39:
455:, Xolos began to turn up at Mexican dog shows in the late 1940s. Although they were recognized as indigenous specimens of a native breed, interest in them was minimal at that time, because information was scarce and no standard existed by which to judge them. Within a decade, the FCI realized that the breed would become extinct if drastic action were not taken to save it. This led to the widely publicized Xolo Expedition of 1954. With the official sanction of the FCI, Wright and a team of Mexican and British dog authorities set off to discover if any purebred Xolos still existed in remote areas of Mexico. Eventually 10 structurally strong Xolos were found and these dogs formed the foundation of Mexico's program to revive the breed. A committee headed by Wright authored the first official standard for the breed; on May 1, 1956, the Xolo was finally recognized in its native land and, as Mexico is a member of the FCI, worldwide.
274:
246:
855:
Enk, Jacob; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Gori, Kevin; Grimes, Vaughan; Guiry, Eric; Hansen, Anders J.; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Johnson, John; Kitchen, Andrew; Kasparov, Aleksei K.; Kwon, Young-Mi; Nikolskiy, Pavel A.; Lope, Carlos Peraza; Manin, Aurélie; Martin, Terrance; Meyer, Michael; Myers, Kelsey Noack; Omura, Mark; Rouillard, Jean-Marie; Pavlova, Elena Y.; Sciulli, Paul; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Strakova, Andrea; Ivanova, Varvara V.; Widga, Christopher; Willerslev, Eske; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Barnes, Ian; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Dobney, Keith M.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Murchison, Elizabeth P.; Larson, Greger; Frantz, Laurent A. F. (6 July 2018).
478:. The Xoloitzcuintli Club of America (XCA), the official parent club for the breed, was founded on October 26, 1986, to regain AKC recognition for the breed. On May 13, 2008, AKC voted to readmit the breed to its Miscellaneous Class starting January 1, 2009. The founding members voted unanimously to recognize all three sizes (toy, miniature and standard) and both varieties (hairless and coated) at their initial meeting. Since then, the XCA has compiled a stud book modeled on requirements for eventual AKC acceptance, held an annual independent specialty show, published a quarterly newsletter,
230:
258:
923:
Alberto; Davy, Tom; Fedorov, Sergey; Fiore, Ivana; Fulton, Deirdre; Germonpré, Mietje; Haile, James; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Jamieson, Alexandra; Janssens, Luc; Kirillova, Irina; Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Kuzmanovic-Cvetković, Julka; Kuzmin, Yaroslav; Losey, Robert J.; Dizdar, Daria Ložnjak; Mashkour, Marjan; Novak, Mario; Onar, Vedat; Orton, David; Pasaric, Maja; Radivojevic, Miljana; Rajkovic, Dragana; Roberts, Benjamin; Ryan, Hannah; Sablin, Mikhail (2020).
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is completely hairless on the body, with many dogs exhibiting a few short hairs on the top of the head, the toes, and the tip of the tail. Most hairless dogs are black or bluish-gray in color. The allele responsible for the Xolo's hairlessness also affects the dog's dentition: Hairless Xolos typically have an incomplete set of teeth while the dogs of the coated variety have complete dentition.
499:, with a sleek body, almond-shaped eyes, large bat-like ears, and a long neck, the Xolo is notable for its dominant trait of hairlessness. The dominant hairless trait originated in this breed as a spontaneous mutation thousands of years ago. The recessive expression of the trait will produce a coated variety, which is genetically inseparable from the hairless, as the
482:, and maintained an active national rescue network, National Xolo Rescue (known before 2009 as The Xolo Rescue League). Since January 1, 2007, FSS registered Xolos have been eligible to compete in AKC performance events. The breed was moved into the AKC Studbook in December 2010 and has been eligible to be shown in the AKC Non-Sporting group since January 1, 2011.
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naturally in two varieties, hairless and coated. Hairless Xolos result from the presence of the dominant allele (HH or Hh) at the FOXI3 locus. Coated Xolo are the recessive expression, occurring only when two coated alleles (hh) are present. Breeding coated to coated will only produce coated pups because only the coated allele is present to be passed on.
