553:
242:
100:
479:. Sexual dimorphism is generally decreased in the species, meaning the females have little difference in their body size and colour from their male counterparts. Females usually outnumber the males in their groups. The species has a notably small cranium and rotund body shape, with males potentially reaching over 12 kg (26 lb) and females, 10 kg (22 lb). In adults, highly differentiated facial features help them to distinguish each other in a group.
31:
58:
707:, located on the eastern side of the main island. Infant mortality can be significantly high with half of the infants born not reaching more than six months of age. The birth rates themselves, however, are actually decreased in comparison to mainland colobus monkeys and interbirth intervals are longer as well. Research has suggested that this is a consequence of disturbed habitats in which mainland colobi are not so affected.
542:
773:
Researchers concluded that the group had certainly survived but did not increase in number possibly due to adverse relations with humans. Some locals in Pemba hold superstitions against the monkey because of the idea that it brings bad luck upon farmers. This may explain the reason that they have not significantly grown in population size.
475:'s coat ranges from dark red to black, accented with a black stripe along the shoulders and arms, and a pale underside. Its black face is crowned with long, white hair, and features a distinguishing pink mark on its lips and nose. Also, the Zanzibar red colobus has a long tail used only for balancing—it is not
566:
814:
species in Class A shall be totally protected throughout the entire territory of the
Contracting States; the hunting, killing, capture or collection of specimens shall be permitted only on the authorization in each case of the highest competent authority and only if required in the national interest
734:
species. The
Zanzibar red colobus is non-territorial in nature and as so does not typically make loud, territorial threat calls. Zanzibar red colobus distress and warning calls are the "bark", "chist", or "wheet". One of the loudest calls from the monkey is heard when he expresses his dominance over
537:
adjacent to the park, higher densities of the red colobus have been reported living here in more cohesive groups, compared to inside the park reserve. The incidence of some of these monkeys living permanently outside the zone of the protected park reserve can increase the endangerment of the groups.
640:
tree. The habit of consuming charcoal is thought to be a learned behavior presumably passed on from the mother to her offspring. The presence of charcoal deposits were shown to result in these monkeys being more likely to inhabit areas that had trees as a food source that were rich in phenolics. It
573:
The groups consist of up to four adult males and many adult females; typically yielding a 1:2 ratio of males to females. Young of varying ages are also incorporated in the group. The number of monkeys in a group can range from 30 to 50 individuals. The species is a very social animal, and can often
750:
Because the
Zanzibar red colobus is extremely social, it has a specific call for when it is alone for a certain amount of time upon which it feels vulnerable or threatened. The young are typically the ones to make such a call that sounds like a loud scream, but adults are occasionally likely (when
742:
is the 'alerting signal'. This is an attention-getting call that is derived from the progression call. Chirps and grunts are made when there are changes in the surrounding environment such as changes in weather or animal movement in proximity to the group. With most arboreal animals, there are two
326:
in
Zanzibar. The population is still decreasing, and conservationists are attempting to work with the local government to devise a proper, effective strategy to protect the population and habitat. Challenges include the species' habitat, which is limited to the archipelago. The species has been
772:
to try to re-establish the monkey's population. It had been found, however, that 20 years after the translocation to the island only one group of
Zanzibar red colobus was found and with few sightings and interviews with locals, the population was estimated to be between 15 and 30 individuals.
489:, meaning "he cut short", and is so named because of the significant reduction in size, or complete lack of an opposable thumb in comparison to other primates. To make up for this, they have four long digits that align to form a strong hook, allowing them to easily grasp branches and climb.
381:
to its own species. It has experienced an acceleration in morphological evolution of size which is suggested to be the result of insularity on the island and environmental pressures such as competition, habitat, predation and/or resource availability. There has been no evidence for
695:
Research has suggested that the ability for dietary expansion, which consuming charcoal partly allows, explains the higher birth rates and densities due to resource availability. Birth rates for those living in mangroves are higher than colobus monkeys living in coral rag forests.
819:
It has been suggested that an important way to promote conservation of the monkey is to simply spread awareness about it – that it is not a harmful animal and that it can actually be good for the region's economy because it draws tourism. This has been the case on the island of
687:
Gestation is about 6 months for colobus monkeys and one female has about 1–2 new-born every two years. Parental care is intense and often, the role is shared by multiple females of the group. It is observed that about 76% of offspring are born between
September and December.
