850:(DNS Service Discovery) allows clients to discover a named list of service instances and to resolve those services to hostnames using standard DNS queries. The specification is compatible with existing unicast DNS server and client software, but works equally well with mDNS in a zero-configuration environment. Each service instance is described using a DNS SRV and DNS TXT record. A client discovers the list of available instances for a given service type by querying the DNS PTR record of that service type's name; the server returns zero or more names of the form <Service>.<Domain>, each corresponding to a SRV/TXT record pair. The
576:), so discovering the autoconfigured link-local address of another host on the network can be difficult. Discovering the DHCP-assigned address of another host requires either distributed name resolution or a unicast DNS server with this information; Some networks feature DNS servers that are automatically updated with DHCP-assigned host and address information.
459:
address assignment mechanisms that do not require user involvement for initialization and management. These systems automatically give themselves common names chosen either by the equipment manufacturer, such as a brand and model number or chosen by users for identifying their equipment. The names and addresses are then automatically entered into a
683:(SMB) suite of open protocols which are also available on Linux and iOS, although Windows typically supports a wider range of so-called dialects which can be negotiated between Windows clients that support it. For example, Computer Browser Services running on server operating systems or later versions of Windows are elected as so-called
663:, normally requires administrator access to the DNS server and is often accomplished manually. Additionally, traditional DNS servers are not expected to automatically correct for changes in configuration. For instance, if a printer is moved from one floor to another it might be assigned a new IP address by the local DHCP server.
495:
while each machine built its own local directory service using a protocol known as Name
Binding Protocol (NBP). NBP included not only a name but the type of device and any additional user-provided information such as its physical location or availability. Users could look up any device on the network with the application
1072:(DLNA) is another suite of standards that uses UPnP for the discovery of networked devices. DLNA has a long list of prominent manufacturers producing devices such as TVs, NAS devices and so forth that support it. DLNA is supported by all major operating systems. DLNA service discovery is layered on top of SSDP.
627:
Internet protocols use IP addresses for communications, but these are not easy for humans to use; IPv6 in particular uses very long strings of digits that are not easily entered manually. To address this issue, the internet has long used DNS, which allows human-readable names to be associated with IP
494:
in the 1980s. Macs, as well as other devices supporting the protocol, could be added to the network by simply plugging them in; all further configuration was automated. Network addresses were automatically selected by each device using a protocol known as AppleTalk
Address Resolution Protocol (AARP),
789:
NetBIOS on
Windows supports individual hosts on the network to advertise services, such as file shares and printers. It also supports, for example, a network printer to advertise itself as a host sharing a printer device and any related services it supports. Depending on how a device is attached (to
802:
which includes built-in providers for PnP, Registry, NetBIOS, SSDP and WSD of which the former two are local-only and the latter three support discovery of networked devices. None of these need any configuration for use on the local subnet. NetBIOS has traditionally been supported only in expensive
571:
Most IPv4 hosts use link-local addressing only as a last resort when a DHCP server is unavailable. An IPv4 host otherwise uses its DHCP-assigned address for all communications, global or link-local. One reason is that IPv4 hosts are not required to support multiple addresses per interface, although
639:
Looking up an address using DNS requires the IP address of the DNS server to be known. This has normally been accomplished by typing in the address of a known server into a field in one of the devices on the network. In early systems, this was normally required on every device, but this has been
579:
IPv6 hosts are required to support multiple addresses per interface; moreover, every IPv6 host is required to configure a link-local address even when global addresses are available. IPv6 hosts may additionally self-configure additional addresses on receipt of router advertisement messages, thus
458:
Similarly to telephones being labeled with their telephone number, it was a common practice in early networks to attach an address label to networked devices. The dynamic nature of modern networks, especially residential networks in which devices are powered up only when needed, desire dynamic
737:
Use of either NetBIOS or LLMNR services on
Windows is essentially automatic, since using standard DNS client APIs will result in the use of either NetBIOS or LLMNR depending on what name is being resolved (whether the name is a local name or not), the network configuration in effect (e.g. DNS
756:, which is considered a problem by some members of the IETF. The current LLMNR draft allows a network device to choose any domain name, which is considered a security risk by some members of the IETF. mDNS is compatible with DNS-SD as described in the next section, while LLMNR is not.
