39:
665:, sent its King fleeing, and broke the tributary relationships between Goguryeo and the other tribes of Korea that formed much of Goguryeo's economy. Although the King evaded capture and eventually settled in a new capital, Goguryeo was reduced to such insignificance that for half a century there was no mention of the state in Chinese historical texts.
629:, staged a rebellion and gained the support of Gongsun Du. Sansang's younger brother Gyesu repelled the attack, defeating Gongsun Du, and Balgi committed suicide. Gongsun Kang took advantage of a succession feud in Goguryeo and launched an attack again in 209, defeating Goguryeo and forcing it to move its capital. In
652:
After Wu's envoys were killed by
Gongsun Yuan in 233, some of their troops escaped to Goguryeo and set up an Eastern Wu-Goguryeo alliance. In 234, Cao Wei sent envoys to set up an alliance with Goguryeo. Between Cao Wei and Eastern Wu, Goguryeo chose Cao Wei – killing Eastern Wu's
536:
of the
Eastern Wu. In March 233, Wu gave him the title of the "King of Yan", and sent two envoys to him; they were killed by Gongsun Yuan and their heads sent to Luoyang, and Gongsun Yuan accepted vassalship from Cao Wei. Gongsun Yuan's attitude angered both
359:
gave
Gongsun Du the titles of "general of military might" and "lord of Yongning Xiang". However, Gongsun Du rejected the latter title, considering himself the king of Liaodong, rather than a mere lord. The title would be given to his younger son
1398:
Tennant 1996 : 22. Original quote: "Wei. In 242, under King Tongch'ŏn, they attacked a
Chinese fortress near the mouth of the Yalu in an attempt to cut the land route across Liao, in return for which the Wei invaded them in 244 and sacked
488:. Gongsun Gong dared not be aggressive towards Cao Wei, and Gongsun Yuan considered him a coward. Claiming that he would restore Liaodong to glory, he forced Gongsun Gong from the throne, imprisoned him and became ruler in December 228.
288:
and Hou Tao consider it to be a de facto independent regime from when
Gongsun Du established his rule in Liaodong in 190. Although it existed during the Three Kingdoms period, it is not counted as one of the eponymous three kingdoms:
43:
Time-lapse of the multiple various conquests and territorial changes of the Three
Kingdoms era, the State of Yan only briefly existed though the region had been ruled by the Gongsun Clan for decades before its conquest in
378:
When
Gongsun Du died in 204, his son Gongsun Kang took over, and shortly after exploited a succession feud in Goguryeo. Though the candidate supported by Gongsun Kang was eventually defeated, the victor
625:
frequently battled with the
Gongsun clan despite initial cooperation. In 197, hostilities between the Gongsuns and Goguryeo first broke out when Balgi, elder brother of King
1452:
Ikeuchi, Hiroshi. "A Study on Lo-lang and Tai-fang, Ancient
Chinese prefectures in Korean Peninsula". Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 5 (1930). 79–95.
231:
206:
1267:
653:
envoys in 234 and another set in 236. In 238, Goguryeo sent troops to assist in the defeat of
Gongsun Yuan. The Cao Wei-Goguryeo alliance broke down in 242, when
341:
606:
led 40,000 soldiers to attack Gongsun Yuan; after a siege lasting three months, Gongsun Yuan's headquarters fell to Sima Yi, who received assistance from
1293:
445:
661:) at the mouth of the Yalu River. Cao Wei launched a war in retaliation, which ended in a Cao Wei victory and destroyed the Goguryeo capital of
1213:
351:, whose rulers initially cooperated with Gongsun Du but subsequently frequently quarreled. Gongsun Du repeatedly attacked both Goguryeo and
1493:
1474:
528:
sent envoys to Gongsun Yuan to ask for horses, which were supplied. However, when returning in September, the envoys were attacked by
532:. Most of their goods were lost and one of the envoys was killed. In October 232, Gongsun Yuan sent envoys accepting a position as a
1456:
336:. Gongsun Du established a monarchial rule and completely controlled Liaodong. He split Liaodong into three commanderies, creating
1236:. Seoul: Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Literature: Encyclopedia of Korean Folklore and Traditional Culture. 2014. pp. 150–151.
1438:
1366:
1339:
1277:
1197:
1141:
1075:
1005:
975:
913:
712:
677:
Incident, through increasing the financial power of Liaodong and forcing Han people in Liaodong to move inland, allowing the
364:
after Gongsun Du's death. Gongsun Du military activities are largely credited with leading to the Gongsun family's rise.
