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written upwards of 30 sermons in Old
English. The number of his Latin sermons has not yet been established. He may also have been responsible, wholly or in part, for other extant anonymous Old English sermons, for his style can be detected in a range of homiletic texts which cannot be directly attributed to him. However, as mentioned, some scholars believe that Wulfstan's powerful rhetorical style produced imitators, whose homilies would now be difficult to distinguish from genuine Wulfstanian homilies. Those homilies which are certainly by Wulfstan can be divided into 'blocks', that is by subject and theme, and in this way it can be seen that at different points in his life Wulfstan was concerned with different aspects of Christian life in England. The first 'block' was written ca. 996–1002 and is concerned with eschatology, that is, the end of the world. These homilies give frequent descriptions of the coming of Antichrist and the evils that will befall the world before Christ's Second Coming. They likely play on the anxiety that surely developed as the end of the first millennium AD approached. The second 'block', written around 1002–1008, is concerned with the tenets of the Christian faith. The third 'block', written around 1008–1020, concerns archiepiscopal functions. The fourth and final 'block', written around 1014–1023, known as the "Evil Days" 'block', concerns the evils that befall a kingdom and people who do not live proper Christian lives. This final block contains his most famous homily, the
347:. These ideas could only thrive in a social and political atmosphere which recognised the importance of both the clergy's and the laity's obedience to the authority of the church on all things spiritual, and also on many things secular and juridical. This was one of the main theoretical models behind much of Wulfstan's legal and quasi-legal writings. But Wulfstan was not blind to the fact that, in order for this Reform model to thrive in England, the English clergy and laity (especially the laity) needed to be educated in the basic tenets of the faith. Nothing less than the legitimacy of English Christendom rested on Englishmen's steadfastness on certain fundamental Christian beliefs and practices, like, for example, knowledge of Christ's life and passion, memorisation of the Pater Noster and the Apostles' Creed, proper baptism, and the correct date and method of celebrating Easter mass. It is towards the promotion of such beliefs and practices, that Wulfstan engaged in writing a number of homilies dedicated to educating both clergy and laity in those Christian fundamentals which he saw as so important for both the flourishing of Christian lives and the success of the English polity.
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target audience was the common
English Christian, and his message was suited to everyone who wished to flock to the cathedral to hear it. Wulfstan refused to include in his works confusing or philosophical concepts, speculation, or long narratives – devices which other homilies of the time regularly employed (likely to the dismay of the average parishioner). He also rarely used Latin phrases or words, though a few of his homilies do survive in Latin form, versions that were either drafts for later English homilies, or else meant to be addressed to a learned clergy. Even so, even his Latin sermons employ a straightforward approach to sermonising. Wulfstan's homilies are concerned only with the "bare bones, but these he invests with a sense of urgency of moral or legal rigorism in a time of great danger".
283:. Holding York also brought him control over the diocese of Worcester, as at that time it was practice in England to hold "the potentially disaffected northern archbishopric in plurality with a southern see." He held both Worcester and York until 1016, resigning Worcester to Leofsige while retaining York. There is evidence, however, that he retained influence over Worcester even after this time, and that Leofsige perhaps acted "only as a suffragan to Wulfstan." Although holding two or more episcopal sees in plurality was both uncanonical and against the spirit of the Benedictine Reform, Wulfstan had inherited this practice from previous archbishops of York, and he was not the last to hold York and Worcester in plurality.
620:, Wulfstan was primarily responsible for the drafting of English law codes relating to both secular and ecclesiastical affairs, and seems to have held a prominent and influential position at court. He drew up the laws that Æthelred issued at Enham in 1008, which dealt with the cult of St Edward the Martyr, the raising and equipping of ships and ship's crews, the payment of tithes, and a ban on the export of (Christian) slaves from the kingdom. Pushing for religious, social, political, and moral reforms, Wulfstan "wrote legislation to reassert the laws of earlier Anglo-Saxon kings and bring order to a country that had been unsettled by war and influx of Scandinavians."
287:
Anglo-Saxon law (both royal and ecclesiastical), as well as ninth-century
Carolingian law, was considerable. This surely made him a suitable choice for the king's legal draftsman. But it is also likely that Wulfstan's position as archbishop of York, an important centre in the then politically sensitive northern regions of the English kingdom, made him not only a very influential man in the North, but also a powerful ally for the king and his family in the South. It is indicative of Wulfstan's continuing political importance and savvy that he also acted as legal draftsman for, and perhaps advisor to, the Danish king Cnut, who took England's West Saxon throne in 1016.
829:
the bishop’s skill". Similarly, "ne early student of
Wulfstan, Einenkel, and his latest editor, Jost, agree in thinking he wrote verse and not prose" (Continuations, 229). This suggests Wulfstan's writing is not only eloquent, but poetic, and among many of his rhetorical devices is marked rhythm (229). Taking a look at Wulfstan's actual manuscripts, presented by Volume 17 of Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile, it becomes apparent that his writing was exceptionally neat and well structured – even his notes in the margins are well organised and tidy, and his handwriting itself is ornate but readable.
794:, on the other hand, is an ecclesiastical law handbook. Modern editors have paid most attention to his homilies: they have been edited by Arthur Napier, by Dorothy Whitelock, and by Dorothy Bethurum. Since that publication, other works that were likely authored by Wulfstan have been identified; a forthcoming edition by Andy Orchard will update the canon of Wulfstan's homilies. Wulfstan was also a book collector; he is responsible for amassing a large collection of texts pertaining to canon law, the liturgy, and episcopal functions. This collection is known as Wulftan's
825:
by complex patterns of alliteration and other kinds of sound play. Indeed, so idiosyncratic is
Wulfstan’s style that he is even ready to rewrite minutely works prepared for him by Ǣlfric". From this identifiable style, 26 sermons can be attributed to Wulfstan, 22 of which are written in Old English, the others in Latin. However, it's suspected that many anonymous materials are Wulfstan's as well, and his handwriting has been found in many manuscripts, supplementing or correcting material. He wrote more than just sermons, including law-codes and sections of prose.
624:
810:). This work is a collection of conciliar decrees and church canons, most of which he culled from numerous ninth and tenth-century Carolingian works. This work demonstrates the wide range of Wulfstan's reading and studies. He sometimes borrowed from this collection when he wrote his later works, especially the law codes of Æthelred. There are also a number of works which are associated with the archbishop, but whose authorship is unknown, such as the
438:"Woe then to him who has earned for himself the torments of Hell. There there is everlasting fire roiling painfully, and there there is everlasting filth. There there is groaning and moaning and always constant wailing. There there is every kind of misery, and the press of every kind of devil. Woe to him who dwells in torment: better it were for him that he were never born, than that he become thus."
