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the chimney rather than into the room (which reduces efficiency). The biggest problem with leaving the air controls fully open on many stoves is âoverfiringâ. Overfiring is caused when too much heat is generated within the fire chamber, which will lead to warping, buckling and general damage to the stove and its internal components. Different stoves have different numbers and types of air controls. More efficient models have been developed in recent years, employing catalytic combustors to burn remaining particles and gasses within the smoke before it exits the flue, resulting in more heat output, longer burn times and less harmful effect on the environment.
959:
841:
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preheated air from the room that the stove is in. Many modern stoves can optionally use an outside air intake. Many manufacturers supply the necessary parts in kit form (an
Outside Air Kit, or OAK). When considering an outside air kit, it is important to know that the air must come in from below the level of the stove. For example, a basement stove may not safely use an outside air kit. This is to prevent a reversal of venting in which very hot flue gasses are exhausted through a (usually PVC) air intake pipe, which could lead to a structure fire and/or hot flue gasses being released into the structure.
1009:
572:) are evolved which are burned above the solid fuel. These are the two distinct processes going on in most solid fuel appliances. In obsolete stoves without secondary combustion, air had to be admitted both below and above the fuel to attempt to increase combustion and efficiency. The correct balance was difficult to achieve in practice, and many obsolete wood-burning stoves only admitted air above the fuel as a simplification. Often the volatiles were not completely burned, resulting in energy loss, chimney tarring, and atmospheric pollution.
99:. In the 2010s, 61,000 premature deaths were attributable annually to ambient air pollution from residential heating with wood and coal in Europe, with an additional 10,000 attributable deaths in North America. The use of wood-burning stoves in Africa is associated with a large number of deaths each year, approximately 463,000. This high number of deaths is due to the inhalation of toxic smoke emitted by improperly vented stoves, and contains substances harmful to health. In addition, reliance on wood as an energy source also contributes to
886:
672:, local authorities may declare the whole or part of the district of the authority to be a smoke control area. It is an offence to emit smoke from a chimney of a building, from a furnace or from any fixed boiler if located in a designated smoke control area. It is also an offence to acquire an "unauthorized fuel" for use within a smoke control area unless it is used in an "exempt" appliance ("exempted" from the controls which generally apply in the smoke control area). The current maximum level of fine is ÂŁ1,000 for each offence.
375:
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eliminating the need for flue pre-heating. This also leads to quicker fire starting and less smoke production. Pollution
Reduction: The constrained cold flue gas can be subjected to various pollution-reducing treatments. Remote Control: The system can be managed remotely, allowing for fine control of the fire and airflow. Features like automatic shutoff in case of excessive smoke and increasing suction when the stove door is opened further enhance safety and efficiency.
496:
accumulation can be dangerous, as it is flammable and burns hot. If a flue is coated with creosote and ignited, perhaps by a spark going up the flue, it can cause a serious chimney fire that can lead to a structure fire. This can be avoided by using modern stoves and flue standards, burning dry wood, keeping fires hot enough to maintain flue temperatures of at least 250 degrees F (121 °C) at the top of the flue, and proper chimney cleaning as needed.
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combination of low firebox temperatures due to high moisture content in the wood and low flue temperatures due to lack of insulation led to high levels of creosote accumulation. Burning a wood that emits a lot of sparks (such as pine) in an old-fashioned fireplace or stove will lead to sparks going directly into the flue, which can lead to a dangerous chimney fire if the flue is coated in creosote.
465:, the difference is inconsequential since all woods produce creosote which accumulates if burned improperly. So-called dangerous woods such as pine are in fact safer than woods such as oak, as they will burn hotter and thus help keep flue temperatures up, and their fast seasoning will help ensure that novice wood burners are burning reasonably dry wood.
1145:, re-broadcast on 30 August 2016, which credited Ben Franklin as the inventor of the wood stove, ignoring the German origin. Franklin did patent an improved stove ca. 1744, including several variants such as a front of fireplace heating unit of cast iron, but his stove was based on existing stoves of German origin (i.e. amongst the many
210:, air flow can be increased or decreased, which can fan the fire in the firebox, or "dampen" it by restricting airflow and reducing the flames. The dampers can usually be accessed by turning knobs or handles attached to the damper. Some stoves adjust their own airflow using mechanical or electronic thermostatic devices.