648:(NaCl). Because of this, those populations have been observed to drink water directly from tree-holes, or licking water off of leaves. This innovative behavior shows the adaptation of the monkey to novel ecological and environmental circumstances.
763:
has resulted in a significant reduction in resources and habitat; second, it is hunted for meat and pet markets. To counteract the decline in population, various attempts have been made to protect the species. In 1974, specimens were moved to
675:
of the genital area. This signals to males that the given female is ready for mating. Moreover, just prior to mating, males will use their fingers to probe the female's birth canal. This is immediately followed by sniffing the area because
529:, which provides 25 km (9.7 sq mi) of land reserve. It is located on the main island and the populations here have been greatly studied in regards to both their ecology and behavior. Even so, many groups have been found in
619:
with four chambers specific for breaking down plant materials, however it cannot digest the sugars contained in mature fruits. Because the monkey feeds on young leaves (though not limited to them), there are instances where it consumes
582:
Feeding is also a group activity. It begins to feed in the morning, and is more active during the cooler parts of the day. Loud calls from males indicate the group is ready to move to another tree to feed. This monkey is mainly a
1557:
Nowak K, Perkin A, Jones T. (2009) Update on habitat loss and conservation status of the endangered
Zanzibar red colobus on Uzi and Vundwe Islands. Unpublished report for Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry,
574:
be observed playing and grooming during the rest periods between meals. Unlike females, in a group, males actually maintain close bonds, acting together in defense of their group and even in grooming each other.
784:, the Zanzibar red colobus is subject to extensive habitat destruction, particularly with coral rag forests. There is also reported poisoning, netting, and disappearance of monkeys as well as other with animals.
500:
because of their strong smell unlike other monkeys. This has caused people to hold negative views of the monkey and even to say it has an evil influence on trees on which they feed, ultimately killing the trees.
524:
About 1,600 to 3,000 individuals remain, and currently, 50% of the monkeys found on the islands live outside protected zones. The largest and most significant area of protection and habitat for the monkey is in
552:
1662:
1200:
Jorgensen, Matthew. (2009). "Behavioral
Application in Wildlife Photography: Developing a Foundation in Ecological and Behavioral Characteristics of the Zanzibar red colobus Monkey (
747:
in
Zanzibar, such calls are not often witnessed. The young, on the other hand, because of their smaller size and vulnerability, do at times make such calls when they see shadows.
641:
has been noted, however, that not all populations on the islands carry out the behavior, but that it is rather mostly done by those who consume more perennial and exotic foliage.
1282:
1518:
Struhsaker, T. T.; Cooney, D. O.; Siex, K. S. (1997). "Charcoal consumption by
Zanzibar red colobus monkeys: Its function and its ecological and demographic consequences".
655:, as previously mentioned, drops its leaves and can cause the monkey to go beyond park boundaries in order to extend its feeding range. This puts the already endangered
364:. Furthermore, it is suggested through mitochondrial analysis, that phylogenetic groups within the red colobus have been genetically isolated from another since the
428:
at about 600,000 years ago, which actually allows for an older evolutionary age compared to the previous assumption that it had become its own species around the
357:, population on Zanzibar, represents a population of red colobus that is believed to have been isolated on the island after sea levels rose toward the end of the
1380:
across floristic and disturbance gradients: Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge.
1102:
Ting, N (2008). "Mitochondrial relationships and divergence dates of the African colobines: evidence of Miocene origins for the living colobus monkeys".
397:(also known as the island rule) in which the original (larger) animal becomes smaller over time when there are limited resources. Males tend to have
743:
different alerting calls, one for when a predator is on land, and another when there is an aerial predator. However, because of the lack of larger
1657:
765:
2958:
2932:
1686:
521:; the latter provides food year-round. When found in agricultural areas, the monkey is more used to humans and comes closer to the ground.