470:, where Wulfstan rails against the deplorable customs of his time, and sees recent Viking invasions as God's punishment of the English for their lax ways. About 1008 (and again in a revision about 1016) he wrote a lengthy work which, although not strictly homiletic, summarises many of the favourite points he had hitherto expounded upon in his homilies. Titled by modern editors as the
594:
296:
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six homilies also include: emphasis that the hour of the
Antichrist is very near, warnings that the English should be aware of false Christs who will attempt to seduce men, warnings that God will pass judgement on man's faithfulness, discussion of man's sins, evils of the world, and encouragement to love God and do his will. He wrote the
879:
Note that there was once some confusion among scholars as to the exact time
Wulfstan was moved from London to Worcester. But, in 1937 Dorothy Whitelock established a general consensus around the date 1002 for his simultaneous promotion to York and Worcester. Nevertheless, a discrepancy in sourcebooks
659:
in 1020, and wrote to Cnut asking the king to grant the same rights and dignities for the new archbishop that previous archbishops had held. Wulfstan also wrote the laws that were issued by Cnut at
Winchester in 1021 or 1022. These laws continued in force throughout the 11th century, as they were the
607:
Wulfstan was very involved in the reform of the
English church, and was concerned with improving both the quality of Christian faith and the quality of ecclesiastical administration in his dioceses (especially York, a relatively impoverished diocese at this time). Towards the end of his episcopate in
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Wulfstan's style is admired by many sources, easily recognisable and exceptionally distinguished. "Much
Wulfstan material is, more-over, attributed largely or even solely on the basis of his highly idiosyncratic prose style, in which strings of syntactically independent two-stress phrases are linked
450:
There is good evidence that Wulfstan's homiletic style was appreciated by his contemporaries. While yet bishop of London, in 1002 he received an anonymous letter in Latin praising his style and eloquence. In this letter, an unknown contemporary refuses to do a bit of translation for Wulfstan because
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Certainly he must have been a talented writer, gaining a reputation of eloquence while he still lived in London. In a letter to him, "the writer asks to be excused from translating something Wulfstan had asked him to render into English and pleads as an excuse his lack of ability in comparison with
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was the "first full development of the Antichrist theme", and Wulfstan addressed it to the clergy. Believing that he lived at the time right before the Antichrist was to come, he felt compelled to diligently warn and teach the clergy to withstand the dishonest teaching of the enemies of God. These
495:
literary language, he uses in some texts words of Scandinavian origin, especially in speaking of the various social classes." In some cases, Wulfstan is the only one known to have used a word in Old English, and in some cases such words are of Scandinavian origin. Some words of his that have been
463:
of Wulfstan's homiletic works is somewhat ambiguous, as it is often difficult to tell if a homily in his style was actually written by Wulfstan, or is merely the work of someone who had appreciated Wulfstanian style and imitated it. However, throughout his episcopal career, he is believed to have
455:
said of his preaching that "when he spoke, it was as if his listeners were hearing the very wisdom of God Himself." Though they were rhetorically ornate, Wulfstan's homilies show a conscious effort to avoid the intellectual conceits presumably favoured by educated (i.e. monastic) audiences; his
286:
Wulfstan must have early on garnered the favour of powerful men, particularly Æthelred king of England, for we find him personally drafting all royal law codes promulgated under Æthelred's reign from 1005 to 1016. There is no doubt that Wulfstan had a penchant for law; his knowledge of previous
350:
In a series of homilies begun during his tenure as Bishop of London, Wulfstan attained a high degree of competence in rhetorical prose, working with a distinctive rhythmical system based around alliterative pairings. He used intensifying words, distinctive vocabulary and compounds, rhetorical
482:
Wulfstan was a native speaker of Old English. He was also a competent Latinist. As York was at the centre of a region of England that had for some time been colonised by people of Scandinavian descent, it is possible that Wulfstan was familiar with, or perhaps even bilingual in,
318:
writers in early eleventh-century England, a period which, ecclesiastically, was still very much enamoured of and greatly influenced by the Benedictine Reform. The Benedictine Reform was a movement which sought to institute monastic standards among the secular
259:
penitential letters collected by him, three of which were issued by him as bishop of London, and one by him as "Archbishop of the English". The other five letters in the collection (only one of which is addressed to Wulfstan, as archbishop) were issued by
309:
Wulfstan was one of the most distinguished and effective Old English prose writers. His writings cover a wide range of topics in an even greater range of genres, including homilies (or sermons), secular laws, religious canons, and political theory. With
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every day of the three days. Anyone not participating would be fined or flogged. After Cnut conquered England, Wulfstan quickly became an advisor to the new king, as evidenced by Wulfstan's influence on the law code issued by Cnut. After the death of
240:
specifically. Although there is no direct evidence of his ever being monastic, the nature of Wulfstan's later episcopal career and his affinity with the Benedictine Reform argue that he had once studied and professed as a Benedictine monk, perhaps at
351:
figures, and repeated phrases as literary devices. These devices lend Wulfstan's homilies their tempo-driven, almost feverish, quality, allowing them to build toward multiple climaxes. An example from one of his earliest sermons, titled
211:
of England. He is considered one of the two major writers of the late Anglo-Saxon period in England. After his death in 1023, miracles were said to have occurred at his tomb, but attempts to have him declared a saint never bore fruit.
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Wulfstan wrote some works in Latin, and numerous works in Old English, then the vernacular. He has also been credited with a few short poems. His works can generally be divided into homiletic, legal, and philosophical categories.
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to lash the English for their sins. He calls upon them to repent of their sinful ways and "return to the faith of baptism, where there is protection from the fires of hell." He also wrote many homilies relating to the
182:, holding both in plurality until 1016, when he relinquished Worcester; he remained archbishop of York until his death. It was perhaps while he was at London that he first became well known as a writer of sermons, or
915:
For discussion, see "Wulfstan's Scandinavian Loanword Usage: An Aspect of the Linguistic Situation in the Late Old English Danelaw" Tadao Kubouchi. For definitions and occurrences, see the Dictionary of Old English
680:, but it does not appear that any attempt to declare him a saint was made beyond this. The historian Denis Bethell called him the "most important figure in the English Church in the reigns of Æthelred II and Cnut."
474:, it is a piece of 'estates literature' which details, from the perspective of a Christian polity, the duties of each member of society, beginning with the top (the king) and ending at the bottom (common folk).
