20:
431:
490:, that have workers. Workers in these other bee lineages do not show significant morphological differences from queens, other than coloration or a smaller average body size, though they are often quite different in their behavior from queens, and may or may not lay eggs. See the respective articles for these lineages for details.
874:
243:
Wax bees build cells from wax, repair old cells, and store nectar and pollen brought in by other workers. Early in the worker's career, she exudes wax from the space between her abdominal segments. Four sets of wax glands, situated inside the last four ventral segments of the abdomen, produce wax for
97:
Honey bee workers maintain the hive temperature in the critical brood area where new bees are hatched and raised. Workers must maintain the hive's brood chamber within a range of 34–36 °C (93–97 °F). If the chamber becomes too hot, the workers collect water or diluted nectar and deposit it
306:
Worker bees have eight pairs of wax glands under their abdomen from which they can create honeycomb. By chewing the wax, she mixes in her saliva, which adjusts the malleability of the wax and enables her to create each individual honeycomb cell. This process is repeated thousands of times to create
281:
Worker bees collect nectar from flowers using their tubular mouth parts, and store it in their honey stomach. Enzymes proceed to break down the nectar into simple sugars. Back at the hive, the nectar is distributed to other worker bees who either distribute it to young bees or store it in honeycomb
450:
against mammals and birds typically leave the stinger embedded in the victim due to the structure of flesh and the stinger's barbs. In this case, the venom bulb stays with the stinger and continues to pump. The bee will die after losing its stinger, as the removal of the stinger and the venom bulb
415:
The workers perform different behavioral tasks in the colony that cause them to be exposed to different local environments. The worker gut microbial community composition is found to be associated with the behavioral tasks they perform, therefore also with the local environment they are exposed to
197:
Through the lifecycle of a worker bee, she will take on many different roles within the hive, depending on how old she is and how long she has been working in the hive. The exact number of days she spends at each task depends on the requirements of the hive, however there is an estimated number of
118:
for three days, followed by pollen and honey for about two more days until the cell is capped by worker bees. The larva spins itself into a cocoon and becomes an inactive pupa. During this 10-day stage, the bee begins to develop features such as eyes, wings, legs and other features that adult bees
109:
The life span of a worker bee fluctuates between the summer and winter months. In the summertime, worker bees typically only live two to six weeks compared to wintertime when workers can live up to 20 weeks. The reason for this difference lies in interior physiological processes that worker bees
110:
experience, and external factors, such as bees not leaving the relative safety of the hive during the colder winter months. Worker bees are exposed to a lot more risks during the summer months when they leave the hive to forage, and therefore have a shorter relative lifespan.
206:
Brood cells must be cleaned before the next use. Worker bees in the cleaning phase perform this cleaning. Cells are inspected by the queen and if unsatisfactory, they will not be used. If the cells are not clean, the worker bee must repeat the cleaning process.
315:
Pollen brought into the hive for feeding the brood is also stored. It must be packed firmly into comb cells and mixed with a small amount of honey so that it will not spoil. Unlike honey, which does not support bacterial life, stored pollen will become
342:
Geopropolis displays antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity and has been proven to be a source of antibiofilm agents. It also presents selectivity against human cancer cell lines at low concentrations compared to normal cells.
113:
Honey bees begin as an egg laid by the queen in the brood nest, located near the center of the hive. Worker eggs are laid in smaller cells compared to drone eggs, and will hatch after three days into a larva. Nurse bees feed it
1036:
Cunha, Marcos
Guilherme da; Franchin, Marcelo; GalvĂŁo, LĂviaCâmaradeCarvalho; Ruiz, AnaLĂşciaTascaGĂłis de; Carvalho, JoĂŁo Ernesto de; Ikegaki, Masarahu; Alencar, Severino Matias de; Koo, Hyun; Rosalen, Pedro Luiz (2013-01-28).
332:, a resinous substance obtained from plants. When workers add enzymes to the propolis, the combination has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Propolis is placed at the entrance of hives to aid in ventilation.
379:. The number of guards varies from season to season and from species to species. Entrance size and daily traffic also play an integral role in the number of guard bees present. Guard bees of the species
119:
possess. After this 21 day developmental period, the adult bee will chew through its wax cap and cocoon and emerge into the hive as a fully grown bee, immediately beginning its roles in the hive.