710:
The latest "Phase IV" or "Step 2 Standards" demand stricter criteria for wood stoves, notably shifting from crib wood to cord wood for testing. Previously, the EPA utilized crib wood, consistent in size and arrangement, for reliable testing burns. However, this method didn't mirror actual stove usage
530:
There are also stove models that can switch from wood fuel to oil or gas sources that are installed in the house to supply heat to a separate water boiler. Stoves that readily convert to either oil or gas in addition to wood fuel have been manufactured in North
America and Europe since the early 20th
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Firewood with a moisture content below 20 per cent by weight can burn efficiently. This is the "free" moisture content absorbed in the wood fibers, and does not include the chemically-bound hydrogen and oxygen content. Moisture content can be reduced by outdoor air-drying ("seasoning"), for a period
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have similar energy contents by mass, but not by volume. In other words, a piece of hardwood would usually be heavier and have more available energy than the same sized piece of softwood. Hardwoods, derived from trees such as oak and ash, may burn at a slower rate, resulting in sustained output. Many
283:
A prototype retro-fit system has been developed for a traditional 5-kilowatt wood stove (see picture). The system uses a 5-watt plastic bathroom extractor fan to draw hot gas through a heat exchanger, which radiates and convects the heat into the room. This method recovers approximately 1 kilowatt of
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In some places, such as the
Caribbean, Central America and South America, many houses have wood-burning stoves that are used indoors without any means of proper ventilation. Smoke stays in the house, where it is breathed in by the residents, harming their health. Nearly two million people are killed
549:
Modern non-catalytic wood stoves will also reburn the gasses from the firebox, but require a much higher temperature for the secondary combustion. No catalyst is required. These models lose a large amount of efficiency at low burn rates, as they cannot maintain secondary combustion, but can be very
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Flue gas contains substantial water vapor, which is derived from two sources: dampness in the wood, and as a result of combustion. Cooling the gas causes the vapor to condense, releasing its latent heat into the room, further enhancing the stove's efficiency. Cooling the flue gas and condensing the
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Installing wide-diameter, heat-resistant flue liners that must meet stringent conditions regarding airtightness, length and angle, costing thousands of pounds and requiring regular maintenance. Utilizing thermally insulated liners to reduce heat loss in the flue. Pre-heating the flue to establish an
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The New Source
Performance Standards (NSPS) for Residential Wood Heaters, which came into effect on May 15, 2020.The EPA initiated wood stove emissions standards in 1988 to mitigate air pollution, setting the initial limits at 7.5 grams per hour for non-catalytic and 4.1 grams for catalytic stoves.
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However, the EPA had no mandatory emission limits for pellet stoves, indoor or outdoor wood boilers, masonry stoves and certain types of wood stoves that are exempt from EPA regulation. EPA developed new regulations which began to come into effect in 2015, establishing mandatory emission limits for
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An efficient heat exchanger is used to reclaim as much heat as possible from the flue gas - redirecting this heat into the room. Since this cools the flue gas to the point where it can no longer rise naturally, a small extractor fan is employed to pull the gas through the heat exchanger and out of
226:
The efficiency of traditional wood-burning stoves is constrained by the widely accepted principle that rising hot flue gas is required to create a âdraw"; pulling fresh air into the fire. This results in some inevitable heat being lost up the flue, creating a 10% or greater reduction in efficiency.
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The highest heating efficiencies on closed appliances can be attained by controlling the various supplies of air to the stove (operating the air controls correctly). On modern stoves, owner's manuals provide documented procedures. Fully open air controls may lead to more heat being sent straight up
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A catalytic wood stove will re-burn the gasses from the firebox in a catalyst- a matrix of steel or ceramic plated with a catalyst that allows combustion of these gasses at much lower temperatures than would ordinarily be possible. This is why among modern stoves, catalytic models tend to be much
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Softwoods, in contrast, tend to burn hot and fast with little coaling. They may leave less ash than hardwoods. Softwoods are ideal for fast, hot burns. They produce excellent heat and do not fill the stove with coals, a frequent problem for those pushing their hardwood-fired stoves hard to get the
424:
The primary advantage of hardwoods is that they tend to contain more potential energy than the same volume of a softwood, thus increasing the amount of potential heat that can be stacked into one stoveload. Hardwood tends to form and maintain a bed of hot coals, which release lower amounts of heat
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Keeping the air flowing correctly through a wood-burning stove is essential for safe and efficient operation of the stove. Fresh air needs to enter the firebox to provide oxygen for the fire; as the fire burns, the smoke must be allowed to rise through the stove pipe, creating negative pressure in
825:
stoves provide hot water as well as space heating. A backboiler can be an optional insert added to the back of the firebox, or a wrap-around water jacket that is an integral to the stove's structure. The choice determines how much of the stove's output goes to space heating as opposed to heating
457:
It is possible that this myth originated with old-fashioned stoves and fireplaces. These appliances did not require seasoned wood, and frequently did not receive it. As a result, they often experienced very low flue temperatures â usually in flues that were not insulated as modern flues are. The
243:
Extracting nearly all the heat from the flue gas and replacing the natural draw of the flue gas with a small extractor fan, significantly increases efficiency without affecting the traditional appeal of wood stoves. This cuts fuel consumption but also simplifies installation, reduces costs, and
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Dry wood produces more usable heat than wet wood, since the energy isnât being used to evaporate the water from the wood before it can burn. Freshly cut wood (known as green wood) has a high moisture content. Different wood species have different moisture contents, which also vary tree to tree.