612:, which had to be re-established in 1058 after being burned. In addition to his religious and literary career, Wulfstan enjoyed a lengthy and fruitful career as one of England's foremost statesmen. Under both
491:
vocabulary into Old English. Dorothy Whitelock remarks that "the influence of his sojourns in the north is seen in his terminology. While in general he writes a variety of late
272:). In the letters issued by Wulfstan as bishop of London he styles himself "Lupus episcopus", meaning "the bishop Wolf." "Lupus" is the Latin form of the first element of his
761:. Age of the Antichrist was a popular theme in Wulfstan's homilies, which also include the issues of death and Judgment Day. Six homilies that illustrate this theme include:
3985:
5119:
812:
703:, and contrasts his worldly power with his status after death. Other suggestions of Wulfstan's writing occur in works of Old English, including the
683:
Wulfstan's writings influenced a number of writers in late Old English literature. There are echoes of Wulfstan's writings in the 1087 entry of the
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2307:
2281:
2255:
2139:
1875:
Keynes, Simon (2014). "Appendix II: Archbishops and Bishops 597-1066". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
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1071:
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2548:
870:
However it is not clear if he immediately relinquished his seat at London: his London successor's signature does not appear until 1004.
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1224:
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1899:
The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216
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5114:
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2038:
1983:
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An up-to-date list is provided by Sara M. Pons-Sanz "A Reconsideration of Wulfstan's use of Norse-Derived Terms: The Case of
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In 1009 Wulfstan wrote the edict that Æthelred II issued calling for the whole nation to fast and pray for three days during
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2423:
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In it he proclaims the depredations of the "Danes" (who were, at that point, primarily Norwegian invaders) a scourge from
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3856:
3841:
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897:, who also held Worcester in plurality. Subsequent joint tenures of York and Worcester occurred in 1040–41 and 1061–62.
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1933:
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describes with vivid rhetorical force the unpleasantries of Hell (notice the alliteration, parallelism, and rhyme):
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Councils and Synods, With Other Documents Relating to the English Church, Volume 1: A.D. 871–1204 (pt. 1: 871–1066)
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642:. Only water and bread were to be eaten, people should walk to church barefoot, a payment of one penny from each
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quando Dani maxime persecuti sunt eos quod fuit anno millesimo XIIII ab incarnatione Domini nostri Jesus Christi
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3312:
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225:
64:
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707:. His law codes, which were written under Æthelred and Cnut, remained in effect through the reign of King
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4038:
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2611:
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The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century – Volume 1: Legislation and its Limits
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Chiefly because they have yet to be edited in full. However, an edition is forthcoming from Thomas Hall.
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2301:
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2249:
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was written to instruct the secular clergy serving a parish in the responsibilities of their position.
2408:. North-Western European Language Evolution Supplement 22. University Press of Southern Denmark, 2007.
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255:. Besides the notice in the Chronicle, the first record of his name is in a collection of nine
1943:
Mack, Katharin (Winter 1984). "Changing Thegns: Cnut's Conquest and the English Aristocracy".
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Whitelock, Dorothy (1965). "Wulfstan at York". In Jess B. Bessinger; Robert P. Creed (eds.).
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Die 'Institutes of Polity, Civil and Ecclesiastical': Ein Werk Erzbischof Wulfstans von York
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Die 'Institutes of Polity, Civil and Ecclesiastical': Ein Werk Erzbischof Wulfstans von York
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Szarmach, Paul E.; M Teresa Tavormina; Joel T. Rosenthal, eds. (1998). "Wulfstan of York".
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may only have survived because it was bound into a book together with Wulfstan's homilies.
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273:
242:
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2292:(2004). "Archbishop Wulfstan: Eleventh-Century State-Builder". In Townend, Matthew (ed.).
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Queen Emma and the Vikings: A History of Power, Love and Greed in Eleventh-Century England
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monk. He became the Bishop of London in 996. In 1002 he was elected simultaneously to the
8:
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159:
135:
92:
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Wulfstan died at York on 28 May 1023. His body was taken for burial to the monastery of
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2073:
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1962:
1750:
712:
331:, or rule) life for priests and clerics, a strict church hierarchy, the primacy of the
324:
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In 1002 Wulfstan was elected Archbishop of York and was immediately translated to that
175:
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38:
190:. In 1014, as archbishop, he wrote his most famous work, a homily which he titled the
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2008:
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2147:
Wilcox, Jonathan. "The Wolf on Shepherds: Wulfstan, Bishops, and the Context of the
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Franciplegius: Medieval and Linguistic Studies in Honor of Francis Peabody Magoun Jr
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Besides sermons Wulfstan was also instrumental in drafting law codes for both kings
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1954:
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Bethell, D. L. (1969). "English Black Monks and Episcopal Elections in the 1120s".
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Norse-Derived Vocabulary in Late Old English Texts: Wulfstan’s Works, a Case Study
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Sammlung der ihm Zugeschriebenen Homilien nebst Untersuchungen über ihre Echtheit
2377:
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2315:
2289:
2266:(1999). "Archbishop Wulfstan and the Holiness of Society". In D. Pelteret (ed.).
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in the ninth and tenth centuries. The Reform promoted a regular (i.e. based on a
269:
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A significant part of the Commonplace book consists of a work once known as the
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2362:. Swiss Studies in English 47. Jost, Karl (editor). Bern: A. Francke AG Verlag.
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1830:
Hall, Thomas N. (2004). "Wulfstan's Latin Sermons". In Towened, Matthew (ed.).
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617:
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A page from a Wulfstan manuscript at the British Library (MS Cott., Nero A.i):
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228:. About Wulfstan's youth we know nothing. He probably had familial ties to the
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he fears he could never properly imitate the Bishop's style. The Chronicle of
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1924:
Lerer, Seth (1999). "Old English and its Afterlife". In David Wallace (ed.).
1916:
1813:
1786:
673:
661:
280:
2229:
2199:
2094:
Whitelock, Dorothy (1937). "A Note on the Career of Wulfstan the Homilist".
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237:
2294:
Wulfstan, Archbishop of York: The Proceedings of the 2nd Alcuin Conference
2048:
Whitelock, Dorothy (1942). "Archbishop Wulfstan, Homilist and Statesman".
1879:(Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 539–66.
1832:
Wulfstan, Archbishop of York: The Proceedings of the 2nd Alcuin Conference
1727:
676:, in accordance with his wishes. Miracles are ascribed to his tomb by the
563:
Some Old English words which appear only in works under his influence are
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immediately made Wulfstan's homilies popular tools for use at the pulpit.
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4004:
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1974:
Orchard, Andy (1991). "Wulstan the Homilist". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.).
