Baiyue - Knowledge

1863:

Han Chinese living in central China were forced to expand into the unfamiliar and southern regions in large numbers. As the number of Han Chinese immigrants into the Yue coastal regions increased, many Chinese families joined them to escape political unrest, military service, tax obligations, persecution, or sought new opportunities. As early arrivals took advantage of the easily accessible fertile land, latecomers had to continue migrating to more remote areas. Conflicts would sometimes arise between the two groups but eventually Han Chinese immigrants from the northern plains moved south to form ad hoc groups and take on the role as powerful local political leaders, many of whom accepted Chinese government titles. Each new wave of Han immigrants exerted additional pressure on the indigenous Yue inhabitants as the Han Chinese in southern China gradually became the predominant ethnic group in local life while displacing the Yue tribes into more mountainous and remote border areas.

1961:

driven out into poorer land on the hills and into the mountains. Chinese military garrisons showed little patience with the Yue tribes who refused to submit to Han Chinese imperial power and resisted the influx of Han Chinese immigrants, driving them out to the coastal extremities such as the river valleys and highland areas where they became marginal scavengers and outcasts. Han dynasty rulers saw the opportunity offered by the Chinese family agricultural settlements and used it as a tool for colonizing newly conquered regions and transforming those environments. Displaced Yue tribes often staged sneak attacks and small-scale raids or attacks to reclaim their lost territories on Chinese settlements termed "rebellions" by traditional historians but were eventually stymied by the strong action of the Han dynasty's military superiority.

4785:

living: they are descendants of some aboriginal tribe of which Tan was apparently the name. Tanka boat, a boat of the kind in which these people live. 1839 Chinese Repository 7 506 The small boats of Tanka women are never without this appendage. 1848 S. W. Williams Middle Kingdom I. vii. 321 The tankia, or boat-people, at Canton form a class in some respects beneath the other portions of the community. 1848 S. W. Williams Middle Kingdom II. xiii. 23 A large part of the boats at Canton are tankia boats, about 25 feet long, containing only one room, and covered with movable mats, so contrived as to cover the whole vessel; they are usually rowed by women. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 23 Mar. 5/2 The Tankas, numbering perhaps 50,000 in all, gain their livelihood by ferrying people to and fro on the broad river with its creeks.

2511: 2546: 2580: 2558: 2391: 2592: 1660:, his nominal vassal overlord. The Han responded by sending troops against Minyue, but before they could get there, Zou Ying was killed by his brother Zou Yushan, who surrendered to the Han. The Han army was recalled. Zhao considered visiting the Han court in order to show his gratitude. His high ministers argued against it, reminding him that his father kept his distance from the Han and merely avoided a breach of etiquette to keep the peace. Zhao therefore pleaded illness and never went through with the trip. Zhao did actually fall ill several years later and died in 122. He was succeeded by his son, 1443:, literally 'Old snail'—so called because its walls were laid out in concentric rings reminiscent of a snail shell. According to legend, the construction of the citadel was halted by a group of spirits seeking to gain revenge for the son of the previous king. The spirits were led by a white chicken. A golden turtle appeared, subdued the white chicken, and protected An Dương Vương until the citadel's completion. When the turtle departed, he left one of his claws behind, which An Dương Vương used as the trigger for his magical crossbow, the "Saintly Crossbow of the Supernaturally Luminous Golden Claw". 1495: 942: 2534: 1524: 1699:

Zhao Yingqi. When Anguo arrived, quite a number of people believed the two resumed their relationship. The Queen Dowager feared that there would be a revolt against her authority so she urged the king and his ministers to seek closer ties to the Han. Xing agreed to and proposed that relations between Nanyue and the Han should be normalized with a triennial journey to the Han court as well as the removal of custom barriers along the border. The prime minister of Nanyue,

6019: 1104:'s life is recorded in any appreciable detail. Goujian's descendants are listed but aside from their succession of each other until 330 BC, when Yue was conquered by Chu, nothing else about them is known. Therefore, the lower echelons of Wu–Yue society remain shrouded in mystery, appearing only in reference to their strange clothing, tattoos, and short hair by northern Chinese states. After the fall of Yue, the ruling family moved south to what is now 2362: 1945: 2446:

lord, you may put me to the test.” Lord Yuan then selected a stave of linyu bamboo, the top of which was withered. He broke off at the top and threw them to the ground, and the woman picked them up . Lord Yuan then grabbed the bottom end of the bamboo and stabbed at the woman. She responded, and they fought three bouts, and just as the woman lifted the stave to strike him, Lord Yuan flew into the treetops and became a white gibbon (yuan).

1825: 2480:

the importance of these blades within the culture of the ancient south. Both Wu and Yue were famous among their contemporaries for the quantity and quality of the blades that they produced, but it was not until much later, during the Han dynasty, that legends about them were first collected. These tales became an important part of Chinese mythology, and introduced the characters of legendary swordsmiths such as

1586:). Ren gave Zhao full authority to act as military commander of Nanhai and died shortly afterwards. Zhao immediately closed off the roads at Hengpu, Yangshan, and Huangqi. Using one excuse or another he eliminated the Qin officials and replaced them with his own appointees. By the time the Qin fell in 206 BC, Zhao had also conquered the provinces of Guilin and Xiang. He declared himself King Wu of 1224: 58: 1487: 1594:, Zhao respected Yue customs, rallied their local rulers, and let local chieftains continue their old policies and local political traditions. Under Zhao's rule, he encouraged Han Chinese settlers to intermarry with the indigenous Yue tribes through instituting a policy of 'harmonizing and gathering' while creating a syncretic culture that was a blend of Han and Yue cultures. 1371:(Lạc Dragon Lord). Lạc Long Quân came from the sea and subdued all the evil of the land, taught the people how to cultivate rice and wear clothes, and then returned to the sea again. He then met and married Âu Cơ, a goddess, daughter of Đế Lai. Âu Cơ soon bore an egg sac, from which hatched a hundred children. The first born son became Hùng King and ancestor of Luoyue people. 2370:

horses. The marshy lands of the south gave the Gouwu and Yuyue people unique characteristics. According to Robert Marks, the Yue lived in what is now Fujian province gained their livelihood mostly from fishing, hunting, and practiced some kind of swidden rice farming. Prior to Han Chinese migration from the north, the Yue tribes cultivated wet rice, practiced fishing and

1953:

Yue leaders were exploited by the Han dynasty with the Han military winning battles against the southern kingdoms and commanderies that were of geographic and strategic value to them. Han foreign policy also took advantage of the political turmoil among rival Yue leaders and enticed them with bribes and lured prospects for submitting to the Han Empire as a subordinate

1274:, and finally an army was transported by sea to Dong'ou. By the time the Han forces had arrived, Minyue had already withdrawn its troops. The king of Dong'ou no longer wished to live in Dong'ou, so he requested permission for the inhabitants of his state to move into Han territory. Permission was granted and he and all his people settled in the region between the 1049:). The brothers all agreed to exclude their sons from the line of succession and to eventually pass the throne to their youngest brother, Prince Jizha, but when Yumei died, a succession crisis erupted which saw his son King Liao taking the throne. Not much is known about their reigns as Yue history largely concentrates on the last two Wu kings, 2488:莫耶 to new audiences in stories that would be popular for millennia. These tales would serve to keep the fame of Wu and Yue sword-craft alive, many centuries after these kingdoms had vanished, and indeed into a time when swords had been rendered completely obsolete for other than ceremonial purposes by developments in military technology. 2471:(Record of Precious Swords) mentions several named swords: Zhanlu (Black), Haocao (Bravery), Juque (Great Destroyer), Lutan (Dew Platform), Chunjun (Purity), Shengxie (Victor over Evil), Yuchang (Fish-belly), Longyuan (Dragon Gulf), Taie (Great Riverbank), and Gongbu (Artisanal Display). Many of these were made by the Yue swordsmith 2382:, tattooed their faces and dominated the coastal regions from shores all the way to the fertile valleys in the interior mountains. Water transport was paramount in the south, so the two states became advanced in shipbuilding and developed maritime warfare technology mapping trade routes to Eastern coasts of China and Southeast Asia. 1293:, who sued for peace with the Han. The Han enthroned Zou Wuzhu's grandson, Zou Chou, as king. After they left, Zou Yushan secretly declared himself king while the Han backed Zou Chou found himself powerless. When the Han found out about this the emperor deemed it too troublesome to punish Yushan and let the matter slide. 4938:. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. Vol. 2 of Indo-Pacific Prehistory: Proceedings of the 15th Congress of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 5–12 January 1994. The Chiang Mai Papers. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Australian National University. p. 94. 1262:, the King of Wu, revolted against the Han and tried to persuade Minyue and Dong'ou to join him. The king of Minyue refused but Dong'ou sided with the rebels. However, when Liu Pi was defeated and fled to Dong'ou, they killed him to appease the Han, and therefore escaped any retaliation. Liu Pi's son, 4810:

But from the position of the sites it might be supposed that the inhabitants were pushed onto the seacoast by the pressure of other peoples and their survival may have lasted well into historic times, even possibly as late as the Sung dynasty (AD 960), the date, as we shall see, when Chinese peasants

2445:

The woman was going to travel north to have audience with King when she met an old man on the road, and he introduced himself as Lord Yuan. He asked the woman: “I have heard that you are good at swordsmanship, I would like to see this!" the woman said: “I do not dare to conceal anything from you; my

1304:

wanted to attack Minyue for their betrayal; however, the emperor felt that their forces were already too exhausted for any further military action, so the army was disbanded. The next year, Zou Yushan learned that Yang Pu had requested permission to attack him and saw that Han forces were amassing at

1160: 2357:

The Han referred to the various non-Han "barbarian" peoples of southern China as "Baiyue", saying they possessed habits like adapting to water, having their hair cropped short and tattooed. The Han also said their language was "animal shrieking" and that they lacked morals, modesty, civilization and

2311:

One theory proposes that the ancient Yue inhabitants of southern China are the ancestors of the modern Tanka boat people. The majority of western academics subscribe to this theory, and use Chinese historical sources. (The ancient Chinese used the term "Yue" to refer to all southern barbarians.) The

