterized by the presence of
607:). These layers are linked to one another by potassium (K) atoms and also by three-member rings of tetrahedra that share oxygens with the six-members; displayed in figure 2 (
929:
847:
Massonne, H.-J.; Hervé, F.; Medenbach, O.; Muñoz, V.; Willner, A. P. (December 1998). "Zussmanite in ferruginous metasediments from
Southern Central Chile".
410:
627:
Zussmanite occurs in pale green tabular crystals with perfect cleavage. It tends to be uniaxial, weakly pleochroic and a specific gravity of 3.146 (
924:
495:) substitutes are mainly magnesium (Mg) with trace amounts that could include: manganese (Mn), aluminium (Al), iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) (
752:
351:
576:
631:). Other types of zussmanite found in Laytonville, which are of fine-grained samples are assumed to be late-stage metamorphic products.
383:
379:
733:"Deerite, howieite and zussmanite, three new minerals from the Franciscan of the Laytonville District, Mendocino County, California"
595:). The structure of Zussmanite contains continuous sheets of rhombohedrally stacked layers of Fe-O octahedral parallel to (0001) (
919:
428:). Glaucophane schists are characterized by low temperature (100â250 °C) high pressure (4â9 kbar) metamorphism (
877:
468:
rocks and oceanic-continental margin sediments along convergent plate boundaries. The ideal formula for zussmanite is
397:
type of metamorphism is usually distinguished by the P/T range rather than the ranges in pressure and temperatures (
80:
394:
213:
393:
The locality in which zussmanite occurs is one of ultra high to high pressure and low temperatures. This
914:
909:
346:
70:
130:
183:
173:
827:
791:
368:
702:
487:
with possible substitutions of sodium (Na) for potassium (K), in extremely small amounts (
8:
203:
193:
831:
795:
326:
314:
163:
873:
457:
444:
up to 1 mm in size, in the newly discovered locality in
Southern Central Chile (
372:
701:
Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (2005).
591:
The space group and cell of
Zussmanite are R*3, ahex 11.66 and chex28.69 Angstroms (
856:
839:
835:
803:
799:
776:
732:
375:
334:
291:
241:
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39:
812:
683:
90:
32:
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903:
465:
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259:
153:
102:
860:
342:
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418:
413:, commonly referred to as blueschist-facies, result from metamorphism of
402:
330:
269:
117:
670:
461:
338:
109:
643:
for the chemically different zussmanite from the
Laytonville quarry (
364:
360:
762:
Dempsey, M.J. (1981). "Zussmanite
Stability; A Preliminary Study".
95:
421:
355:. In the Laytonville quarry, zussmanite occurs in metamorphosed
437:
414:
371:. It is a location of high pressure and low temperatures where
634:
The perfect cleavage is a result of the continuous sheets of
603:âO tetrahedral in a way to produce a rhombohedral unit cell (
580:
356:
846:
644:
445:
387:
386:
were first discovered. This type of locality also produces
700:
579:, has been found in manganese-rich siliceous rocks in the
813:"Further Detail on the Crystal Structure of Zussmanite"
810:
774:
616:
612:
608:
604:
596:
496:
488:
777:"The Crystal Structure of the Mineral Zussmanite"
901:
750:
429:
425:
390:, which have a similar structure as zussmanite.
313:. It occurs as pale green crystals with perfect
930:Natural history of Mendocino County, California
730:
640:
628:
592:
460:phyllosilicate mineral occurs as a result of
754:An introduction to the rock-forming minerals
731:Agrell, S.O.; Bown, M.G.; McKie, D. (1965).
599:) and to either side of these are attached
320:
135:a = 11.66, c = 28.69 ; Z = 3
757:(2nd ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
378:occur. This is also the locality in which
349:'s Department of Geology and co-author of
867:
575:). The manganese analogue of zussmanite,
406:
398:
751:Deer, W.; Howie, R; Zussman, J. (1993).
417:rocks and are usually located in folded
925:Geology of Mendocino County, California
761:
572:
902:
811:Lopes-Vieira, A.; Zussman, J. (1969).
775:Lopes-Vieira, A.; Zussman, J. (1967).
622:
676:
432:). Zussmanite is commonly found with
274:Weak; O = pale green; E = colorless
13:
870:Metamorphism and metamorphic belts
764:Progress in Experimental Petrology
694:
341:. Zussmanite is named in honor of
325:It was first described in 1964 by
14:
941:
888:
872:. London: G. Allen & Unwin.
617:Lopes-Vieira & Zussman 1969
613:Lopes-Vieira & Zussman 1969
609:Lopes-Vieira & Zussman 1967
605:Lopes-Vieira & Zussman 1969
597:Lopes-Vieira & Zussman 1967
497:Lopes-Vieira & Zussman 1969
489:Lopes-Vieira & Zussman 1969
405:and forms glaucophane schists (
840:10.1180/minmag.1969.037.285.06
804:10.1180/minmag.1967.036.278.11
657:
451:
430:Deer, Howie & Zussman 1993
426:Deer, Howie & Zussman 1993
198:Sub-vitreous, resinous, greasy
1:
650:
641:Agrell, Bown & McKie 1965
629:Agrell, Bown & McKie 1965
593:Agrell, Bown & McKie 1965
586:
7:
920:Minerals in space group 146
440:, usually forming abundant
10:
946:
294:with the chemical formula
868:Miyashiro, Akiho (1973).