763:
Secundum Matheum, Secundum Lucam, De Anticristo, De Temporibus Antichrist
754:
643:
344:
233:
167:
3347:
1072:"Viking Apocalypse: The Invasion that Spelled Doom for the Anglo-Saxons"
220:
Wulfstan's early life is obscure, but he was certainly the uncle of one
4394:
3404:
3332:
3327:
3239:
2726:
2586:
2069:
1966:
758:
655:, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1020, Wulfstan consecrated his successor
609:
315:
221:
187:
1901:(Second reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
460:
4760:
4311:
3952:
2910:
2646:
699:. This entry has long been famous as it deals with the death of King
484:
336:
4592:
2711:
2526:
2061:
1958:
844:
William of Malmesbury thought that Wulfstan was not a monk, but the
5080:
4923:
4849:
4161:
4136:
3399:
3360:
3342:
2676:
2661:
2651:
2571:
2499:
1823:
Preaching and Theology in Anglo-Saxon England: AElfric and Wulfstan
444:
340:
332:
252:
229:
1841:
The Road to Hastings: The Politics of Power in Anglo-Saxon England
4106:
4023:
3365:
3337:
3317:
2691:
2606:
2601:
2596:
1798:(Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
639:
536:"to make someone ready, to put someone to flight" (cf. Old Norse
171:
1178:
1176:
4675:
4111:
3455:
3440:
3307:
3289:
492:
320:
251:, Wulfstan was consecrated bishop of London in 996, succeeding
183:
16:
10th and 11th-century Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of York and writer
1124:
Whitelock "Note on the Career of Wulfstan the Homilist" p. 464
3284:
1173:
295:
256:
166:. He is thought to have begun his ecclesiastical career as a
715:
swore a coronation oath to observe the laws of King Edward.
2576:
1794:
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).
627:
179:
125:
2242:
Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference
593:
4860:
2366:
749:
718:
The unique 11th-century manuscript of the Early English
1877:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
224:, his successor at Worcester but one, and the uncle of
2387:
Wulfstan (1999). James E. Cross; Andrew Hamer (eds.).
2375:
2240:(1978). "Æthelred the Lawmaker". In David Hill (ed.).
524:"nobleman of high rank, (Danish) jarl" (cf. Old Norse
711:, and were still being reaffirmed in 1100, when King
343:, that is universal, church practices throughout all
2020:
Strayer, Joseph R., ed. (1989). "Wulfstan of York".
1992:
1926:
The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature
813:
Late Old English Handbook for the Use of a Confessor
3993:
2391:. Anglo-Saxon Texts I. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer.
1825:. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.
646:of land was to be made, and everyone should attend
2114:
2084:
2019:
588:
323:, a movement made popular by the churchmen of the
1976:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
848:and Florence of Worcester both claim that he was.
5101:
2326:
2314:
2288:
2262:
2236:
1512:Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature
1499:Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature
575:"light-scot" (a tithe to churches for candles),
5120:11th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops
1158:Whitelock "Wulfstan at York" p. 214, and note 2
2438:, translated by M. Bernstein from Manuscript I
1942:
1893:
1415:
1413:
1120:
1118:
4608:
3979:
3255:
2542:
2206:
2182:Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King
2176:
1928:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1704:
1226:The Homiletic Writings of Archbishop Wulfstan
1198:Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1192:
1190:
1188:
1166:
1164:
893:Wulfstan's immediate predecessor at York was
802:, though it has most recently been edited as
443:This type of heavy-handed, though effective,
4741:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
2050:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
1712:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1517:
1397:
1031:
1029:
496:recognised as particularly Scandinavian are
1766:
1465:
1410:
1302:
1289:
1203:
1139:
1115:
4615:
4601:
3986:
3972:
3262:
3248:
2549:
2535:
2306:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2280:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2254:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2138:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1838:
1595:
1478:
1384:
1185:
1161:
638:'s raids on England, in a national act of
608:York, he established a small monastery in
2123:
2093:
2047:
1582:
1222:
1042:
1026:
1004:
947:Keynes, 'Archbishops and Bishops', p. 563
335:, the authority of codified or canonical
3269:
2386:
2357:
1757:
1569:
1556:
1540:Oxford University Press 1958 xxxii–xxxiv
1315:
1271:"Saint of the Day Quote: Saint Wulfstan"
995:
622:
592:
294:
2336:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1973:
1734:
1491:
1452:
1439:
1135:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
969:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5102:
1874:
1543:
1510:Lerer "Old English and its Afterlife"
1497:Lerer "Old English and its Afterlife"
1426:
1362:
973:
630:from a medieval illuminated manuscript
512:"husband, householder" (cf. Old Norse
19:For other people called Wulfstan, see
4622:
4596:
3967:
3243:
2556:
2530:
1923:
1834:. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 93–139.
1820:
1683:
1681:
1504:
1048:Whitelock "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 35
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
4997:Interrogationes Sigewulfi in Genesim
3731:, Bishop of Worcester and Gloucester
3673:("Bishop of Worcester and Westbury")
2424:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
2367:Wulfstan; Bethurum, Dorothy (1957).
1978:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
1865:
1829:
1675:Wormald "Archbishop Wulfstan:" p. 10
1170:Wormald "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 193
1127:
4658:On the Resting-Places of the Saints
2268:Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings
2212:The English and the Norman Conquest
1771:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1381:Whitelock "Wulfstan at York" p. 226
1023:Wormald "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 12
992:Wormald "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 13
667:
154:; died 28 May 1023) was an English
13:
2429:Wulfstan's Eschatological Homilies
2397:
2184:. London: Hambledon & London.
2146:
1678:
1538:The Old English Apollonius of Tyre
950:
746:Sermon of the Wolf to the English.
14:
5176:
2413:
2376:Wulfstan; Napier, Arthur (1883).
2031:Medieval England: An Encyclopedia
1769:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
1001:Wilcox "Wolf on Shepherds" p. 397
880:still persists: see, e.g., Fryde
487:. He may have helped incorporate
339:, and stressed the importance of
198:Sermon of the Wolf to the English
2119:(3rd ed.). London: Methuen.
2033:. New York: Garland Publishers.
1751:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIV.CCCXXXIII.673
1196:Orchard "Wulfstan the Homilist"
1069:
857:For these letters see Whitelock
740:Wulfstan's best-known homily is
544:"close kinsfolk" (cf. Old Norse
500:"slave, servant" (cf. Old Norse
276:name, which means "wolf-stone."
4499:Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt
2389:Wulfstan's Canon Law Collection
1669:
1656:
1652:Wulfstan's Canon Law Collection
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1530:
1473:English and the Norman Conquest
1375:
1350:
1337:
1334:Hall "Wulfstan's Latin Sermons"
1328:
1263:
1250:
1223:Lionarons, Joyce Tally (2010).