524:
northern climates; they should be considered an indoor dog breed. They need bathing, light grooming and skin care as with other dogs of similar physical type, or acne can result. Most skin problems arise from poor breeding, neglect, or over-bathing and over-lotioning, stripping natural protections and clogging pores.
854:
Ní Leathlobhair, Máire; Perri, Angela R.; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Witt, Kelsey E.; Linderholm, Anna; Haile, James; Lebrasseur, Ophelie; Ameen, Carly; Blick, Jeffrey; Boyko, Adam R.; Brace, Selina; Cortes, Yahaira Nunes; Crockford, Susan J.; Devault, Alison; Dimopoulos, Evangelos A.; Eldridge, Morley;
503:
appearance of the hairless mutation is fatal to the unborn pup. Most litters contain both hairless and coated puppies. The coated variety, covered with a short, flat dense coat represents the original form of the dog, prior to the occurrence of the spontaneous hairless mutation. The hairless variety
523:
The Xolo has been developed by natural selection for thousands of years, and is therefore generally not prone to health and structure problems as other dog breeds more modified by human selection efforts. Xolos came from tropical climates and are not suited for outdoor life in colder temperate and
511:
Both varieties occur in all hair or skin colors, and the skin is often marked, splashed, or spotted. The most common colors are various shades termed black, grey, bronze, yellowish-blonde, blue and red. The breed occurs in a range of sizes, which breeders have standardized into three designations:
316:
indicated that domesticated dogs entered North
America from Siberia for 4,500 years and were isolated for the next 9,000 years. After contact with Europeans, these dogs were replaced by Eurasian dogs and their local descendants. The pre-contact dogs exhibited a unique genetic signature that is now
296:
Sixteenth-century
Spanish accounts tell of large numbers of dogs being served at banquets. Aztec merchant feasts could have 80–100 turkeys and 20–40 dogs served as food. When these two meats were served in the same dish, the dog meat was at the bottom of the dish, possibly because it was held in
922:
Bergström, Anders; Frantz, Laurent; Schmidt, Ryan; Ersmark, Erik; Lebrasseur, Ophelie; Girdland-Flink, Linus; Lin, Audrey T.; Storå, Jan; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Anthony, David; Antipina, Ekaterina; Amiri, Sarieh; Bar-Oz, Guy; Bazaliiskii, Vladimir I.; Bulatović, Jelena; Brown, Dorcas; Carmagnini,
507:
The Xolo is moderate in all aspects of its appearance, conveying an impression of strength, agility, and elegance. Xolo body proportions are rectangular, slightly longer in total body length than the height measured at the highest point of the withers (top of the shoulders). The breed occurs
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164:. It is found in standard, intermediate, and miniature sizes. The Xolo also comes in a coated variety, totally covered in fur. Coated and hairless can be born in the same litter as a result of the same combination of genes. The hairless variant is known as the
467:(AKC). A Mexican dog named "Mee Too" made breed history as the first AKC-registered Xolo in 1887. "Chinito Junior", bred and owned by Valetska Radtke of New York City, became the breed's only AKC champion to date. He earned his title on October 19, 1940.
1178:
Drögemüller, Cord; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Hytönen, Marjo K.; Perloski, Michele; Dolf, Gaudenz; Sainio, Kirsi; Lohi, Hannes; Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Leeb, Tosso (12 September 2008). "A Mutation in
Hairless Dogs Implicates FOXI3 in Ectodermal Development".
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Ceramic sculptures of a hairless breed of dog have been found in burial sites in ancient West Mexico. In ancient times, Xolos were often sacrificed and then buried with their owners to act as guides to the soul on its journey to the
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544:(Xolos, travel companions) in 2019–20 of more than 100 artifacts – ceramics, remains, and artworks – overviewing the importance of the Xoloitzcuintle in Mexican heritage. A Xolo named Dante stars in the US blockbuster
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Giorgio Armani, the first
Xoloitzcuintle to be named best of its breed at the Westminster Dog Show. He has achieved four Bests in Show and 27 Group Firsts since joining the American Kennel Club's
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almost gone due to their assimilation into the
Eurasian dog gene pool. In 2020, the sequencing of ancient dog genome indicates that in two Mexican breeds the
980:
Manin, Aurélie; Ollivier, Morgane; Bastian, Fabiola; Zazzo, Antoine; Tombret, Olivier; Equihua
Manrique, Juan Carlos; Lefèvre, Christine (October 2018).