1935:

for over a year, but the Lạc lords became increasingly nervous at the sight of a large Han army. Realizing that she would soon lose her followers if she did not do anything, Trưng Trắc sallied out against the Han army and lost badly, losing more than 10,000 followers. Her followers fled, allowing Ma

1721:

by marriage, and over 70 of his kinsmen served as officials in various parts of the Nanyue court. Lü refused to meet the Han envoys which angered the Queen Dowager. She tried to kill him at a banquet but was stopped by Xing. The Queen Dowager tried to gather enough support at court to kill Lü in the

1698:

sent Anguo Shaoji to summon Zhao Xing and the Queen Dowager Jiu to Chang'an for an audience with the emperor. The Queen Dowager Jiu, who was Han Chinese, was regarded as a foreigner by the Yue people, and it was widely rumored that she had an illicit relationship with Anguo Shaoji before she married

1469:

to become hostile and mobilize forces against Âu Lạc. Zhao Tuo's initial attack was unsuccessful. According to legend, Zhao Tuo asked for a truce and sent his son to conduct a marriage alliance with An Dương Vương's daughter. Zhao Tuo's son stole the turtle claw that powered An Dương Vương's magical

1269:

In 138, Minyue attacked Dong'ou and besieged their capital. Dong'ou managed to send someone to appeal for help from the Han. Opinions at the Han court were mixed on whether or not to help Dong'ou. Grand commandant Tian Fen was of the opinion that the Yue constantly attacked each other and it was not

2479:

Swords held a special place in the culture of the ancient kingdoms of Wu and Yue. Legends about swords were recorded here far earlier and in much greater detail than any other part of China, and this reflects both the development of sophisticated sword-making technology in this region of China, and

2123:

of Yue. Successive waves of migration in different localities during various times in Chinese history over the past two thousand years have given rise to different dialect groups seen in Southern China today. Modern Lingnan culture contains both Nanyue and Han Chinese elements: the modern Cantonese

1952:

After the rebellion of the Trưng Sisters, more direct rule and greater efforts at sinicisation were imposed by the Han dynasty. The territories of the Lạc lords were revoked and ruled directly, along with other former Yue territories to the north, as provinces of the Han empire. Division among the

1862:

Sinicization of the southern Han dynasty which used to be Nanyue was the result of several factors. Northern and central China was often a theater of imperial dynastic conflict which resulted in waves of Han Chinese refugees fleeing to the south. With dynastic changes, wars, and foreign invasions,

1858:

was already a major center for international maritime trade and was one of the most economically prosperous metropolises during the Han dynasty. Regions in the principal ports of modern Guangdong were used for the production of pearls and a trading terminal for maritime silk with Ancient India and

1641:

made efforts to appease Zhao. Learning that Zhao's parents were buried in Zhending, he set aside a town close by just to take care of their graves. Zhao's cousins were appointed to high offices at the Han court. He also withdrew the army stationed in Changsha on the Han-Nanyue border. In response,

1085:

Zhuangzi of Qi wanted to attack Yue, and he discussed this with Hezi. Hezi said: “Our former ruler handed down his instruction: ‘Do not attack Yue, for Yue is a cruel tiger.’” Zhuangzi said: “Even though it was a cruel tiger, now it is already dead.” Hezi reported this to Xiaozi. Xiaozi said: “It

4784:

Tanka, n.1 Pronunciation: /ˈtæŋkə/ Forms: Also tankia, tanchia. Etymology: < Chinese (Cantonese), < Chinese tan, lit. 'egg', + Cantonese ka, in South Mandarin kia, North Mandarin chia, family, people. The boat-population of Canton, who live entirely on the boats by which they earn their

4606:

which modern people are the Pai Yueh"...So is it possible that there is a relationship between the Pai Yueh and the Malay race?...Today in riverine estuaries of Fukien and Kwangtung are another Yueh people, the Tanka ("boat people"). Might some of them have left the Yueh tribes and set out on the

2466:

mentions the high quality of southern swords and their ability to cleave through oxen, horses, bowls, and basins, but would shatter if used on a pillar or rock. Wu and Yue swords were highly valued and those who owned them would hardly ever use them for fear of damage, however in Wu and Yue these

2440:

met a female sword fighter called Nanlin (Yuenü) who demonstrated mastery over the art, and so he commanded his top five commanders to study her technique. Ever since, the technique came to be known as the "Sword of the Lady of Yue". The Yue were also known for their possession of mystical knives

1960:

Continuing internal Han Chinese migration during the Han dynasty eventually brought all the Yue coastal peoples under Chinese political control and cultural influence. As the number of Han Chinese migrants intensified following the annexation of Nanyue, the Yue people were gradually absorbed and

1188:

to modern Guangdong and set up commanderies along the main communication routes. Motivated by the region's vast land and valuable exotic products, Emperor Qin Shi Huang is said to have sent half a million troops divided into five armies to conquer the lands of the Yue. The Yue defeated the first

1853:

Nanyue was seen as attractive to the Han rulers as they desired to secure the area's maritime trade routes and gain access to luxury goods from the south such as pearls, incense, elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns, tortoise shells, coral, parrots, kingfishers, peacocks, and other rare luxuries to

1605:

to recognize Zhao Tuo as king of Nanyue. Lu gave Zhao a seal legitimizing him as king of Nanyue in return for his nominal submission to the Han. Zhao received him in the manner of the local people with his hair in a chignon while squatting. Lu accused him of going native and forgetting his true

2369:

Militarily, the ancient states of Yue and Wu were distinct from other Sinitic states for their possession of a navy. Unlike other Chinese states of the time, they also named their boats and swords. A Chinese text described the Yue as a people who used boats as their carriages and oars as their

1683:. Yingqi behaved without any scruples and committed murder on several occasions. When his father died in 122, he refused to visit the Han emperor to ask for his leave due to fearing that he would be arrested and punished for his behavior. Yingqi died in 115 and was succeeded by his second son, 1201:

The Yue fled into the depths of the mountains and forests, and it was not possible to fight them. The soldiers were kept in the garrisons to watch over abandoned territories. This went on for a long time, and the soldiers went weary. Then the Yue went out and attacked; the Ch'in (Qin) soldiers

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Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Lu, Daru; Song, Xiufeng; Zhang, Feng; He, Yungang; Li, Feng; Gao, Yang; Mao, Xianyun; Zhang, Liang; Qian, Ji; Tan, Jingze; Jin, Jianzhong; Huang, Wei; Deka, Ranjan; Su, Bing; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li (2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture".

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The Wuyi mountains were the home of the She, remnants of an aboriginal tribe related to the Yao who practiced slash and burn agriculture. Tanka boatmen of similar origin were also found in small numbers along the coast. Both the She and the Tanka were quite assimilated into Han Chinese

2066:. Under his governorship, the region was cleansed of the Shanyue through systematic destruction of their settlements. Captured tribesmen were used as front line fodder in the army. The remaining population was resettled in lowlands and many became tenant farmers for Chinese landowners. 2308:. The Tanka inherited their lifestyle and culture from the original Yue peoples who inhabited Hong Kong during the Neolithic era. After the First Emperor of China conquered Hong Kong, groups from northern and central China moved into the general area of Guangdong, including Hong Kong. 4689:

Most scholars, basing themselves on traditional Chinese historians' work, have agreed that the boat people are descendants of the Yüeh or a branch thereof ( Eberhard 1942, 1968 ; Lo 1955, 1963 ; Ho 1965 ; and others influenced by them, such as Wiens 1954). "Yüeh" (the

1573:

in 222 BC, Zhao Tuo joined the Qin and served as one of their generals in the conquest of the Baiyue. The territory of the Baiyue was divided into the three provinces of Guilin, Nanhai, and Xiang. Zhao served as magistrate in the province of Nanhai until his military commander,

4811:

first began to migrate into this region. The Tanka might, in theory, be the descendants of these earlier peoples. They too are an ancient population living on the seaboard without any trace of their earlier habitat. But as we have seen in the first chapter they have been so

1020:

of Wu made every effort to assert this claim and was the source of much contention among his contemporaries. Some scholars believe the Wu royalty may have been Chinese and ethnically distinct from the people they ruled. The recorded history of Wu began with King Shoumeng

2358:

culture. According to one Han Chinese immigrant of the 2nd century BC, "The Yue cut their hair short, tattooed their body, live in bamboo groves with neither towns nor villages, possessing neither bows or arrows, nor horses or chariots." They also blackened their teeth.

2304:(Miao). The Amoy University anthropologist Ling Hui-hsiang wrote his theory of the Fujian Tanka as descendants of the Bai Yue. He claimed that Guangdong and Fujian Tanka are definitely descended from the old Bai Yue peoples, and that they may have been ancestors of the 2342:

The Ou Yue people have their hair cut short and tattooed bodies, their right shoulder is left bare and their clothes are fastened on the left. In the kingdom of Wu they blacken their teeth and scarify their faces, they wear hats made of fish-skin and stitched with an

1916:. Later Vietnamese sources would claim that her husband was killed by the Han, thus stirring her to action, but Chinese sources make it clear Trưng Trắc was always in the leading position, alongside her sister Trưng Nhị. Together they came to be known as the legendary 2086:

sent waves of Han Chinese into the south. Waves of migration and subsequent intermarriage and cross-cultural dialogue gave rise to modern Chinese demographics with a dominant Han Chinese majority and minority non-Han Chinese indigenous peoples in the south. By the

4575:

Among the aboriginal tribes, the "Iu" (傜) tribe is the largest, then "Lai" (黎), the "Yi" (夷) or more commonly called the "Miao" (苗), and the "Tanka" (疍家) The mixture of these peoples with the "Han" people therefore caused all the cultural variations and racial

1854:

satisfy the demands of the Han aristocracy. Other considerations such as frontier security, revenue from a relatively large agricultural population, and access to tropical commodities all contributed to the Han dynasty's desire to retain control of the region.

1887:

and assimilated them. Under the direct rule and greater efforts at sinification by the victorious Han, the territories of the Lac states were annexed and ruled directly, along with other former Yue territories to the north as provinces of the Han empire.