1216:
1211:English and the Norman Conquest
1182:Wormald "Æthelred the Lawmaker"
1152:
1090:
1063:
1051:
919:
909:
900:
887:
873:
864:
851:
838:
804:Wulfstan's Canon Law Collection
589:Church reform and royal service
3191:Henry Montgomery Campbell
1796:Handbook of British Chronology
1484:Bethell "English Black Monks"
1147:Handbook of British Chronology
1017:
986:
941:
882:Handbook of British Chronology
808:Collectio canonum Wigorniensis
1:
5160:11th-century writers in Latin
2796:William of Sainte-Mère-Église
2270:. New York. pp. 191–224.
2128:. New York. pp. 214–231.
2096:The English Historical Review
2022:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
1738:The English Historical Review
1697:
1229:. D. S. Brewer. p. 107.
1133:Quoted in Wormald "Wulfstan"
800:Excerptiones pseudo-Ecgberhti
792:The Law of Edward and Guthrum
784:The Law of Edward and Guthrum
664:as "the law of King Edward".
397:& aa singal heof; þær is
314:, he is one of the two major
5155:11th-century English writers
5150:10th-century English writers
5115:10th-century English bishops
4781:The Prose Solomon and Saturn
3633:Robert Tideman of Winchcombe
1997:. New York: Bloomsbury USA.
1419:Szarmach "Wulfstan of York"
1295:Szarmach "Wulfstan of York"
935:
786:which date before 1008. The
381:gemencged, & ðær is ece
7:
2338:. Oxford University Press.
2115:Whitelock, Dorothy (1963).
2085:Whitelock, Dorothy (1981).
1821:Gatch, Milton McC. (1977).
477:
425:ære þæt he man nære æfre ge
290:
264:and by a Pope John (either
10:
5181:
2371:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2296:. Turnhout. pp. 9–27.
2214:. Ipswich: Boydell Press.
2089:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1762:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1758:Bethurum, Dorothy (1957).
1460:Queen Emma and the Vikings
1447:Queen Emma and the Vikings
1434:Queen Emma and the Vikings
729:
705:Soul's Address to the Body
18:
5058:
5024:
5006:
4950:
4908:
4859:
4812:
4770:
4723:
4674:
4637:
4630:
4355:
4047:
4002:
3875:
3696:
3536:
3384:
3277:
3006:
2969:
2735:
2564:
2515:
2506:
2496:
2487:
2479:
2469:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2244:. Oxford. pp. 47–80.
2108:10.1093/ehr/LII.CCVII.460
1993:O'Brien, Harriet (2005).
1486:English Historical Review
732:Works of Wulfstan of York
131:
119:
114:
106:
101:
80:
70:
60:
52:
44:
37:
30:
21:Wulfstan (disambiguation)
4959:Handbook for a Confessor
3176:Arthur Winnington-Ingram
2369:The Homilies of Wulfstan
1760:The Homilies of Wulfstan
1640:The Homilies of Wulfstan
832:
819:
725:
4647:Old English Martyrology
3156:Archibald Campbell Tait
3151:Charles James Blomfield
2024:. Vol. 1 & 12.
979:Mack "Changing Thegns"
215:
178:and the archdiocese of
5145:English sermon writers
4430:Episcopacy abolished (
4342:Christopher Bainbridge
4182:Roger de Pont L'Évêque
3933:Mervyn Charles-Edwards
3793:Episcopacy abolished (
3074:Episcopacy abolished (
2970:During the Reformation
2344:10.1093/ref:odnb/30098
2164:Cite journal requires
1590:Preaching and Theology
1577:Preaching and Theology
1564:Preaching and Theology
1323:Preaching and Theology
757:and the coming of the
686:Peterborough Chronicle
631:
604:
373:ite. Ðær is ece bryne
306:
4990:Old English Hexateuch
4942:Old English Herbarium
4748:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2801:Eustace of Fauconberg
2781:Richard de Belmeis II
1664:Making of English Law
1275:The American Catholic
1058:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
701:William the Conqueror
692:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
626:
602:Chronicle of Abingdon
596:
552:"law" (cf. Old Norse
298:
248:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
226:Wulfstan of Worcester
5165:11th-century jurists
5140:Bishops of Worcester
5039:Old English Lapidary
5016:Kentish Royal Legend
4951:Ecclesiastical texts
4734:History of the World
4700:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
4519:William Connor Magee
4464:Sir William Dawes Bt
4187:Geoffrey Plantagenet
3913:Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs
3837:Edward Stillingfleet
3551:William Gainsborough
3271:Bishops of Worcester
2866:Richard de Wentworth
2758:Richard de Belmeis I
2435:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
2332:"Wulfstan (d. 1023)"
2322:. Oxford: Blackwell.
2149:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
2117:Sermo Lupi Ad Anglos
1767:Blair, John (2005).
1710:Edward the Confessor
1689:Homilies of Wulfstan
1628:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
1603:Æthelred the Unready
1525:Edward the Confessor
1405:Æthelred the Unready
1358:Homilies of Wulfstan
1310:Æthelred the Unready
1258:Homilies of Wulfstan
1012:Æthelred the Unready
742:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
709:Edward the Confessor
660:laws referred to in
600:of England from the
472:Institutes of Polity
467:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
409:lra deofla geþring.
302:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
205:Æthelred the Unready
193:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
5130:Archbishops of York
5125:Anglo-Saxon writers
5045:Wonders of the East
4983:Vindicta Salvatoris
4976:Gospel of Nicodemus
4937:Byrhtferth's Manual
4795:The Durham Proverbs
4489:Robert Hay Drummond
4469:Lancelot Blackburne
4242:Thomas of Corbridge
4227:William de Wickwane
4177:William FitzHerbert
4167:William FitzHerbert
3996:Archbishops of York
3928:William Wilson Cash
3748:Nicholas Bullingham
3704:Silvestro de' Gigli
3545:John St German
3518:Walter de Cantilupe
3471:William of Northall
3121:Richard Osbaldeston
2763:Gilbert Universalis
2490:Bishop of Worcester
2404:Pons-Sanz, Sara M.
2382:. Berlin: Weidmann.
1870:. Bern: A. Francke.
1866:Jost, Karl (1950).
1839:Hill, Paul (2005).
1308:Quoted in Williams
1260:p. 126, lines 65–70
967:Wormald "Wulfstan"
859:Councils and Synods
689:, a version of the
413:a þam þe þær sceal
405:rmða gehwylc &
245:. According to the
160:Bishop of Worcester
93:Bishop of Worcester
5033:Apollonius of Tyre
4788:Adrian and Ritheus
4684:Blickling Homilies
4247:William Greenfield
3883:Folliott Cornewall
3688:Giovanni de' Gigli
3611:William Whittlesey
3497:Randulf of Evesham
2876:Michael Northburgh
2743:William the Norman
2722:Robert of Jumièges
2509:Archbishop of York
1843:. Stroud: Tempus.