451:, founded in 1940, was not prepared to declare the Xolo an official purebred at that time. According to breed historian Norman Pelham Wright, author of
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found that the DNA sequences of the
Xoloitzcuintle were identical to those of dogs from the Old World. In 2018, an analysis of DNA from the entire
495:
The breed ranges in size from about 10 to 55 lb (5 to 23 kg). The height is 9 to 26 inches (23–67 cm). Similar in appearance to a
1440:
1092:
Kimura, T.; Ohshima, S.; Doi, K. (1 January 1993). "The inheritance and breeding results of hairless descendants of
Mexican hairless dogs".
982:"Can we identify the Mexican hairless dog in the archaeological record? Morphological and genetic insights from Tizayuca, Basin of Mexico"
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and
Xoloitzcuintli derive 4% and 3% of their ancestry from pre-colonial dogs, almost entirely being descended from Eurasian dogs.
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577:, the Xoloitzcuintles de Caliente, a professional soccer club founded in 2007. Xolos are depicted in some of Mexican artist
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1303:"Studies on Development of Hairless Descendants of Mexican Hairless Dogs and Their Usefulness in Dermatological Science"
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The Aztecs consumed few domesticated animals, with over 90% of the bones found at archeological sites being deer.
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Parker, Heidi G.; Harris, Alexander; Dreger, Dayna L.; Davis, Brian W.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (5 February 2017).
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744:"Mexico is in love with a $ 5,000 hairless dog that often wins competitions — in the ugliest category"
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670:(1997). Wired Humanities Project. University of Oregon. Retrieved September 1, 2012, from
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1441:"Museo Dolores Olmedo y sus xoloitzcuintles: todo lo que debes saber antes de visitarlo"
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The Love
Embrace of the Universe, the Earth (Mexico), Myself, Diego, and Señor Xolotl
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1262:"Spontaneous Comedones on the Skin of Hairless Descendants of Mexican Hairless Dogs"
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designated the Xoloitzcuintle a "cultural heritage and symbol" of Mexico City. The
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The breed did not receive any official notice in its homeland until the 1950s. The
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815:"Phylogenetic relationships, evolution, and genetic diversity of the domestic dog"
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1136:"FCI-Standard N° 234: XOLOITZCUINTLE (Hairless Variety & Coated Variety)"
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Xoloitzcuintles are represented in popular culture and are popular pets.
1371:"Museo de El Carmen inaugura expo sobre los xolos por el Día de Muertos"
293:. They have been found in burial sites of both the Maya and the Toltec.
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375: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
694:"GCH Bayshore's Giorgio Armani Leads the Way for Xoloitzcuintli Breed"
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1138:. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. 2011-02-16. Archived from
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1542:"The bald and the beautiful: hairlessness in domestic dog breeds"
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1596:"New AKC Recognized Breed: The Xolo", Cesar's Way, July 2011
581:'s paintings, one of which is commemorated on the 2007 500-
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American Kennel Club (AKC) Xoloitzcuintli information page
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that, according to ancient narratives, is its creator and
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The Xoloitzcuintle has a calm and attentive temperament.
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1416:"Xoloitzcuintle, el perro azteca, patrimonio de la CDMX"
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Rivera, Luis-Martin Lozano & Juan Rafael Coronel.
1480:"Presentación del nuevo billete de quinientos pesos"
857:"The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas"
463:Xolos were among the first breeds recorded by the
332:caused by a mutation on the FOXI3 autosomal gene.
