260:
critical impact. Zheng Yi uses eyewitness testimony, talks with the murderers and government documents, but also other non-fiction forms such as literary interpretation, political analysis and ethnographic description. Schreiber also objected to the excess of political commentary. Katherine E. Palmer wrote that while Zheng showed that incidents of cannibalism did take place, he resorts to "patronizing depictions of the Zhuang ethnic group" as explanations.
174:, where the most intense factional fighting had taken place. Fighting had broken out in January 1968, but not until April, with the founding of the county Revolutionary Committee, did the victorious groups begin to take extreme revenge on their enemies. Zheng gathered testimony from witnesses and even from those who themselves had taken part in beatings, torture, and murder. He found ample proof of
190:
told him that livers were the prime targets, then hearts, and that all flesh had been taken from more than a dozen corpses. In some cases organs were taken before the victim had died. Investigations in the 1980s sentenced 34 offenders to prison for two to fourteen years, but others received only administrative sanctions. These investigations gave the
38:
211:, in which he took part. He then went into hiding for two years, during which he wrote the book. The scholar Gang Yue suggests that the "time and circumstance" of its writing are "key to understanding the narrative as well as the thesis of the book" and that the tragic events of 1989 convinced Zheng to write the book.
178:. After a "beginning phase", in which organs were secretly taken from corpses, came a "heightening phase", in which it became gradually more acceptable to eat flesh, and then a "phase of massive madness", in which even those who had not been involved in the fighting took part. In July, after reports reached Premier
189:
Official investigations then determined that more than 500 people had been killed in the six months of fighting. Further investigations in the 1980s reported that some 76 cases of cannibalism had taken place, but Zheng's informants told him that there actually had been at least 100 cases. They also
297:
to establish credibility and refers to the text's transition from "investigative journalism" to "political polemic". Schreiber argues against Yue's assumption: polemic is in fact expressed through ethnography and investigative journalism, as both forms were suppressed under Mao's dictatorship and
281:
in its shortened form "does not draw an explicit connection between its writing and the aftermath of the massacre of June 4, 1989, the contemporary reference is inescapable: in crying out against the unleashing of mass slaughter and cannibalism as a political weapon in the 1960s, Zheng Yi is also
259:
Some reviewers took Zheng to task for exaggeration and presenting cannibalism as systematic rather than isolated. Kathleen
Schreiber summed up these criticisms as saying that there was "too much violence, too much speculation, and too many sources", which for some contributed to believability and
301:
Yue and Arthur
Waldron are among the scholars to point out that cannibalism is a theme in both traditional and modern Chinese writing. Waldron said that for the Chinese, "eating people is the representative evil of their civilization". Both he and Gang Yue connect Zheng's use of cannibalism to
198:
Zheng blamed the savagery and cannibalism on "class struggle" and "revolutionary revenge", since members of the losing side were accused of being landlords, "bad elements", "rightists" or supporters of opposing officials. These explanations could not cover all acts of violence, however. A male
293:"can and must be read as a fictional text, despite the author's claim to historical accuracy and scientific truth" and goes on to question how "systematic" the cannibalism could have been, given the inherent factionalism of the Cultural Revolution. Yue sees Zheng as using the conventions of
310:" (1918), in which the writer of the diary becomes convinced that everyone around him is secretly consuming human flesh. Yue argues that Zheng uses many literary techniques that parallel Lu Xun's, and quotes Zheng as saying "Lu Xun's Madman suffered from schizophrenia, I was normal".
229:
said that the
English version is "an entirely new book in the sense that less-substantive chapters or parts have been eliminated, to the extent that the original Chinese narratives are rendered more precise and their impact more powerful for non-Chinese readers".
90:
Zheng blames the savagery and cannibalism on "class struggle" and "revolutionary revenge". The book received praise for revealing the nature of Mao's regime and also criticism for giving the impression that cannibalism was systematic and widespread.
199:
teacher, for instance, accused a female student of being a counter-revolutionary because he had heard that a young woman's heart could cure heart disease, and a group of students ate the flesh of a teacher, among other incidents.
224:
The
Chinese book was first published in Taiwan, translated into English, then French. The Chinese version is 686 pages, while the English version is reduced to only 199 by cutting similar or redundant passages. The reviewer
242:, for instance, called it "vivid and striking and bitterly ironic" and warns that Zheng "bids the reader accompany him, tolerating 'the smell of stinking corpses and the smell of blood, holding back the desire to vomit
194:
an opportunity to suppress or eliminate "ultraleftists", but the results of the investigation were not to be made public, for fear that the image of the Party would be hurt if news leaked to Hong Kong.