1006:, can use DNS-SD to locate nearby servers and peer-to-peer clients. Windows 10 includes support for DNS-SD for applications written using JavaScript. Individual applications may include their own support in older versions of the operating system, such that most instant messaging and
939:) to its IP address. When an mDNS client needs to resolve a local hostname to an IP address, it sends a DNS request for that name to the well-known multicast address; the computer with the corresponding A/AAAA record replies with its IP address. The mDNS multicast address is
527:
that uniquely identify them to other devices on the same network. On some networks, there is a central authority that assigns these addresses as new devices are added. Mechanisms were introduced to handle this task automatically, and both IPv4 and IPv6 now include systems for
722:. LLMNR is included in every Windows version from Windows Vista onwards and acts as a side-by-side alternative for Microsoft's NetBIOS Name Service over IPv4 and as a replacement over IPv6, since NetBIOS is not available over IPv6. Apple's implementation is available as the
1052:
and a Unique
Service Name (USN). Service types are regulated by the Universal Plug and Play Steering Committee. SSDP is supported by many printer, NAS and appliance manufacturers such as Brother. It is supported by certain brands of network equipment, and in many
878:
draft proposals for mDNS and DNS-based
Service Discovery, supporting the transition from AppleTalk to IP networking. In 2002, Apple announced an implementation of both protocols under the name Rendezvous (later renamed Bonjour). It was first included in
1215:
and many other network management protocols, it can also be used by attackers to quickly gain detailed knowledge of the network and its machines. Because of this, applications should still authenticate and encrypt traffic to remote hosts (e.g. via
678:
server or a
Microsoft DNS server that supports secure automatic registration of addresses. This system has small, but not zero, management overhead even on very large enterprise networks. The protocols NetBIOS can use are part of the
1131:
is an open-source software stack for a myriad of devices, ranging from IoT devices to full-size computers, for discovery and control of devices on networks (Wifi, Ethernet) and other links (Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc.). It uses mDNS and
1175:
Following the failure of LLMNR to become an
Internet standard and given that mDNS/DNS-SD is used much more widely than LLMNR, Apple was asked by the IETF to submit the mDNS/DNS-SD specs for publication as Informational RFC as well.
510:
database for a network was initially maintained manually by a network administrator. Efforts to automate maintenance of this database, led to the introduction of a number of new protocols providing automated services, such as the
591:. The MAC address has the advantage of being globally unique, a basic property of the EUI-64. The IPv6 protocol stack also includes duplicate address detection to avoid conflicts with other hosts. In IPv4, the method is called
1289:
Avahi also implements binary compatibility libraries that emulate
Bonjour and the historical mDNS implementation Howl, so software made to use those implementations can also utilize Avahi through the emulation interfaces.
764:
Name services such as mDNS, LLMNR and others do not provide information about the type of device or its status. A user looking for a nearby printer, for instance, might be hindered if the printer was given the name "Bob".
583:
Both IPv4 and IPv6 hosts may randomly generate the host-specific part of an autoconfigured address. IPv6 hosts generally combine a prefix of up to 64 bits with a 64-bit EUI-64 derived from the factory-assigned 48-bit
854:
resolves to the domain name providing the instance, while the TXT can contain service-specific configuration parameters. A client can then resolve the A/AAAA record for the domain name and connect to the service.
1329:. Using a link-local address, hosts can communicate over this link but only locally; Access to other networks and the Internet is not possible. There are some link-local IPv4 address implementations available:
478:
would manually assign addresses and names. LAN systems tended to provide more automation of these tasks so that new equipment could be added to a LAN with a minimum of operator and administrator intervention.
34:(TCP/IP) when computers or network peripherals are interconnected. It does not require manual operator intervention or special configuration servers. Without zeroconf, a network administrator must set up
738:
suffixes in effect) and (in corporate networks) the policies in effect (whether LLMNR or NetBIOS are disabled), although developers may opt into bypassing these services for individual address lookups.
803:
printers for corporate use though some entry-level printers with Wi-Fi or
Ethernet support it natively, allowing the printer to be used without configuration even on very old operating systems.
858:
Service types are given on a first-come-first-serve basis. A service type registry was originally maintained by DNS-SD.org, but has since been merged into IANA's registry for DNS SRV records.
970:
records to advertise instances of service types, domain names for those instances, and optional configuration parameters for connecting to those instances. But SRV records can now resolve to
466:
Early computer networking was built upon technologies of the telecommunications networks and thus protocols tended to fall into two groups: those intended to connect local devices into a
1161:, a standard for choosing addresses for networked items, was published in March 2005 by the IETF Zeroconf working group. The group included individuals from Apple, Sun, and Microsoft.