407:, but in most species will produce only male (drone) offspring. Whether a larva becomes a worker or a queen depends on the kind of food it is given after the first three days of its larval form.
98:
around the hive, then fan the air with their wings to generate cooling by evaporation. If the chamber becomes too cold, worker bees can increase the temperature of their thoracic muscles using
403:, and thus never reproduce. Workers are nevertheless considered female for anatomical and genetic reasons. Genetically, a worker bee does not differ from a queen bee and can even become a
58:
bees, with bodies specialized for nectar and pollen collection. They perform different tasks around the hive progressively over their lifespans in a predictable order based on their age.
367:
When the hive is in danger of overheating, these bees will obtain water, usually from within a short distance from the hive and bring it back to spread on the backs of fanning bees.
351:
Dead bees and failed larvae must be removed from the hive to prevent disease and allow cells to be reused. They will be carried some distance from the hive by mortuary bees.
50:
Worker bees are the caste of bee that perform most of the fundamental tasks of the hive, and they are by far the most numerous type of bee. They are much smaller than
1575:
1359:
1205:
1409:
1346:
458:
on the stinger will not catch on most animals besides mammals and birds, which means that such animals can be stung repeatedly by the same bee.
1622:
985:
Adriana, Pianaro (2007). "Chemical
Changes Associated with the Invasion of a Melipona scutellaris Colony by Melipona rufiventris Workers".
1360:
Julia C. Jones, C. Fruciano, F. Hildebrand, H. Al
Toufalilia, N.J. Balfour, P. Bork, P. Engel, F.L.W. Ratnieks, W.O.H. Hughes (Nov 2017).
1296:
215:
Nurse bees feed the worker larvae worker jelly, which is secreted from glands that produce royal jelly. On days 6–12, nurse bees feed
391:
are examples of eusocial bees that have been observed hovering at their nest entrances, providing more protection against intruders.
231:
Queen attendants take care of the queen by feeding and grooming her. After coming into contact with the queen, the attendants spread
359:
Worker bees fan the hive, cooling it with evaporated water. They direct airflow into the hive or out of the hive depending on need.
286:
is produced by being further dehydrated via fanning then sealed with a wax cap, which prevents absorption of moisture from the air.
613:
1906:
1169:
Segers, Francisca (17 January 2015). "Soldier production in a stingless bee depends on rearing location and nurse behavior".
937:
416:
and the environmental landscape is shown to affect the gut microbial community (gut microbiota composition) of honey bees.
562:
1206:"Comparative Study in Stingless Bees (Meliponini) Demonstrates that Nest Entrance Size Predicts Traffic and Defensivity"
729:
Prado, Alberto; Requier, Fabrice; Crauser, Didier; Le Conte, Yves; Bretagnolle, Vincent; Alaux, CĂ©dric (November 2020).
1615:
849:
2088:
1297:
Julia C. Jones, C. Fruciano, J. Marchant, F. Hildebrand, S. Forslund, P. Bork, P. Engel, W. O. H. Hughes (May 2018).
2141:
35:
and carries out the majority of tasks needed for the functioning of the hive. While worker bees are present in all
2146:
1692:
446:
The worker bee's stinger is a complex organ that allows a bee to defend itself and the hive from most mammals.
47:). Worker bees of this variety are responsible for approximately 80% of the world's crop pollination services.
69:
Pollen carried on their bodies may be transferred to another flower, where a small portion can rub off on the
1608:
235:(QMP) throughout the hive, which is a signal to the rest of the bees that the hive still has a viable queen.
1145:
961:
2083:
268:
or water. Worker bees journey away from the hive around 10 times each day, with each trip lasting an hour.
2111:
1836:
102:, pressing their warmed muscles against caps or walls of brood cells. In the wintertime, worker bees can
705:
387:
232:
899:
638:
Li, Zhiyong; Huang, Zachary Y.; Sharma, Dhruv B.; Xue, Yunbo; Wang, Zhi; Ren, Bingzhong (2016-02-16).
508:
2177:
2131:
1204:
Couvillon, M.J.; Wenseleers, T.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, L.; Nogueira-Neto, P.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2007).