720:Apollonius of Tyre
713:Henry I of England
697:Peterborough Abbey
632:
605:
556:; cp. Old English
528:; cp. Old English
516:; cp. Old English
504:; cp. Old English
325:Carolingian Empire
307:
186:, on the topic of
164:Archbishop of York
39:Archbishop of York
5135:Bishops of London
5094:
5093:
5054:
5053:
4772:Wisdom literature
4754:Winchcombe Annals
4694:Vercelli Homilies
4624:Old English prose
4590:
4589:
4577:(acting diocesan)
4282:Richard le Scrope
4267:Alexander Neville
3961:
3960:
3783:John Thornborough
3773:Gervase Babington
3709:Girolamo Ghinucci
3592:Wulstan Bransford
3572:Wulstan Bransford
3486:John of Coutances
3237:
3236:
3171:Mandell Creighton
3091:Humphrey Henchman
2961:Cuthbert Tunstall
2956:Richard FitzJames
2891:Robert Braybrooke
2886:William Courtenay
2861:Stephen Gravesend
2841:Richard Gravesend
2826:Henry of Sandwich
2776:Robert de Sigello
2558:Bishops of London
2525:
2524:
2516:Succeeded by
2497:Succeeded by
2470:Succeeded by
2358:Wulfstan (1959).
2302:cite encyclopedia
2276:cite encyclopedia
2250:cite encyclopedia
2134:cite encyclopedia
2052:. Fourth Series.
2040:978-0-8240-5786-2
1985:978-0-631-22492-1
1886:978-0-470-65632-7
1277:. 19 January 2020
846:Historia Eliensis
796:Commonplace Book.
429:orden þonne he ge
312:Ælfric of Eynsham
141:
140:
5172:
4909:Scientific texts
4881:Textus Roffensis
4689:Lambeth Homilies
4635:
4634:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4594:
4593:
4582:Stephen Cottrell
4524:William Maclagan
4410:George Montaigne
4356:Post-Reformation
4332:Thomas Rotherham
4262:John of Thoresby
4147:Thomas of Bayeux
4034:John of Beverley
3988:
3981:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3822:Walter Blandford
3763:Richard Fletcher
3665:Thomas Bourchier
3638:Richard Clifford
3596:John of Thoresby
3588:Thomas Hemenhale
3561:Walter Maidstone
3513:William de Blois
3476:Robert FitzRalph
3466:Baldwin of Forde
3295:Egwin of Evesham
3264:
3257:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3216:Richard Chartres
3166:Frederick Temple
3059:George Montaigne
3034:Richard Bancroft
3029:Richard Fletcher
3007:Post-Reformation
2906:Richard Clifford
2901:Nicholas Bubwith
2791:Richard FitzNeal
2551:
2544:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2480:Preceded by
2463:Bishop of London
2453:Preceded by
2442:
2441:
2392:
2383:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2328:Wormald, Patrick
2323:
2316:Wormald, Patrick
2311:
2305:
2297:
2290:Wormald, Patrick
2285:
2279:
2271:
2264:Wormald, Patrick
2259:
2253:
2245:
2238:Wormald, Patrick
2233:
2203:
2173:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2090:
2081:
2044:
2025:
2016:
1989:
1970:
1939:
1920:
1890:
1871:
1862:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1790:
1763:
1754:
1745:(333): 673–694.
1731:
1692:
1685:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1551:Road to Hastings
1547:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1421:Medieval England
1417:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1297:Medieval England
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1183:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
984:
977:
971:
965:
948:
945:
930:
923:
917:
913:
907:
904:
898:
891:
885:
877:
871:
868:
862:
855:
849:
842:
668:Death and legacy
421:ite. Betere him
156:Bishop of London
115:Personal details
88:Bishop of London
28:
27:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5090:
5050:
5020:
5002:
4946:
4904:
4900:Fonthill Letter
4894:Canons of Edgar
4855:
4808:
4766:
4719:
4670:
4652:Lives of Saints
4626:
4621:
4591:
4586:
4514:William Thomson
4509:Charles Longley
4504:Thomas Musgrave
4494:William Markham
4454:Thomas Lamplugh
4439:Accepted Frewen
4415:Samuel Harsnett
4357:
4351:
4307:Richard Fleming
4237:Henry of Newark
4212:William Langton
4049:
4048:Pre-Reformation
4043:
3998:
3992:
3962:
3957:
3943:Philip Goodrich
3871:
3827:James Fleetwood
3692:
3628:Henry Wakefield
3583:Simon Montacute
3556:Walter Reynolds
3532:
3528:Godfrey Giffard
3523:Nicholas of Ely
3451:John de Pageham
3380:
3273:
3268:
3238:
3233:
3196:Robert Stopford
3181:Geoffrey Fisher
3126:Richard Terrick
3111:Thomas Sherlock
3086:Gilbert Sheldon
3039:Richard Vaughan
3002:
2990:Nicholas Ridley
2965:
2921:Robert FitzHugh
2871:Ralph Stratford
2856:Richard Newport
2851:Gilbert Segrave
2748:Hugh d'Orevalle
2731:
2560:
2555:
2521:
2512:
2502:
2493:
2485:
2475:
2466:
2458:
2416:
2411:
2400:
2398:Further reading
2395:
2348:
2346:
2299:
2298:
2273:
2272:
2247:
2246:
2222:
2192:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2131:
2130:
2062:10.2307/3678467
2041:
2005:
1986:
1959:10.2307/4049386
1936:
1909:
1887:
1868:Wulfstanstudien
1851:
1806:
1779:
1720:
1700:
1695:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1536:Goolden, Peter
1535:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1345:Wulfstanstudien
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1102:Behind the Name
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
978:
974:
966:
951:
946:
942:
938:
933:
924:
920:
914:
910:
905:
901:
892:
888:
878:
874:
869:
865:
856:
852:
843:
839:
835:
822:
780:Canons of Edgar
767:Secundum Marcum
734:
728:
670:
591:
480:
361:a þam þonne þe
353:Secundum Lucam,
293:
270:Pope John XVIII
218:
124:
97:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5178:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5041:
5036:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4970:Wessex Gospels
4967:
4965:Hatton Gospels
4962:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4846:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4756:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4729:
4727:
4725:Historiography
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4707:De falsis diis
4703:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4665:Visio Leofrici
4661:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4620:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4544:Michael Ramsey
4541:
4536:
4534:William Temple
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4479:Matthew Hutton
4476:
4474:Thomas Herring
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4444:Richard Sterne
4441:
4436:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:Tobias Matthew
4402:
4400:Matthew Hutton
4397:
4392:
4387:
4385:Edmund Grindal
4382:
4377:
4375:Nicholas Heath
4372:
4370:Robert Holgate
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4327:Lawrence Booth
4324:
4322:George Neville
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4287:Thomas Langley
4284:
4279:
4274:
4272:Thomas Arundel
4269:
4264:
4259:
4257:William Zouche
4254:
4252:William Melton
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4232:John le Romeyn
4229:
4224:
4222:Walter Giffard
4219:
4214:
4209:
4207:Godfrey Ludham
4204:
4202:Sewal de Bovil
4199:
4197:Walter de Gray
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4000:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:Arthur Perowne
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3898:Henry Philpott
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3862:Brownlow North
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3832:William Thomas
3829:
3824:
3819:
3817:Robert Skinner
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3734:Nicholas Heath
3732:
3726:
3724:Nicholas Heath
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:John Carpenter
3667:
3662:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3643:Thomas Peverel
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Reginald Brian
3598:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Walter de Gray
3500:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:Henry de Sully
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3278:Early medieval
3275:
3274:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3229:Sarah Mullally
3226:
3222:Pete Broadbent
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:Graham Leonard
3203:
3201:Gerald Ellison
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3146:William Howley
3143:
3138:
3136:Beilby Porteus
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3014:Edmund Grindal
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2987:
2979:
2977:John Stokesley
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2951:William Barons
2948:
2946:William Warham
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:Robert Gilbert
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Richard Talbot
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2786:Gilbert Foliot
2783:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2565:Post-Augustine
2562:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2415:
2414:External links
2412:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2384:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2324:
2312:
2286:
2260:
2234:
2220:
2204:
2190:
2174:
2166:|journal=
2144:
2121:
2112:
2102:(52): 460–65.
