575:. A later tradition has Di Xin covering himself with precious jades prior to immolation. King Wu killed Daji after he found her. The order to execute her was given by Jiang Ziya. Shang officials were released without charge with some later working as Zhou officials. The imperial grain store was opened immediately after the battle to feed the starving population. The battle marked the end of the Shang dynasty and the beginning of the Zhou dynasty.
36:
142:
491:
morale, his army's superior numbers could, if not defeat, then at least slow down the rebels until reinforcements could arrive. He was wrong. The majority of his Shang troops fled or joined the Zhou, and the few who did were easily overwhelmed by the Zhou forces. After the battle, Di Xin committed suicide.
481:
Sentiment towards Di Xin is difficult to gauge. Subsequent histories were politically and culturally aligned with the conquering Zhou, and historical accounts of Di Xin grew more egregious over time. In earlier sources, he is depicted as benighted and ineffectual; whereas after a few centuries, he is
1341:
The She king, or the Book of poetry: pt. 1. The first part of the She-king, or the
Lessons from the states; and the Prolegomena. pt. II. The second, third, and fourth parts of the She-king, or the Minor odes of the kingdom, the Greater odes of the kingdom, the Sacrificial odes and praise-songs; and
674:
technique, yielded a date for the conquest between 1050 and 1020 BC. The only date within that range matching all the astronomical data is 20 January 1046 BC. This date had previously been proposed by David
Pankenier, who had matched the above passages from the classics with the same astronomical
490:
With just 45,000 men and a few hundred wagons, the Zhou were initially hugely outnumbered – even though most of the Shang forces were at war to the east, Di Xin of Shang organized some 170,000 troops. But Di Xin made a mistake: many of his fighters were slaves, and he thought that despite low troop
458:
Eventually, Di Xin came to fear King Wen's growing power and imprisoned him. Although Wen was later released, the tension between Shang and Zhou grew. Wen prepared his army and conquered a few smaller states which were loyal to Shang, slowly weakening Shang's allies. King Wen died in 1050 BC before
648:
of all five planets occurring before and after the Zhou conquest. Han-period texts mention the first conjunction as occurring in the 32nd year of the reign of the last king. Such events are rare, but all five planets did gather on 28 May 1059 BC and again on 26 September 1019 BC. Although the
653:
The strategy adopted by the
Project was to use the archeological investigation to narrow the range of dates that would need to be compared with the astronomical data. Although no archaeological traces of King Wu's campaign have been found, the pre-conquest Zhou capital at
562:
charges, King Wu broke through the Shang's defense line. Di Xin was forced to flee to his palace, and the remaining Shang troops fell into further chaos. The Zhou were victorious and showed little mercy to the defeated Shang, shedding enough blood "to float a log".
462:
Di Xin did not stress about Zhou's local conquests in the Wei River valley, as he viewed himself as a rightful ruler, appointed by his divine ancestors. Other records describe him as overindulging in alcohol and sex with his consort
678:
Other scholars have raised several criticisms of this process. The connection between the layers at the archaeological sites and the conquest is uncertain. The narrow range of radiocarbon dates is cited with a less stringent
683:(68%) than the standard requirement of 95%, which would have produced a much wider range. The texts describing the relevant astronomical phenomena are extremely obscure. For example, the inscription on the
769:
The final words of this poem, "會朝清明", do not have an agreed-upon meaning, even accounting for poetic variation. Legge (1871) has "That morning's encounter was followed by a clear bright ."
752:). These include "Zhouxin", "Zhou of Shang", "Zhou of Yin" (his capital city), and "Shang King Zhou". This name "Zhòu" is an entirely different word to the Zhōu dynasty that conquered him (
474:
led the Zhou in a revolt a few years later. The reason for this delay was that King Wu believed that the heavenly order to conquer Shang had not been given, as well as the advice of
649:
recorded positions in the sky of these two events are the reverse of what occurred, they could not have been retrospectively calculated at the time the account first appears.
587:, previous chronologies had proposed at least 44 different dates for this event, ranging from 1130 to 1018 BC. The most popular had been 1122 BC, calculated by the
690:, a key text used in dating the conquest, can be interpreted in several different ways, with one alternative reading leading to the date of 9 January 1044 BC.