2067:
2042:
1822:
1801:
1787:
1773:
1766:
1039:"Antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of stingless bee Melipona scutellaris geopropolis"
85:
in the stomach, and carried back to the hive, where it is stored in wax cells and evaporated into
2106:
1961:
1864:
1843:
1829:
640:"Drone and Worker Brood Microclimates Are Regulated Differentially in Honey Bees, Apis mellifera"
375:
Guard bees will stand at the front of the hive entrance, defending it from any invaders such as
1857:
1850:
1808:
1780:
1480:
381:
2136:
2121:
1403:
1340:
294:
Drones do not feed themselves when they are young; they are fed by workers and then when the
65:
on their back legs and carry it back to the hive where it is used as food for the developing
39:
bee species, the term is rarely used (outside of scientific literature) for bees other than
2167:
1697:
1682:
1518:
1436:
994:
742:
651:
520:
337:
1121:
850:"Honeybees all have different jobs to accomplish—Here's how they decide who is doing what"
8:
2198:
2162:
2126:
2116:
2062:
1953:
1794:
1728:
801:, Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2012,
1522:
1457:
1440:
1424:
1096:
998:
746:
655:
524:
2057:
1386:
1361:
1323:
1298:
1274:
1249:
1186:
1073:
1038:
1018:
771:
730:
682:
639:
617:
544:
253:
99:
1600:
1549:
1506:
915:
875:"How Bees Make Honey: Producing honey is a strenuous team effort for bees – CALS News"
2047:
2035:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1733:
1687:
1656:
1554:
1536:
1462:
1391:
1362:"Gut microbiota composition is associated with environmental landscape in honey bees"
1328:
1279:
1230:
1225:
1078:
1060:
1010:
919:
802:
776:
758:
687:
669:
536:
404:
106:
to generate body heat to keep the brood area warm as external temperature decreases.
1190:
1022:
548:
1913:
1544:
1526:
1452:
1444:
1381:
1373:
1318:
1310:
1269:
1261:
1220:
1178:
1068:
1050:
1002:
911:
766:
750:
677:
659:
528:
335:
Some bees add excess mud to the mixture, making it geopropolis, such as in the bee
66:
1203:
2009:
1965:
1713:
664:
399:
In most common bee species, worker bees are infertile due to enforced altruistic
317:
1583:
223:
receive worker jelly for 1 to 3 days until they are started on a diet of honey.
2014:
1989:
1973:
1870:
1759:
1723:
1448:
794:
586:
532:
103:
1314:
1182:
1006:
19:
2203:
2192:
1540:
1064:
923:
762:
673:
540:
475:
400:
261:
257:
62:
1055:
2172:
1718:
1558:
1531:
1466:
1395:
1332:
1283:
1265:
1234:
1082:
1014:
806:
780:
691:
430:
307:
comb in the hive, which will be used for honey production and brood space.
507:
Breeze, T. D.; Bailey, A. P.; Balcombe, K. G.; Potts, S. G. (2011-08-01).
1984:
1928:
1815:
1738:
1661:
467:
295:
220:
216:
115:
74:
51:
36:
825:
799:
LiverTox: Clinical and
Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury
754:
2019:
2004:
1999:
1979:
1886:
487:
483:
479:
471:
31:
is any female bee that lacks the reproductive capacity of the colony's
1377:
1299:"The gut microbiome is associated with behavioural task in honey bees"
1254:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1250:"The evolution of extreme altruism and inequality in insect societies"
1994:
1957:
1918:
1646:
1631:
447:
425:
55:
40:
32:
1425:"Functional anatomy of the worker honeybee stinger (Apis mellifera)"
455:
1923:
1891:
439:
329:
265:
1507:"Evolution of sociality in a primitively eusocial lineage of bees"
2052:
1949:
1896:
1677:
435:
1944:
82:
78:
70:
509:"Pollination services in the UK: How important are honeybees?"
1901:
283:
86:
731:"Honeybee lifespan: the critical role of pre-foraging stage"
563:"About Honey Bees | Types, races, and anatomy of honey bees"
728:
376:
1423:
Ramirez-Esquivel, Fiorella; Ravi, Sridhar (Jun 23, 2023).