217:
Modern building techniques have created more airtight homes, forcing many stove manufacturers to design their stoves to permit outside air intakes. Outside air can improve the overall efficiency of the stove as a heater by drawing cold combustion air directly from the outside instead of drawing
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converts a wood-burning fireplace to a wood-burning stove. A fireplace insert is a self-contained unit that rests inside the existing fireplace and chimney. They produce less smoke and require less wood than a traditional fireplace. Fireplace inserts come in different sizes for large or small
495:
Creosote that does escape may still not be harmful if it leaves the wood in gaseous form. It will not condense on surfaces above 250 degrees
Fahrenheit (121 °C). Modern flues are insulated to help ensure that they do not fall below this temperature during normal stove operation. Creosote
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Pressure
Control: The fan creates a slightly reduced pressure inside the system, making small leaks inconsequential, unlike traditional systems where, due to positive pressure in the flue, leaks can cause serious issues. Efficient Start-Up: The fan generates strong airflow from the beginning,
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stoves. A rocket stove is up to 30% more fuel efficient than a Justa stove, but a small portable rocket stove (for cooking) does not have a chimney and is suitable for outdoor use only. Bigger rocket stoves are connected to chimney or flue-exhaust pipe. The haybox stove is another outdoor
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Not all hardwoods have a higher potential energy content than all softwoods. Wood varies by species and even individual trees (a tree with many years of slow growth will have a higher BTU content than a tree of the same species and same size than a tree with a few years of rapid growth).
707:
These regulations have been refined over time, notably in 2015 with a phased approach to lower emissions. The first phase capped emissions at 4.5 grams per hour, and the second phase further reduced this limit to either 2.0 or 2.5 grams per hour, based on the testing technique employed.
832:
are a type of fuel-efficient stove, named in the 1970s, but dating back millennia in concept. A super-hot chimney above the fire draws the flames sideways and up, blending hot fuel and air into a quick, hot, clean-burning fire that takes little wood, leaves little residue, and has many
626:. Creosote and soot gradually build up in stovepipes and chimneys. This could damage the chimney and spread fire to the surrounding structure, especially the roof. When soot blocks the airflow through the stove pipes or chimney, smoke can build up in the stove pipes and in the house.
702:
In 2019, EPA's mandatory smoke emission limit for wood stoves in 2019 was 4.5 grams of smoke per hour (g/h) under Step 1 of the revised standards of performance for wood burning room heaters. Washington State has also had requirements of a maximum of 4.5 grams per hour.
527:. They are typically made of steel or cast iron. Some models are also boiler stoves, with an attached water tank to provide hot water, and they can also be connected to radiators to add heat to the house, though they are usually not as efficient as a dedicated wood boiler.
284:
heat at the cost of 5 watts of electricity, sourced from the mains, solar batteries or other means. The flue gas is cooled sufficiently to allow the use of inexpensive plastic pipes, making traditional chimneys, heat-resistant flue liners, and regular sweeping unnecessary.
254:
Due to the flue gas being cool, an inexpensive plastic fan can be used, and heat resistant flue liners and even chimneys can be eliminated. The gas is vented outdoors via a thin plastic waste pipe, either through a small hole in the wall or up inside an existing chimney.
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Many softwoods will season (dry) much more quickly than many hardwoods. For example, pine that has been cut, split, stacked and topcovered will usually be ready to burn in one year; oak may be expected to take three years under the same conditions.
900:
780:, domestic wood burning has become the single biggest source of small particle air pollution. However, UK Gov. (DEFRA) statistics do not support this claim with road transport and industrial processes both being larger polluters.
740:
are actively assisting homeowners in constructing more fuel-efficient and safe wood-burning stoves. One design is called the Justa stove, Just stove, Ecostove, or La Estufa Justa. Justa stoves are made out of such materials as
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than hardwood. This myth is pervasive in the North
American northeast, where both types of wood are commonly available. It is not common in the northwest, where most full-time wood burners burn pine and fir exclusively.
575:
To overcome this, the pyrolyzing stove was developed. The two processes go on in separate parts of the stove with separately controlled air supplies. Most stoves designed to burn wood pellets fall into this category.
621:
The safe operation of a wood-burning stove requires regular maintenance such as emptying ash pans (containers) beneath the wood grate. Routine cleaning of the stove pipes and chimney is also needed to prevent
234:
updraft before lighting the fire. Leaving the door slightly open at start-up. Installing heat-resistant extractor fans atop the chimney if the natural draw proves inadequate. Maximizing secondary combustion.