1303:
1241:
1167:
1048:
854:
776:
1231:
674:
630:
597:
328:
where Gongsun Du became minister in 170. Although he was dismissed from his post, he became administrator of
588:, and in January 238, Gongsun Yuan resumed relations with Wu, hoping for military reinforcements from it.
560:
After Guanqiu Jian's defeat, Gongsun Yuan claimed independence in July, and used the era date Shaohan (
1233:
Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Literature: Encyclopedia of Korean Folklore and Traditional Culture Vol.3
1498:
1108:
384:
1508:
1503:
1131:
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995:
965:
948:
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1428:
1187:
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702:
654:
1513:
647:
729:
8:
626:
573:
380:
329:
585:
569:
404:
269:
793:
481:
1434:
1362:
1335:
1299:
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1237:
1193:
1163:
1137:
1071:
1044:
1001:
971:
909:
850:
772:
708:
581:
577:
400:
337:
325:
561:
511:
465:
399:, which offered better protection. Gongsun Kang moved in and restored order to the
261:
545:(emperor of Cao Wei) and Sun Quan (emperor of Eastern Wu) both vowed to kill him.
1383:
1356:
1329:
1157:
1038:
1021:
844:
828:
766:
388:
284:
from 190 to 237. Though it only claimed independence in 237, historians such as
1475:"Control or Conquer? Koguryǒ's Relations with States and Peoples in Manchuria,"
426:. Gongsun Kang's act was seen as one of compliance to Cao, an attitude his son
273:
268:) was a Chinese kingdom that existed from July 237 to September 238 CE in the
1487:
1466:
Gardiner, K.H.J. "The Kung-sun Warlords of Liao-tung (189–238) – Continued".
285:
552:
sent troops to attack Gongsun Yuan, but was defeated because of heavy rain.
611:
549:
497:
453:
449:
439:
427:
373:
361:
281:
91:
38:
506:
and sent envoys in May 229. In February 230, Wei promoted Gongsun Yuan to
477:
302:
503:
415:
396:
319:
298:
277:
641:
411:
333:
657:
plundered the Liaodong district of Xi'anping (西安平; near present-day
622:
607:
568:); the new country had a government and officials, and set up four
525:
457:
348:
673:
Sima Yi's conquest of Gongsun Yuan was attributed partly with the
678:
658:
603:
542:
538:
529:
485:
452:
were too young to succeed to the title. As a result, his brother
423:
419:
356:
294:
290:
224:
211:
136:
662:
533:
473:
352:
602:
In June 238, after planning with Cao Rui, the Cao Wei general
524:'General of the Chariots and Cavalry'). In March 232,
484:
to Cao. Gongsun Huang, Gongsun Kang's elder son, was sent to
392:
249:
276:
period. Its predecessor was an independent regime ruled by
633:, Goguryeo sent thousands of troops to assist Sima Yi.
1026:(in Chinese). 东北地方史硏究编辑部, 辽宁社会科学院. 1987. p. 77.
610:. Many who served in the Yan state were massacred.
125:• Officially claimed dependency to Eastern Wu
642:Relations between Goguryeo, Cao Wei and Eastern Wu
1136:(in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. p. 310.
908:(in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. p. 136.
1485:
1433:(in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. p. 87.
970:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 方寸文創事業有限公司. p. 272.
833:(in Chinese). 吉林人民出版社. 1985. pp. 220, 222.
383:was compelled to move his capital southeast to
324:Gongsun Du's father Gongsun Yan (公孫延) lived in
1096:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 右灰文化傳播有限公司. p. 15.
1070:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 臺灣商務. p. 124,137.
891:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 谷月社. pp. 104, 371.
407:by splitting off the southern part of Lelang.
1192:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 獨立作家－龍視界. p. 84.
696:
694:
1457:The Kung-sun Warlords of Liao-tung (189–238)
1411:
519:
456:took the throne. However, he suffered from
1402:
1224:
849:(in Chinese). 大连出版社. 1993. pp. 1, 7.
691:
617:
480:, he told Gongsun Gong to give a son as a
16:Former kingdom in China in the 3rd century
1392:
1298:(in Chinese). 吉林大学出版社. 1994. p. 18.
1000:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 楓樹林. p. 137.