509:
The Zanzibar red colobus is found in three forests of the Zanzibar archipelago. It displays a wide habit tolerance, but it is mainly an
513:
species and prefers drier areas over wet ones. Its habitats include coastal thickets and coastal rag scrub, but it can also be found in
3089:
1718:
1696:
3061:
2880:
667:
Males usually reach sexual maturity at about 3–3.5 years old, while females attain it at about two years old. Females approaching
3124:
2906:
799:
designated the Zanzibar red colobus as the flagship species in a long-term study on population, human influence, and behaviour.
957:"The radiation of red colobus monkeys (Primates, Colobinae): morphological evolution in a clade of endangered African primates"
2950:
1502:
1250:
2911:
1458:
Siex KS, Struhsaker TT (1999). "Ecology of the Zanzibar red colobus monkey: demographic variability and habitat stability".
1204:) as it Applies to the Development Exhibition Photography". SIT – Zanzibar Coastal Ecology and Natural Resource Management.
3114:
3119:
3099:
1154:
1066:
2683:
1041:
861:
851:
2963:
62:
739:
546:
526:
39:
806:
has played a role in the conservation of the animal by categorizing it as 'Class A.' According to the document
2832:
2419:
1884:
1711:
1611:
796:
3109:
684:
can be detected by this method, further helping the male conclude if the female is indeed ready to breed.
3129:
2945:
2473:
2464:
2113:
99:
2778:
644:
Since some populations use mangroves as a source of food, it is natural for the monkey to consume more
1726:
2710:
2455:
2001:
1088:
909:
2701:
2674:
2387:
2234:
2122:
2019:
1974:
1911:
1704:
1169:
2270:
2261:
1965:
1902:
1790:
731:
3002:
2794:
2692:
2428:
2315:
2306:
1956:
1568:
Silkiluwasha F (1981). "The distribution and conservation status of the Zanzibar red colobus".
2333:
759:
A number of factors have contributed to the monkey's endangered status. First, an increase in
3094:
2997:
2989:
2545:
2437:
1992:
1603:
383:
214:
3025:
2846:
2924:
2867:
2841:
2581:
2500:
2491:
2378:
1938:
1920:
1893:
1577:
1403:
1228:
1111:
824:(Zanzibar). Furthermore, it would be necessary to establish and designate protected zones.
787:
Various attempts have been made for conservation of the species. One project was with the
730:. The male's call is more of an alto or soprano in contrast to the low bass of a male's in
452:
413:
323:
303:
295:
8:
2360:
2207:
2140:
2095:
1983:
1929:
1875:
788:
429:
420:) compared to other red colobus species. This analysis has also placed the divergence of
47:
1581:
1407:
1144:
1115:
2633:
2554:
2536:
2518:
2131:
2010:
1589:
1535:
1475:
1421:
1340:
1076:
1014:
803:
652:
633:
315:
94:
886:
692:
has also been noted on occasion when a new male joins a given group that has infants.
3104:
2984:
2854:
2758:
2749:
2657:
2642:
2252:
2225:
2189:
2180:
2104:
2086:
1633:
1498:
1443:, Department of Commercial Crops Fruits & Forestry (DCCFF), Tanzania (2006), p. 2
1416:
1391:
1332:
1246:
1150:
1127:
1062:
1037:
973:
956:
867:
857:
241:
1539:
1479:
1425:
1344:
1018:
2859:
2734:
2725:
2624:
2527:
1728:
1585:
1527:
1467:
1411:
1324:
1119:
1006:
968:
904:
727:
497:
472:
456:
394:
319:
307:
231:
181:
3052:
2971:
2563:
2216:
1843:
1666:
1123:
993:
Nowak K, Cardini A, Elton S (2008). "Evolutionary Acceleration and Divergence in
672:
645:
476:
361:
3015:
2937:
1170:
Inventory Acc.942 Papers of Sir John Kirk GCMB KCB and Lady Kirk née Helen Cooke
615:. It is one of the few species that do not eat ripe fruits; it has a sacculated
2572:
2482:
2446:
2369:
2198:
2164:
2149:
1834:
1816:
483:
1531:
1471:
1010:
405:. It is not certain how long ago and where this evolutionary change occurred.
3083:
2919:
2817:
2351:
2342:
2297:
2069:
2043:
2034:
1807:
1392:"Colobus monkeys and coconuts: a study of perceived human-wildlife conflicts"
895:
856:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 169–170.