777:
give "Meeting in the morning, clear and bright." Nivison (2018) reads the final two words as a date term, yielding "this occurred in the morning, Qingming ".
1359:
1258:
1738:
715:
584:
17:
886:
859:
832:
100:
1768:
1613:
583:
Although the day and month on which the Battle of Muye was fought are certain, there is doubt about the year. Prior to the
72:
1486:(2008). "To Rebel is Justified? The Image of Zhouxin and the Legitimacy of Rebellion in the Chinese Political Tradition".
876:
1758:
1753:
79:
1748:
1659:
1565:
1421:
119:
849:
822:
494:
Still, many loyal Shang troops fought on, and a very bloody battle followed, depicted at the end of a poem in the
1398:
The
Nivison Annals: Selected Works of David S. Nivison on Early Chinese Chronology, Astronomy, and Historiography
1157:
Chen, Hung-Sen (2021). "Some Minor
Insights from Reading the Anhui University Warring States Bamboo Slips of the
53:
455:
of Shang (King Zhou). Di Xin used King Wen to guard his rear while he was involved in a south-eastern campaign.
86:
1595:
291:
57:
1705:
Zhang Peiyu (2002). "Determining Xia–Shang–Zhou
Chronology through Astronomical Records in Historical Texts".
68:
1583:
451:, the ruler of the Zhou and vassal of the Shang king, was given the title "Overlord of the West" by
637:
gives the positions of the Sun, Moon, Jupiter, and two stars on the day King Wu attacked the Shang.
1440:
748:
Xin") in Shang records. Zhou records call him by many names, using his posthumous epithet "Zhou" (
645:
559:
46:
1221:
1743:
424:
1670:
1537:
628:'s campaign. This date, and the date of his victory, are given as months and sexagenary days.
1604:
572:
662:
has been excavated and strata at the site have been identified with the pre-dynastic Zhou.
93:
1622:
1401:
1368:
675:
events, but here it resulted from a thorough consideration of a broader range of evidence.
1288:
8:
680:
1626:
1405:
1372:
1693:
1638:
1545:
1524:
1495:
1471:
1463:
1427:
1384:
1328:
1320:
1293:
1275:
1217:
1178:
663:
400:
217:
1380:
1271:
1763:
1697:
1655:
1642:
1608:
1561:
1528:
1475:
1431:
1417:
1388:
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1191:
1182:
882:
855:
828:
620:
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428:
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The Zhou troops were much better trained, and their morale was high. In one of the
1714:
1685:
1630:
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1455:
1409:
1376:
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1302:
1267:
1207:
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that the
Western Zhou (whose endpoint is known to be 770 BC) had lasted 257 years.
448:
444:
404:
332:
205:
1557:
1550:
The
Cambridge History of Ancient China: from the Origins of civilization to 221 BC
671:
625:
471:
408:
225:
431:
theory that functioned to justify dynastic conquest throughout
Chinese history.
1718:
1634:
353:
1684:. Translated by Victor Cunrui Xiong. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: 1–5.
1520:
1459:
1174:
1732:
1541:
1251:"Defence of planetary conjunctions for early Chinese chronology is unmerited"
597:
412:
396:
200:
1689:
1250:
1230:
633:
528:
420:
339:
309:
1671:"New development in the research on the chronology of the Three Dynasties"
1413:
1306:
1345:
610:
588:
539:
1499:
1467:
1324:
1483:
1315:
520:
475:
230:
571:
After the battle, Di Xin burned himself to death in his palace on the
1575:
756:), despite their identical romanization when tone marks are ignored.
440:
1266:(2). National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand: 142–147.
958:
35:
1579:
1231:"Astro-historiographic chronologies of early China are unfounded"
659:
655:
624:
appears to describe a lunar eclipse just before the beginning of
551:
517:
The teams of bays, black-maned and white-bellied, galloped along;
496:
141:
1367:(1). National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand: 1–8.
1206:(1). University of Michigan: American Oriental Society: 73–104.
604:
A few documents relate astronomical observations to this event:
684:
452:
1507:
Pines, Yuri (2020). "Names and Titles in
Eastern Zhou Texts".
1134:
912:
910:
667:
439:
By the 12th century BC, Shang influence extended west to the
416:
174:
419:, marking the end of the Shang and the establishment of the
1609:"How reliable are archaic records of large solar eclipses?"
