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Zhelyu Zhelev

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165: 543: 2597: 2189: 2579: 2177: 3242: 576: 2500: 2543: 25: 2561: 2525: 2372:) with 52.8% of the votes to become Bulgaria's first directly elected head of state. He immediately suspended his membership in the UDF. While the new constitution only barred him from serving in a leadership post with the party, he wanted to appear to be above politics. Since then, convention in Bulgaria calls for the president to not be a formal member of a political party during his term. 2312:(Фашизмът). Three weeks after the volume's publication in 1982, the book was removed from bookstores and libraries throughout the nation, as its description of the fascist states of Italy, Germany and Spain before, during, and after World War II made these regimes comparable to the Communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc. 2288:
Zhelev was born in 1935 into a modest village family in Veselinovo in north-eastern Bulgaria. He studied philosophy at Sofia University, graduating in 1958 and gaining a PhD in 1974, a remarkable achievement given that he was under a cloud as a dissident, having been expelled from the Communist Party
2324:, Zhelev founded the Ruse Committee, and in 1989 he became a founding member and chairman of the Club for Support of Openness and the Reform (a time when many such democratic clubs were formed), which helped him to achieve the position of Chairman of the Coordinating Council of the 3089: 2671: 2423:
based upon the French model: "The country should have both prime minister and president, but the latter should be vested in far-reaching powers so that he may control the executive power".
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After his defeat in the 1996 UDF primaries and after the end of his presidency in 1997, Zhelev remained in politics, but on a much smaller scale. He became Honorary Chair of the
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Under the new constitution adopted in July 1991, the president was to be elected directly by voters, for a maximum of two terms. The first such election was held in
3109: 2405: 3129:"Zhelyu Zhelev, Bulgarian president - obituary; Bulgaria's first democratically elected president who laid the groundwork for his country's entry into the EU" 2836: 2454:(3 April 1942 – 8 December 2013) and has two daughters Yordanka (1963–1993) and Stanka (born 1966). Zhelev has two grandchildren from his daughter Stanka. 1519: 2293:”, or unemployment in communist terminology, which he spent in virtual internal exile in his wife’s village, scraping a living from odd jobs on farms. 4216: 3972: 3165: 2348:, the assembly elected Zhelev his successor on 1 August 1990. He thus became the first head of state in 44 years who was not either a Communist or 3435: 3032: 2881: 2337: 2305:, but was expelled from it for political reasons in 1965. He was unemployed for six years since all employment in Bulgaria was state-regulated. 2255:, from 1990 to 1997. Zhelev was one of the most prominent figures of the 1989 Bulgarian Revolution, which ended the 35 year rule of President 1544: 1514: 4439: 2219: 1596: 4139: 3312: 3840: 3128: 2924: 1549: 669: 4028: 2570: 2471: 2264: 1939: 3070:"Zhelyu Zhelev: Dissident who fought the dictatorship in Bulgaria before becoming its first democratically elected head of state" 2672:"Zhelyu Zhelev: Dissident who fought the dictatorship in Bulgaria before becoming its first democratically elected head of state" 1529: 4144: 3523: 3460: 2018: 3007: 2404:
and in 1997 went on to establish and preside over a foundation named after him. Zhelev was the initiator and president of the
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for the 7th Grand National Assembly; the Assembly's main goal was to create a new democratic
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is named after Zhelyu Zhelev "for his support for the Bulgarian Antarctic programme."
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at the Sofia Echo, by Ivan Vatahov, April 17, 2003 (retrieved January 27, 2010).
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In 2009, Zhelev also voiced his opinion that Bulgaria should adopt a
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for his contribution to the recognition of the independence of the
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who served as the first democratically elected and non-Communist
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Lynda Lee Kaid; Christina Holtz-Bacha (21 December 2007).
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Zhelev died in Sofia at the age of 79 on 30 January 2015.