1879:" plant, and possibly could also have acquired a certain level of immunity to malaria before Han Chinese even appeared on the scene. But for those without acquired immunity—such as Han Chinese migrants from north China—the disease would have been deadly. 4788:

Chinese repository · 1832–1851 (20 vols.). Canton Samuel Wells Williams · The middle kingdom; a survey of the geography, government … of the Chinese empire and its inhabitants · 1848. New York The Westminster gazette · 1893–1928. London : J. Marshall

1009:. The Wu and Yue peoples hated each other and had an intense rivalry but were indistinguishable from each other to the other Chinese states. It is suggested in some sources that their distinctive appearance made them victims of discrimination abroad. 1270:

in the Han's interest to interfere in their affairs. Palace counsellor Zhuang Zhu argued that to not aid Dong'ou would be to signal the end of the empire just like the Qin. A compromise was made to allow Zhuang Zhu to call up troops, but only from

980:

From the 9th century BC, two northern Yue tribes on the southeastern coastline of China, the Gouwu and Yuyue, came under the cultural influence of their northern Chinese neighbours. These two peoples were based in the areas of what is now southern

1870:

climate in the south made Han migration and eventual sinicization of the region a slow process. Describing the contrast in immunity towards malaria between the indigenous Yue and the Chinese immigrants, Robert B. Marks (2017:145-146) writes:

1726:

to lead a 2,000 men expedition to Nanyue. However, Zhuang refused to accept the mission, declaring that it was illogical to send so many men under the pretext of peace, but so few to enforce the might of the Han. The former prime minister of

1210:

Canal, which linked the north and south so that reinforcements could be transported to modern Guangdong, Guangxi and northern Vietnam, which were subjugated and reorganized into three prefectures within the Qin empire. Qin Shi Huang imposed

1621:

was dispatched by Empress Lü to attack Nanyue, but the heat and dampness caused many of his officers and men to fall ill, and he failed to make it across the mountains into enemy territory. Zhao began to menace the neighboring kingdoms of

1778:

and broke through the line at Shimen. With 20,000 men he drove back the vanguard of the Nanyue army and waited for Lu Bode. However, Lu failed to meet up on time and when he did arrive, he had no more than a thousand men. Yang reached

1642:

Zhao rescinded his claims to imperium while communicating with the Han, however he continued using the title of emperor within his kingdom. Tribute bearing envoys from Nanyue were sent to the Han and thus the iron trade was resumed.

4637:

In their turn the modern-day boat people of Hong Kong, the Tanka, have derived their maritime and fishing cultural traditions from this long lineage. Little is known about the Yue, but some archaeological evidence gathered from

1329:

felt it was too much trouble to occupy Minyue as it was a region full of narrow mountain passes. He commanded the army to evict the region and resettle the people between the Yangtze and Huai River, leaving the region (modern

4860:

When the British appropriated the territory in the nineteenth century, they found these three major ethnic groups—Punti, Hakka, and Tanka—and one minority, the Hoklo, who were sea-nomads from the northern shore of Guangdong

1783:

first and attacked it at night, setting fire to the city. Panyu surrendered at dawn. Jiande and Lü Jia fled the city by boat, heading east to appeal for Minyue's aid, but the Han learned of their escape and sent the general

4668:

of China following the Emperor Qin's conquests in the second century BC, Hong Kong, now integrated into the Donguan county of Guangdong province, started to be colonised or settled by non-indigenous peoples from further

1578:, fell ill. Before he died, Ren advised Zhao not to get involved in the affairs of the declining Qin, and instead set up his own independent kingdom centered around the geographically remote and isolated city of 1735:, offered to lead the expedition and arrest Lü Jia. When Han crossed the Han–Nanyue border, Lü conducted a coup, killing Xing, Queen Dowager Jiu, and all the Han emissaries in the capital. Xing's brother, 2861: 1470:

crossbow, rendering his realm without protection. When Zhao Tuo invaded again, An Dương Vương fled into the sea where he was welcomed by the golden turtle. Âu Lạc was divided into the two prefectures of

674:

in the lower Yangtze basin and its people. According to Ye Wenxian, as cited by Wan, the ethnonym of the Yuefang in northwestern China is not associated with that of the Baiyue in southeastern China.

1100:

Almost nothing is known about the organizational structure of the Wu and Yue states. Wu records only mention its ministers and kings while Yue records only mention its kings, and of these kings only

4755:

Tanka ... The boat-population of Canton, who live entirely on the boats by which they earn their living: they are descendants of some aboriginal tribe of which Tan was apparently the name.

1296:

In 112, Nanyue rebelled against the Han. Zou Yushan pretended to send forces to aid the Han against Nanyue, but secretly maintained contact with Nanyue and only took his forces as far as

1804:, and convinced him to submit to the Han. Jianwei Commandery was established in the region. In 122, Emperor Wu dispatched four groups of envoys to the southwest in search of a route to 1321:, and two Yue marquises. When Han Yue arrived at the Minyue capital, the Yue native Wu Yang rebelled against Zou Yushan and murdered him. Wu Yang was enfeoffed by the Han as marquis of 1808:

in Central Asia. One group was welcomed by the king of Dian but none of them were able to make it any further as they were blocked in the north by the Sui and Kunming tribes of the

5717: 1816:

and Zuo tribes. However, they learned that further west there was a kingdom called Dianyue where the people rode elephants and traded with the merchants from Shu in secret.

1314: 1322: 1306: 3173:"A Reevaluation of Early Chinese Script: The Case of Yuè 戉 and Its Cultural Connotations: Speech at The First Annual Conference of Society for the Study of Early China" 2757:

Barlow, Jeffrey G. (1997). "Culture, ethnic identity, and early weapons systems: the Sino-Vietnamese frontier". In Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven; Jay, Jennifer W. (eds.).

2326:, Hakka, and Hoklo. Punti is another name for Cantonese (it means "local"), who came from mainly Guangdong districts. The Hakka and Hoklo are not considered as Puntis. 3172: 1310: 1613:'s officials outlawed trade of iron and horses with Nanyue. Zhao Tuo retaliated by proclaiming himself Emperor Wu of Nanyue and attacking the neighboring kingdom of 1875:

The Yue population in southern China, especially those who lived in the lower reaches of the river valleys, may have had knowledge of the curative value of the "

1432:

and lost its king. Seeking refuge, Thục Phán led a group of dispossessed Ou lords south in 208 BC and conquered the Lạc Việt state of Văn Lang, which he renamed

1742:

The 2000 men led by Han Qianqiu took several small towns but were defeated as they neared Panyu, which greatly shocked and angered Emperor Wu. The emperor then

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languages originally spoken by the ancient Yue. Variations of the name are still used for the name of modern Vietnam, in Zhejiang-related names including

1131:. Also in that year, war broke out between Wu and Yue and continued with breaks for the next three decades. Wu campaigns against other states such as 5710: 2846: 2510: 2078:

and the following period of division sped up the process of sinicisation. Periods of instability and war in northern and central China, such as the

4723: 2545: 1078:. Other sources simply name the Yue ruling family as the house of Zou. There is no scholarly consensus on the origin of the Yue or their royalty. 1924:. A large number of names and biographies of leaders under the Trưng Sisters are recorded in temples dedicated to them, many of them also women. 5461: 1759: 1785: 1732: 1709: 1318: 2319: 5703: 4694:" of Vietnam) seems to have been a term rather loosely used in early Chinese writings to refer to the "barbarian" groups of the south coast 1723: 1290: 2579: 2557: 1828:

Map showing directions of Han attacks on the Yue home region to the south and the Xiongnu territories to the north in 2nd century BC

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in the west. Sun Ce decided to retreat and finish off the bandits once and for all, only to fall into an ambush and die at their hands.

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during the 1st millennium BC and 1st millennium AD. They were known for their short hair, body tattoos, fine swords, and naval prowess.

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Afterwards, Qin Shi Huang sent reinforcements to defend against the Yue. In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang ordered the construction of the

660:. At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang. In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle 2024: 1240: 5253:

are famous for their origin. In no other places, can one make these things so well. This is natural because of the qi of the earth."

3195:. "For the most part, there are no rulers to the south of the Yang and Han Rivers, in the confederation of the Hundred Yue tribes." 2591: 1775: 2124:

language resembles Middle Chinese (the prestige language of the Tang dynasty), but has retained some features of the long-extinct

1850:

for the next several hundred years. The former territory of Nanyue was converted into nine commanderies and two outpost commands.

1656:. Upon Zhao Mo's accession, the neighboring king of Minyue, Zou Ying, sent his army to attack Nanyue. Zhao sent for help from the 1081:

Wu and Yue spent much of the time at war with each other, during which Yue gained a fearsome reputation for its martial valour:

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rivers, among the Hundred Yue, the lands of Bikaizhu, Fufeng, Yumi, the nations of Fulou, Yang'ou, Huandou, most had no rulers"

2452: 2432: 2096: 2015:

and threatened the flank of Sun Ce's army. However, Sun Ce paid him no attention and the two avoided any altercations. In 197,

1837: 1627: 543: 5668: 5629: 5596: 5533: 5499: 5476: 5435: 5414: 5206: 5181: 5082: 4970: 4661: 4630: 4599: 4539: 4411: 4343: 4256: 4231: 4206: 4181: 4156: 4104: 4037: 4003: 3966: 3929: 3874: 3807: 3782: 3745: 3384: 3359: 3325: 3192: 3021: 2982: 2965: 2940: 2913: 2873: 2766: 2749: 2732: 2715: 2698: 1973:"Mountain Yue" were one of the last groups of Yue mentioned in Chinese history. They lived in the mountain regions of modern 6018: 2332:

by some historians, practising Han Chinese culture, while being an ethnic minority descended from natives of Southern China.

1215:

by sending a large number of Chinese military agricultural colonists to what are now eastern Guangxi and western Guangdong.

2289: 1420:, and Guangxi province. At some point they split and became the Western Ou and the Eastern Ou. In the late 3rd century BC, 5565: 2083: 1847: 1703:, held military power and his family was more well connected than either the king or the Queen Dowager. According to the 5575: 5554: 5546:

Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China (Studies in Environment and History)

4933: 4916: 1606:

ancestry. Zhao excused himself by saying he had forgotten the northern customs after living in the south for so long.