847:
781:
760:
744:
668:
604:
398:
67:
1056:
871:
2509:
1825:
1336:
1145:
Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E., eds. (2012).
1131:
931:
843:
769:
681:
402:
377:
341:
2976:
1438:
699:
There are higher birthing rates between October–December for colobines on
432:. The species has been reclassified twice; it was previously in the genus
2893:
2826:
2279:
1858:
716:
689:
514:
358:
283:
191:
30:
3066:
2885:
1772:
777:
700:
440:
335:
161:
2898:
1659:
African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
1328:
808:
African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
565:
2402:
1735:
792:
724:
584:
111:
2788:
1311:
Nowak, K. (2008). "Frequent Water Drinking by Zanzibar Red Colobus (
3046:
2811:
1754:
704:
677:
656:
621:
533:(Swahili for "farmland") in close proximity to the park. In these
518:
510:
365:
287:
131:
401:
traits which include a shorter face, large orbits and an enlarged
1766:
853:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
616:
460:
434:
329:
311:
279:
151:
2872:
1497:(Second ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 113–114.
1057:
Ting, N.; Delson, E.; Oates, J. F. & Disotell, T. R (2006).
795:
which is located just west of Uzi Island. Another funded by the
541:
1760:
1748:
821:
720:
629:
625:
596:
588:
393:
in contrast to the mainland colobus monkey, is consistent with
291:
171:
141:
121:
751:
deemed necessary) to make some variation of the call as well.
735:
the group and when checking the sexual status of his females.
3010:
637:
600:
84:
78:
2607:
1376:
Nowak K. (2007). "Behavioral flexibility and demography of
1245:. Guilford, CT: Bradt Travel Guides Ltd., Inc. p. 53.
878:
612:
608:
592:
1059:
Molecular systematics of red colobus monkeys (Procolobus )
492:
Locals on the island have called the Zanzibar red colobus
1034:
Island biogeography: ecology, evolution, and conservation
327:
reclassified three times; it was previously in the genus
1240:
1147:
Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates
587:, and on average, half of the leaves consumed are young
451:
An alternative common name is Kirk's red colobus after
1172:. National Library of Scotland: Manuscripts Division.
459:
of Zanzibar who first brought it to the attention of
310:
of Zanzibar who first brought it to the attention of
1517:
348:
624:, which is believed to aid their digestion of the
1280:
992:
408:Through molecular analyses, it is indicated that
298:, off the coast of Tanzania. It is also known as
3081:
910:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39992A168568335.en
738:The call heard most often by people in or near
1567:
1492:
1457:
1389:
988:
986:
984:
1712:
884:
569:Males and females share the same coat pattern
1687:images and movies of the Kirk's red colobus
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1031:
954:
651:In the dry season, one of the staple foods,
632:compounds) found in the young leaves of the
371:Examining cranial morphology has shown that
1036:. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–75.
981:
1719:
1705:
1653:
1651:
1213:
240:
56:
29:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1415:
1310:
1175:
972:
961:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
908:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1306:
1304:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
671:can be easily identified because of the
564:
551:
540:
318:and in the mid-1990s was adopted as the
1648:
1596:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1281:Ciani, Camperio A; et al. (2001).
1138:
1101:
703:and then January–February for those in
466:
3082:
1546:
1216:East African Mammals – Vol I: Primates
1061:. Vol. 27. pp. Abstract 96.
948:
842:
838:
836:
2793:
2792:
1700:
1351:
1301:
1259:
1626:
1520:International Journal of Primatology
1460:International Journal of Primatology
1446:
1291:Animal Biodiversity and Conservation
1243:Zanzibar: Pemba · Mafia: 7th Edition
999:International Journal of Primatology
314:science. It is now classified as an
2684:Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (
1241:McIntyre, C.; Shand, Susan (2009).
896:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
833:
13:
1590:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1981.tb00662.x
1440:Forestry Technical Paper Number 45
1283:"Survival of a small translocated
673:swelling and bright red coloration
14:
3141:
1679:
723:compared to other members of the
438:, and more recently in the genus
349:Evolutionary history and taxonomy
3090:IUCN Red List endangered species
1417:10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00455.x
1315:) in a Mangrove Forest Refuge".
974:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00508.x
710:
603:. It has also been found eating
98:
2420:Black-crested Sumatran langur (
1561:
1511:
1486:
1432:
1390:Siex KS, Struhsaker TT (1999).
1383:
1317:American Journal of Primatology
1234:
1231:. American Wildlife Foundation.
1222:
1207:
1163:
754:
662:
496:which means "poison monkey" in
412:is more closely related to the
3125:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
1636:. Zanzibar Red Colobus Project
1095:
1050:
1025:
924:
591:. They also eat leaf shoots,
482:The word "colobus" comes from
1:
2474:East Sumatran banded langur (
2114:Northern plains gray langur (
1671:Organisation of African Unity
1612:Wildlife Conservation Society
827:
810:, 'Class A' is described as:
797:Wildlife Conservation Society
1885:Miss Waldron's red colobus (
1124:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.011
7:
2711:Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (
1287:population on Pemba Island"
955:Cardini A, Elton S (2009).
815:or for scientific purposes.
560:
375:has diverged from mainland
16:Species of Old World monkey
10:
3146:
3115:Endangered fauna of Africa
2702:Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (
2675:Golden snub-nosed monkey (
2465:Robinson's banded langur (
2388:Indochinese black langur (
2235:Selangor silvered langur (
2123:Black-footed gray langur (
2020:Ulindi River red colobus (
1570:African Journal of Ecology
1396:Journal of Applied Ecology
1149:. Lynx. pp. 705–712.
1104:Journal of Human Evolution
577:
504:
353:The Zanzibar red colobus,
3120:Mammals described in 1868
3100:Endemic fauna of Tanzania
3036:
2801:
2775:
2747:
2723:
2655:
2605:
2598:
2400:
2262:Indochinese grey langur (
2162:
2067:
2060:
2032:
1966:Niger Delta red colobus (
1856:
1788:
1781:
1743:
1727:Extant species of family
1011:10.1007/s10764-008-9306-1
339:, and later in the genus
294:, the main island of the
248:
239:
220:
213:
95:Scientific classification
93:
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
2693:Gray snub-nosed monkey (
2456:Raffles' banded langur (
2429:Black-and-white langur (
2002:Oustalet's red colobus (
1957:Tana River red colobus (
1798:(Black and white colobi)
850:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
424:from its sister species
2546:Sabah grizzled langur (
2438:Black Sumatran langur (
1975:Bouvier's red colobus (
1912:Thollon's red colobus (
1532:10.1023/a:1026341207045
1493:Ankel-Simons F (2000).
1472:10.1023/A:1020558702199
732:black-and-white colobus
719:species have a smaller
389:The smaller cranium of
255: extant (resident)
2582:Natuna Island surili (
2501:White-fronted surili (
2492:White-thighed surili (
2271:Phayre's leaf monkey (
1948:Zanzibar red colobus (
1939:Udzungwa red colobus (
1903:Preuss's red colobus (
1604:"Zanzibar red colobus"
903:: e.T39992A168568335.
885:Davenport, T. (2019).
817:
570:
557:
549:
384:population bottlenecks
2998:Paleobiology Database
2361:White-headed langur (
2316:Gee's golden langur (
2307:Shortridge's langur (
2141:Purple-faced langur (
2096:Kashmir gray langur (
1984:Semliki red colobus (
1930:Ugandan red colobus (
1876:Western red colobus (
1032:Whittaker RJ (1998).
812:
568:
555:
544:
24:Zanzibar red colobus
2665:(Snub-nosed monkeys)
2634:Black-shanked douc (
2555:Maroon leaf monkey (
2132:Tufted gray langur (
2011:Lomami red colobus (
1993:Lang's red colobus (
932:"Appendices | CITES"
527:Jozani National Park
467:Physical description
414:Udzungwa red colobus
333:, then in the genus
296:Zanzibar Archipelago
270:Zanzibar red colobus
3110:Mammals of Tanzania
2847:Piliocolobus_kirkii
2833:Piliocolobus kirkii
2803:Piliocolobus kirkii
2759:Pig-tailed langur (
2643:Gray-shanked douc (
2379:Delacour's langur (
2253:Dusky leaf monkey (
2226:Tenasserim lutung (
2190:West Javan langur (
2181:East Javan langur (
2105:Tarai gray langur (
2087:Nepal gray langur (
1921:Foa's red colobus (
1894:Pennant's colobus (
1731:(Old World monkeys)
1689:(Procolobus kirkii)
1582:1981AfJEc..19..187S
1408:1999JApEc..36.1009S
1214:Kingdon, J (1974).