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Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
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Coordinating Council of the Union of Democratic Forces.
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Zhelyu Zhelev served as an Honorary Co-Chair for the
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Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2736: 2289:in 1965. After his expulsion he endured years of “ 2384:, but lost the UDF nomination to eventual winner 4426: 2863:"Bulgaria's Former President Zhelyu Zhelev Dies" 3436:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 2688: 2243:; ; 3 March 1935 – 30 January 2015) was a 4217:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 2308:In 1982, he published his controversial work, 3306: 3159: 2375: 2355: 2213: 1545:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 1515:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 2722:(in Bulgarian). Social Science Monographs. 2408:, a union of former political leaders from 3313: 3299: 3166: 3152: 2715: 2692:Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 2220: 2206: 190:22 January 1992 – 22 January 1997 163: 3108:The Associated Press (January 30, 2015). 3088:The Associated Press (February 2, 2015). 3062:"Zhelyu Zhelev — The dissident president" 3008:"Order Zasługi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej" 2391: 1550:International Federation of Liberal Youth 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 2682: 2571:Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland 2462:On 15 January 2010, Zhelev received the 2429: 355:7 December 1989 – 1 August 1990 343:Leader of the Union of Democratic Forces 277:1 August 1990 – 22 January 1992 3841:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 3320: 2961: 2749:Encyclopedia of Political Communication 2716:Желев, Желю; Желев, Желю Митев (1990). 2457: 1530:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 501: 1961; died 2013) 16:President of Bulgaria from 1990 to 1997 4427: 3524:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 3461:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 3067: 2652: 3871:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 3294: 3147: 2344:. After the resignation of President 2267:. Two years later, he won Bulgaria's 2263:, he was elected as President by the 3068:Thomas, Richard (15 February 2015). 2879: 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 4440:20th-century Bulgarian philosophers 2892: 2752:. SAGE Publications. p. 1015. 2689:Harris M. Lentz (4 February 2014). 2656:(2006). "Zhelev, Zhelyo (1935- )". 2491: 2331: 2269:first direct presidential elections 1570:Liberal South East European Network 13: 2917: 2516: 14: 4476: 3368:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 3353:Criticism of communist party rule 3131:. The Telegraph. 12 February 2015 3055: 2658:Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria 1560:Liberal Network for Latin America 993:(contributions to liberal theory) 4414:Human rights in the Soviet Union 3373:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 3240: 2595: 2577: 2559: 2541: 2523: 2498: 2187: 2175: 574: 541: 512:Mitko (died 80 days after birth) 265:Chairman (President) of Bulgaria 23: 4322:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 4252:Fall of the inner German border 3025: 3000: 2986: 2946: 2935:from the original on 2019-12-12 2873: 2855: 2829: 2380:Zhelev sought a second term in 498: 34:needs additional citations for 4312:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 3451:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 2880:Okov, Slav (30 January 2015). 2803: 2788: 2774:"Профил на Желю Желев в "omda" 2766: 2709: 2664: 2646: 2620: 934:Separation of church and state 1: 4332:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 3931:Inter-regional Deputies Group 3916:National League for Democracy 3188:People's Republic of Bulgaria 2957:Composite Antarctic Gazetteer 2613: 2328:(Bulgarian: СДС, SDS) party. 2283: 4242:Alexanderplatz demonstration 4207:Polish Round Table Agreement 3881:People's Movement of Ukraine 2969:"Boletín Oficial del Estado" 2296: 2278: 7: 4450:People from Shumen Province 4287:January Events in Lithuania 4222:Hungarian Round Table Talks 3861:Democratic Party of Albania 2301:Zhelev was a member of the 2265:7th Grand National Assembly 10: 4481: 3941:Hungarian Democratic Forum 3936:Alliance of Free Democrats 3926:Union of Democratic Forces 2695:. Routledge. p. 117. 