919:
to resolve hostnames except they are sent over a multicast link. Each host listens on the mDNS port, 5353, transmitted to a well-known multicast address and resolves requests for the
815:) is a technical specification that defines a multicast discovery protocol to locate services on a local network. It operates over TCP and UDP port 3702 and uses IP multicast address
674:
already in Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 as early as 1992. NetBIOS Name Service is zero-configuration on networks with a single subnet and may be used in conjunction with a
1286:, mDNS and DNS-SD. It is part of most Linux distributions, and is installed by default on some. If run in conjunction with nss-mdns, it also offers host name resolution.
2527:
1203:
Because mDNS operates under a different trust model than unicast DNS—trusting the entire network rather than a designated DNS server, it is vulnerable to
1164:
LLMNR was submitted for official adoption in the IETF DNSEXT working group, however, failed to gain consensus and thus was published as informational
741:
The mDNS and LLMNR protocols have minor differences in their approach to name resolution. mDNS allows a network device to choose a domain name in the
790:
the network directly, or to the host which shares it) and which protocols are supported. However, Windows clients connecting to it may prefer to use
413:
1760:
1734:
1708:
173:
2193:
2643:
2124:
2344:
1240:
from Apple, uses mDNS and DNS Service Discovery. Apple changed its preferred zeroconf technology from SLP to mDNS and DNS-SD between
1546:
632:, which the computer's DNS software looks up in the DNS databases to retrieve an IP address, and then hands off that address to the
2150:
628:
addresses, and includes code for looking up these names from a hierarchical database system. Users type in domain names, such as
2297:
2487:, a cross platform (Linux, MS Windows, Apple Mac), unified Mono/.NET library for Zeroconf, supporting both Bonjour and Avahi.
1378:
clients that only deal with link-local IP addresses. Another approach is to include support in new or existing DHCP clients:
406:
133:
711:
263:
258:
228:
2371:
512:
88:
39:
1151:, the SLP standard for figuring out where to get services, was published in June 1999 by the SVRLOC IETF working group.
2533:
1212:
335:
278:
203:
652:. This has reduced the user-side administration requirements and provides a key element of zero-configuration access.
1041:
791:
345:
315:
874:
to IP networks to address the lack of service discovery capability. Cheshire subsequently joined Apple and authored
832:
399:
330:
123:
2082:
1802:
2633:
1069:
798:
using NetBIOS. NetBIOS is one of the providers on Windows implementing the more general discovery process dubbed
601:
1279:
148:
138:
1224:, etc.) after discovering and resolving them through DNS-SD/mDNS. LLMNR suffers from similar vulnerabilities.
2473:
2176:
1431:
823:. As the name suggests, the actual communication between nodes is done using web services standards, notably
675:
655:
DNS was intended to provide uniform names to groups of devices within the same administration realm, such as
268:
248:
198:
2648:
2628:
188:
183:
178:
1057:
firewall appliances, where host computers behind it may pierce holes for applications. It is also used in
916:
2638:
1639:
1426:
1409:
1256:
1049:
698:
which spawned the implementations by Apple and Microsoft. Both implementations are very similar. Apple's
436:
365:
325:
193:
932:
2503:
1676:
1113:
2060:
1342:
987:
928:
884:
649:
529:
1766:
1740:
1714:
1252:
828:
795:
671:
435:
to identify communications endpoints in a network of participating devices. This is similar to the
218:
158:
2401:
2108:
1263:
based operating systems and MS Windows. The Windows downloads are available from Apple's website.
2211:
1786:
385:
375:
168:
83:
67:
31:
1692:
749:
and announce it using a special multicast IP address. This introduces special semantics for the
726:
since 2002 in Mac OS X v10.2. The Bonjour implementation (mDNSResponder) is available under the
687:
over those that are not running a server operating system or running older versions of Windows.
253:
103:
2130:
1325:
Where no DHCP server is available to assign a host an IP address, the host can select its own
769:
provides additional information about devices. Service discovery is sometimes combined with a
871:
774:
750:
475:
380:
153:
2350:
1363:
Stablebox, a fork from Busybox, offers a slightly modified IPv4LL implementation named llad.
982:
DNS-SD is used by Apple products, most network printers, many Linux distributions including
2596:
2515:
2426:
Guttman, Erik (2001), "Autoconfiguration for IP Networking: Enabling Local Communication",
2035:
1989:
1951:
1516:
1479:
1386:
995:
680:
667:
572:
many do. Another is that not every IPv4 host implements distributed name resolution (e.g.,
163:
2498:, a cross-platform wxWidgets-based service discovery module without external dependencies.