567:
About Honey Bees | Types, races, and anatomy of honey bees
256:
and scout bees travel up to 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) to a
1969:
1589:
506:
328:
The walls of the hive are covered with a thin coating of
1630:
1035:
587:"ENY-166/IN1102: The Social Organization of Honey Bees"
320:
without proper care. It has to be kept in honey cells.
298:
get older they feed themselves from the honey supply.
1422:
900:"The food of adult drone honeybees (Apis mellifera)"
442:
torn off its body and attached to a protecting dress
219:, rich in vitamins, to the queen larva and drones.
826:"Stages Of Bee Growth – Honey Bee Research Centre"
451:damages or removes other internal organs as well.
1247:
171:Day 10 until emergence (Day 11 or 12 last moult)
2190:
637:
271:
1572:The Honey Files: A Bee's Life, A Teaching Guide
1511:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
226:
81:is sucked up through the proboscis, mixed with
238:
198:days each worker bee will spend at each task.
1616:
706:"Honey Bee Management Throughout the Seasons"
247:
1408:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1345:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1241:
1197:
201:
1623:
1609:
1248:Ratnieks, F. L. W.; Helantera, H. (2009).
1043:BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
394:
1548:
1530:
1456:
1385:
1322:
1273:
1224:
1146:"The Role of the Worker Bee - PerfectBee"
1072:
1054:
962:"The Role of the Worker Bee - PerfectBee"
770:
681:
663:
513:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
210:
1504:
429:
18:
1481:"Why do honeybees die when they sting?"
1119:
984:
938:"The Secrets of Honeycomb - PerfectBee"
904:The British Journal of Animal Behaviour
192:
43:, particularly the European honey bee (
2191:
1168:
1162:
486:, native to all continents except for
1604:
608:
606:
301:
897:
461:
1171:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
276:
13:
603:
14:
2215:
1707:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes
1596:
1505:Danforth, Bryan N. (2002-01-08).
362:
310:
61:Worker bees gather pollen in the
1226:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01457.x
346:
289:
1498:
1473:
1416:
1353:
1290:
1213:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1138:
1113:
1101:AGrowTronics - IIoT For Growing
1089:
1029:
978:
954:
930:
891:
867:
842:
410:
354:
1693:Bee learning and communication
818:
787:
722:
698:
631:
579:
555:
500:
323:
1:
916:10.1016/S0950-5601(57)80038-0
493:
370:
272:Worker activities in the hive
140:Average Developmental Period
92:
1585:Organization of a bee colony
665:10.1371/journal.pone.0148740
616:. 2006-12-31. Archived from
227:Queen attendants (days 7-11)
7:
1837:Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan
1097:"Worker Bees - An Overview"
987:Journal of Chemical Ecology
239:Wax production (days 13–18)
10:
2220:
1449:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107103
898:Free, J. B. (1957-01-01).
735:Royal Society Open Science
591:Ask IFAS - Powered by EDIS
533:10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.020
423:
419:
388:Schwarziana quadripunctata
248:Foraging bees (days 21–42)
233:queen mandibular pheromone
2178:Honeybee Discovery Center
2155:
2097:
2089:Diseases of the honey bee
2076:
2028:
1937:
1879:
1816:Apis mellifera scutellata
1706:
1670:
1639:
1634:types and characteristics
1315:10.1007/s00040-018-0624-9
1183:10.1007/s00265-015-1872-6
1007:10.1007/s10886-007-9274-5
2156:Museums and insectariums
2068:Colony collapse disorder
2043:Varroa sensitive hygiene
1823:Apis mellifera siciliana
1802:Apis mellifera monticola
1788:Apis mellifera pomonella
1774:Apis mellifera artemisia
1767:Apis mellifera adansonii
466:There are many types of
202:Cell cleaning (days 1–2)
23:Worker bees (with queen)
1962:Horizontal top-bar hive
1865:Apis mellifera unicolor
1844:Apis mellifera sossimai
1830:Apis mellifera simensis
1122:"Roles of a worker bee"
1056:10.1186/1472-6882-13-23
395:Genetic characteristics
142:(Days until emergence)
2029:Parasites and diseases
1858:Apis mellifera taurica
1851:Apis mellifera syriaca
1809:Apis mellifera remipes
1781:Apis mellifera litorea
1532:10.1073/pnas.012387999
1266:10.1098/rstb.2009.0129
1120:Alvéole (2021-09-09).