2510:Order of the Stara Planina 2400:and Honorary Chair of the 2376:1996 presidential election 2356:1992 presidential election 2326:Union of Democratic Forces 2261:Union of Democratic Forces 465:Union of Democratic Forces 120: 4406: 4340: 4302:1991 protests in Belgrade 4182: 4107: 4016: 3958: 3949: 3831: 3693: 3640: 3537: 3469: 3406: 3328: 3250: 3237: 3186: 2445: 2368:(who was endorsed by the 2336:Zhelev was elected MP in 2320:In 1988, just before the 2303:Bulgarian Communist Party 2240: 2157:Sexually liberal feminism 2064:Bias in American academia 1535:European Democratic Party 991:List of liberal theorists 549: 537: 520: 508: 480: 455: 444: 434: 417: 390: 385: 381: 369: 359: 348: 341: 331: 319: 309: 281: 270: 263: 251: 241: 227: 194: 183: 175: 171: 162: 153: 146: 4292:January Events in Latvia 4282:Reunification of Germany 4267:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 4197:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 3921:National Salvation Front 3906:Belarusian Popular Front 3896:Popular Front of Estonia 3665:Polish underground press 3426:List of socialist states 2589:Grand Order of Mugunghwa 2398:Liberal Democratic Union 2342:Constitution of Bulgaria 816:Labor theory of property 154: 4445:Sofia University alumni 4368:Economic liberalization 4307:1991 Belarusian strikes 4247:Fall of the Berlin Wall 3901:Public Against Violence 3891:Popular Front of Latvia 3670:Political demonstration 3519:Chinese economic reform 3431:People Power Revolution 1525:Arab Liberal Federation 715:Consent of the governed 514:Yordanka (died in 1993) 4435:Presidents of Bulgaria 3502:New political thinking 2798:Demokratsiya Newspaper 2551:: Grand Collar of the 2392:Later political career 2315: 2247:politician and former 1540:European Liberal Youth 1510:Africa Liberal Network 735:Economic globalization 439:Central Sofia Cemetery 337:Himself (as President) 4373:Post-Soviet conflicts 4327:Tajikistani Civil War 4277:Revolution on Granite 4237:Monday Demonstrations 3763:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 3597:Mengistu Haile Mariam 3363:Eastern Bloc politics 2904:World Justice Project 2603:Republic of Macedonia 2533:: Grand Cross of the 2508:: Grand Cross of the 2468:Republic of Macedonia 2436:World Justice Project 2430:World Justice Project 2406:Balkan Political Club 2402:Liberal International 2253:President of Bulgaria 2182:Liberalism portal 2054:Anti-authoritarianism 1555:Liberal International 247:Himself (as Chairman) 178:President of Bulgaria 4465:Bulgarian memoirists 3783:Vytautas Landsbergis 3778:Viacheslav Chornovil 3607:Denis Sassou Nguesso 3252:Republic of Bulgaria 2869:. Sofia News Agency. 2535:Order of Civil Merit 2458:Awards and accolades 986:Age of Enlightenment 939:Separation of powers 365:Position established 43:improve this article 4227:Pan-European Picnic 4202:1988 Polish strikes 3582:Wojciech Jaruzelski 3322:Revolutions of 1989 3094:The Washington Post 3039:. Sofia News Agency 2843:. Sofia News Agency 2817:. Sofia News Agency 2678:. 15 February 2015. 2421:presidential system 2233:Zhelyu Mitev Zhelev 2194:Politics portal 897:Civil and political 870:Popular sovereignty 730:Economic liberalism 412:Tsardom of Bulgaria 395:Zhelyu Mitev Zhelev 3587:Slobodan Milošević 3456:Vatican Opposition 2628:"Yordanka Zheleva" 2450:He was married to 2259:. A member of the 865:Permissive society 845:Limited government 314:Atanas Semerdzhiev 4422: 4421: 4348:Colour revolution 4178: 4177: 4145:Congo-Brazzaville 3866:Democratic Russia 3823:Pope John Paul II 3818:George H. W. Bush 3768:Vladimir Bukovsky 3557:Mikhail Gorbachev 3552:Nicolae Ceaușescu 3338:Era of Stagnation 3288: 3287: 2900:"Honorary Chairs" 2759:978-1-4522-6562-9 2729:978-0-88033-966-7 2702:978-1-134-26490-2 2676:independent.co.uk 2607:Order 8-September 2464:Order 8-September 2322:Fall of Communism 2291:social parasitism 2230: 2229: 2069:Bias in the media 1585:Regional variants 902:Natural and legal 553: 552: 119: 118: 111: 93: 4472: 4297:Transnistria War 3956: 3955: 3798:Aung San Suu Kyi 3713:Alexander Dubček 3650:Civil resistance 3507:Sinatra Doctrine 3487:Demokratizatsiya 3388:Shortage economy 3315: 3308: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3245: 3244: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2973: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2807: 2801: 2800:, 27 April 1990. 