2228:
532:, which allows a device to determine a safe address to use through simple mechanisms. For
8:
1421:
440:
2156:
1552:
990:, and a number of third-party products for various operating systems. For example, many
1326:
1237:
1217:
962:
requests can also be sent using mDNS to yield zero-configuration DNS-SD. This uses DNS
731:
723:
533:
507:
491:
467:
370:
98:
43:
2027:
766:
503:
471:
460:
452:
298:
74:
58:
2307:
2586:
2435:
2017:
1979:
1941:
1863:
1845:
1506:
1469:
1348:
1271:
1208:
1188:
1180:
1165:
1154:
1144:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1019:
1003:
900:
892:
715:
703:
496:
447:. Every packet contains the source and destination addresses for the transmission.
27:
1061:
systems to facilitate media exchange between host computers and the media center.
1899:
1895:
1710:
Re: Last Call: 'Linklocal Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR)' to Proposed Standard
1660:
1367:
1204:
1081:
1058:
920:
867:
470:(LAN), and those intended primarily for long-distance communications. The latter
432:
239:
50:
35:
2599:
2580:
2047:
2038:
2007:
1992:
1969:
1954:
1931:
1867:
1849:
1612:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1500:
1482:
1463:
1192:
1184:
1169:
1158:
1148:
1109:
1101:
904:
896:
719:
707:
2377:
2245:
727:
633:
448:
444:
289:
2491:
2465:
1341:(both released in 1998). Apple released its open-source implementation in the
1338:
1048:
and later. SSDP uses HTTP notification announcements that give a service-type
568:, often built into common networking hardware like computer hosts or routers.
49:
Zeroconf is built on three core technologies: automatic assignment of numeric
2622:
2031:
1245:
1241:
1179:
In February 2013 mDNS and DNS-SD were published as Standards Track Proposals
888:
880:
824:
699:
691:
573:
1594:
659:, provided by a name service. Assigning an address to a local device, e.g.,
1408:
Neither of these implementations addresses kernel issues like broadcasting
1221:
1054:
936:
812:
770:
208:
2608:
1879:
1366:
Zeroconf is a package based on Simple IPv4LL, a shorter implementation by
2407:
1573:
1018:, and Linux distributions also include DNS-SD. For example, Ubuntu ships
645:
588:
565:
53:
for networked devices, automatic distribution and resolution of computer
2480:
2439:
2327:
2282:
1334:
1299:
1045:
967:
963:
851:
666:
To address the need for automatic configuration, Microsoft implemented
616:
524:
487:
439:
which assigns a string of digits to identify each telephone. In modern
356:
1333:
Apple Mac OS and MS Windows have supported link-local addresses since
2591:
2303:
2022:
1984:
1946:
1511:
1474:
1374:
The above implementations are all stand-alone daemons or plugins for
746:
641:
596:
483:
1382:
Elvis PfĂĽtzenreuter has written a patch for the uDHCP client/server.
1033:
has some protocol components with the purpose of service discovery.
2265:
54:
2251:
1357:
1310:
1128:
778:
2454:
1572:"How to use automatic TCP/IP addressing without a DHCP server",
1401:
1351:
contains an implementation of IPv4LL in the avahi-autoipd tool.
1283:
1089:
983:
959:
742:
319:
213:
112:
92:
46:(DNS), or configure each computer's network settings manually.
26:) is a set of technologies that automatically creates a usable
1662:
Microsoft TechNet Library Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution
451:
examine these addresses to determine the best network path in
2349:(electronic mail message), Busy box, May 2005, archived from
1461:
1400:
that includes IPv4LL support. It is included as standard in
1393:
1275:
1260:
1117:
999:
835:. Many devices, such as HP and Brother printers, support it.
340:
118:
1498:
974:
domain names, which mDNS can resolve to local IP addresses.
640:
pushed up one layer in the hierarchy to the DHCP servers or
443:, information to be transmitted is divided into a series of
2572:
2552:
2013:
1975:
1937:
1915:
1647:
1389:
1375:
1133:
1075:
1030:
1022:, an mDNS/DNS-SD implementation, in its base distribution.
1011:
1007:
991:
875:
585:
308:
303:
273:
223:
143:
108:
16:
Technologies for automatic network connection configuration
2194:"How to get Windows to give you credentials through LLMNR"
1831:
1397:
1015:
128:
1607:
1605:
1603:
474:(WAN) systems tended to have centralized setup, where a
1613:"Description of the Microsoft Computer Browser Service"
482:
An early example of a zero-configuration LAN system is
2005:
1967:
1929:
1854:
1795:
1302:
5.0 includes Microsoft's own implementation of LLMNR.