802:
464:
170:
907:
595:, and 1027 BC, deduced from a statement in the "old text"
482:
described as a monstrous torturer, universally despised.
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valley, a region that was occupied by clans known as the
1086:
946:
1122:
994:
934:
1110:
358:
344:
1355:"Astronomy in the Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project"
1192:"The Record of King Wu of Zhou's Royal Deeds in the
1062:
1050:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1009:
395:) was fought between forces of the ancient Chinese
1040:
1038:
922:
895:
790:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1396:Nivison, David S. (2018). Adam C. Schwartz (ed.).
1289:"Building the Chronology of early Chinese History"
1074:
740:The Shang monarch's name is recorded as "Di Xin" (
1098:
1006:
982:
1730:
1552:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–351.
1035:
970:
824:World History Encyclopedia: [21 volumes]
878:1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History
1441:"Astronomical Dates in Shang and Western Zhou"
513:The wilderness of Muh spread out extensively;
296:
1360:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
1259:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
1244:. The Australian National University: 61–68.
1196:in Light of Near Eastern Royal Inscriptions"
718:, though doubts persist on this dating. See
666:of samples from the site as well as at late
1535:
916:
770:
1603:
1140:
140:
1438:
1314:
1301:(1). University of Hawai`i Press: 15–42.
1211:
1092:
1000:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1200:Journal of the American Oriental Society
533:Who at one onset smote the great Shang.
1395:
1189:
952:
940:
731:literally, "Battle of the Wild Pasture"
509:And marshaled in the wilderness of Muh.
459:Zhou's actual offensive against Shang.
423:—an event that features prominently in
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1731:
1344:. The Chinese Classics. Translated by
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1228:
1128:
1116:
710:
708:
1704:
1506:
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1339:
1056:
901:
874:
821:Ph.D, Alfred J. Andrea (2011-03-23).
808:
796:
1614:Journal for the History of Astronomy
1454:. Cambridge University Press: 2–37.
1156:
928:
820:
774:
714:1046 BC is the year endorsed by the
515:Bright shone the chariots of sandal;
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1668:
1352:
1286:
1104:
1080:
1068:
1044:
1029:
1017:
988:
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705:
670:and early Zhou capitals, using the
478:to wait for the right opportunity.
24:
1739:Battles involving the Zhou dynasty
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964:
847:
550:, "Great brightness", poem #236),
25:
1780:
1707:Journal of East Asian Archaeology
1621:(2). SAGE Publications: 229–250.
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1381:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2002.01.01
1272:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2007.02.08
716:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
585:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
411:. The Zhou defeated the Shang at
1222:10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.1.0073
1213:10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.1.0073
760:is used here to avoid confusion.
34:
1536:Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999).
1515:(5–6). Leiden: Brill: 714–720.
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415:and captured the Shang capital
45:needs additional citations for
1654:. New York: Crown Publishers.
1596:Records of the Grand Historian
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525:Was like an eagle on the wing,
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13:
1:
1558:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.007
1494:. Harrassowitz Verlag: 1–24.
854:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
851:China at War: An Encyclopedia
827:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
693:
507:Were collected like a forest,
434:
389:
156:
27:Conquest of the Shang by Zhou
1439:Pankenier, David W. (1982).
784:
698:
566:
7:
1769:2nd-millennium BC conflicts
1249:Keenan, Douglas J. (2007).
1229:Keenan, Douglas J. (2002).
875:Grant, R. G. (2017-10-24).
848:Li, Xiaobing (2012-01-10).
719:
10:
1785:
1719:10.1163/156852302322454602
1635:10.1177/002182860803900205
1149:
1759:Military history of Henan
1754:11th-century BC conflicts
1521:10.1163/15685322-10656P06
1460:10.1017/S0362502800005599
1175:10.1163/24689246-00401006
967:, p 319 n 40, p 320 n 41.
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505:The troops of Yin-Shang,
292:Traditional Chinese
173:(in present-day central
1690:10.1515/char.2002.2.1.1
1190:Grebnev, Yegor (2018).
811:, pp. 3–4, 10, 12.
1650:Wu, Kuo-Cheng (1982).