970:
77:, and one or more air controls (which can be manually or automatically operated depending upon the stove). The first wood-burning stove was patented in Strasbourg in 1557. This was two centuries before the
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Correct air flow and ventilation are also critical to efficient and safe wood burning. Specific requirements will be laid down by the stove manufacturer. Legal requirements for new installations in the
400:. A face cord is 4' x 8' x the length of the log (usually 16 to 18 inches). A full cord is 4'x4'x8'. When purchasing, cutting, or collecting firewood, it is good to be aware of the difference between
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is one of the biggest markets for pellet-burning stoves in Europe, having around 30% of all homes using wood for some heat. This means about 5 million homes have a wood fueled stove or cooker.
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in homes, where the more variable cord wood is standard. This change aims for more realistic emissions testing, acknowledging the diversity in wood size, moisture, and type used in residences.
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century, and are still manufactured. In some models, the oil or gas may fuel the stove through a pipe connection leading to a "pot burner" in the rear of the firewood compartment in the stove.
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958:
660:, plastics, and so on, also must never be added to firewood in a wood stove, since the flames produced may easily overwhelm the wood compartment and stove pipes and create a house fire.
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Modern wood stoves universally have some method of secondary combustion to burn unburned gasses for greatly improved efficiency and emissions. One common method is via a catalyst.
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for a long time. Hardwoods are ideal for long, low burns, especially in stoves with a poor ability to sustain a low burn, or in mild weather when high heat output is not required.
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641:, which is highly poisonous and must not be allowed to escape into the home. This can occur if the stove or chimney has not been cleaned or there is insufficient ventilation.
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Stoves that do not employ any secondary combustion still exist, but are markedly less efficient and more polluting since unburnt products are left to leave via the flue.
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Most pyrolyzing stoves regulate both fuel and air supply as opposed to controlling combustion of a mass of fuel by simple air regulation as in traditional stoves.
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Burning fuel that is mostly water uses much of the combustion energy to evaporate the water. This results in low firebox temperatures and low flue temperatures.
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Modern stoves which are operated properly do not cause this high level of creosote accumulation. While different wood species do contain varying levels of
796:, is a more efficient type of wood-burning fireplace. It was finicky and never caught on, but many stoves continue to be referred to as "Franklin" stoves.
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The technology is not actually new; it has been used for decades in industrial coal-fired boilers intended to burn coal with high volatile content.
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Multi-fuel stoves are versatile, but usually perform poorly compared to a stove that is designed to burn one specific fuel as well as possible.
1488:
81:, so iron was still prohibitively expensive. The first wood-burning stoves were high-end consumer items and only gradually became used widely.
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invented the first wood-burning stove with a cast iron frame and glass door. This allowed the user to see the fire burning inside the stove.
485:. Seasoning by air-drying the wood can take three years or more. Wood is dried in outdoor well-ventilated covered structures, or in a kiln.
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All wood will release creosote vapors when burned. Modern stoves will burn the vapors, either via direct secondary combustion or via a
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the flue. The fire burns normally despite this change. Chimney extractor fans have been in use for a similar purpose for many years.
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421:, which are fast growing and may burn at a faster rate. This is one reason why softwood pellets (for pellet stoves) are popular.
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must be hotter than the outside temperature to ensure combustion gases are drawn out of the fire chamber and up the chimney.
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is usually measured and traded by volume or mass. In
English-speaking countries not fully metric it is often measured in
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by reducing the air supply means that very often there is a reduction zone/conditions within the stove. This means that
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or alarms should always be installed according to manufacturers' recommendations where a wood stove is in use. Not all
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water vapor also reduces the volume of flue gas by about 50%, thereby decreasing the workload for the extractor fan.
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can be found in
Building Regulations Approved Document J, Section 2, Table 1 "Air Supply to solid fuel appliances".
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Down draft or cross draft gasification stoves, i.e. Dunsley Yorkshire, Welkom 600, Avalon Arbor⢠wood stove, XEOOS.
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In order to comply with the Clean Air Act in "smoke control areas", an exempt appliance or fuel must be used.
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is reported to have increased efficiency of wood-burning stoves by a factor of eight in the mid-18th century.
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wood-burning stove. Haybox stoves use straw, wool, or foam as an insulator, reducing fuel use by up to 70%.
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each year by indoor air pollution caused by open-fire cooking, mostly women and children, according to the
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of several months in summer weather. Solar-powered or fuel-fired kilns can accelerate the drying process.
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753:, with chimneys. Other wood-burning stoves types are also being introduced to these communities, such as
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1214:"Residential heating with wood and coal: health impacts and policy options in Europe and North America"
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492:. Very little, if any, creosote will escape a properly operating modern stove's secondary combustion.
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Reclaiming "all" the heat defies industry norms but is central to achieving a super-efficient stove.
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Even with these features, the maximum efficiency achieved by a wood burning stove is less than 90%.
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There also exist hybrid stoves that employ both catalytic and non-catalytic secondary combustion.
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1st edition, released January 2011 Published by GIZ HERA â Poverty-oriented Basic Energy Service.