1116:2008JHumE..55..312T
889:Piliocolobus kirkii
789:World Wildlife Fund
444:and then the genus
430:last glacial period
355:Piliocolobus kirkii
275:Piliocolobus kirkii
224:Piliocolobus kirkii
48:Conservation status
3130:Primates of Africa
2735:Proboscis monkey (
2625:Red-shanked douc (
2334:François' langur (
2208:Germain's langur (
1665:2010-12-05 at the
804:African Convention
791:, specifically in
653:Indian almond tree
634:Indian almond tree
571:
558:
550:
316:endangered species
300:Kirk's red colobus
3077:
3076:
2985:Open Tree of Life
2795:Taxon identifiers
2786:
2785:
2771:
2770:
2668:
2618:
2594:
2593:
2564:Mentawai langur (
2537:Miller's langur (
2519:Thomas's langur (
2413:
2217:Annamese langur (
2080:
2056:
2055:
1869:
1844:Mantled guereza (
1801:
1732:
1504:978-0-12-058670-7
1378:Procolobus kirkii
1329:10.1002/ajp.20605
1323:(11): 1081–1092.
1313:Procolobus kirkii
1285:Procolobus kirkii
1252:978-1-84162-254-5
1218:. Academic Press.
1202:Procolobus kirkii
995:Procolobus kirkii
556:A mother and baby
455:(1832–1922), the
266:
265:
88:
71:
3137:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3029:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2850:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2790:
2789:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2573:Siberut langur (
2483:Sarawak surili (
2447:Mitered langur (
2412:
2411:
2407:
2370:Laotian langur (
2363:T. leucocephalus
2354:T. poliocephalus
2237:T. selangorensis
2199:Silvery lutung (
2150:Nilgiri langur (
2079:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2064:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1835:Ursine colobus (
1817:Angola colobus (
1800:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1730:
1729:Cercopithecidae
1721:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1674:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1608:Tanzania Program
1600:
1594:
1593:
1576:(1–2): 187–194.
1565:
1559:
1555:
1544:
1543:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1455:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1402:(6): 1009–1020.
1387:
1381:
1374:
1349:
1348:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1278:
1257:
1256:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1005:(5): 1313–1339.
990:
979:
978:
976:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
912:
882:
876:
875:
840:
473:Old World monkey
457:British Resident
386:in the species.
320:flagship species
308:British Resident
260:
254:
249:geographic range
244:
226:
103:
102:
82:
65:
60:
59:
33:
21:
20:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3032:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2972:Observation.org
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2797:
2787:
2782:
2767:
2743:
2719:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2651:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2599:Odd-nosed group
2590:
2528:Hose's langur (
2409:
2408:
2406:
2396:
2352:Cat Ba langur (
2343:Hatinh langur (
2298:Capped langur (
2158:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2052:
2044:Olive colobus (
2028:
1986:P. semlikiensis
1959:P. rufomitratus
1932:P. tephrosceles
1865:
1864:
1862:
1852:
1808:Black colobus (
1797:
1796:
1794:
1777:
1739:
1725:
1682:
1677:
1667:Wayback Machine
1656:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1547:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1495:Primate Anatomy
1491:
1487:
1456:
1447:
1437:
1433:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1352:
1309:
1302:
1279:
1260:
1253:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1143:
1139:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1030:
1026:
991:
982:
953:
949:
940:
938:
930:
929:
925:
915:
913:
883:
879:
864:
841:
834:
830:
757:
713:
665:
646:sodium chloride
580:
563:
519:mangrove swamps
507:
469:
351:
262:
258:
256:
252:
250:
235:
228:
222:
209:
182:Cercopithecidae
97:
89:
72:
61:
57:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3143:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3058:
3042:
3040:
3038:Colobus kirkii
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2968:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2823:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2510:Javan surili (
2507:
2498:
2489:
2485:P. chrysomelas
2480:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2345:T. hatinhensis
2340:
2323:
2322:
2313:
2309:T. shortridgei
2304:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2264:T. crepusculus
2259:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2170:
2168:
2165:Trachypithecus
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2089:S. schistaceus
2083:
2081:
2077:(Gray langurs)
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2017:
2013:P. parmentieri
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1826:King colobus (
1823:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1680:External links
1678:
1676:
1675:
1647:
1625:
1595:
1560:
1545:
1510:
1503:
1485:
1466:(2): 163–192.