2091:
2082:
2045:
2039:
2026:
2017:
2003:
1990:
1984:
1971:
1953:(4): 375–387.
1940:
1934:
1921:
1907:
1895:Knowles, David
1891:
1885:
1872:
1863:
1849:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1804:
1791:
1777:
1764:
1755:
1732:
1718:
1701:
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1677:
1668:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1594:
1581:
1568:
1555:
1542:
1529:
1516:
1503:
1490:
1477:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1409:
1407:pp. 14, 82, 94
1396:
1392:Monastic Order
1383:
1374:
1361:
1349:
1336:
1327:
1314:
1301:
1288:
1262:
1249:
1235:
1215:
1202:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1151:
1145:Fryde, et al.
1138:
1126:
1114:
1089:
1062:
1050:
1041:
1037:Monastic Order
1025:
1016:
1003:
994:
985:
972:
949:
939:
937:
934:
932:
931:
918:
908:
899:
886:
872:
863:
850:
836:
834:
831:
821:
818:
775:De Antichristo
771:De Falsis Deis
730:Main article:
727:
724:
678:Liber Eliensis
669:
666:
590:
587:
479:
476:
441:
440:
292:
289:
266:Pope John XVII
262:Pope Gregory V
217:
214:
209:Cnut the Great
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
121:
117:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
99:
98:
96:
95:
90:
84:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5177:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5098:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4931:Leechbook III
4928:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4803:Dicts of Cato
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4575:Paul Ferguson
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Stuart Blanch
4552:
4550:
4549:Donald Coggan
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:Cyril Garbett
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4425:John Williams
4423:
4421:
4420:Richard Neile
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4347:Thomas Wolsey
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Thomas Savage
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:William Booth
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4302:Philip Morgan
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:Robert Hallam
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:Robert Waldby
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4192:Simon Langton
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:Ælfric Puttoc
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:Ernest Pearce
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:James Johnson
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:William Lloyd
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:George Morley
3800:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3788:John Prideaux
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:Thomas Bilson
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:John Whitgift
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:Robert Morton
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3659:Thomas Brunce
3656:
3654:
3653:Thomas Polton
3651:
3649:
3648:Philip Morgan
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
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3591:
3589:
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3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3566:Thomas Cobham
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:Late medieval
3535:
3529:
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3521:
3519:
3516:
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3509:
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3415:Ælfric Puttoc
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:High medieval
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
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3349:
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3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:John Randolph
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Thomas Hayter
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Edmund Gibson
3104:
3102:
3101:John Robinson
3099:
3097:
3096:Henry Compton
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:William Juxon
3081:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3069:William Juxon
3067:
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3017:
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3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2995:Edmund Bonner
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:Edmund Bonner
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2968:
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2941:Thomas Savage
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2881:Simon Sudbury
2879:
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2854:
2852:
2849:
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2846:Ralph Baldock
2844:
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2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:John Chishull
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Henry Wingham
2814:
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2736:Post-Conquest
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2519:Ælfric Puttoc
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2221:0-85115-708-4
2217:
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2209:
2208:Williams, Ann
2205:
2201:
2197:
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2191:1-85285-382-4
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:Williams, Ann
2175:
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2127:
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2101:
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2079:
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2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:(24): 25–45.
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2004:1-58234-596-1
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
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1935:0-521-44420-9
1931:
1927:
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1908:0-521-05479-6
1904:
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1850:0-7524-3308-3
1846:
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1805:0-521-56350-X
1801:
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1778:0-19-822695-0
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1719:0-520-01671-8
1715:
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1706:Barlow, Frank
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1121:
1119:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1077:
1076:History Extra
1073:
1070:Ashe, Laura.