266:
and
Michael Schoenhals also question Zheng's assumption that communism was the force that compelled the victors towards cannibalism, noting that similar incidents occurred under pressure from the
132:) literary magazine and embarked on a career as a writer. His short story "Maple" ("Feng"), published in 1979, was among the first to deal frankly with the violence of the Red Guards. His novel
112:, China's leading technical university, which was a center of radical student activity when the Cultural Revolution broke out in 1966. Zhang became a leader in the Rebel Faction of the
63:
by the
Chinese novelist Zheng Yi (郑义; born 1947). Zheng and a group of writers under the joint pseudonym "T. P. Sym" translated and abridged it from the Chinese work 红色纪念碑
166:
in 1968, when he was a Red Guard, and heard rumours of mass killings and cannibalism. He returned to do first-hand research in 1986, partly at the urging of his friend
939:
Sutton, Donald S. (January 1995). "Consuming
Counterrevolution: The Ritual and Culture of Cannibalism in Wuxuan, Guangxi, China, May to July 1968".
226:
1125:
75:: Huashi, 1993). Zheng uses local government documents, eye-witness accounts and confessions to describe the factional violence and even
941:
282:
decrying the incumbent regime's failure, yet again, to take anything but a despotic and adversarial stance vis-a-vis its own people".
154:
of 1989. He escaped and hid for several years until he was able to get to Hong Kong in March 1993. He then went to the United States.
267:
124:. He was a student at Yucai Teachers' Training College when he returned to Beijing in 1978. After graduation, he was editor of
170:, an investigative journalist. His initial talks with local officials and journalists led him to center his investigation on
1078:
1053:
842:
1130:
386:
208:
147:
17:
1097:
Williams, Philip F. (1997). "Chinese
Cannibalism's Literary Portrayal: From Cultural Myth to Literary Reportage".
1120:
271:
238:
Many China specialists reviewed the book favorably, though often noting that its descriptions were hard to bear.
1014:
183:
307:
151:
906:
Schreiber, Holly E (2014). "Cannibalized
Evidence: The Problem of over-Incorporation in Zheng Yi's
207:
Although his research in
Guangxi was finished in 1986, Zheng did not begin writing until after the
60:
635:
191:
376:
256:
that it is "plainly written, utterly convincing, meticulously documented and terrible to read".
833:
Leung, Laifong (1994). "Zheng Yi: Well digging and root searching". In Leung, Laifong (ed.).
277:
Alice Cheang pointed out Zheng's possible political motives for writing the book. Although
263:
117:
8:
1099:
Tamkang Review: A Quarterly of Comparative Studies Between Chinese and Foreign Literature
324:
319:
109:
84:
998:
966:
958:
927:
894:
821:
792:
784:
742:
704:
696:
667:
622:
113:
1074:
1049:
1002:
970:
931:
898:
838:
796:
746:
708:
671:
626:
382:
175:
76:
1027:
The Mouth That Begs: Hunger, Cannibalism, and the Politics of Eating in Modern China
287:
The Mouth That Begs: Hunger, Cannibalism, and the Politics of Eating in Modern China
990:
950:
919:
886:
813:
776:
732:
688:
659:
614:
329:
80:
1064:
1034:
865:
247:
134:
108:, Sichuan, in 1947, and went to Beijing to attend the middle school attached to
1010:
978:
890:
239:
37:
994:
954:
737:
720:
663:
618:
289:
to the book. Yue writes that incidents of cannibalism clearly took place, but
1114:
716:
647:
171:
142:) was a realistic portrayal of peasant struggle, and was made into a film by
1037:(Guangxi chiren kuangchao zhenxiang) 阿波罗新闻网 (Aboluo xinwen wang) 2007-01-29.
1070:
923:
692:
294:
143:
700:
825:
788:
179:
167:
962:
298:
Zheng Yi's use of them cannot be divorced from his political claims.
252:
105:
817:
780:
835:
Morning Sun: Interviews with Chinese Writers of the Lost Generation
543:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 259
163:
303:
121:
72:
605:
Bramall, Chris (2008). "Reversing the Verdict on Maoism?".
511:
509:
375:
Leung, Laifong (2009). "Zheng Yi". In Davis, Edward (ed.).
116:
and then in 1969 volunteered to go to the countryside, the
1069:. edited and translated by T. P. Sym. With a Foreword by
358:
356:
981:(1998). "Cultural Revolution Conflict in the Villages".
506:
31:
Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China
1066:
Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China
767:
Hooper, Beverly (1998). "'Real' Chinas in the 1990s".
582:
558:
484:
482:
353:
341:
56:
Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China
443:
419:
607:
Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics
467:
479:
395:
570:
546:
521:
494:
431:
285:The literary critic Gang Yue devoted a section of
146:. Zheng was arrested for his participation in the
597:
455:
407:
1112:
854:Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 現代中文文學學報
1090:Stèles rouges: du totalitarisme au cannibalisme
877:Palmer, Katherine E (1997). "(Book Review)".