4884: 4853: 4748: 2627:, a short song transcribed phonetically in Chinese characters in 528 BC and included, with a Chinese version, in the 4687:. Vol. 29 of Asian folklore and social life monographs Dong fang wen cong. Orient Cultural Service. p. 2. 2533: 1722:

following months, but her reputation prevented it. When news of the situation reached Emperor Wu in 112, he ordered

1012:

The northern Wu eventually became the more sinicized of the two states. The royal family of Wu claimed descent from

5247:

Ancient Chinese Encyclopedia of Technology: Translation and Annotation of the Kaogong Ji (the Artificers' Records)

4012: 2761:. Research Institute for Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies, University of Alberta. pp. 1–15. 5692:, ed. by Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris, 39–64. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. Ltd. 4017: 4015: 2500:

Even after Wu and Yue were assimilated into larger Chinese polities, memory of their swords lived on. During the

2296:

The Tanka are considered by some scholars to be related to other minority peoples of southern China, such as the

2079: 1171: 5686:"The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam" 5685: 2504:, Liu Pi King of Wu (195–154 BC) had a sword named Wujian to honour the history of metalworking in his kingdom. 2027:

but died soon afterwards. Remnants of Yan's band joined Xu Gong in 200 to threaten Sun Ce's rear as he attacked

702:

Ancient texts mention a number of Yue states or groups. Most of these names survived into early imperial times:

1317:, killing three commanders. In the winter, the Han retaliated with a multi-pronged attack by Han Yue, Yang Pu, 1062: 1060:

Records for the southern state of Yue begin with the reign of King Yunchang (d. 497 BC). According to the

575: 243: 2868:. Research Institute for Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies, University of Alberta. p. 2. 2816: 386: 6375: 4831:

and they were probably evolved as a result of contact with foreign peoples, even as late as the Portuguese.

1833: 1671:, Zhao Mo sent his son Yingqi to the Han court, where he joined the emperor's guard. Zhao Yingqi married a 4705: 2091:(618–907), the term "Yue" had largely become a regional designation rather than a cultural one, as in the 670:, a term later used for peoples further south. Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC "Yue" referred to the 6370: 5377:"Barbarians or Not? Ethnicity and Changing Conceptions of the Ancient Yue (Viet) Peoples, ca. 400–50 BC" 1345:, known in Chinese history as Luoyue, was an ancient conglomeration of Yue tribes in what is now modern 6360: 4822: 4801: 2371: 2264: 182: 17: 5249:. New York: Routledge. p. 4. quote: "The knives of Zheng, the axes of Song, the pen-knives of Lu, and 2315:

The Tanka's ancestors were pushed to the southern coast by Chinese peasants who took over their land.

1634:. After securing their submission he began passing out edicts in a similar manner to the Han emperor. 6350: 5870: 4767: 3047: 1896:

In 40 AD, the Lạc lord Thi Sách rebelled on the advice of his wife Trưng Trắc. The administrator of

1127:, based in the Middle Yangtze River. A similar campaign in 506 succeeded in sacking the Chu capital 6340: 2312:

Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, states that the ancestors of the Tanka were native people.

998: 3433: 4743:. Vol. 3 of Routledge studies in the history of linguistics. Psychology Press. p. 152. 3030: 2623: 2075: 37:"Yue people" redirects here. For the people of present-day southern China also known as Yue, see 2390: 1202:

suffered a great defeat. Subsequently, convicts were sent to hold the garrisons against the Yue.

6405: 6345: 4096: 4090: 4029: 4023: 1843: 1558: 271: 6395: 5586: 4874: 4843: 4738: 2866:

East Asian cultural and historical perspectives: histories and society—culture and literatures

2759:

East Asian cultural and historical perspectives: histories and society—culture and literatures

2178:

refers to the original territory of the state of Yue, which was based in what is now northern

5658: 5619: 5523: 4651: 4589: 3351:

Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel

3096: 2840: 1928: 1450:

as tribute. During his stay with the Qin, Lý Ông Trọng distinguished himself in fighting the

1113: 953: 551: 466: 5660:

Reconstructing Ancient Korean History: The Formation of Korean-ness in the Shadow of History

5404: 4620: 3349: 3187:, translated by John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, Stanford University Press (2000), p. 510. 2054:

supreme commander of an army to suppress martial activities by the Shanyue in Guiji (modern

6400: 6390: 5865: 5335: 4449: 2129: 1813: 1602: 1598: 1259: 619: 1368: 1289:. An imperial army was sent against them, but the Minyue king was murdered by his brother 8: 6380: 6355: 6171: 5228:, "Dongguan Kaogong Ji (Winter Office(r)s: Records on the Examination of Craftsmanship)" 2634: 2199: 1883:

Over the same period, the Han dynasty incorporated many other border peoples such as the

1148: 1132: 906: 788: 609: 409: 4453: 2023:

to drive out Chen Yu while he himself attacked Yan. The defeated Yan fled south to join

1913: 1494: 1379: 6385: 5391: 4717: 4473: 4401: 4386: 4316: 3078: 1932: 1921: 1897: 1638: 1417: 1406: 383: 295: 287: 5695: 5376: 4149:

Empires and Bureaucracy in World History: From Late Antiquity to the Twentieth Century

1700: 1247:

in attacking Xiang Yu. When Liu Bang won the war in 202 BC, he made Zou Wuzhu king of

314: 222: 6246: 6103: 6045: 5817: 5664: 5625: 5592: 5571: 5550: 5529: 5510: 5495: 5472: 5431: 5410: 5229: 5202: 5177: 5078: 4966: 4880: 4849: 4744: 4657: 4626: 4595: 4535: 4465: 4407: 4339: 4252: 4227: 4202: 4177: 4152: 4100: 4033: 3999: 3962: 3925: 3870: 3803: 3778: 3741: 3380: 3355: 3321: 3220: 3188: 3017: 2978: 2961: 2936: 2909: 2869: 2762: 2745: 2728: 2711: 2694: 2646: 2629: 2112: 1948:

Late Eastern Han provinces and commanderies as well as nearby non-Han Chinese peoples

1695: 1428:, came to rule the Western Ou. In 219 BC, Western Ou came under attack from the 1326: 1271: 547: 528: 362: 338: 166: 158: 31: 5129:. Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania. 3055: 1074:. According to another source, the kings of Yue were related to the royal family of 5785: 5611: 5353: 5123: 4706:Österreichische Leo-Gesellschaft, Görres-Gesellschaft, Anthropos Institute (1970). 4477: 4457: 3074: 3070: 2862:"Culture, ethnic identity, and early weapons systems: the Sino-Vietnamese frontier" 2828: 2612: 2517: 2108: 2063: 1714: 1519:), which demonstrates the first Nanyue rulers' Emperor status within Nanyue itself. 1375: 1353:. According to Vietnamese folklore and legend, the Lạc Việt founded a state called 1342: 1013: 941: 696: 459: 107: 76: 38: 4990:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (published April 28, 2016). pp. 25–33. 3800:

The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia: From 10,000 B.C. to the Fall of Angkor

2906:

Archaeological Landscape Evolution: The Mariana Islands in the Asia-Pacific Region

1917: 1421: 1386: 1092: 679: 6410: 6365: 5487: 5425: 4824: 4803: 4707: 4682: 4568: 4226:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (published October 14, 2016). p. 163. 2930: 2563: 2128:. Some distinctive features of the vocabulary, phonology, and syntax of southern 2125: 62:

Statue of a man with short hair and body tattoos typical of the Baiyue, from the

4823:

Sun Yat-sen Institute for Advancement of Culture and Education, Nanking (1940).

4802:

Sun Yat-sen Institute for Advancement of Culture and Education, Nanking (1940).

2659: 1912:

all rebelled. Trưng Trắc abolished the Han taxes and was recognized as queen at

6308: 6277: 6139: 6108: 3733: 2493: 2268: 1743: 1112:. There they stayed, outside the reach of Chinese history until the end of the 692: 601: 455: 335: 142: 5775: 2832: 1936:

Yuan to advance. By early 43 AD, both sisters had been captured and executed.

1796:

In 135 BC, the Han envoy Tang Meng brought gifts to Duotong, the king of

1523: 1413: 683:, compiled around 239 BC. It was later used as a collective term for many non- 527:

describes the various Yue tribes and peoples can be found from the regions of

423: 6334: 6180: 6156: 6146: 6124: 6070: 6065: 5950: 5641:

Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian: Han Dynasty II (Revised Edition)

5223: 4931: 2375: 2008: 1591: 1177: 646: 215: 5770: 4222:

Michaud, Jean; Swain, Margaret Byrne; Barkataki-Ruscheweyh, Meenaxi (2016).

3208: 3012:

Old Chinese pronunciation from Baxter, William H. and Laurent Sagart. 2014.

2168:) were used interchangeably, but they are differentiated in modern Chinese: 1646: 1610: 1433: 1364: 1266:, fled to Minyue and worked to incite a war between the Minyue and Dong'ou. 1050: 614: 546:

into what is now Southern China and Northern Vietnam. Many modern southern

6287: 6185: 5832: 5822: 5357: 4469: 3149: 3101:

ChinaKnowledge.de – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art

2441:

embued with the talismanic power of dragons or other amphibious creatures.

2210:). This character is also still used in the city Guangzhou for the Yuexiu ( 2100: 2088: 1954: 1884: 1801: 1771: 1562: 1212: 1143:

of Yue finally conquered Wu and was acknowledged by the northern states of

1054: 994: 965: 671: 539: 494: 470: 376: 304: 114: 63: 4151:. Cambridge University Press (published August 11, 2016). pp. 35–36. 2975:

Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History

2617:

Knowledge of Yue speech is limited to fragmentary references and possible

1123:

In 512 BC, Wu launched a large expedition against the large state of

6251: 6134: 6060: 6055: 5827: 5810: 5727: 4134:

A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence

3892:

A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence

3051: 2670: 2664: 2525: 2501: 2462: 2427: 2418: 2379: 2230: 2103:, a bridge known as the Guojie qiao (World Crossing Bridge) was built at 1900:, Su Ding, was too afraid to confront them and fled. The commanderies of 1736: 1688: 1672: 1661: 1657: 1570: 1554: 1458: 1447: 1429: 1425: 1390: 1185: 1163: 1124: 1117: 1075: 1071: 1006: 949: 731: 688: 642: 629: 559: 523: 498: 359: 352: 328: 196: 5427:

A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)

5395: 4461: 4363:. Columbia University Press (published June 19, 2012). pp. 240–241. 3082: 2793:. Columbia University Press (published June 19, 2012). pp. 193–194. 1931:

led 20,000 troops against the Trưng Sisters. His advance was checked by

1354: 1305:

his border. Zou Yushan made a preemptive attack against the Han, taking

989:, respectively. Traditional accounts attribute the cultural exchange to 6261: 6256: 6093: 6040: 5977: 5885: 5780: 5462:"The Far Southern Sinitic languages as part of Mainland Southeast Asia" 4790: 4570:

Acculturation of the Chinese in the United States: a Philadelphia study

2649:, collective name for non-Sinitic people living in upper Yangtze river. 2598: 2571: 2423: 2361: 2349: 2329: 2305: 2297: 1440: 1279: 1252: 1197:

quoted by Keith Taylor (1991:18) describing the Qin defeat as follows:

1181: 1144: 1136: 1128: 1002: 945: 776: 175: 3842:. World Scientific Publishing (published March 13, 2009). p. 169. 2145: 2141: 1378:

history only begins in the 7th century BC with the first Hùng king in

1243:

kings. For this reason they refused to support him and instead joined

6195: 6077: 5849: 4503:

Crawford, Dorothy H.; Rickinson, Alan; Johannessen, Ingolfur (2014).