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925:"Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs"
1347:"Aztec dog gains popularity in US after 'Coco'"
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573:The Xoloitzcuintle is the symbol and mascot of
562:. On August 12, 2016, the Mayor of Mexico City
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585:note, featuring Frida Kahlo's painting titled
54:Xoloitzcuintle, Xoloitzquintle, Xoloitzcuintli
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724:Indianapolis Museum of Art Online Collection
470:In 1959, the Xolo was dropped from the AKC
341:Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)
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474:due to the breed's scarcity and perceived
172:. It is characterized by its wrinkles and
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1231:"Official Standard of the Xoloitzcuintli"
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435:Learn how and when to remove this message
1590:The Xoloitzcuintli Club of America (XCA)
1345:Serrato, Jacqueline (17 November 2017).
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570:keeps a pack of Xolos on their grounds.
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180:, from which its name originates, it is
1536:. Xoloitzcuintli Club of America, 1999.
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796:. Oxford University Press: USA. p. 329
603:in Mexico City feature numerous Xolos.
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1396:"Xoloitzcuintle patrimonio de la CDMX"
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1031:"Xoloitzcuintli Dog Breed Information"
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1466:"Frida Kahlo and her Itzcuintli Dogs"
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106:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
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373:adding citations to reliable sources
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176:, along with a primitive temper. In
794:Handbook to life in the Aztec world
589:(1949) on the reverse of the note.
13:
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1520:. Italy: TASCHEN GmbH, 2008. Print
1408:
1335:
1260:Kimura, Tohru; Doi, Kunio (1996).
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261:Hairless and coated Xoloitzquintin
14:
2069:
1583:
1161:"xoloitzcuintliclubofamerica.com"
989:Journal of Archaeological Science
2043:Dog breeds originating in Mexico
1683:
1518:Diego Rivera The Complete Murals
453:The Enigma of the Xoloitzcuintli
349:
43:A lighter-colored Xoloitzcuintle
1613:URCANIS breeding club of Sweden
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360:needs additional citations for
202:). The name comes from the god
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160:) is one of several breeds of
16:Hairless dog breed from Mexico
1:
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512:Standard, Miniature and Toy.
490:
281:with a Xoloitzcuintle at the
186:[ʃoːloːit͡sˈkʷint͡ɬi]
195:[ʃoːloːit͡sˈkʷintin]
7:
813:Vila, C. (1 January 1999).
792:Aguilar-Moreno, M. (2006).
606:
335:
328:is a consequence of canine
308:A 1999 genetic study using
303:
221:' in the Nahuatl language.
10:
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1106:10.1258/002367793781082403
542:Xolos, compañeros de viaje
459:American Kennel Club (AKC)
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18:
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720:"vessel in form of a dog"
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1447:(in Spanish). 2019-11-04
1422:(in Spanish). 2016-08-12
769:America's first cuisines
540:exhibited a show titled
269:A newborn Xoloitzcuintle
214:[it͡sˈkʷiːnt͡ɬi]
19:Not to be confused with
1201:10.1126/science.1162525
941:10.1126/science.aba9572
882:10.1126/science.aao4776
528:In contemporary culture
1890:New Guinea singing dog
1592:, AKC Xolo parent club
1558:10.1098/rstb.2015.0488
1301:Kimura, Tohru (1996).
1279:10.1538/expanim.45.377
1059:June 26, 2010, at the
832:10.1093/jhered/90.1.71
767:Coe, Sophie D. (1994)
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124:National dog of Mexico
596:The History of Mexico
568:Dolores Olmedo Museum
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100:Kennel club standards
21:Peruvian Hairless Dog
1966:Peruvian Inca Orchid
1951:African hairless dog
1648:Dogs originating in
1498:on 23 September 2010
1320:10.1538/expanim.45.1
1307:Experimental Animals
1266:Experimental Animals
1239:American Kennel Club
1054:National Xolo Rescue
1035:American Kennel Club
633:Peruvian Inca Orchid
564:Miguel Ángel Mancera
465:American Kennel Club
369:improve this article
330:ectodermal dysplasia
241:A Toy Xoloitzcuintle
174:dental abnormalities
170:Mexican hairless dog
166:Perro pelón mexicano
1961:Chinese Crested Dog
1717:Dogs in Mesoamerica
1193:2008Sci...321.1462D
1001:2018JArSc..98..128M
873:2018Sci...361...81N
819:Journal of Heredity
668:Nahuatl Dictionary.