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Custom-fitted fireplace insert with large glass doors, and a large heat exchanger for efficiency
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To ensure good air draw, complex procedures and processes need to be followed. These include:
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730:(WHO). The cutting of large amounts of firewood also endangers local forests and ecosystems.
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Wisner, Erica. "The Rocket Mass Heater or Heating Rocket Stove". Retrieved 8 January 2015.
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203:, and stove pipes, and there is usually an air intake adjustment to regulate combustion.
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fuel, such as sawdust bricks. Generally the appliance consists of a solid metal (usually
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437:, also known as hedge, is perhaps the highest-BTU wood that is common in North America.
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1232:"A geospatial approach to understanding clean cooking challenges in sub-Saharan Africa"
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1538:"Napoleon turned up the heat and doubled its growth in five years - Canadian Business"
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2009:
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Khavari, Babak; Ramirez, Camilo; Jeuland, Marc; Fuso Nerini, Francesco (2023-01-12).
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88:, which will fill with hot combustion gases once the fuel is ignited. The chimney or
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in a stove chimney flue (1) controls air supply by being set open (2) or closed (3).
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1984:
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U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1987, page 2
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Softwood is often said to be dangerous to burn because it generates more dangerous
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better at achieving low, even heat output, which is desirable in warmer weather.
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emissions from wood-derived fuels are the same as emissions from natural decay.
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the firebox, and exit through the chimney. To regulate air flow, there may be
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2014:
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1513:"Emissions of air pollutants in the UK â Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)"
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The pelleted fuel is typically introduced into the pyrolyzing chamber with a
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In a conventional stove, when wood is added to a hot fire, a process of
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1360:"Approved Document J - Combustion appliances and Fuel Storage systems."
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Kiln-drying time of split oak firewood, Volume 254 of Research note FPL
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322: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
154: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Additional Benefits of cooling the flue gas to near room temperature.
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1557: First patent issued for a wood conserving stove in Strasbourg.
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1557: First patent issued for a wood conserving stove in Strasbourg.
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woman cooking on a stove typical of North American kitchens, in 1941
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Example of a retro-fit wood burning stove that does not need a flue.
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586:. This leads to better and more efficient combustion of the fuel.
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The most common process of removing the excess moisture is called
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1489:"Wood burning at home now biggest cause of UK particle pollution"
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Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), UK.
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in the UK) is a heating or cooking appliance capable of burning
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1191:"Wood burners triple harmful indoor air pollution, study finds"
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822:
758:
750:
746:
508:
182:
84:
The stove is connected by ventilating stove pipe to a suitable
1621:
550:
efficient at higher temperatures when that comes into effect.
2860:
2293:
996:
946:
770:
742:
70:
1425:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, DC.
2368:
2288:
850:
699:, and some other special appliances will still be exempt).
524:
520:
512:
200:
85:
976:
Wood stove used as an outdoor "evaporator" for producing
615:
244:
lowers emissions of carbon dioxide and soot particles.
592:
240:
Achieving a nearly 100% Efficient room heating stove.
537:
678:
1575:âMicro Gasification: Cooking with gas from biomassâ
1041:
A type that can be cooked on the top plate(Regency)
1403:"Burn Wise, Choosing the Right Wood-Burning Stove"
918:. Wooden laundry-drying racks hang over the stove.
2988:
695:almost all wood-burning appliances (fireplaces,
468:
687:requires that wood stoves be certified by the
568:or destructive distillation begins. Gases (or
354:Wood-burning stove heating a grocery store in
41:A 19th-century example of a wood-burning stove
1607:
715:Justa stoves, rocket stoves and haybox stoves
95:Wood burners can triple the level of harmful
652:Fuel accelerants such as coal, grease, oil,
61:, often called solid fuel, and wood-derived
894:, a traditional Japanese wood-burning stove
2374:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1623:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1614:
1600:
1486:
1338:. Business Communications Co. p. 30.
1333:
1247:
1014:Stove in the living room of a German farm
663:
366:Spencer woodstove in British bungalow at
338:Learn how and when to remove this message
170:Learn how and when to remove this message
2808:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
601:
511:. They burn solid fuels only, including
373:
361:
349:
274:
181:
36:
382:
14:
2989:
1535:
1400:
265:Advantages of Using an Extractor Fan.
2681:Programmable communicating thermostat
1595:
1463:"Simple plans to build a Justa stove"
1143:101 Inventions That Changed the World
1137:This contradicts a claim made in the
444:
272:Prototype Example: Retro-Fit System.
2803:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1427:"List of EPA Certified Wood Stoves."
559:
499:
320:adding citations to reliable sources
291:
152:adding citations to reliable sources
123:
1166:
629:The basic principle of controlling
593:Safety and pollution considerations
429:maximum possible heat out of them.
24:
2664:Minimum efficiency reporting value
1454:
1394:
1336:Energy efficient building handbook
538:Catalytic and non-catalytic stoves
25:
3018:
2706:Standard temperature and pressure
2419:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1955:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1684:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1487:Carrington, Damian (2021-02-16).