712:. Mineral Data Publishing
684:"Zussmanite Mineral Data"
345:(born 1924), Head of the
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895:Properties of Zussmanite
347:University of Manchester
321:Discovery and occurrence
290:is a hydrated iron-rich
861:10.1180/002646198548098
728:
491:). The possible iron (
849:Mineralogical Magazine
820:Mineralogical Magazine
784:Mineralogical Magazine
710:Handbook of Mineralogy
740:American Mineralogist
521:(orthoferrosilite) +
352:Rock-Forming Minerals
148:Light to medium green
81:Strunz classification
645:Massonne et al. 1998
514:(zussmanite) yields
446:Massonne et al. 1998
369:Franciscan Formation
832:1969MinM...37...49L
796:1967MinM...36..292L
623:Physical properties
411:Glaucophane schists
327:Stuart Olof Agrell
233:Optical properties
915:Trigonal minerals
458:blueschist facies
376:metamorphic rocks
373:blueschist facies
285:
284:
937:
883:
864:
843:
817:
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790:(278): 292â293.
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583:in New Zealand.
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335:Mendocino County
312:
292:silicate mineral
242:Refractive index
224:Specific gravity
158:Tabular crystals
65:
45:
44:(repeating unit)
16:
15:
945:
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940:
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910:Phyllosilicates
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889:External links
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879:978-0045500178
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855:(6): 869â876.
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826:(285): 28â60.
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688:Webmineral.com
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168:Perfect {0001}
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140:Identification
137:
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107:Pyramidal (3)
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91:Crystal system
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33:Phyllosilicate
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646:
642:
636:(Fe,Mg)(O,OH)
632:
630:
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614:
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598:
594:
584:
582:
578:
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498:
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434:stilpnomelane
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260:Birefringence
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103:Crystal class
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869:
852:
848:
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819:
787:
783:
767:
763:
753:
743:
739:
714:. Retrieved
709:
703:"Zussmanite"
696:
687:
678:
665:
659:
633:
626:
590:
581:Otago Schist
573:Dempsey 1981
557:(biotite) +
455:
419:geosynclinal
392:
359:, siliceous
350:
343:Jack Zussman
324:
287:
286:
236:Uniaxial (â)
122:
571:0 (water) (
564:(quartz) +
452:Composition
403:glaucophane
363:and impure
331:Laytonville
296:K(Fe,Mg,Mn)
270:Pleochroism
218:Translucent
214:Diaphaneity
118:Space group
49:K(Fe,Mg,Mn)
904:Categories
671:Mindat.org
666:Zussmanite
651:References
462:subduction
365:limestones
361:ironstones
339:California
288:Zussmanite
279:References
110:H-M symbol
71:IMA symbol
19:Zussmanite
587:Structure
577:coombsite
505:[AlSi
395:Barrovian
300:[AlSi
264:ÎŽ = 0.020
250:= 1.643 n
178:Micaceous
131:Unit cell
53:[AlSi
770:: 58â60.
716:14 March
422:terranes
415:basaltic
384:Howieite
333:quarry,
315:cleavage
188:Flexible
184:Tenacity
174:Fracture
164:Cleavage
96:Trigonal
29:Category
828:Bibcode
792:Bibcode
601:(Si,Al)
526:⁄
516:10FeSiO
380:Deerite
367:of the
329:in the
254:= 1.623
85:9.EG.35
40:Formula
24:General
876:
746:: 278.
438:quartz
357:shales
204:Streak
194:Luster
816:(PDF)
780:(PDF)
736:(PDF)
706:(PDF)
509:](OH)
507:17042
388:micas
308:](OH)
228:3.146
208:White
145:Color
112:: (3)
61:](OH)
874:ISBN
718:2022
559:4SiO
552:(OH)
482:(OH)
456:The
436:and
382:and
857:doi
836:doi
800:doi
647:).
501:KFe
478:AlO
470:KFe
464:of
448:).
409:).
75:Zus
906::
853:62
851:.
834:.
824:37
822:.
818:.
798:.
788:36
786:.
782:.
766:.
744:50
742:.
738:.
708:.
686:.
669:,
566:6H
550:20
544:Al
540:Si
536:Fe
511:14
503:13
493:Fe
484:14
480:42
476:17
474:Si
472:13
337:,
317:.
310:14
306:42
302:17
298:13
63:14
59:42
55:17
51:13
882:.
863:.
859::
842:.
838::
830::
806:.
802::
794::
768:5
720:.
690:.
568:2
561:2
554:4
548:O
546:2
542:6
538:6
534:2
532:K
528:2
524:1
518:3
424:(
304:O
252:Δ
248:Ï
246:n
125:3
123:R
57:O
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