868:(10 April 1999). "A Political Hunger Sated".
539:Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals.
378:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture
942:Comparative Studies in Society and History
852:Lyell, William A (1999). "(Book Review)".
36:
905:
736:
515:
233:
157:
1096:
1009:
804:King, Richard (1997). "(Book Review)".
754:Gong, Xiaoxia (1997). "(Book Review)".
488:
14:
1113:
938:
876:
864:
633:
552:
527:
500:
1062:
832:
678:
473:
437:
425:
413:
401:
362:
347:
1015:"'Eat People' – A Chinese Reckoning"
381:. Taylor and Francis. p. 2016.
186:was dispatched to end the violence.
1126:Books about the Cultural Revolution
1024:
679:Chong, Key Ray (1997). "(Review)".
588:
576:
564:
461:
449:
24:
25:
1142:
634:Cheang, Alice W. (July 1, 1999).
209:Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
1073:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
533:
1048:. Taipei: 华视文化 Huashi wenhua.
721:"The Truth Behind the Fiction"
598:References and further reading
368:
219:
94:
13:
1:
837:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.
99:
636:"Inscribing the Unspeakable"
7:
313:
10:
1147:
891:10.1177/0920203X9701200138
681:China Review International
214:
202:
152:Chinese democracy movement
995:10.1017/S030574100000299X
955:10.1017/S0010417500019575
738:10.1080/03064229408535671
664:10.1017/S0305741000052577
650:(1997). "(Book Review)".
619:10.1080/13523270802510644
268:Nationalist secret police
44:
35:
1131:Incidents of cannibalism
1029:. Duke University Press.
335:
184:People's Liberation Army
148:Tiananmen demonstrations
1092:. Paris: Bleu de Chine.
1088:—— (1999).
1063:—— (1996).
1041:—— (1993).
162:Zheng Yi first visited
1121:1993 non-fiction books
234:Reception and analysis
158:Fieldwork and research
924:10.1353/com.2014.0019
693:10.1353/cri.1997.0150
541:Mao's Last Revolution
192:reform-era government
104:Zheng Yi was born in
79:that occurred in the
264:Roderick MacFarquhar
61:reportage literature
983:The China Quarterly
725:Index on Censorship
652:The China Quarterly
591:, pp. 338–340.
452:, pp. 234–235.
325:Cultural Revolution
320:Cannibalism in Asia
85:Cultural Revolution
32:
1025:Yue, Gang (1999).
567:, p. 228–230.
365:, pp. 44, 71.
350:, pp. 259–69.
250:warned readers in
110:Qinghua University
30:
879:China Information
769:The China Journal
756:The China Journal
428:, pp. 90–93.
308:Diary of a Madman
272:Republican period
118:Lüliang Mountains
52:
51:
18:Zheng Yi (writer)
16:(Redirected from
1138:
1106:
1093:
1084:
1059:
1046:Hongse Jinianbei
1030:
1021:
1013:(July 1, 1997),
1006:
974:
935:
908:Scarlet Memorial
902:
885:(1–2): 298–299.
873:
866:Mirsky, Jonathan
861:
848:
829:
800:
763:
750:
740:
731:(1–2): 204–205.
712:
675:
643:
630:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
537:
531:
525:
519:
516:Schreiber (2014)
513:
504:
498:
492:
486:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
392:
372:
366:
360:
351:
345:
330:Guangxi Massacre
306:'s short story "
291:Scarlet Memorial
279:Scarlet Memorial
245:
81:Guangxi Massacre
65:Hongse jinianbei
40:
33:
29:
27:Book by Zheng Yi
21:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1087:
1081:
1056:
1040:
1033:郑义 (Zheng Yi),
1011:Waldron, Arthur
979:Unger, Jonathan
977:
912:The Comparatist
851:
845:
818:10.2307/2761044
806:Pacific Affairs
803:
781:10.2307/2667695
766:
753:
715:
646:
604:
600:
595:
587:
583:
575:
571:
563:
559:
551:
547:
538:
534:
526:
522:
514:
507:
499:
495:
487:
480:
472:
468:
460:
456:
448:
444:
436:
432:
424:
420:
412:
408:
404:, pp. 1–2.
400:
396:
389:
374:
373:
369:
361:
354:
346:
342:
338:
316:
248:Jonathan Mirsky
243:
236:
222:
217:
205:
160:
102:
97:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1144:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1108:
1107:
1094:
1085:
1080:978-0813326153
1079:
1060:
1055:978-9575720483
1054:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1007:
975:
949:(1): 136–172.
936:
903:
874:
862:
849:
844:978-1563240935
843:
830:
812:(3): 435–436.
801:
764:
751:
717:Gittings, John
713:
687:(2): 599–602.
676:
648:Becker, Jasper
644:
631:
613:(4): 657–667.