1066:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1020:
1013:
1007:
998:
989:
982:
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688:
687:
681:
679:
675:
665:
663:
662:Domesday Book
658:
654:
649:
645:
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637:
629:
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621:
619:
615:
611:
603:
599:
595:
586:
585:
581:
578:
574:
570:
567:"were-wolf,"
566:
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547:
543:
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531:
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519:
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511:
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91:
89:
86:
85:
83:
81:Other post(s)
79:
76:
75:Ælfric Puttoc
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
29:
26:
22:
5096:
5085:
5043:
5031:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4957:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4892:
4879:
4873:
4848:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4802:
4801:Old English
4793:
4786:
4779:
4759:
4758:Old English
4746:
4739:
4732:
4713:
4705:
4698:
4663:
4656:
4651:
4573:
4569:John Sentamu
4559:John Habgood
4484:John Gilbert
4432:Commonwealth
4429:
4390:Edwin Sandys
4380:Thomas Young
4172:Henry Murdac
4126:
3994:Bishops and
3908:Charles Gore
3903:John Perowne
3867:Richard Hurd
3852:Isaac Maddox
3795:Commonwealth
3792:
3758:Edmund Freke
3743:Edwin Sandys
3738:Richard Pate
3714:Hugh Latimer
3697:Early modern
3672:
3657:
3622:Walter Lyghe
3620:
3616:William Lenn
3578:Adam Orleton
3570:
3543:
3495:
3430:
3394:
3391:
3355:
3302:
3220:
3186:William Wand
3161:John Jackson
3131:Robert Lowth
3076:Commonwealth
3073:
3064:William Laud
3049:George Abbot
3044:Thomas Ravis
3019:Edwin Sandys
2997:
2984:
2936:Richard Hill
2931:Thomas Kempe
2916:William Grey
2896:Roger Walden
2836:Fulke Lovell
2770:
2701:
2507:
2488:
2461:
2433:
2405:
2388:
2378:
2368:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2335:
2319:
2293:
2267:
2241:
2211:
2181:
2157:cite journal
2148:
2125:
2116:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2053:
2049:
2030:
2021:
1994:
1975:
1950:
1944:
1925:
1898:
1876:
1867:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1795:
1768:
1759:
1742:
1736:
1709:
1688:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1330:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1274:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1225:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1075:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1036:
1019:
1011:
1006:
997:
988:
980:
975:
968:
943:
926:
921:
911:
902:
889:
881:
875:
866:
858:
853:
845:
840:
827:
823:
811:
807:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
766:
762:
745:
741:
739:
735:
719:
717:
704:
690:
684:
682:
677:
671:
633:
606:
601:
583:
579:
576:
572:
568:
564:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:Scandinavian
481:
471:
465:
458:
449:
442:
437:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:rnode helle
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
349:
328:
308:
301:
300:
285:
278:
246:
238:Peterborough
219:
202:
197:
191:
151:
147:
143:
142:
107:Consecration
25:
5110:1023 deaths
5008:Genealogies
4861:Legal texts
4639:Hagiography
4449:John Dolben
4358:archbishops
4297:Henry Bowet
4217:Bonaventure
4127:Wulfstan II
4097:Hrotheweard
4050:archbishops
4005:Reformation
3948:Peter Selby
3938:Robin Woods
3893:Henry Pepys
3888:Robert Carr
3876:Late modern
3807:John Gauden
3778:Henry Parry
3729:John Hooper
3678:John Alcock
3606:John Barnet
3024:John Aylmer
2811:Fulk Basset
2806:Roger Niger
2632:Heathoberht
2420:Wulfstan 41
2151:": 395–418.
1449:pp. 115–118
1347:pp. 110–182
1200:pp. 494–495
861:pp. 231–237
695:written at
614:Æthelred II
598:Æthelred II
573:leohtgescot
389:; þær is gr
345:Christendom
274:Old English
234:East Anglia
168:Benedictine
148:Wulfstan II
146:(sometimes
123:28 May 1023
61:Predecessor
5104:Categories
5076:Byrhtferth
4564:David Hope
4529:Cosmo Lang
4459:John Sharp
4395:John Piers
4365:Edward Lee
4102:Wulfstan I
4072:Eanbald II
4039:Wilfrid II
3847:John Hough
3812:John Earle
3405:Beorhtheah
3333:Heahbeorht
3328:Denebeorht
3211:David Hope
2727:Spearhafoc
2672:Æthelweard
2587:Earconwald
2513:1002–1023
2494:1002–1016
1698:References
1666:pp. 355–66
1592:Chapter 10
1372:pp. 39–165
1281:5 December
1242:5 December
1107:5 December
1098:"Wulfstan"
1082:5 December
1060:, year 996
929:" pp. 6–7.
759:Antichrist
610:Gloucester
584:morðwyrhta
571:"incest,"
493:West Saxon
337:church law
316:vernacular
243:Winchester
222:Beorhtheah
188:Antichrist
53:Term ended
4917:Leechbook
4869:Law codes
4830:Hierdeboc
4823:Froforboc
4814:Ælfredian
4761:Hexameron
4312:John Kemp
4157:Thomas II
4092:Æthelbald
4067:Eanbald I
4062:Æthelbert
3953:John Inge
3719:John Bell
3508:Sylvester
3323:Heathured
3054:John King
2911:John Kemp
2771:(quashed)
2687:Brihthelm
2657:Swithwulf
2647:Ceolberht
2642:Æthelnoth
2467:996–1002
2446:Christian
2078:162930449
1917:156898145
1814:183920684
1787:186485136
1687:Bethurum
1650:Wulfstan
1638:Wulfstan
1626:Wulfstan
1614:Wulfstan
1601:Williams
1471:Williams
1403:Williams
1368:Wulfstan
1356:Bethurum
1256:Bethurum
1209:Williams
1010:Williams
936:Citations
755:Last Days
657:Æthelnoth
577:tofesian,
546:nauðleyti
542:genydmaga
530:ealdorman
485:Old Norse
417:unian on
333:Roman see
236:, and to
196:, or the
176:Worcester
71:Successor
45:Appointed
5086:Wulfstan
5081:Werferth
4924:Lacnunga
4888:Charters
4875:Geþyncðo
4837:Blostman
4676:Homilies
4162:Thurstan
4137:Cynesige
4122:Ealdwulf
4087:Wulfhere
4077:Wulfsige
4014:Paulinus
3428:Wulfstan
3400:Leofsige
3392:Wulfstan
3376:Ealdwulf
3361:Koenwald
3353:Wilfrith
3348:Æthelhun
3343:Werferth
3313:Waermund
3300:Wilfrith
3224:(Acting)
2717:Ælfweard
2702:Wulfstan
2682:Theodred
2677:Leofstan
2667:Wulfsige
2662:Heahstan
2652:Deorwulf
2622:Coenwalh
2612:Eadberht
2592:Waldhere
2572:Mellitus
2500:Leofsige
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2349:30 March
2330:(2004).
2318:(2000).
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2180:(2003).
2013:59401757
1897:(1976).
1859:57354405
1708:(1970).
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1616:Homilien
1458:O'Brien
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1432:O'Brien
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1035:Knowles
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806:(a.k.a.
636:Thorkell
569:sibleger
565:werewulf
478:Language
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341:catholic
291:Homilist
253:Aelfstan
230:Fenlands
184:homilies
144:Wulfstan
65:Ealdwulf
32:Wulfstan
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4850:Dialogi
4142:Ealdred
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1967:4049386
1523:Barlow
916:Online.
884:p. 220.
640:penance
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4117:Oswald
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3491:Mauger
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3436:Samson
3419:Lyfing
3410:Lyfing
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132:Buried
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3285:Bosel
2998:(2nd)
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2074:S2CID
2066:JSTOR
1963:JSTOR
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833:Notes
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744:, or
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4845:1–50
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4019:Chad
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3431:(II)
3356:(II)
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2577:Cedd
2351:2008
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