3127: 2481: 2301: 2242: 2234: 2226: 2047: 1996: 1944: 1762:. Three natives of Nanyue also joined the Han. One advanced from the 1751: 1684: 1680: 1583: 1159: 1067: 972:, but it is uncertain if they had any connection with the later Yue. 563: 555: 490: 236: 5492:

Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions

3379:. University of Hawaiʻi Press (published May 1, 2001). p. 147. 2710:. University of Hawaiʻi Press (published May 1, 2001). p. 150. 2058:). Captured Shanyue tribesmen were recruited into the army. In 234, 2039: 2020: 5982: 5955: 5900: 4199:

The Power of Words: Literacy and Revolution in South China, 1949-95

3909:. Columbia University Press (published June 19, 2012). p. 241. 2618: 2183: 2179: 2165: 2132:

are attributed to substrate languages that were spoken by the Yue.

2059: 2055: 2043: 2035: 2028: 1978: 1763: 1614: 1462: 1244: 1232: 986: 766: 593: 474: 257: 128: 5511:"A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in the Traditional Zhuang Script" 4872: 4224:

Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif

3922:

Empire and Identity in Guizhou: Local Resistance to Qing Expansion

3056:"The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence" 1416:, known in Chinese as Ouyue, resided in modern northeast Vietnam, 1189:

attack by Qin troops and killed the Qin commander. A passage from

6313: 6190: 6166: 6161: 6129: 6098: 6050: 5999: 5972: 5965: 5943: 5938: 5905: 5805: 5800: 4507:. Oxford University Press (published March 14, 2014). p. 98. 3894:. Allen & Unwin (published November 1, 2003). pp. 24–25. 3216: 3117: 2521: 2472: 2437: 2272: 2238: 2191: 2120: 2104: 2016: 2012: 2000: 1986: 1974: 1970: 1901: 1876: 1867: 1755: 1747: 1667:

After the Han dynasty aided Nanyue in fending off an invasion by

1653: 1535: 1528: 1506:. The seal's characters, shown in detail on the lower left, read 1499: 1475: 1471: 1451: 1401: 1350: 1346: 1301: 1297: 1275: 1140: 1101: 982: 916: 857: 754: 666: 661: 623: 532: 518: 514: 502: 311: 4359:

Hsu, Cho-yun; Lagerwey, John (2012). Y. S. Cheng, Joseph (ed.).

4221: 4176:. Wadsworth Publishing (published January 1, 2013). p. 53. 3905:

Hsu, Cho-yun; Lagerwey, John (2012). Y. S. Cheng, Joseph (ed.).

3434:"Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language" 2789:

Hsu, Cho-yun; Lagerwey, John (2012). Y. S. Cheng, Joseph (ed.).

1824: 1454:, after which he returned to his native village and died there. 6303: 6282: 6217: 6212: 5987: 5960: 5917: 5895: 5844: 5839: 5795: 5790: 5749: 3153: 2652: 2567: 2276: 2187: 2155: 2116: 2051: 2004: 1990: 1797: 1788:

after them. Both Jiande and Lü Jia were captured and executed.

1767: 1718: 1676: 1668: 1631: 1623: 1587: 1539: 1503: 1466: 1331: 1286: 1248: 1227:

Southern tribes in pre-Han conquest southern China and Vietnam

1207: 1194: 1109: 1105: 1017: 928: 876: 838: 820: 810: 798: 684: 585: 510: 506: 486: 482: 478: 4712:. Zaunrith'sche Buch-, Kunst- und Steindruckerei. p. 249. 2398:

The Yue were known for their swordsmanship and producing fine

2290:

Tanka people § Baiyue connection and origins in Southern China

1180:, the former Wu and Yue states were absorbed into the nascent 343: 6207: 6200: 6004: 5992: 5933: 5910: 5890: 5880: 4918:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Issue 15

4136:. Allen & Unwin (published November 1, 2003). p. 18. 2485: 2467:

swords were commonplace and treated with less reverence. The

2323: 2322:, the Tanka were considered a separate ethnic group from the 2246: 2115:. On the northern side of the bridge stands a statue of King 2092: 1982: 1909: 1855: 1809: 1805: 1780: 1728: 1579: 1566: 1531: 1457:

In 179 BC, An Dương Vương acknowledged the suzerainty of the

1223: 990: 969: 894: 391: 367: 319: 57: 5608:

The Glory of Yue: An Annotated Translation of the Yuejue shu

5256: 5124:"Tattooed Faces and Stilt Houses: Who were the Ancient Yue?" 4502: 4070: 3458: 3456: 3454: 2621:

in other languages, principally Chinese. The longest is the

2430:

manufactured the best double-edged swords. According to the

6151: 5875: 4691: 4511: 4367: 2399: 1905: 1028:). He was succeeded in succession by his sons King Zhufan ( 968:, the Chinese came into contact with a people known as the 5469:

Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art

2864:. In Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven; Jay, Jennifer W. (eds.). 2019:'s agent Chen Yu provoked Yan into rebellion. Sun Ce sent 454:, were various ethnic groups who inhabited the regions of 5018: 4588:

Murray A. Rubinstein (2007). Murray A. Rubinstein (ed.).

3838:

Brill, Robert H.; Gan, Fuxi (2009). Tian, Shouyun (ed.).

3687: 3473: 3471: 3451: 3215:之際，敝凱諸、夫風、餘靡之地，縛婁、陽禺、驩兜之國，多無君" translation: South of the 2689:

Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerry; Luo, Yongxian (2008).

2159: 1486: 632: 292: 276: 262: 248: 206: 4935:

Indo-Pacific Prehistory: The Chiang Mai Papers, Volume 2

4921:. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 1996. p. 94. 3975: 3938: 3653: 3651: 3614: 3612: 3599: 3597: 3560: 3558: 3297: 1999:, or "White Tiger Yan", was a bandit leader of possibly 1746:. The army marched on Panyu in a multi-pronged assault. 1652:

Zhao Tuo died in 137 and was succeeded by his grandson,

1255:. Both Minyue and Dong'ou claimed descent from Goujian. 187: 5725: 5316: 5304: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5091: 4994: 4420: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4113: 4046: 3777:. Routledge (published October 27, 2016). p. 158. 3740:. Routledge (published October 27, 2016). p. 157. 3400: 3398: 3396: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3246: 3244: 3231: 3229: 1446:

An Dương Vương sent a giant called Lý Ông Trọng to the

1086:

may already be dead but people still think it is alive.

5525:

Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present

5030: 4942: 4932:

Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. Congress (1996).

4680: 3468: 3415: 3413: 3318:

Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese relations, 1637–1700

3256: 2996: 2994: 5122:

Peters, Heather (April 1990). H. Mair, Victor (ed.).

5042: 3754: 3675: 3663: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3609: 3594: 3582: 3555: 3519: 3495: 3483: 2882: 2216:) district, and when referring to the Nanyue Kingdom. 2149: 163: 147: 133: 119: 5690:

Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics

5153: 5141: 5103: 5054: 4897: 4587: 4548: 4484: 4282: 4265: 4201:. University of British Columbia Press. p. 17. 4174:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

4058: 3846: 3833: 3831: 3816: 3710:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 268. 3570: 3543: 3531: 3393: 3280: 3268: 3241: 3226: 2693:. Routledge (published August 20, 2008). p. 9. 1436:. Henceforth he came to be known as An Dương Vương. 997:

prince who had self-exiled to the south. During the

5006: 3507: 3410: 2991: 2821:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

2249:

and in many Cantonese communities around the world.