601:
599:
596:
594:
593:
581:
579:, p. 246.
569:
557:
545:
532:
520:
518:, p. 251.
505:
493:
489:Waldron (1997)
478:
476:, p. 599.
466:
464:, p. 238.
454:
442:
430:
418:
406:
394:
387:
367:
352:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
327:
322:
315:
312:
240:Arthur Waldron
235:
232:
221:
218:
216:
213:
204:
201:
159:
156:
101:
98:
96:
93:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1143:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1105:(4): 421–442.
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
846:
840:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:(39): 83–91.
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
752:
748:
744:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:Taiwan Review
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
602:
590:
585:
578:
573:
566:
561:
554:
553:Cheang (1999)
549:
542:
536:
529:
528:Palmer (1997)
524:
517:
512:
510:
502:
501:Mirsky (1999)
497:
490:
485:
483:
475:
470:
463:
458:
451:
446:
440:, p. 98.
439:
434:
427:
422:
415:
410:
403:
398:
390:
388:9780415777162
384:
380:
379:
371:
364:
359:
357:
349:
344:
340:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
311:
309:
305:
299:
296:
292:
288:
283:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
254:
249:
241:
231:
228:
227:Key Ray Chong
212:
210:
200:
196:
193:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:Wuxuan County
169:
165:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
92:
88:
87:(1966–1976).
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:is a book of
58:
57:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1071:Ross Terrill
1065:
1045:
1042:
1026:
1018:
986:
982:
946:
940:
918:(1): 70–82.
915:
911:
907:
882:
878:
869:
857:
853:
834:
809:
805:
772:
768:
759:
755:
728:
724:
684:
680:
655:
651:
639:
610:
606:
584:
572:
560:
548:
540:
535:
523:
496:
474:Chong (1997)
469:
457:
445:
438:Zheng (1996)
433:
426:Zheng (1996)
421:
416:, p. 8.
414:Zheng (1996)
409:
402:Zheng (1996)
397:
377:
370:
363:Zheng (1996)
348:Leung (1994)
343:
300:
290:
286:
284:
278:
276:
262:
258:
251:
237:
223:
206:
197:
188:
161:
139:
133:
129:
126:Yellow River
125:
103:
89:
69:Red monument
68:
64:
55:
54:
53:
658:: 462–463.
295:ethnography
220:Publication
176:cannibalism
144:Wu Tianming
95:Development
83:during the
77:cannibalism
1115:Categories
1019:Commentary
989:: 82–106.
589:Yue (1999)
577:Yue (1999)
565:Yue (1999)
462:Yue (1999)
450:Yue (1999)
180:Zhou Enlai
168:Liu Binyan
114:Red Guards
100:Background
1003:154997463
971:145660553
932:155010589
899:144448142
797:146993684
747:147146639
709:143919445
672:155086964
627:153378169
253:The Times
106:Chongqing
1035:广西吃人狂潮真相
719:(1994).
701:23729145
314:See also
150:and the
135:Old Well
48:Zheng Yi
860:(1): 7.
826:2761044
789:2667695
270:in the
215:Release
203:Writing
164:Guangxi
140:Laojing
130:Huanghe
1077:
1052:
1044:红色 纪念碑
1001:
969:
963:179381
961:
930:
897:
870:Times
841:
824:
795:
787:
745:
707:
699:
670:
625:
385:
304:Lu Xun
182:, the
122:Shanxi
73:Taipei
45:Author
1103:XXVII
999:S2CID
967:S2CID
959:JSTOR
928:S2CID
895:S2CID
872:: 36.
822:JSTOR
793:S2CID
785:JSTOR
743:S2CID
705:S2CID
697:JSTOR
668:S2CID
623:S2CID
336:Notes
1075:ISBN
1050:ISBN
839:ISBN
383:ISBN
991:doi
987:153
951:doi
920:doi
910:".
887:doi
814:doi
777:doi
733:doi
689:doi
660:doi
656:150
615:doi
246:".
120:in
1117::
1101:.
1017:,
997:.
985:.
965:.
957:.
947:37
945:.
926:.
916:38
914:.
893:.
883:12
881:.
856:.
820:.
810:70
808:.
791:.
783:.
773:39
771:.
760:37
758:.
741:.
729:23
727:.
723:.
703:.
695:.
683:.
666:.
654:.
638:.
621:.
611:24
609:.
508:^
481:^
355:^
274:.
71:;
1083:.
1058:.
1005:.
993::
973:.
953::
934:.
922::
901:.
889::
858:3
847:.
828:.
816::
799:.
779::
762:.
749:.
735::
711:.
691::
685:4
674:.
662::
642:.
629:.
617::
555:.
530:.
503:.
491:.
391:.
244:'
138:(
128:(
67:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