1460:
1314:
776:It has been claimed that, in the
679:US pollution control requirements
73:) closed firebox, often lined by
1775:Absorption-compression heat pump
1564:"Burn Wise" program. 2010-03-03.
1139:American History Channel Network
1034:
1019:
1007:
988:
969:
957:
938:
923:
899:
884:
869:
839:
765:
296:
128:
2670:Normal temperature and pressure
2050:Vapor-compression refrigeration
1580:
1567:
1554:
1529:
1505:
1480:
1432:
1419:
1385:
1365:
1352:
1327:
1071:, traditional Indian wood stove
689:Environmental Protection Agency
307:needs additional citations for
139:needs additional citations for
30:For a list of stove types, see
3002:Residential heating appliances
1440:"Forest-saving stove programs"
1300:
1286:
1272:
1223:
1206:
1183:
1131:
734:Non-governmental organizations
670:United Kingdom's Clean Air Act
199:devices built into the stove,
13:
1:
2818:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2762:Building information modeling
2757:Building services engineering
2334:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1862:Demand controlled ventilation
1810:Building insulation materials
1160:
469:Moisture content and creosote
378:Traditional Himalayan Tandoor
221:
119:
2379:High-pressure cut-off switch
1930:Ice storage air conditioning
1851:Dedicated outdoor air system
114:
7:
2722:Thermostatic radiator valve
2524:Thermostatic radiator valve
2035:Underfloor air distribution
1970:Radiant heating and cooling
1888:Energy recovery ventilation
1800:Automobile air conditioning
1664:Domestic energy consumption
1536:Spence, Rick (2019-03-25).
1468:. Aprovecho Research Center
1442:. Trees, Water & People
1046:
685:United States Clean Air Act
417:softwoods are derived from
10:
3023:
2871:Institute of Refrigeration
2752:Architectural technologist
2224:Electrostatic precipitator
1249:10.1038/s41893-022-01039-8
718:
463:volatile organic compounds
386:
206:By opening or closing the
29:
2933:
2924:Volatile organic compound
2899:
2826:
2783:Environmental engineering
2747:Architectural engineering
2730:
2578:
2549:Ultra-low particulate air
2134:Automatic balancing valve
2081:
2062:Variable refrigerant flow
1914:Heat recovery ventilation
1857:Deep water source cooling
1767:
1629:
1095:Outdoor wood-fired boiler
995:Small pot-bellied stove,
910:wood-burning stove in an
792:, originally invented by
728:World Health Organization
643:Carbon monoxide detectors
597:
2971:Template:Home automation
2793:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2489:Solar-assisted heat pump
2089:Air conditioner inverter
1868:Displacement ventilation
1759:Vapour pressure of water
1744:Thermal destratification
1334:Greenberg, Gail (1981).
1320:William Turner Simpson,
1151:Province of Pennsylvania
1124:
1118:Top-lit updraft gasifier
783:
649:detect carbon monoxide.
2966:World Refrigeration Day
2813:Refrigerant reclamation
2742:Architectural acoustics
2686:Programmable thermostat
2618:Clean air delivery rate
2514:Thermal expansion valve
2429:Pressurisation ductwork
2339:Ground source heat pump
1780:Absorption refrigerator
879:, burning wood for heat
287:
2956:Glossary of HVAC terms
2918:Sick building syndrome
2798:Mechanical engineering
2509:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1940:Mixed-mode ventilation
1401:US EPA (13 May 2013).
1373:"Smoke Control Areas."
1358:Planning Portal (UK).
664:UK smoke control areas
637:is often "reduced" to
610:
606:Potbelly stove at the
507:designs are common in
379:
371:
359:
280:
191:
42:
32:Stove (disambiguation)
2976:Template:Solar energy
2654:Intelligent buildings
2613:Carbon dioxide sensor
2000:Room air distribution
1820:Central solar heating
1236:Nature Sustainability
605:
387:Further information:
377:
365:
353:
278:
185:
79:Industrial Revolution
40:
2778:Duct leakage testing
2768:Deep energy retrofit
2712:Thermographic camera
2649:Infrared thermometer
2124:Air source heat pump
2073:Water heat recycling
1639:Air changes per hour
1562:"Fireplace Inserts."
1382:Accessed 2010-12-06.
1294:"Pre-heating a flue"
1199:. 18 December 2020.