1259:
and is available on BSD, Apple Mac OS X, Linux, other
615:). The feature is supported in Windows since at least
2562:
2083:"Windows.Networking.ServiceDiscovery.Dnssd namespace"
2075:
1600:
1248:, though SLP continues to be supported by Mac OS X.
2610:
Zero Configuration Networking: The Definitive Guide
1499:S. Thomson; T. Narten; T. Jinmei (September 2007).
2181:(World Wide Web log), GNU citizen, 23 January 2008
1465:Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses
702:(mDNS) is published as a standards track proposal
1412:replies or closing existing network connections.
994:network applications written by Apple, including
499:, which filtered names based on the device type.
2620:
2126:Zero Configuration Networking (zeroconf) Charter
1859:
1857:
1765:(electronic mail message), IETF, archived from
1739:(electronic mail message), IETF, archived from
1713:(electronic mail message), IETF, archived from
1637:
1462:S. Cheshire; B. Aboba; E. Guttman (May 2005).
838:
2606:
1638:Manning, Bill; Woodcock, Bill (August 2000),
407:
2461:, a pure Java implementation of mDNS/DNS-SD.
2178:Name (MDNS) Poisoning Attacks Inside the LAN
1320:
784:
564:. More commonly addresses are assigned by a
1112:and implementations are available for both
2110:Service Location Protocol (svrloc) Charter
2006:S. Cheshire; M. Krochmal (February 2013).
1968:S. Cheshire; M. Krochmal (February 2013).
1930:S. Cheshire; M. Krochmal (February 2013).
891:. In 2013, the proposals were ratified as
414:
400:
2590:
2517:DNS-Based Service Discovery Specification
2021:
1983:
1945:
1826:
1824:
1510:
1473:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1360:can embed a simple IPv4LL implementation.
1251:Apple's mDNSResponder has interfaces for
648:that receive this information from their
622:
608:Internet Protocol Automatic Configuration
1502:IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
1227:
1076:Efforts toward an IETF standard protocol
1010:clients on Windows support DNS-SD. Some
910:
580:eliminating the need for a DHCP server.
2425:
1999:
1593:Marshall Brain and Stephanie Crawford,
2621:
1821:
1492:
1450:
714:(LLMNR) is published as informational
2607:Steinberg, Daniel; Cheshire, Stuart,
2191:
1589:
1587:
1585:
827:. Windows supports it in the form of
455:at each step toward its destination.
2582:Service Location Protocol, version 2
2550:
2525:
2513:
2501:
1894:
1293:
759:
712:Link-local Multicast Name Resolution
593:link-local address autoconfiguration
523:Hosts on a network must be assigned
518:
2369:
2243:
1044:(SSDP) is a UPnP protocol, used in
513:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
40:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
13:
2644:Windows communication and services
2192:Lodge, David (22 September 2015).
1736:Re: Summary of the LLMNR Last Call
1582:
1313:implements both mDNS and LLMNR in
1198:
1139:
734:and later under the same license.
550:, while IPv6 hosts use the prefix
14:
2660:
2447:
1274:is a Zeroconf implementation for
1042:Simple Service Discovery Protocol
870:proposed adapting Apple's mature
2227:"Bonjour for MS Windows 1.0.4",
1678:Bonjour Licensing and Trademarks
1665:(webpage), Microsoft, 5 May 2010
1232:
955:for IPv6 link-local addressing.
833:Devices Profile for Web Services
811:Web Services Dynamic Discovery (
2400:"Link-Local ARP Measurements",
2393:
2363:
2336:
2320:
2290:
2274:
2258:
2237:
2220:
2204:
2185:
2169:
2152:DNS Extensions (dnsext) Charter
2143:
2117:
2101:
2061:"Ubuntu 15.10 desktop manifest"
2053:
1961:
1923:
1908:
1888:
1872:
1839:
1791:(electronic mail message), IETF
1788:More details on the differences
1779:
1753:
1727:
1701:
1685:
1640:"Multicast Domain Name Service"
1070:Digital Living Network Alliance
806:
602:Automatic Private IP Addressing
2476:implementation of mDNS/DNS-SD.
1762:Summary of the LLMNR Last Call
1669:
1653:
1631:
1595:"How Domain Name Servers Work"
1565:
1538:
1207:by any system within the same
1136:over UDP and other protocols.