482:, and many species of
443:
382:Tetragonisca angustula
211:Nurse bees (days 3–12)
100:isometric contractions
24:
1366:Ecology and Evolution
433:
73:, resulting in cross
22:
2168:Bee Museum of Rhodes
2084:Topics in beekeeping
1683:Honey bee life cycle
1576:National Honey Board
338:Melipona scutellaris
193:Progression of tasks
176:(range: 18–22 days)
2163:Malacca Bee Gallery
2063:Deformed wing virus
1954:BS National Beehive
1795:Apis mellifera meda
1729:Carniolan honey bee
1523:2002PNAS...99..286D
1441:2023iSci...26j7103R
999:2007JCEco..33..971P
755:10.1098/rsos.200998
747:2020RSOS....700998P
656:2016PLoSO..1148740L
525:2011AgEE..142..137B
244:comb construction.
186:nearly 100 mg
146:Start of Fertility
2058:American foulbrood
1150:www.perfectbee.com
966:www.perfectbee.com
942:www.perfectbee.com
879:news.cals.wisc.edu
444:
302:Honeycomb building
25:
16:Caste of honey bee
2186:
2185:
2048:Small hive beetle
2037:Varroa destructor
1754:Western honey bee
1749:Russian honey bee
1744:Maltese honey bee
1734:European dark bee
1657:Laying worker bee
1378:10.1002/ece3.3597
1260:(1533): 3169–79.
710:extension.psu.edu
614:"Bee Life Stages"
462:Other social bees
405:laying worker bee
190:
189:
2211:
1914:Honey extraction
1907:Alcoholic drinks
1625:
1618:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1592:
1579:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1534:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1399:
1389:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1326:
1303:Insectes Sociaux
1294:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1058:
1033:
1027:
1026:
982:
976:
975:
973:
972:
958:
952:
951:
949:
948:
934:
928:
927:
895:
889:
888:
886:
885:
871:
865:
864:
862:
861:
846:
840:
839:
837:
836:
822:
816:
815:
814:
813:
791:
785:
784:
774:
726:
720:
719:
717:
716:
702:
696:
695:
685:
667:
635:
629:
628:
626:
625:
610:
601:
600:
598:
597:
583:
577:
576:
574:
573:
559:
553:
552:
504:
470:bees, including
277:Honey production
264:, or to collect
152:Hatching Weight
122:
121:
104:cluster together
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2151:
2099:
2093:
2072:
2024:
2010:Honey extractor
1966:Langstroth hive
1933:
1875:
1714:Africanized bee
1702:
1666:
1635:
1629:
1599:
1582:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1421:
1417:
1401:
1400:
1358:
1354:
1338:
1337:
1295:
1291:
1246:
1242:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1034:
1030:
983:
979:
970:
968:
960:
959:
955:
946:
944:
936:
935:
931:
896:
892:
883:
881:
873:
872:
868:
859:
857:
848:
847:
843:
834:
832:
824:
823:
819:
811:
809:
793:
792:
788:
727:
723:
714:
712:
704:
703:
699:
650:(2): e0148740.
636:
632:
623:
621:
612:
611:
604:
595:
593:
585:
584:
580:
571:
569:
561:
560:
556:
505:
501:
496:
464:
428:
422:
413:
397:
373:
365:
357:
349:
326:
313:
304:
292:
279:
274:
250:
241:
229:
213:
204:
195:
95:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2142:United Kingdom
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2015:Queen excluder
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1990:Wax foundation
1987:
1982:
1977:
1974:Stewarton hive
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1871:Honey bee race
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1760:Apis laboriosa
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1724:Cape honey bee
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1597:External links
1595:
1594:
1593:
1580:
1565:
1564:
1517:(1): 286–290.
1497:
1472:
1415:
1372:(1): 441–451.
1352:
1309:(3): 419–429.
1289:
1240:
1219:(1): 194–201.
1196:
1177:(4): 613–623.
1161:
1137:
1112:
1088:
1028:
993:(5): 971–984.
977:
953:
929:
890:
866:
841:
817:
786:
741:(11): 200998.