1445:
1431:
1382:
1350:
1300:
1258:
1251:
1233:
1229:Colobus Monkey
1221:
1206:
1174:
1162:
1156:978-8496553897
1155:
1137:
1094:
1085:|journal=
1068:978-0549592365
1067:
1049:
1042:
1024:
980:
947:
923:
877:
862:
831:
829:
826:
782:Vundwe Islands
756:
753:
712:
709:
664:
661:
659:at more risk.
579:
576:
562:
559:
506:
503:
468:
465:
350:
347:
264:
263:
257:
251:
246:
245:
237:
236:
229:
218:
217:
211:
210:
206:P. kirkii
203:
201:
197:
196:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
91:
90:
77:
74:
73:
55:
52:
51:
46:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3142:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2658:Rhinopithecus
2654:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2566:P. potenziani
2562:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2422:P. melalophos
2418:
2417:
2415:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:Popa langur (
2278:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2125:S. hypoleucos
2121:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2070:Semnopithecus
2066:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2022:P. lulindicus
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1941:P. gordonorum
1937:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1837:C. vellerosus
1833:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1819:C. angolensis
1815:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1782:African group
1780:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1635:
1629:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1043:9780198500209
1039:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
987:
985:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
937:
933:
927:
911:
906:
902:
898:
897:
892:
890:
881:
873:
869:
865:
863:0-801-88221-4
859:
855:
854:
849:
848:Wilson, D. E.
845:
844:Groves, C. P.
839:
837:
832:
825:
823:
816:
811:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
774:
771:
767:
762:
761:deforestation
752:
748:
746:
745:birds of prey
741:
740:Jozani Forest
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
711:Communication
708:
706:
702:
697:
693:
691:
685:
683:
679:
674:
670:
660:
658:
654:
649:
647:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:, and unripe
598:
594:
590:
586:
575:
567:
554:
548:
547:Jozani Forest
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
522:
520:
517:areas and in
516:
512:
502:
499:
495:
490:
488:
485:
480:
478:
474:
464:
462:
458:
454:
453:Sir John Kirk
449:
447:
443:
442:
437:
436:
431:
427:
426:P. godronorum
423:
419:
418:P. gordonorum
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
395:Foster's rule
392:
387:
385:
380:
379:
374:
369:
367:
363:
360:
356:
346:
344:
343:
338:
337:
332:
331:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:Sir John Kirk
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:
271:
261: extinct
247:
243:
238:
233:
227:
225:
219:
216:
215:Binomial name
212:
208:
207:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
80:
75:
69:
64:
53:
49:
44:
41:
40:Jozani Forest
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3095:Piliocolobus
3037:
2802:
2777:
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2748:
2736:
2724:
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2704:R. avunculus
2703:
2694:
2685:
2677:R. roxellana
2676:
2656:
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2606:
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2574:
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2557:P. rubicunda
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2547:
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2502:
2494:P. siamensis
2493:
2484:
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2467:P. robinsoni
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2458:P. femoralis
2457:
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2440:P. sumatrana
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2430:
2421:
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2381:T. delacouri
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2362:
2353:
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2336:T. francoisi
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2328:T. francoisi
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2272:
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2219:T. margarita
2218:
2209:
2201:T. cristatus
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2192:T. mauritius
2191:
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2175:T. cristatus
2174:
2173:
2163:
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1896:P. pennantii
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1887:P. waldronae
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1866:(Red colobi)
1859:Piliocolobus
1857:
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766:Ngezi Forest
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403:neurocranium
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324:conservation
299:
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193:Piliocolobus
192:
168:Infraorder:
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2894:iNaturalist
2827:Wikispecies
2761:S. concolor
2737:N. larvatus
2713:R. strykeri
2695:R. brelichi
2636:P. nigripes
2539:P. canicrus
2503:P. frontata
2300:T. pileatus
2292:T. pileatus
2255:T. obscurus
2247:T. obscurus
2210:T. germaini
2116:S. entellus
1977:P. bouvieri
1914:P. tholloni
1734:(subfamily
1110:(2): 1–14.