536:, IPv4 uses the special block
431:Computer networks use numeric
1:
2568:, DNS based Service Discovery
1901:Name Binding Protocol over IP
1438:
1432:Peer Name Resolution Protocol
915:mDNS uses packets similar to
696:Multicast Domain Name Service
661:thirdfloorprinter.example.org
426:
20:Zero-configuration networking
2558:, including Internet drafts.
2496:, Source forge, 13 June 2013
2470:, Source forge, 11 July 2015
2216:, Mac Dev Center, 2004-08-31
728:Apache 2 Open Source License
636:for further communications.
61:, such as printing devices.
59:location of network services
7:
2532:(tech talk), archived from
2009:DNS-Based Service Discovery
1971:DNS-Based Service Discovery
1578:, Microsoft, 6 January 2021
1551:, Microsoft, archived from
1427:Wireless Zero Configuration
1415:
839:DNS-based service discovery
486:, a protocol introduced by
10:
2665:
2332:(C source code), Zero conf
2050:.
1803:"About Function Discovery"
1535:.
1305:
1123:
977:
958:DNS Service Discovery aka
861:
690:In 2000, Bill Manning and
453:forwarding the data packet
2376:(project), archived from
1505:. Network Working Group.
1468:. Network Working Group.
1321:Link-local IPv4 addresses
885:Service Location Protocol
785:NetBIOS Service Discovery
650:internet service provider
530:address autoconfiguration
1617:Microsoft Knowledge Base
1266:
829:Web Services for Devices
672:Computer Browser Service
2428:IEEE Internet Computing
1064:
1036:
1025:
670:, part of which is the
68:Internet protocol suite
32:Internet Protocol Suite
2634:Computer configuration
2343:"Zeroconf in udhcpc",
2213:A Rendezvous with Java
2155:, IETF, archived from
2129:, IETF, archived from
1531:. Updated by RFC
1096:. SLP is described in
623:Name service discovery
2306:: UTS, archived from
1228:Major implementations
911:DNS-SD with multicast
872:Name Binding Protocol
775:Name Binding Protocol
534:link-local addressing
476:network administrator
2046:Updated by RFC
1548:MS Developer Network
1080:SLP is supported by
710:, while Microsoft's
681:Server Message Block
668:NetBIOS Name Service
441:networking protocols
2649:Discovery protocols
2629:Apple Inc. software
2440:10.1109/4236.935181
1527:Obsoletes RFC
1422:Bonjour Sleep Proxy
1354:Zero-Conf IP (zcip)
927:hostname (e.g. the
730:and is included in
506:(IP) networks, the
492:Macintosh computers
2639:Domain Name System
2551:Cheshire, Stuart,
2526:Cheshire, Stuart,
2514:Cheshire, Stuart,
2502:Cheshire, Stuart,
2087:Windows Dev Center
2044:Proposed Standard.
1807:Windows Dev Center
1488:Proposed Standard.
1327:link-local address
800:function discovery
732:Android Jelly Bean
599:refers to this as
508:Domain Name System
468:local area network
44:Domain Name System
2198:Pen Test Partners
1294:MS Windows CE 5.0
1172:in January 2007.
767:Service discovery
760:Service discovery
519:Address selection
504:Internet Protocol
472:wide area network
461:directory service
437:telephone network
433:network addresses
424:
423:
75:Application layer
51:network addresses
2656:
2614:
2603:
2594:
2592:10.17487/RFC2608
2576:
2567:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2486:
2471:
2460:
2442:
2412:
2411:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2057:
2051:
2042:
2025:
2023:10.17487/RFC6763
2003:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1985:10.17487/RFC6763
1965:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1947:10.17487/RFC6762
1927:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1896:Cheshire, Stuart
1892:
1886:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1694:Android 4.1 APIs
1689:
1683:
1682:
1681:(webpage), Apple
1673:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1644:Ietf Datatracker
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1609:
1598:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1542:
1536:
1523:
1514:
1512:10.17487/RFC4862
1496:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1475:10.17487/RFC3927
1459:
1316:
1315:systemd-resolved
1282:. It implements
1209:broadcast domain
1205:spoofing attacks
1094:Sun Microsystems
953:
952:
945:
944:
883:, replacing the
848:
847:
821:
820:
777:and Microsoft's
773:, as in Apple's
751:top-level domain
562:
561:
558:
555:
548:
547:
544:
541:
416:
409:
402:
64:
63:
57:, and automatic
36:network services
28:computer network
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2619:
2618:
2579:
2573:"Multicast DNS"
2571:
2561:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2520:(draft), DNS-SD
2490:
2479:
2464:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2416:
2415:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2354:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2311:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2242:
2238:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2190:
2186:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2134:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2004:
2000:
1966:
1962:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1862:
1855:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1601:
1597:, howstuffworks
1592:
1583:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1525:Draft Standard.