502:Gongsun Yuan claimed friendship with the
444:After Gongsun Kang's death, his two sons
1272:(in Chinese). 吉林大学出版社. pp. 99–100.
737:Cheng Kung journal of historical studies
707:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 易博士. p. 89.
1480:volume 4, number 1 (June 2007): 83–117.
1358:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
817:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 群出版. p. 98.
555:
332:in 190 or 189 on the recommendation of
1486:
1470:6 (Canberra, September 1972). 141–201.
1036:
305:consider it to be a "fourth country".
1354:
1261:
1259:
1181:
1179:
989:
987:
880:
878:
868:
866:
810:
764:
1494:Former countries in Chinese history
1426:
1381:
1355:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2017-04-06).
1327:
1265:
1206:
1185:
1063:
993:
963:
946:
884:
700:
13:
1478:Journal of Northeast Asian History
1388:(in Chinese). 吉林人民出版社. p. 62.
1256:
1176:
1129:
1119:: 189–205 – via DBPia.co.kr.
1106:
984:
901:
875:
791:
771:(in Chinese). 科学出版社. p. 315.
668:
14:
1525:
1463:5 (Canberra, March 1972). 59–107.
863:
1043:(in Chinese). 海洋出版社. p. 5.
301:. Nevertheless, writers such as
229:
204:
37:
1420:
1375:
1348:
1321:
1312:
1286:
1150:
1123:
1100:
1084:
1057:
1030:
1014:
957:
953:(in Chinese). 朔雪寒. p. 133.
940:
931:
922:
895:
675:Uprising of the Five Barbarians
491:
433:
367:
308:
837:
821:
804:
785:
758:
749:
727:
721:
1:
1468:Papers on Far Eastern History
1461:Papers on Far Eastern History
1334:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 臺灣商務.
684:
313:
1361:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1162:(in Chinese). 解放军出版社. 1994.
872:Gardiner 1972a : 69–70.
410:In 207, Gongsun Kang killed
7:
1214:"Kings and Queens of Korea"
928:Byington 2007 : 91–92.
811:Kang, Youwei (2013-10-21).
598:Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign
591:
472:) and was infertile. After
10:
1530:
655:King Dongcheon of Goguryeo
645:
614:was released from prison.
595:
495:
437:
422:, and gave their heads to
371:
317:
1107:金, 洪培; 杨, 凯 (July 2019).
937:Gardiner 1972a : 90.
636:
631:Sima Yi's conquest of Yan
565:
515:
469:
347:Liaodong was adjacent to
265:
245:
183:
179:
169:
165:
160:
156:
146:
133:
123:
113:
109:
101:
97:
85:
81:
73:
65:
57:
49:
36:
31:
21:
1417:Byington 2007 : 93.
1408:Gardiner 1969 : 34.
1318:Gardiner (1972B), p. 165
548:In 237, Cao Wei general
765:Wang, Zhongshu (2005).
618:Relations with Goguryeo
403:, establishing the new
355:. In 196, the warlord
556:Gongsun Yuan's reign
342:Zhongliao Commandery
888:白話三國志: 經典古籍白話註解譯文系列
681:to enter Liaodong.
627:Sansang of Goguryeo
381:Sansang of Goguryeo
330:Liaodong Commandery
135:• Attacked by
115:• Established
1473:Byington, Mark E.
1455:Gardiner, K.H.J. "
1427:胡兰成 (2013-04-01).
1328:金文京 (2019-01-01).
1220:. KBS. 2015-03-09.
1186:蔡東藩 (2013-11-30).
1064:金文京 (2019-01-01).
994:郭瑞祥 (2018-09-30).
964:普通人 (2016-06-20).
947:朔雪寒 (2015-01-22).
885:胡三元 (2015-08-13).
755:Ikeuchi, pp. 87–88
701:原遙平 (2018-10-23).
405:Daifang Commandery
270:Liaodong Peninsula
1440:978-7-219-05497-0
1368:978-1-4422-7616-1
1341:978-957-05-3137-4
1279:978-7-5601-3224-2
1199:978-986-5981-90-7
1143:978-7-210-05445-0
1130:陈瓷 (2015-03-01).
1109:"辽东公孙氏政权与高句丽关系述略"
1077:978-957-05-3137-4
1037:杨金森; 范中义 (2005).