1231:When the Qin fell in 206 BC, the hegemon-king 227: 5174:Lineage Society on the Southeastern Coast of China 2908:. Springer (published June 18, 2016). p. 23. 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2688: 1557:general originally born around 240 BC in the 1439:An Dương Vương and the Ou lords built the citadel 501:dynasties, the Yue lived in a vast territory from 5515:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 4532:Studies in Yue Dialects 1: Phonology of Cantonese 3867:Studies in Yue Dialects 1: Phonology of Cantonese 3828: 3103:. quote: "Enemies of the Shang state were called 3042: 3040: 2119:of Wu and on the southern side, a statue of King 1385:In 208, the Western Ou (Xi'ou or Nam Cương) king 6332: 4336:Tracing China: A Forty-Year Ethnographic Journey 4095:. Greenwood (published June 30, 2001). pp. 3714: 3116:) who roamed the northern region of Shanxi, the 2899: 2897: 2258: 428: 414: 4028:. Greenwood (published June 30, 2001). p. 2775: 2011:in 195, Yan Baihu gave refuge to the displaced 1184:. The Qin armies also advanced south along the 30:"Bai Yue" redirects here. For the cyclist, see 4649: 4566: 4534:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–32. 4251:. The Chinese University Press. pp. 4–5. 3924:. University of Washington Press. p. 32. 3037: 1939: 5711: 5467:, in Enfield, N.J.; Comrie, Bernard. (eds.), 4873:Susan Naquin; Evelyn Sakakida Rawski (1989). 4529: 4505:Cancer Virus: The story of Epstein-Barr Virus 4171: 4146: 3157: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3121: 3111: 2894: 2845:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 2220: 2211: 2173: 2099:in what is now Zhejiang province. During the 1507: 579: 81: 5451: 5423: 4722:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4406:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 4373: 4088: 4076: 4021: 3773:Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). 2225:is associated with the southern province of 1151:. In 333, Yue was in turn conquered by Chu. 637:. It was first written using the pictograph 493:were both considered Yue states. During the 5328: 5199:A History of Chinese Science and Technology 4848:. Taylor & Francis. 1996. p. 358. 4736: 4618: 4438: 4358: 4338:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 231. 4147:Crooks, Peter; Parsons, Timothy H. (2016). 3961:. The Chinese University Press. p. 4. 3904: 3802:. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. 3705: 3377:The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C.–A.D. 907 2960:. The Chinese University Press. p. 5. 2788: 2708:The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C.–A.D. 907 1774:. In the winter of 111 BC Yang Pu captured 538:The Yue tribes were gradually displaced or 509:, while Barlow (1997:2) indicates that the 5718: 5704: 5334: 4988:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours 4985: 4656:. Oxford University Press, US. p. 2. 4573:. University of Pennsylvania. p. 27. 4131: 3889: 3840:Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road 3772: 3732: 2742:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics 2725:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics 2038:'s rule and were defeated by the generals 1053:, who killed his cousin Liao, and his son 56: 4986:Mair, Victor H.; Kelley, Liam C. (2016). 4954: 4876:Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century 3919: 3869:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 3864: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3320:. Brill Academic Publishing. p. 12. 3046: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2551:Bronze Yue sword with criss cross pattern 1645:In 179, Zhao Tuo defeated the kingdom of 5459: 5402: 5374: 5262: 5097: 4960: 4740:Ethnocentrism and the English dictionary 4517: 4426: 4246: 4196: 4172:Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne (2013). 4119: 3996:The Vietnam War (Twentieth Century Wars) 3993: 3956: 3837: 3693: 3374: 3303: 3089: 2977:. Oxford University Press. p. 350. 2955: 2922: 2888: 2744:. Oxford University Press. p. 173. 2705: 2389: 2360: 2233:and the standard form, popularly called 1943: 1823: 1744:sent an army of 100,000 to attack Nanyue 1617:, taking a few border towns. In 181 BC, 1522: 1493: 1485: 1400: 1222: 1158: 940: 5647: 5605: 5521: 5471:, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 356–440, 5322: 5310: 5298: 5286: 5274: 5036: 5024: 5000: 4965:. Chinese University Press. p. 4. 4948: 4490: 4089:McLeod, Mark; Nguyen, Thi Dieu (2001). 4022:McLeod, Mark; Nguyen, Thi Dieu (2001). 3760: 3525: 3477: 3291: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3235: 2814: 1490:Territory and borders of Nanyue kingdom 1251:; in 192, Zou Yao was made the king of 27:Historical peoples in China and Vietnam 14: 6333: 5638: 5617: 5485: 5345:Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 5121: 5109: 5072: 4879:. Yale University Press. p. 169. 4625:. Oxford University Press. p. 2. 4554: 4399: 4300: 4064: 4052: 3852: 3822: 3797: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3603: 3588: 3576: 3564: 3549: 3537: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3462: 3419: 3404: 3347: 3334: 3110:; 'regions', like the Tufang ( 2972: 2903: 2859: 2797: 2756: 2722: 2453:Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue 2433:Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue 2097:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 1838:Southward expansion of the Han dynasty 1016:as the founder of their dynasty. King 562:language, and in the abbreviation for 294: 165: 5699: 5584: 5563: 5542: 5251:the double-edged swords of Wu and Yue 5159: 5147: 5060: 5048: 4903: 4829:. Kelly and Walsh, ltd. p. 342. 4808:. Kelly and Walsh, ltd. p. 342. 4288: 4276: 3981: 3944: 3315: 3024:. These characters are both given as 3000: 2928: 1498:Gold seal excavated from the tomb of 1218: 677:The term Baiyue first appears in the 5508: 5012: 4791:http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197535 3354:. McFarland Publishing. p. 61. 2932:Han Chinese expansion in South China 2739: 2328:The Tanka have been compared to the 1866:The difficulty of logistics and the 1679:, who gave birth to his second son, 1424:, a descendant of the last ruler of 1066:, the Yue kings were descended from 645:and bronze inscriptions of the late 5171: 5075:Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History 4684:Essays on south China's boat people 4530:Yue-Hashimoto, Anne Oi-Kan (1972). 4333: 3207:"Examination on Relying on Rulers" 3097:"Shang Dynasty – Political History" 2539:Inscription on the Sword of Goujian 2267:pronunciation of Yue, derived from 2206:), (literal English translation as 2084:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty 24: 5656: 5624:, University of California Press, 5610:, Sinica Leidensia, vol. 93, 5567:China: Its Environment and History 5196: 3720: 3708:Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians 2935:. Shoe String Press. p. 276. 1927:In 42 AD, the veteran Han general 1770:, and the third advanced from the 1534:game pieces from the tomb of King 1176:After the unification of China by 25: 6422: 5679: 5650:Imperial Chinese Military History 4403:A History of Chinese Civilization 3431: 3014:Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction 2320:British colonial era in Hong Kong 2140:In ancient China, the characters 1139:are also mentioned. In 473, King 1001:, the Gouwu founded the state of 469:, the word "Yue" referred to the 6017: 5239: 5215: 5190: 5165: 5115: 5066: 4979: 4925: 4909: 4866: 4836: 4816: 4795: 4772:Oxford English Dictionary Online 2590: 2578: 2556: 2544: 2532: 2509: 2288:This section is an excerpt from 2279:, or Nam Việt, except reversed. 2229:. Both the regional dialects of 1891: 540:assimilated into Chinese culture 5588:China: An Environmental History 5245:Jun Wenren (translator) (2013) 4760: 4730: 4699: 4681:Eugene Newton Anderson (1972). 4674: 4650:Michael Ingham (18 June 2007). 4643: 4612: 4581: 4560: 4523: 4496: 4432: 4393: 4379: 4352: 4327: 4309: 4294: 4240: 4215: 4190: 4165: 4140: 4125: 4082: 3987: 3950: 3913: 3898: 3883: 3858: 3791: 3766: 3726: 3699: 3425: 3368: 3309: 3198: 3178: 3165: 3006: 2282: 2080:Northern and Southern dynasties 1812:region and in the south by the 1544: 1374:Despite its legendary origins, 1172:Qin campaign against the Baiyue 1108:and established the kingdom of 1044: 1037: 1030: 1023: 657: 638: 392: 368: 344: 320: 293: 277: 263: 249: 228: 207: 188: 5585:——— (2017), 5564:——— (2011), 5549:, Cambridge University Press, 5452:——— (2020), 5409:, Cambridge University Press, 5403:——— (2015), 4317:"Yue 越, Baiyue 百越, Shanyue 山越" 4092:Culture and Customs of Vietnam 4025:Culture and Customs of Vietnam 3865:Hashimoto, Oi-kan Yue (2011). 3075:10.1080/02549948.1976.11731121 2949: 2853: 2682: 2658: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2182:, especially the areas around 2034:In 203, they rebelled against 1819: 1717:tribe, related to King Qin of 1705:Records of the Grand Historian 1154: 1063:Records of the Grand Historian 580: 429: 164: 148: 134: 120: 82: 13: 1: 4826:T'ien hsia monthly, Volume 11 4805:T'ien hsia monthly, Volume 11 4653:Hong Kong: A Cultural History 4622:Hong Kong: a cultural history 2676: 2365:Miniature model of a Yue ship 2107:between the modern border of 2050:. In 217, Sun Quan appointed 1739:, was declared the new king. 1675:woman from the Jiu family of 1393:royalty, conquered Văn Lang. 1357: 975: 650: 641:for an axe (a homophone), in 5591:, Rowman & Littlefield, 5570:, Rowman & Littlefield, 5375:Brindley, Erica Fox (2003), 5342:(Song of the Yue boatman)". 3152:in the west, as well as the 2929:Wiens, Herold Jacob (1967). 2160: 1834:Han campaigns against Minyue 1569:). When Zhao was annexed by 1382:uniting the various tribes. 1166:and Yue peoples, 210 BC 633: 624: 7: 5648:Whiting, Marvin C. (2002), 5643:, Columbia University Press 5528:, Oxford University Press, 5424:de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). 4594:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 34. 4301:Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). 4132:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003). 3920:Weinstein, Jodi L. (2013). 3890:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003). 3348:Howard, Michael C. (2012). 3016:. Oxford University Press, 2973:Tucker, Spencer C. (2001). 2860:Barlow, Jeffrey G. (1997). 2640: 2606: 2585:Base of the Spear of Fuchai 2237:, are spoken in Guangdong, 2190:. It is also used to write 2150: 2069: 1940:Post-rebellion sinicisation 1512:('Imperial Seal of Emperor 1337: 1005:and the Yuyue the state of 10: 6427: 5688:, Jerold A. Edmondson, in 5460:de Sousa, Hilário (2015), 5367: 4305:. AuthorHouse. p. 93. 3375:Holcombe, Charles (2001). 2817:"Defining the Hundred Yue" 2706:Holcombe, Charles (2001). 