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2743: 2734: 2733: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2632:Orlando Sentinel 2624: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2583: 2581: 2580: 2565: 2563: 2562: 2553:Order of Liberty 2547: 2545: 2544: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2492:National honours 2470:from the former 2410:Southeast Europe 2332:MP and President 2242: 2241:Желю Митев Желев 2222: 2215: 2208: 2192: 2191: 2180: 2179: 2098:Economic freedom 2091:Radical centrism 929:Secular humanism 855:Natural monopoly 806:Internationalism 623:Internationalist 578: 555: 554: 545: 502: 500: 424: 404: 402: 386:Personal details 372: 362: 353: 334: 322: 284: 275: 254: 244: 232: 197: 188: 167: 157: 144: 143: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4402: 4363:Democratization 4353:Decommunization 4336: 4272:Helsinki Summit 4212:April 9 tragedy 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2515: 2514: 2513: 2512:(3 March 2005) 2493: 2490: 2459: 2456: 2447: 2444: 2431: 2428: 2414:European Union 2393: 2390: 2386:Petar Stoyanov 2377: 2374: 2366:Velko Valkanov 2357: 2354: 2346:Petar Mladenov 2333: 2330: 2317: 2314: 2298: 2295: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2273:Petar Stoyanov 2228: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2217: 2210: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2184: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2162:Utilitarianism 2159: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2135:Libertarianism 2132: 2130:Land value tax 2127: 2126: 2125: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2103:Egalitarianism 2100: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2059:Anti-communism 2056: 2050: 2048:Related topics 2047: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2004: 2002:Arizona School 1994: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1970:United Kingdom 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 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328: 326:Petar Mladenov 323: 317: 316: 311: 307: 306: 304: 303: 298: 293: 291:Andrey Lukanov 287: 285: 283:Prime Minister 279: 278: 268: 267: 261: 260: 258:Petar Stoyanov 255: 249: 248: 245: 239: 238: 233: 230:Vice President 225: 224: 222: 221: 216: 211: 206: 200: 198: 196:Prime Minister 192: 191: 181: 180: 173: 172: 169: 168: 160: 159: 151: 150: 147: 123:Bulgarian name 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4477: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4393:Yugoslav Wars 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4383:Neo-Stalinism 4381: 4379: 4378:Neo-Sovietism 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4262:Black January 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 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3799: 3796: 3794: 3793:Zhelyu Zhelev 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3773:Boris Yeltsin 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3753:Joachim Gauck 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3685:Strike action 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3627:Todor Zhivkov 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3617:Deng Xiaoping 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3446:Soviet Empire 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 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2629: 2623: 2619: 2608: 2604: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2521: 2520: 2511: 2507: 2496: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2452:Maria Zheleva 2443: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257:Todor Zhivkov 2254: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2118:Individualism 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1997:United States 1995: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1597:Latin America 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1502:Organizations 1499: 1498: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 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