1174:"Wood-burning stove"
800:Carl Johan Cronstedt
738:Rotary International
608:Museum of Appalachia
383:Hardwood or softwood
316:improve this article
148:improve this article
97:indoor air pollution
2644:HVAC control system
2634:Home energy monitor
2608:Building automation
2394:Inverter compressor
2056:Variable air volume
1965:Passive ventilation
1935:Kitchen ventilation
1835:Constant air volume
1805:Autonomous building
830:Rocket mass heaters
2907:Indoor air quality
2851:ASTM International
2788:Hydronic balancing
2565:Wood-burning stove
2444:Radiator reflector
2229:Evaporative cooler
2040:Underfloor heating
2025:Thermal insulation
1378:2010-12-17 at the
1147:Pennsylvania Dutch
916:Strasbourg, France
847:Rocket mass heater
806:Wolfgang Schroeter
611:
445:Softwood mythology
380:
372:
360:
281:
192:
47:wood-burning stove
43:
2984:
2983:
2900:Health and safety
2479:Scroll compressor
2434:Process duct work
2189:Convection heater
2184:Condensing boiler
2114:Air-mixing plenum
2010:Solar combisystem
1846:Cross ventilation
1649:Building envelope
1542:Canadian Business
1345:978-0-89336-283-6
794:Benjamin Franklin
560:Pyrolyzing stoves
500:Multi-fuel models
348:
347:
340:
180:
179:
172:
107:, although the CO
16:(Redirected from
3014:
2946:Building science
2701:Smart thermostat
2696:Room temperature
2279:Fireplace insert
1985:Radon mitigation
1883:Electric heating
1878:District heating
1873:District cooling
1790:Air conditioning
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1038:
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992:
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903:
888:
873:
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813:fireplace insert
505:Multi-fuel stove
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2941:ASHRAE Handbook
2929:
2913:Passive smoking
2895:
2828:
2822:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2580:
2574:
2555:Whole-house fan
2469:Run-around coil
2464:Reversing valve
2409:Mechanical room
2399:Kerosene heater
2389:Infrared heater
2319:Gasoline heater
2259:Fan filter unit
2174:Condensate pump
2159:Centrifugal fan
2077:
1980:Radiant heating
1975:Radiant cooling
1950:Passive cooling
1945:Microgeneration
1815:Central heating
1763:
1739:Thermal comfort
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1380:Wayback Machine
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1196:TheGuardian.com
1189:
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1157:
1149:) found in the
1136:
1132:
1127:
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1109:Red Cross stove
1059:Air-tight stove
1049:
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1024:
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880:
874:
865:
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768:
736:(NGOs) such as
723:
717:
681:
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647:smoke detectors
639:carbon monoxide
600:
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2691:Psychrometrics
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2588:Air flow meter
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2364:Heating system
2361:
2356:
2351:
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2344:Heat exchanger
2341:
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2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Gas compressor
2306:
2301:
2296:
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2256:
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2244:Expansion tank
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2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
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2176:
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2166:
2164:Ceramic heater
2161:
2156:
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2136:
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2042:
2037:
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2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:Solar air heat
2002:
1997:
1995:Renewable heat
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
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1942:
1937:
1932:
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1754:Thermodynamics
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1724:Psychrometrics
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1461:Scott, Peter.
1453:
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1418:
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1384:
1364:
1351:
1344:
1326:
1313:
1308:"Chimney fans"
1299:
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1271:
1242:(4): 447â457.
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1123:
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1120:
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1105:Portable stove
1102:
1097:
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1085:List of stoves
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982:New York State
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920:
906:Ceramic-tiled
905:
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881:
875:
868:
866:
845:
838:
835:
834:
827:
820:
817:
809:
803:
797:
790:Franklin stove
785:
782:
767:
764:
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713:
680:
677:
665:
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635:carbon dioxide
599:
596:
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591:
584:screw conveyor
561:
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105:climate change
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2773:Duct cleaning
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2544:Turning vanes
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2519:Thermal wheel
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2507:
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2500:
2497:
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2484:Solar chimney
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2254:Fan coil unit
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2199:Cooling tower
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2045:Vapor barrier
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Solar heating
2018:
2016:
2015:Solar cooling
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Refrigeration
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
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1968:
1966:
1963:
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1960:Passive house
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1830:Chilled water
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1729:Sensible heat
1727:
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1709:Noise control
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1317:
1310:. 2024-09-13.
1309:
1303:
1296:. 2024-09-13.
1295:
1289:
1282:. 2024-09-13.