1497:
1493:
1460:
1451:
1441:
1418:
1368:Arthur van Hoff
1323:
1314:
1308:
1296:
1269:
1235:
1230:
1201:
1199:Security issues
1142:
1140:Standardization
1126:
1082:Hewlett-Packard
1078:
1067:
1059:home theater PC
1039:
1028:
980:
950:
949:
942:
941:
913:
868:Stuart Cheshire
864:
845:
844:
841:
819:239.255.255.250
818:
817:
809:
787:
762:
724:Bonjour service
625:
559:
556:
553:
552:
545:
542:
539:
538:
521:
449:Network routers
445:network packets
429:
420:
240:Transport layer
17:
12:
11:
5:
2662:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2617:
2616:
2604:
2577:
2569:
2559:
2548:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2488:
2485:, Mono project
2477:
2462:
2459:, Source forge
2449:
2448:External links
2446:
2444:
2443:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2392:
2370:Marples, Roy,
2362:
2335:
2319:
2289:
2281:"Stable box",
2273:
2270:, Source forge
2257:
2236:
2219:
2203:
2184:
2168:
2142:
2116:
2100:
2074:
2052:
1998:
1960:
1922:
1907:
1887:
1871:
1853:
1838:
1820:
1794:
1778:
1752:
1726:
1700:
1684:
1668:
1652:
1630:
1599:
1581:
1575:Knowledge base
1564:
1537:
1491:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1345:bootp package.
1322:
1319:
1307:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1268:
1265:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1200:
1197:
1141:
1138:
1125:
1122:
1077:
1074:
1066:
1063:
1038:
1035:
1027:
1024:
979:
976:
912:
909:
887:(SLP) used in
863:
860:
840:
837:
808:
805:
786:
783:
761:
758:
694:described the
685:master browser
634:protocol stack
624:
621:
520:
517:
490:for the early
428:
425:
422:
421:
419:
418:
411:
404:
396:
393:
392:
391:
390:
383:
378:
373:
368:
360:
359:
353:
352:
351:
350:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
313:
312:
311:
306:
293:
292:
290:Internet layer
286:
285:
284:
283:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
243:
242:
236:
235:
234:
233:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
106:
101:
96:
86:
78:
77:
71:
70:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2661:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2539:on 2008-03-02
2535:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:Multicast DNS
2500:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:Mono.Zeroconf
2478:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2383:on 2010-07-12
2379:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2353:on 2006-02-06
2352:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2310:on 2005-05-09
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2247:nss-mdns 0.10
2240:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2159:on 2005-03-07
2158:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2133:on 2004-11-01
2132:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1933:Multicast DNS
1926:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1881:Service types
1875:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1769:on 2008-12-07
1768:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1743:on 2008-12-07
1742:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1717:on 2008-12-07
1716:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1555:on 2017-03-18
1554:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:dhcpcd is an
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1242:Mac OS X 10.1
1239:
1233:Apple Bonjour
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
947:for IPv4 and
946:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Mac OS X 10.2
877:
873:
869:
859:
856:
853:
849:
836:
834:
830:
826:
825:SOAP-over-UDP
822:
814:
804:
801:
797:
793:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
757:
755:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:Multicast DNS
697:
693:
692:Bill Woodcock
688:
686:
682:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
644:devices like
643:
637:
635:
631:
620:
618:
614:
610:
609:
604:
603:
598:
594:
590:
587:
581:
577:
575:
574:multicast DNS
569:
567:
563:
549:
535:
531:
526:
516:
514:
509:
505:
500:
498:
493:
489:
485:
480:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
398:
397:
395:
394:
389:
388:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:
358:
355:
354:
349:
348:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
321:
317:
314:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:
291:
288:
287:
282:
281:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
244:
241:
238:
237:
232:
231:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
114:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
60:
56:
52:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
30:based on the
29:
25:
21:
2609:
2581:
2563:
2553:
2541:, retrieved
2534:the original
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2481:
2466:
2455:
2434:(3): 81–86,
2431:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2402:
2395:
2385:, retrieved
2378:the original
2372:
2365:
2355:, retrieved
2351:the original
2345:
2338:
2328:
2322:
2312:, retrieved
2308:the original
2298:
2292:
2283:
2276:
2266:
2260:
2246:
2239:
2229:
2222:
2212:
2206:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2171:
2161:, retrieved
2157:the original
2151:
2145:
2135:, retrieved
2131:the original
2125:
2119:
2109:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2086:
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2055:
2043:
2008:
2001:
1970:
1963:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1910:
1900:
1890:
1880:
1874:
1841:
1832:
1811:. Retrieved
1806:
1797:
1787:
1781:
1771:, retrieved
1767:the original
1761:
1755:
1745:, retrieved
1741:the original
1735:
1729:
1719:, retrieved
1715:the original
1709:
1703:
1693:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1661:
1655:
1643:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1616:
1574:
1567:
1557:, retrieved
1553:the original
1547:
1540:
1524:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1464:
1443:
1442:
1407:
1373:
1324:
1309:
1297:
1288:
1270:
1250:
1236:
1202:
1178:
1174:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1127:
1079:
1068:
1040:
1029:
981:
971:
957:
948:
940:
924:
914:
865:
857:
843:
842:
816:
813:WS-Discovery
810:
807:WS-Discovery
799:
788:
771:name service
763:
753:
740:
736:
695:
689:
684:
665:
660:
656:
654:
646:cable modems
638:
629:
626:
612:
607:
606:
600:
592:
582:
578:
570:
551:
537:
525:IP addresses
522:
501:
481:
465:
457:
430:
386:
346:
279:
229:
48:
23:
19:
18:
2254:: 0 pointer
2089:. Microsoft
1809:. Microsoft
1619:. Microsoft
1392:client for
1387:open source
1084:'s network
943:224.0.0.251
917:unicast DNS
657:example.org
630:example.org
605:(APIPA) or
595:. However,
589:MAC address
566:DHCP server
540:169.254.0.0
42:(DHCP) and
2623:Categories
2613:, O'Reilly
2543:2006-03-08
2493:WxServDisc
2467:pyZeroConf
2387:2011-01-07
2357:2006-03-15
2329:AVH IPv4LL
2314:2005-05-04
2163:2005-03-02
2137:2004-10-28
2093:1 November
2067:23 October
1813:1 November
1773:2005-11-11
1747:2006-02-10
1721:2006-02-10
1623:1 November
1559:2008-07-05
1439:References
1339:Mac OS 8.5
1335:Windows 98
1300:Windows CE
1298:Microsoft
1046:Windows XP
921:DNS record
852:SRV record
617:Windows 98
488:Apple Inc.
427:Background
357:Link layer
38:, such as
2472:, a pure
2244:Lennart,
2032:2070-1721
1917:Zero conf
1697:(webpage)
1545:"Apipa",
747:namespace
642:broadband
597:Microsoft
484:AppleTalk
55:hostnames
2554:Zeroconf
2529:Zeroconf
2406:(wiki),
2299:Zeroconf
2063:. Ubuntu
1884:, DNS-SD
1416:See also
1086:printers
1004:Messages
951:ff02::fb
866:In 1997
515:(DHCP).
24:zeroconf
2537:(video)
2508:(draft)
2419:Sources
2233:, Apple
2230:Support
1358:BusyBox
1311:Systemd
1306:Systemd
1238:Bonjour
1211:. Like
1129:AllJoyn
1124:AllJoyn
1114:Solaris
978:Support
966:, SRV,
923:of its
862:History
779:NetBIOS
497:Chooser
387:more...
371:Tunnels
347:more...
280:more...
230:more...
219:TLS/SSL
174:ONC/RPC
111: (
2564:DNS-SD
2474:Python
2381:(wiki)
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2346:udhcpc
2113:, IETF
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1904:(rant)
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1343:Darwin
1284:IPv4LL
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1092:, and
1090:Novell
1002:, and
996:Safari
988:Ubuntu
984:Debian
972:.local
960:DNS-SD
925:.local
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846:DNS-SD
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214:Telnet
113:HTTP/3
2456:JmDNS
2410:: UVA
1444:Notes
1394:Linux
1349:Avahi
1276:Linux
1272:Avahi
1267:Avahi
1261:POSIX
1118:Linux
1020:Avahi
1000:iChat
937:CNAME
754:local
743:local
341:IPsec
119:HTTPS
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2284:Code
2267:zcip
2095:2015
2069:2015
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2028:ISSN
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1976:IETF
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1012:Unix
1008:VoIP
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986:and
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899:and
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336:IGMP
316:ICMP
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264:SCTP
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224:XMPP
204:SNMP
199:SMTP
184:RTSP
159:OSPF
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139:MGCP
134:LDAP
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109:HTTP
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2597:RFC
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