967:: 197–224.
916:19 November
717:red colobus
690:Infanticide
399:pedomorphic
359:Pleistocene
284:red colobus
172:Simiiformes
3084:Categories
2645:P. cinerea
2627:P. nemaeus
2584:P. natunae
2521:P. thomasi
2476:P. percura
2449:P. mitrata
2431:P. bicolor
2273:T. phayrei
2183:T. auratus
2143:S. vetulus
2035:Procolobus
1905:P. preussi
1846:C. guereza
1810:C. satanas
1773:Haplorhini
1771:Suborder:
1634:"Research"
941:2022-01-14
828:References
701:Uzi Island
628:(possibly
494:kima punju
477:prehensile
461:zoological
441:Procolobus
336:Procolobus
312:zoological
232:J. E. Gray
162:Haplorhini
158:Suborder:
81:Appendix I
63:Endangered
3053:Q41082104
2608:Pygathrix
2575:P. siberu
2548:P. sabana
2512:P. comata
2410:(Surilis)
2403:Presbytis
2390:T. ebenus
2372:T. laotum
2228:T. barbei
2152:S. johnii
2107:S. hector
1968:P. epieni
1950:P. kirkii
1878:P. badius
1747:Kingdom:
1736:Colobinae
1685:ARKive –
1558:Zanzibar.
1087:ignored (
1077:cite book
936:cites.org
793:Menai Bay
728:subfamily
725:Colobinae
585:foliovore
487:ekolobĂłse
463:science.
422:P. kirkii
410:P. kirkii
391:P. kirkii
373:P. kirkii
200:Species:
118:Kingdom:
112:Eukaryota
38:Adult at
3105:Zanzibar
3047:Wikidata
3011:Species+
2951:12100632
2812:Wikidata
2779:Category
2686:R. bieti
2530:P. hosei
2134:S. priam
2046:P. verus
1995:P. langi
1767:Primates
1761:Mammalia
1755:Chordata
1753:Phylum:
1749:Animalia
1673:, p. 15.
1663:Archived
1540:25002260
1480:23228971
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1345:27755894
1337:18651613
1132:18423802
1019:24435346
872:62265494
846:(2005).
705:Kiwengwa
678:estrogen
657:colobine
630:phenolic
622:charcoal
561:Behavior
511:arboreal
366:Pliocene
178:Family:
152:Primates
142:Mammalia
132:Chordata
128:Phylum:
122:Animalia
108:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
3067:9147569
2990:1013935
2938:1000646
2886:4266987
2873:4453913
2818:Q913807
2726:Nasalis
2615:(Doucs)
2318:T. geei
2282:T. popa
2098:S. ajax
1923:P. foai
1791:Colobus
1765:Order:
1759:Class:
1578:Bibcode
1404:Bibcode
1112:Bibcode
669:estrous
617:stomach
607:, dead
597:flowers
578:Feeding
535:shambas
531:shambas
505:Habitat
498:Swahili
435:Colobus
330:Colobus
288:endemic
286:monkey
280:species
278:) is a
234:, 1868)
188:Genus:
148:Order:
138:Class:
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589:leaves
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292:Unguja
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2860:4HTQQ
2330:group
2294:group
2249:group
2177:group
1536:S2CID
1476:S2CID
1422:S2CID
1341:S2CID
1015:S2CID
638:mango
601:fruit
593:seeds
484:Greek
471:This
362:epoch
85:CITES
79:CITES
3062:GBIF
3016:4754
2959:NCBI
2920:IUCN
2907:ITIS
2881:GBIF
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1620:2016
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680:and
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322:for
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