2610: 2372:slash-and-burn agriculture 2336: 2287: 2253: 1964: 1831: 1791: 1687:, rather than the eldest, 1396: 1367:, who were descended from 1169: 936: 36: 29: 6296: 6270: 6239: 6232: 6117: 6086: 6033: 6026: 6015: 5926: 5858: 5758: 5742: 5735: 5618:Taylor, Keith W. (1991), 5543:Marks, Robert B. (1998), 5406:Ancient China and the Yue 5338:(1991). "Decipherment of 5201:. Springer. p. 438. 5077:. CRC Press. p. 27. 4774:. Oxford University Press 4247:Hutcheon, Robert (1996). 3957:Hutcheon, Robert (1996). 3736:; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). 3706:Suryadinata, Leo (1997). 3158: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3122: 3112: 3107: 2956:Hutcheon, Robert (1996). 2833:10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11537 2815:Meacham, William (1996). 2727:. Routledge. p. 11. 2385: 2221: 2212: 2174: 2135: 1508: 1481: 436: 422: 408: 403: 382: 375: 358: 351: 334: 327: 310: 303: 286: 270: 256: 242: 235: 221: 214: 202: 195: 181: 174: 157: 141: 127: 113: 106: 101: 97: 89: 75: 70: 55: 51: 46: 5606:Milburn, Olivia (2010), 5133:. Sino-Platonic Papers. 4961:Hutcheon, Robin (1996). 4400:Gernet, Jacques (1996). 4361:China: A Religious State 4303:East Asia: A New History 3994:Anderson, David (2005). 3907:China: A Religious State 3798:Higham, Charles (1989). 3316:Hoang, Anh Tuan (2007). 3126:) in the northwest, the 3095:Theobald, Ulrich (2018) 2904:Carson, Mike T. (2016). 2791:China: A Religious State 2723:Diller, Anthony (2011). 1713:, Lü Jia was chief of a 999:Spring and Autumn period 959: 584:; ; 569: 477:. The later kingdoms of 5639:Watson, Burton (1993), 5172:Lim, Ivy Maria (2010). 4567:Tê-chʻao Chêng (1948). 4197:Peterson, Glen (1998). 3031:Grammata Serica Recensa 2691:The Tai-Kadai Languages 2624:Song of the Yue Boatman 2076:fall of the Han dynasty 1710:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư 1590:(Southern Yue). Unlike 1285:In 137, Minyue invaded 1040: 547–531 BC) 574:The modern term "Yue" ( 513:occupied the southwest 5358:10.3406/clao.1991.1345 5197:Lu, Yongxiang (2016). 5073:Sharma, S. D. (2010). 4845:Middle East and Africa 3775:Ancient Southeast Asia 3738:Ancient Southeast Asia 3185:The Annals of Lü Buwei 2835:(inactive 2024-03-27). 2740:Wang, William (2015). 2637:five centuries later. 2498: 2458: 2395: 2366: 2355: 2259: 2203: 2194:, a word adapted from 1949: 1881: 1829: 1550: 1547: 137–122 BC 1520: 1491: 1409: 1363:and were ruled by the 1228: 1204: 1167: 1098: 1047: 530–527 BC 1033: 560–548 BC 1026: 585–561 BC 956: 613: 415: 5522:Kiernan, Ben (2017), 5336:Zhengzhang, Shangfang 5131:East Asian Collection 4591:Taiwan: a new history 2611:Further information: 2477: 2443: 2393: 2364: 2340: 2271:. The modern name of 2062:was made governor of 1947: 1873: 1827: 1800:, which bordered the 1766:, the second invaded 1526: 1497: 1489: 1404: 1226: 1199: 1162: 1114:Warring States period 1083: 954:Warring States period 944: 746:(first ruler of Yue) 717:Cantonese (Jyutping) 467:Warring States period 5652:, Writers Club Press 5621:The Birth of Vietnam 5509:Holm, David (2014). 5110:Him & Hsu (2004) 4737:Phil Benson (2001). 4709:Anthropos, Volume 65 4619:Mike Ingham (2007). 3420:Him & Hsu (2004) 3162:) in the southeast." 2130:varieties of Chinese 1599:Emperor Gaozu of Han 1116:and the rise of the 620:Early Middle Chinese 6376:History of Zhejiang 5663:, Lexington Books, 5657:Xu, Stella (2016), 5232:quote:「鄭之刀，宋之斤，魯之削， 4520:, pp. 356–440. 4462:10.1038/nature02878 4454:2004Natur.431..302W 4334:Siu, Helen (2016). 3984:, pp. 145–146. 3947:, pp. 144–146. 3734:Miksic, John Norman 3209:"Relying on Rulers" 2597:Bronze vessel of a 2400:double-edged swords 1842:In 111 BC, the Han 1361: 2879 BC 1334:) a deserted land. 707: 706:Ancient Yue groups 654: 1200 BC 576:traditional Chinese 410:Vietnamese alphabet 272:Canton Romanization 6371:History of Guizhou 5494:, AltaMira Press, 5454:To Establish Peace 5265:, p. 181-183. 4323:. August 17, 2012. 3465:, p. 220-221. 3171:Wan, Xiang (2013) 2396: 2367: 1950: 1922:Vietnamese history 1898:Jiaozhi Commandery 1859:the Roman Empire. 1830: 1750:advanced from the 1639:Emperor Wen of Han 1630:(Western Ou), and 1551: 1521: 1492: 1418:Guangdong province 1410: 1389:, a descendant of 1229: 1219:Minyue and Dong'ou 1168: 1042:, and King Yumei ( 957: 705: 594:Cantonese Jyutping 542:as the Han empire 6361:History of Fujian 6328: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6228: 6227: 6013: 6012: 5670:978-1-4985-2145-1 5631:978-0-520-07417-0 5598:978-1-442-27789-2 5535:978-0-19-516076-5 5501:978-0-759-10458-7 5478:978-1-5015-0168-5 5437:978-90-04-15605-0 5416:978-1-107-08478-0 5236:，遷乎其地而弗能為良，地氣然也。」 5208:978-3-662-51388-0 5183:978-1-6049-77271- 5176:. Cambria Press. 5084:978-1-578-08680-1 5027:, pp. 49–50. 4972:978-9-622-01725-2 4663:978-0-19-988624-1 4632:978-0-19-531496-0 4607:seas? (1936: 117) 4601:978-0-7656-1494-0 4541:978-0-521-08442-0 4448:(7006): 302–305. 4413:978-0-521-49781-7 4374:de Crespigny 2007 4345:978-9-888-08373-2 4258:978-9-622-01725-2 4233:978-1-442-27278-1 4208:978-0-774-80612-1 4183:978-1-133-60647-5 4158:978-1-107-16603-5 4106:978-0-313-36113-5 4077:de Crespigny 2020 4039:978-0-313-36113-5 4005:978-0-333-96337-1 3968:978-9-622-01725-2 3931:978-0-295-99327-0 3876:978-0-521-18982-8 3809:978-0-521-27525-5 3784:978-0-415-73554-4 3747:978-0-415-73554-4 3696:, pp. 95–96. 3386:978-0-824-82465-5 3361:978-0-7864-6803-4 3327:978-9-004-15601-2 3193:978-0-804-73354-0 3022:978-0-199-94537-5 2984:978-0-195-13525-1 2967:978-9-622-01725-2 2942:978-0-608-30664-3 2915:978-3-319-31399-3 2875:978-0-921-49009-8 2768:978-0-921-49009-8 2751:978-0-199-85633-6 2734:978-0-415-68847-5 2717:978-0-824-82465-5 2700:978-0-700-71457-5 2647:Bo people (China) 2630:Garden of Stories 2113:Zhejiang province 2095:state during the 1696:Emperor Wu of Han 1502:, second King of 1327:Emperor Wu of Han 1272:Kuaiji Commandery 964:During the early 934: 933: 548:Chinese languages 440: 439: 399: 398: 244:Yale Romanization 108:Standard Mandarin 32:Bai Yue (cyclist) 16:(Redirected from 6418: 6351:Cantonese people 6237: 6236: 6031: 6030: 6021: 5740: 5739: 5730:peoples in China 5720: 5713: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5674: 5653: 5644: 5635: 5614: 5612:Brill Publishers 5602: 5581: 5560: 5539: 5518: 5505: 5482: 5466: 5456: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5420: 5399: 5381: 5362: 5361: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5243: 5237: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5128: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4721: 4713: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4263: 4262: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4055:, p. 30-31. 4050: 4044: 4043: 4019: 4010: 4009: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3835: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3607: 3601: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3449: 3448: 3438: 3432:Huang, Pingwen. 3429: 3423: 3417: 3408: 3402: 3391: 3390: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3345: 3332: 3331: 3313: 3307: 3306:, pp. 1–32. 3301: 3295: 3289: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3224: 3202: 3196: 3182: 3176: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3063:Monumenta Serica 3060: 3044: 3035: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2971: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2901: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2836: 2812: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2773: 2772: 2755: 2738: 2721: 2704: 2686: 2662: 2613:Old Yue language 2594: 2582: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2513: 2496: 2456: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2353: 2262: 2224: 2223: 2215: 2214: 2177: 2176: 2163: 2153: 2109:Jiangsu province 1844:conquered Nanyue 1649:and annexed it. 1548: 1546: 1518: 1511: 1510: 1362: 1359: 1096: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1014:King Wen of Zhou 723:Literal meaning 708: 704: 697:Northern Vietnam 664:were called the 659: 656:), and later as 655: 652: 640: 636: 627: 583: 582: 460:Northern Vietnam 432: 431: 418: 395: 394: 371: 370: 347: 346: 323: 322: 299: 298: 297: 282: 281: 280: 266: 265: 252: 251: 231: 230: 210: 209: 191: 190: 170: 169: 168: 153: 152: 151: 137: 136: 123: 122: 99: 98: 85: 84: 60: 44: 43: 39:Cantonese people 21: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6341:Ancient Vietnam 6331: 6330: 6329: 6320: 6292: 6266: 6224: 6113: 6082: 6022: 6009: 5922: 5854: 5754: 5731: 5726:Historical non- 5724: 5682: 5677: 5671: 5632: 5599: 5578: 5557: 5536: 5502: 5486:Him, Mark Lai; 5479: 5464: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5417: 5379: 5370: 5365: 5333: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5244: 5240: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5170: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4930: 4926: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4856: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4821: 4817: 4800: 4796: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4735: 4731: 4715: 4714: 4704: 4700: 4679: 4675: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4633: 4617: 4613: 4602: 4586: 4582: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4528: 4524: 4518:de Sousa (2015) 4516: 4512: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4437: 4433: 4427:de Sousa (2015) 4425: 4421: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4332: 4328: 4321:China Knowledge 4315: 4314: 4310: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4266: 4259: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4145: 4141: 4130: 4126: 4122:, pp. 249. 4118: 4114: 4107: 4087: 4083: 4079:, p. viii. 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3918: 3914: 3903: 3899: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3836: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3610: 3602: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3469: 3461: 3452: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3394: 3387: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3346: 3335: 3328: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3203: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3166: 3094: 3090: 3058: 3045: 3038: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2968: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2858: 2854: 2838: 2837: 2813: 2798: 2787: 2776: 2769: 2752: 2735: 2718: 2701: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2643: 2615: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2586: 2583: 2574: 2561: 2552: 2549: 2540: 2537: 2528: 2514: 2497: 2492: 2457: 2450: 2388: 2374:, domesticated 2354: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2293: 2285: 2265:Sino-Vietnamese 2256: 2138: 2126:Nanyue language 2082:and during the 2072: 1967: 1942: 1894: 1840: 1832:Main articles: 1822: 1794: 1565:(within modern 1553:Zhao Tuo was a 1543: 1516: 1484: 1399: 1360: 1340: 1221: 1174: 1157: 1097: 1090: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1022: 978: 962: 939: 691:populations of 653: 572: 550:bear traces of 404:Vietnamese name 278: 149: 90:Literal meaning 66: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6424: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6278:Khalkha Mongol 6274: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6210: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6183: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5936: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5746: 5744: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5681: 5680:External links 5678: 5676: 5675: 5669: 5654: 5645: 5636: 5630: 5615: 5603: 5597: 5582: 5577:978-1442212756 5576: 5561: 5556:978-0521591775 5555: 5540: 5534: 5519: 5506: 5500: 5483: 5477: 5457: 5449: 5436: 5421: 5415: 5400: 5386:, 3rd Series, 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5352:(2): 159–168. 