1605:Stephenson, F. Richard
1599:]. Zhonghua Shuju.
1546:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
1538:"Western Zhou History"
1287:Lee, Yun Kuen (2002).
556:
542:(translation), in
425:Chinese historiography
212:Commanders and leaders
18:Zhou conquest of Shang
1669:Yin Weizhang (2002).
1414:10.1515/9781501505393
1400:. De Gruyter Mouton.
1353:Liu, Ci-yuan (2002).
1307:10.1353/asi.2002.0006
573:Deer Terrace Pavilion
502:
427:as an example of the
268:Casualties and losses
260:3,700 allied chariots
1652:The Chinese Heritage
245:50,000–70,000 troops
54:improve this article
1678:Chinese Archaeology
1627:2008JHA....39..229S
1406:2018nasw.book.....N
1373:2002JAHH....5....1L
1143:, pp. 231–242.
681:confidence interval
640:The "current text"
608:A quotation in the
1713:. Brill: 335–357.
1294:Asian Perspectives
1238:East Asian History
1169:. Brill: 172–188.
917:Shaughnessy (1999)
771:Shaughnessy (1999)
664:Radiocarbon dating
618:武成 chapter of the
401:King Zhou of Shang
218:King Zhou of Shang
1159:Classic of Poetry
1141:Stephenson (2008)
1131:, pp. 62–64.
1071:, pp. 31–34.
1032:, pp. 33–34.
955:, pp. 86–87.
888:978-0-7858-3553-0
861:978-1-59884-416-0
834:978-1-85109-930-6
631:A passage in the
621:Book of Documents
519:The grand-master
429:Mandate of Heaven
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881:. Book Sales.
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1057:Zhang (2002)
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1003:, p. 3.
996:
984:
979:, p. 1.
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960:
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340:Hanyu Pinyin
310:Hanyu Pinyin
257:300 chariots
254:3,000 elites
195:Belligerents
186:Zhou victory
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1484:Pines, Yuri
1448:Early China
1342:the indexes
1316:10125/17161
1194:Yi Zhou shu
929:Chen (2021)
775:Chen (2021)
611:Book of Han
591:astronomer
589:Han dynasty
540:James Legge
110:August 2019
1733:Categories
1582:(1959) . "
1509:T'oung Pao
1105:Lee (2002)
1081:Yin (2002)
1069:Lee (2002)
1045:Liu (2002)
1030:Lee (2002)
1018:Lee (2002)
989:Lee (2002)
977:Yin (2002)
694:References
527:Assisting
476:Jiang Ziya
435:Background
354:Wade–Giles
231:Jiang Ziya
80:newspapers
1698:134396442
1643:117346649
1576:Sima Qian
1529:234449375
1476:163543848
1432:165998984
1389:129674512
1183:234008212
965:Wu (1982)
785:Citations
746:"God-King
699:Footnotes
644:mentions
567:Aftermath
521:Shang-foo
441:Wei River
1764:Xinxiang
1607:(2008).
1580:Sima Tan
1548:(eds.).
1500:24048044
1468:23351672
1333:67818363
1325:42928543
1280:17634444
758:"Di Xin"
537:—
529:king Woo
399:led by
240:Strength
166:Location
1623:Bibcode
1402:Bibcode
1369:Bibcode
1348:. 1871.
1150:Sources
660:Shaanxi
626:King Wu
616:Wǔchéng
593:Liu Xin
560:chariot
552:Shijing
544:Da ming
497:Shijing
409:King Wu
407:led by
94:scholar
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579:Dating
486:Battle
453:Di Xin
183:Result
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1674:(PDF)
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1540:. In
1525:S2CID
1496:JSTOR
1472:S2CID
1464:JSTOR
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1329:S2CID
1321:JSTOR
1276:S2CID
1254:(PDF)
1234:(PDF)
1218:JSTOR
1179:S2CID
668:Yinxu
634:Guoyu
384:, or
273:Heavy
201:Shang
175:Henan
101:JSTOR
87:books
1656:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1418:ISBN
883:ISBN
856:ISBN
829:ISBN
773:and
465:Daji
445:Zhou
413:Muye
376:The
298:牧野之戰
206:Zhou
171:Muye
153:Date
73:news
1715:doi
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