721:
697:
630:
602:
578:
554:
519:(3): 137–143.
498:
497:
495:
492:
476:stingless bees
463:
460:
424:Main article:
421:
418:
412:
409:
396:
393:
372:
369:
364:
363:Water carriers
361:
356:
353:
348:
345:
325:
322:
312:
311:Pollen packing
309:
303:
300:
291:
288:
278:
275:
273:
270:
249:
246:
240:
237:
228:
225:
212:
209:
203:
200:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:12–15 mm
181:
178:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
94:
91:
63:pollen baskets
45:Apis mellifera
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2216:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2147:United States
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
967:
963:
957:
943:
939:
933:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
880:
876:
870:
855:
851:
845:
831:
827:
821:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:"Royal Jelly"
790:
782:
778:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
711:
707:
701:
693:
689:
684:
679:
675:
671:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
620:on 2006-12-31
619:
615:
609:
607:
592:
588:
582:
568:
564:
558:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
503:
499:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
459:
457:
452:
449:
441:
437:
432:
427:
417:
408:
406:
402:
401:kin selection
392:
390:
389:
384:
383:
378:
368:
360:
352:
347:Mortuary bees
344:
341:
339:
333:
331:
321:
319:
308:
299:
297:
290:Drone feeding
287:
285:
282:cells. Then,
269:
267:
263:
262:pollen source
259:
258:nectar source
255:
245:
236:
234:
224:
222:
218:
208:
199:
185:
182:
179:
177:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
111:
107:
105:
101:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2173:Honey Museum
2100:by countries
2036:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1719:Buckfast bee
1651:
1584:
1571:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1487:. 2014-10-01
1485:PBS NewsHour
1484:
1475:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1404:cite journal
1369:
1365:
1355:
1341:cite journal
1306:
1302:
1292:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1216:
1212:
1199:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:
1115:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:
1091:
1046:
1042:
1031:
990:
986:
980:
969:. Retrieved
965:
956:
945:. Retrieved
941:
932:
907:
903:
893:
882:. Retrieved
878:
869:
858:. Retrieved
856:. 2019-03-22
853:
844:
833:. Retrieved
829:
820:
810:, retrieved
798:
789:
738:
734:
724:
713:. Retrieved
709:
700:
647:
643:
633:
622:. Retrieved
618:the original
594:. Retrieved
590:
581:
570:. Retrieved
566:
557:
516:
512:
502:
465:
453:
445:
414:
411:Gut bacteria
398:
386:
380:
374:
366:
358:
355:Fanning bees
350:
336:
334:
327:
314:
305:
293:
280:
251:
242:
230:
214:
205:
196:
175:
165:up to Day 9
162:up to Day 3
157:
149:Body Length
141:
134:Cell capped
112:
108:
96:
60:
49:
44:
28:
26:
2132:New Zealand
2098:Beekeeping
1985:Honey super
1929:Royal jelly
1880:Cultivation
1739:Italian bee
1429:50 iScience
910:(1): 7–11.
480:orchid bees
472:bumble bees
438:of a black
324:Propolizing
217:royal jelly
116:royal jelly
75:pollination
2199:Beekeeping
2193:Categories
2020:Jenter kit
2005:Bee smoker
2000:Queen clip
1980:Hive frame
1887:Beekeeping
1678:Bee colony
1671:Life cycle
1652:Worker bee
1640:Bee castes
1491:2024-03-25
1155:2024-03-25
1131:2024-03-25
1106:2024-03-25
971:2024-03-25
947:2024-03-25
884:2024-03-24
860:2024-03-25
835:2024-03-08
812:2024-03-08
715:2024-03-06
624:2023-11-28
596:2024-03-25
572:2024-03-25
494:References
488:Antarctica
484:sweat bees
448:Bee stings
371:Guard bees
296:drone bees
93:Life cycle
41:honey bees
29:worker bee
2107:Australia
1995:Hive tool
1958:Flow Hive
1938:Equipment
1919:Honeycomb
1662:Drone bee
1647:Queen bee
1632:Honey bee
1541:0027-8424
1065:1472-6882
1049:(1): 23.