1007:978-986-96694-3-6
977:978-986-92003-5-6
967:非普通三國: 寫給年輕人看的三國史
915:978-7-5438-6599-0
902:沈忱 (2010-06-01).
714:978-986-480-064-3
522:
401:Lelang Commandery
344:out of Liaodong.
338:Liaoxi Commandery
326:Xuantu Commandery
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254:
241:
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148:• Conquered
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1430:山河岁月 (胡兰成作品) 胡兰成
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950:預見未來: 中國歷代智者預測智慧
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648:Goguryeo–Wei War
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152:29 September 238
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768:中日两国考古学, 古代史论文集
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669:Five Barbarians
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430:would reverse.
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87:• 237–238
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1331:三國志的世界:東漢與三國時代
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1067:三國志的世界:東漢與三國時代
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905:三国，不能戏说的历史·诸侯
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794:"三国演义其实是四国争霸"
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778:9787030161062
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730:"漢族之發展與東北之開闢"
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508:cheqi general
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1382:张博泉 (1981).
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1266:耿铁华 (2008).
1247:. Retrieved
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740:. Retrieved
736:
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621:
612:Gongsun Gong
601:
570:commanderies
559:
550:Guanqiu Jian
547:
507:
501:
498:Gongsun Yuan
492:Gongsun Yuan
461:
454:Gongsun Gong
450:Gongsun Yuan
443:
440:Gongsun Gong
434:Gongsun Gong
428:Gongsun Yuan
409:
377:
374:Gongsun Kang
368:Gongsun Kang
362:Gongsun Gong
346:
323:
309:Predecessors
282:Gongsun Kang
280:and his son
257:
256:
194:Succeeded by
193:
188:
92:Gongsun Yuan
1514:238 endings
1133:三国那些人那些事.吴卷
800:(1): 79–81.
792:侯涛 (2011).
478:Eastern Han
303:Kang Youwei
272:during the
189:Preceded by
129:January 238
1488:Categories
1269:高句丽与东北民族研究
1249:2016-01-30
742:2020-04-21
704:圖解三國時代 更新版
685:References
646:See also:
504:Eastern Wu
476:took over
416:Yuan Shang
397:Yalu River
320:Gongsun Du
314:Gongsun Du
299:Eastern Wu
278:Gongsun Du
161:Population
66:Government
1218:KBS Radio
1189:歷史演義: 後漢6
814:歐洲十一國遊記二種
412:Yuan Shao
395:) on the
334:Dong Zhuo
61:Xiangping
1399:Hwando."
623:Goguryeo
608:Goguryeo
592:Downfall
574:Liaodong
526:Sun Quan
462:yin xiao
458:diabetes
414:'s sons
349:Goguryeo
142:June 238
119:July 237
69:Monarchy
1385:东北历代疆域史
1113:고구려발해연구
1023:东北地方史硏究
798:当代人：下半月
679:Xianbei
659:Dandong
604:Sima Yi
586:Daifang
562:Chinese
543:Cao Rui
539:Cao Wei
530:Tian Yu
512:Chinese
486:Luoyang
482:hostage
466:Chinese
424:Cao Cao
420:Yuan Xi
357:Cao Cao
295:Shu Han
291:Cao Wei
262:Chinese
225:Cao Wei
212:Cao Wei
137:Sima Yi
102:History
58:Capital
53:Kingdom
32:237–238
1437:
1365:
1338:
1302:
1276:
1240:
1196:
1166:
1140:
1093:三國成語典故
1074:
1047:
1004:
974:
912:
853:
830:社会科学战线
775:
711:
663:Hwando
637:Impact
582:Lelang
578:Xuantu
564::
534:vassal
514::
474:Cao Pi
468::
385:Hwando
353:Wuhuan
297:, and
264::
105:
77:
50:Status
1295:高句丽考古
1040:中国海防史
997:重說司馬懿
733:(PDF)
393:Jilin
389:Ji'an
250:China
1435:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1159:中国战典
1138:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1045:ISBN
1002:ISBN
972:ISBN
910:ISBN
851:ISBN
846:新金縣志
773:ISBN
728:金鑠.
709:ISBN
584:and
521:lit.
516:車騎將軍
448:and
418:and
340:and
74:King
1459:".
258:Yan
44:238
23:Yan
1490::
1258:^
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1178:^
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1111:.
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735:.
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566:紹漢
518:;
470:陰消
464:,
391:,
293:,
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266:燕
260:(
26:燕
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