5327: 5325:, p. 276. 5315: 5313:, p. 273. 5303: 5301:, p. 285. 5291: 5289:, p. 247. 5279: 5277:, p. 291. 5267: 5255: 5238: 5214: 5207: 5189: 5182: 5164: 5152: 5140: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5083: 5065: 5053: 5051:, p. 142. 5041: 5029: 5017: 5005: 5003:, p. 1-2. 4993: 4978: 4971: 4953: 4941: 4924: 4908: 4896: 4885: 4865: 4854: 4835: 4815: 4794: 4759: 4749: 4729: 4698: 4673: 4662: 4642: 4631: 4611: 4600: 4580: 4559: 4547: 4540: 4522: 4510: 4495: 4483: 4431: 4429:, p. 363. 4419: 4412: 4392: 4378: 4376:, p. 938. 4366: 4351: 4344: 4326: 4308: 4293: 4291:, p. 339. 4281: 4279:, p. 143. 4264: 4257: 4239: 4232: 4214: 4207: 4189: 4182: 4164: 4157: 4139: 4124: 4112: 4105: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4038: 4011: 4004: 3986: 3974: 3967: 3949: 3937: 3930: 3912: 3897: 3882: 3875: 3857: 3845: 3827: 3815: 3808: 3790: 3783: 3765: 3763:, pp. 87. 3753: 3746: 3725: 3713: 3698: 3686: 3684:, p. 236. 3674: 3672:, p. 216. 3662: 3660:, p. 214. 3647: 3645:, p. 213. 3635: 3633:, p. 212. 3623: 3621:, p. 211. 3608: 3606:, p. 210. 3593: 3591:, p. 209. 3581: 3569: 3567:, p. 208. 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3504:, p. 224. 3494: 3492:, p. 222. 3482: 3480:, p. 145. 3467: 3450: 3424: 3409: 3392: 3385: 3367: 3360: 3333: 3326: 3308: 3296: 3279: 3267: 3265:, p. 6-7. 3255: 3240: 3225: 3197: 3177: 3175:Slide 36 of 70 3164: 3120:and Gongfang ( 3088: 3036: 3034:303e and 305a. 3005: 3003:, p. 127. 2990: 2983: 2966: 2948: 2941: 2921: 2914: 2893: 2881: 2874: 2852: 2796: 2774: 2767: 2750: 2733: 2716: 2699: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2655: 2650: 2642: 2639: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2596: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2562: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2515: 2508: 2494:Olivia Milburn 2490: 2448: 2387: 2384: 2345: 2338: 2335: 2294: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2269:Middle Chinese 2255: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2219:The character 2217: 2172:The character 2137: 2134: 2071: 2068: 2003:origins. When 1966: 1963: 1941: 1938: 1933:Cổ Loa Citadel 1893: 1890: 1821: 1818: 1793: 1790: 1483: 1480: 1407:Cổ Loa Citadel 1398: 1395: 1339: 1336: 1300:. Han general 1220: 1217: 1170:Main article: 1156: 1153: 1088: 1035:), King Yuji ( 977: 974: 961: 958: 938: 935: 932: 931: 925: 922: 919: 914: 910: 909: 903: 900: 897: 892: 888: 887: 885: 882: 879: 874: 870: 869: 866: 863: 860: 855: 851: 850: 847: 844: 841: 836: 832: 831: 829: 826: 823: 818: 814: 813: 807: 804: 801: 796: 792: 791: 785: 782: 779: 774: 770: 769: 763: 760: 757: 752: 748: 747: 740: 737: 734: 729: 725: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 693:Southern China 571: 568: 456:Southern China 438: 437: 434: 433: 426: 420: 419: 412: 406: 405: 401: 400: 397: 396: 389: 380: 379: 373: 372: 365: 356: 355: 349: 348: 341: 332: 331: 325: 324: 317: 308: 307: 301: 300: 290: 284: 283: 274: 268: 267: 260: 254: 253: 246: 240: 239: 237:Yue: Cantonese 233: 232: 225: 219: 218: 212: 211: 204: 200: 199: 193: 192: 185: 179: 178: 172: 171: 161: 155: 154: 145: 139: 138: 131: 125: 124: 117: 111: 110: 104: 103: 102:Transcriptions 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 79: 73: 72: 68: 67: 61: 53: 52: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6423: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6406:Zhuang people 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6346:Bouyei people 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6157:Khamag Mongol 6155: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5721: 5716: 5714: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5672: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5488:Hsu, Madeline 5484: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5455: 5450: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5324: 5319: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5295: 5288: 5283: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5263:Brindley 2015 5259: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5225: 5224:Rites of Zhou 5218: 5210: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5162:, p. 62. 5161: 5156: 5150:, p. 72. 5149: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5100:, p. 66. 5099: 5098:Brindley 2015 5094: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5063:, p. 55. 5062: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5039:, p. 50. 5038: 5033: 5026: 5021: 5015:, p. 35. 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4951:, p. 63. 4950: 4945: 4937: 4936: 4928: 4920: 4919: 4912: 4906:, p. 54. 4905: 4900: 4893: 4888: 4886:0-300-04602-2 4882: 4878: 4877: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4855:1-884964-04-4 4851: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4756: 4752: 4750:0-415-22074-2 4746: 4742: 4741: 4733: 4725: 4719: 4711: 4710: 4702: 4695: 4693: 4686: 4685: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4646: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4563: 4557:, p. 34. 4556: 4551: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4396: 4388: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4120:Brindley 2015 4116: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4067:, p. 32. 4066: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4018: 4016: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3855:, p. 24. 3854: 3849: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3825:, p. 21. 3824: 3819: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3723:, p. 27. 3722: 3717: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3694:Brindley 2015 3690: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3590: 3585: 3579:, p. 19. 3578: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3552:, p. 20. 3551: 3546: 3540:, p. 16. 3539: 3534: 3528:, p. 16. 3527: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3407:, p. 18. 3406: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3305: 3304:Brindley 2003 3300: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3211:text: "揚、漢之南， 3210: 3206: 3205:Lüshi Chunqiu 3201: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3156:and Renfang ( 3155: 3151: 3142:), Xuanfang ( 3129: 3119: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048:Norman, Jerry 3043: 3041: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2898: 2891:, p. 13. 2890: 2889:Brindley 2003 2885: 2877: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2848: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2792: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2681: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663:; 'Three 2661: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2376:water buffalo 2373: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2280: 2278: 2275:derives from 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009:Wu Commandery 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1946: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1918:Trưng Sisters 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1892:Trưng Sisters 1889: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1835: 1826: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1592:Qin Shi Huang 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1515: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1488: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1403: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1369:Lạc Long Quân 1366: 1356: 1352: 1349:and northern 1348: 1344: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235:did not make 1234: 1225: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178:Qin Shi Huang 1173: 1165: 1161: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1094: 1093:Lüshi Chunqiu 1087: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 985:and northern 984: 973: 971: 967: 955: 951: 947: 943: 930: 926: 923: 920: 918: 915: 912: 911: 908: 904: 901: 898: 896: 893: 890: 889: 886: 883: 880: 878: 875: 872: 871: 868:Mountain Yue 867: 864: 861: 859: 856: 853: 852: 849:Southern Yue 848: 845: 842: 840: 837: 834: 833: 830: 827: 824: 822: 819: 816: 815: 812: 808: 805: 802: 800: 797: 794: 793: 790: 786: 783: 780: 778: 775: 772: 771: 768: 764: 761: 759:Joeng4 jyut6 758: 756: 753: 750: 749: 745: 741: 738: 735: 733: 730: 727: 726: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 709: 703: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 681: 680:Lüshi Chunqiu 675: 673: 669: 668: 663: 648: 647:Shang dynasty 644: 635: 631: 628:) comes from 626: 621: 617: 616: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 577: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 534: 530: 526: 525: 520: 517:and northern 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 435: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 411: 407: 402: 390: 388: 385: 381: 378: 374: 366: 364: 361: 357: 354: 350: 342: 340: 337: 333: 330: 326: 318: 316: 313: 309: 306: 302: 296: 291: 289: 285: 275: 273: 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Retrieved 5426: 5405: 5387: 5383: 5349: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5323:Milburn 2010 5318: 5311:Milburn 2010 5306: 5299:Milburn 2010 5294: 5287:Milburn 2010 5282: 5275:Milburn 2010 5270: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5233: 5221: 5217: 5198: 5192: 5173: 5167: 5160:Marks (2017) 5155: 5148:Marks (2017) 5143: 5134: 5130: 5117: 5112:, p. 8. 5105: 5093: 5074: 5068: 5056: 5049:Marks (2017) 5044: 5037:Kiernan 2017 5032: 5025:Kiernan 2017 5020: 5008: 5001:Milburn 2010 4996: 4987: 4981: 4963:China–Yellow 4962: 4956: 4949:Kiernan 2017 4944: 4934: 4927: 4917: 4911: 4899: 4890: 4875: 4868: 4859: 4844: 4838: 4830: 4825: 4818: 4809: 4804: 4797: 4783: 4776:. 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