924:0950-5601
763:2054-5703
674:1932-6203
541:0167-8809
426:Bee sting
33:queen bee
1924:Propolis
1892:Apiology
1698:Swarming
1559:11782550
1467:37485367
1458:10359947
1396:29321884
1333:30100619
1284:19805425
1235:18021200
1191:18594915
1083:23356696
1023:32195400
1015:17404819
807:35593875
781:33391795
692:26882104
644:PLOS ONE
549:83628314
468:eusocial
440:honeybee
330:propolis
266:propolis
174:21 days
37:eusocial
2137:Ukraine
2122:Ireland
2112:Hungary
2053:Waxworm
1950:Beehive
1897:Beeswax
1519:Bibcode
1437:Bibcode
1387:5756847
1324:6061168
1275:2781879
1126:Alvéole
1074:3568042
995:Bibcode
854:Animals
830:hbrc.ca
772:7735337
743:Bibcode
683:4755576
652:Bibcode
521:Bibcode
478:, some
436:stinger
420:Stinger
254:forager
83:enzymes
1945:Apiary
1578:, 2001
1557:
1550:117553
1547:
1539:
1465:
1455:
1394:
1384:
1331:
1321:
1282:
1272:
1233:
1189:
1081:
1071:
1063:
1021:
1013:
922:
805:
779:
769:
761:
690:
680:
672:
547:
539:
318:rancid
221:Drones
168:Day 9
158:Worker
131:Larva
79:Nectar
71:pistil
67:brood.
52:drones
2127:Nepal
2117:India
2077:Lists
1902:Honey
1688:Brood
1435:(7).
1209:(PDF)
1187:S2CID
1019:S2CID
545:S2CID
456:barbs
377:wasps
284:honey
137:Pupa
125:Type
87:honey
56:queen
2204:Bees
1555:PMID
1537:ISSN
1463:PMID
1410:link
1392:PMID
1347:link
1329:PMID
1280:PMID
1231:PMID
1079:PMID
1061:ISSN
1011:PMID
920:ISSN
803:PMID
777:PMID
759:ISSN
688:PMID
670:ISSN
537:ISSN
454:The
434:The
385:and
252:The
180:N/A
128:Egg
1970:Nuc
1590:FAO
1545:PMC
1527:doi
1453:PMC
1445:doi
1382:PMC
1374:doi
1319:PMC
1311:doi
1270:PMC
1262:doi
1258:364
1221:doi
1179:doi
1069:PMC
1051:doi
1003:doi
912:doi
767:PMC
751:doi
678:PMC
660:doi
529:doi
517:142
77:.
54:or
2195::
1972:,
1968:-
1964:,
1960:,
1956:,
1588:,
1574:,
1553:.
1543:.
1535:.
1525:.
1515:99
1513:.
1509:.
1483:.
1461:.
1451:.
1443:.
1433:26
1431:.
1427:.
1406:}}
1402:{{
1390:.
1380:.
1368:.
1364:.
1343:}}
1339:{{
1327:.
1317:.
1307:65
1305:.
1301:.
1278:.
1268:.
1256:.
1252:.
1229:.
1217:21
1215:.
1211:.
1185:.
1175:69
1173:.
1148:.
1124:.
1099:.
1077:.
1067:.
1059:.
1047:13
1045:.
1041:.
1017:.
1009:.
1001:.
991:33
989:.
964:.
940:.
918:.
906:.
902:.
877:.
852:.
828:.
797:,
775:.
765:.
757:.
749:.
737:.
733:.
708:.
686:.
676:.
668:.
658:.
648:11
646:.
642:.
605:^
589:.
565:.
543:.
535:.
527:.
515:.
511:.
474:,
260:,
89:.
27:A
1976:)
1952:(
1624:e
1617:t
1610:v
1561:.
1529::
1521::
1494:.
1469:.
1447::
1439::
1412:)
1398:.
1376::
1370:8
1349:)
1335:.
1313::
1286:.
1264::
1237:.
1223::
1193:.
1181::
1158:.
1134:.
1109:.
1085:.
1053::
1025:.
1005::
997::
974:.
950:.
926:.
914::
908:5
887:.
863:.
838:.
783:.
753::
745::
739:7
718:.
694:.
662::
654::
627:.
599:.
575:.
551:.
531::
523::
340:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)