613:Chinese Crested Dog
87:Coated and Hairless
1831:Podenco Valenciano
1821:Portuguese Podengo
1811:Phu Quoc Ridgeback
1606:2015-02-08 at the
1351:chicagotribune.com
1094:Laboratory Animals
1078:2010-01-13 at the
1063:at the XCA website
677:2016-12-03 at the
652:FCI Breed Standard
623:List of dog breeds
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1534:The Xolo Handbook
1404:, August 12, 2016
1377:. 17 October 2019
935:(6516): 557–564.
802:978-0-19-533083-0
748:Los Angeles Times
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384:"Xoloitzcuintle"
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2012:Tahitian Dog
1970:
1865:Carolina Dog
1791:Ibizan Hound
1786:Cretan Hound
1673:
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1502:11 September
1500:. Retrieved
1493:the original
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1449:. Retrieved
1445:El Universal
1444:
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1424:. Retrieved
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1401:El Universal
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1242:. 2004-06-20
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1165:the original
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1144:. Retrieved
1140:the original
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1100:(1): 55–58.
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1038:. Retrieved
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752:. Retrieved
750:. 2017-04-28
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628:Hairless dog
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591:Diego Rivera
575:Club Tijuana
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367:Please help
362:verification
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279:Diego Rivera
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162:hairless dog
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135:domestic dog
2048:Dog as food
1313:(1): 1–13.
995:: 128–136.
618:Dogs portal
579:Frida Kahlo
538:Mexico City
217:, meaning '
50:Other names
2053:FCI breeds
2032:Categories
1905:Taiwan Dog
1860:Canaan Dog
1451:2020-10-23
1426:2020-01-06
1381:2020-01-07
1356:2020-10-23
1246:2023-09-25
1146:2012-08-20
1082:at AKC.org
1040:2023-04-21
754:2020-01-06
729:2020-01-06
639:References
501:homozygous
491:Appearance
476:extinction
425:March 2023
395:newspapers
291:underworld
233:Colima dog
210:itzcuīntli
1925:Wild dogs
1850:Africanis
1669:Chihuahua
1420:Excélsior
1217:206514824
1073:Xolo News
1017:135348745
967:225956269
909:206663458
599:, in the
472:stud book
326:phenotype
319:Chihuahua
283:Casa Azul
26:Dog breed
1910:Telomian
1855:Alopekis
1841:Landrace
1701:Techichi
1604:Archived
1576:27994129
1552:(1713).
1209:18787161
1122:21822477
1076:Archived
1057:Archived
959:33122379
901:29976825
704:11 April
675:Archived
607:See also
336:Registry
304:Genetics
111:standard
1885:Lài dog
1776:Basenji
1710:Related
1694:Extinct
1664:Calupoh
1567:5182420
1329:8689575
1288:8902502
1189:Bibcode
1181:Science
1114:8437436
997:Bibcode
950:7116352
929:Science
892:7116273
869:Bibcode
861:Science
841:9987908
700:ProClub
409:scholar
277:Artist
225:History
178:Nahuatl
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550:Disney
519:Health
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324:Their
314:genome
205:Xolotl
200:plural
79:Traits
70:Mexico
67:Origin
2017:Tesem
1933:Dingo
1915:Tugou
1900:Spitz
1880:Laika
1870:Husky
1496:(PDF)
1483:(PDF)
1234:(PDF)
1213:S2CID
1118:S2CID
1013:S2CID
985:(PDF)
963:S2CID
905:S2CID
556:film
554:Pixar
548:2017
416:JSTOR
402:books
156:, or
121:Notes
1997:Kurī
1843:dogs
1572:PMID
1504:2010
1325:PMID
1284:PMID
1205:PMID
1110:PMID
955:PMID
897:PMID
837:PMID
798:ISBN
778:p112
772:ISBN
706:2015
672:link
583:peso
559:Coco
388:news
158:Xolo
148:(or
144:The
84:Coat
62:Xolo
1562:PMC
1554:doi
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371:by
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168:or
130:Dog
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