1281:
1280:"Flue Liners"
1275:
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1090:Masonry stove
1088:
1086:
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1080:Kitchen stove
1078:
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1067:
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1028:Massachusetts
1022:
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1005:
1002:
998:
991:
986:
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979:
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948:
945:Wood-burning
941:
936:
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926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
897:
893:
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878:
872:
867:
864:
861:homestead in
860:
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848:
842:
837:
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831:
828:
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814:
810:
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801:
798:
795:
791:
788:
787:
781:
779:
774:
772:
766:Use in Europe
763:
760:
756:
755:rocket stoves
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
729:
722:
721:Kitchen stove
712:
708:
704:
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690:
686:
676:
673:
671:
661:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
624:chimney fires
619:
617:
609:
604:
590:
587:
585:
580:
577:
573:
571:
567:
557:
554:
551:
547:
543:
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532:
528:
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522:
518:
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510:
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486:
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455:
452:
442:
438:
436:
430:
426:
422:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
376:
369:
364:
357:
352:
342:
339:
331:
328:December 2019
321:
317:
311:
310:
305:This section
303:
299:
294:
293:
285:
277:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
228:
219:
215:
211:
209:
204:
202:
198:
189:
184:
174:
171:
163:
160:November 2014
153:
149:
143:
142:
137:This section
135:
131:
126:
125:
112:
106:
102:
101:deforestation
98:
93:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
27:Type of stove
19:
2951:Fireproofing
2735:and services
2731:Professions,
2629:Gas detector
2564:
2529:Trickle vent
2504:Smoke damper
2499:Smoke canopy
2494:Space heater
2424:Plenum space
2359:Heating film
2239:Exhaust hood
2209:Dehumidifier
2149:Blast damper
2144:Barrier pipe
2119:Air purifier
2030:Thermosiphon
1909:Free cooling
1825:Chilled beam
1749:Thermal mass
1734:Stack effect
1719:Particulates
1699:Infiltration
1630:Fundamental
1582:
1569:
1556:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:
1531:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:
1507:
1496:. Retrieved
1493:The Guardian
1492:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1434:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:
1387:
1367:
1354:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1302:
1288:
1274:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1168:
1142:
1133:
1113:Rocket stove
1100:Pellet stove
892:Daruma stove
859:permaculture
855:Paul Wheaton
775:
769:
732:
724:
709:
705:
701:
693:
682:
674:
667:
651:
628:
620:
612:
588:
581:
578:
574:
563:
555:
552:
548:
544:
541:
533:
529:
517:wood pellets
503:
494:
487:
480:
476:
472:
460:
456:
448:
439:
435:Osage orange
431:
427:
423:
392:
334:
325:
314:Please help
309:verification
306:
282:
271:
267:
264:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
216:
212:
205:
193:
166:
157:
146:Please help
141:verification
138:
94:
83:
54:
50:
46:
44:
2961:Warm Spaces
2603:Blower door
2581:and control
2579:Measurement
2560:Windcatcher
2534:Trombe wall
2474:Sail switch
2454:Refrigerant
2449:Recuperator
2324:Grease duct
2284:Freeze stat
2269:Fire damper
2139:Back boiler
2109:Air ionizer
2104:Air handler
2068:Ventilation
1920:Hybrid heat
1785:Air barrier
1704:Latent heat
1429:2010-02-22.
1362:2010-05-01.
1001:Afghanistan
978:maple syrup
908:cocklestove
51:wood burner
2991:Categories
2717:Thermostat
2639:Humidistat
2570:Zone valve
2539:TurboSwing
2414:Oil heater
2384:Humidifier
2314:Gas heater
2264:Fan heater
2234:Evaporator
2219:Economizer
2194:Compressor
2099:Air filter
2082:Components
1899:Forced-air
1795:Antifreeze
1768:Technology
1714:Outgassing
1654:Convection
1547:2020-07-29
1522:2024-08-20
1498:2022-02-13
1412:2019-12-06
1161:References
1075:Cook stove
931:New Mexico
719:See also:
668:Under the
631:combustion
368:Pollibetta
222:Efficiency
120:Air supply
90:flue gases
75:fire brick
55:log burner
18:Wood stove
2827:Industry
2676:OpenTherm
2354:Heat pump
2349:Heat pipe
2299:Fume hood
2274:Fireplace
2179:Condenser
2129:Attic fan
1925:Hydronics
1573:Roth C.,
1266:255875387
1258:2398-9629
1026:Stove in
697:chimeneas
570:volatiles
566:pyrolysis
483:seasoning
115:Operation
67:cast iron
59:wood fuel
2934:See also
2659:LonWorks
2593:Aquastat
2459:Register
2439:Radiator
2094:Air door
1894:Firestop
1694:Humidity
1669:Enthalpy
1659:Dilution
1644:Bake-out
1632:concepts
1472:March 8,
1446:March 8,
1376:Archived
1141:'s show
1054:Chimenea
1047:See also
912:Alsatian
877:Chimenea
658:kerosene
654:gasoline
490:catalyst
451:creosote
419:conifers
414:softwood
410:hardwood
408:. Both
406:softwood
402:hardwood
394:Firewood
389:Firewood
2997:Boilers
2733:trades,
2304:Furnace
2169:Chiller
1841:Coolant
1219:. 2015.
1069:Bukhari
1064:BioLite
951:Finland
949:stove,
914:house,
863:Montana
691:(EPA).
370:, India
356:Detroit
208:dampers
63:biomass
3007:Stoves
2886:SMACNA
2846:ASHRAE
2666:(MERV)
2620:(CADR)
2598:BACnet
2551:(ULPA)
2404:Louver
2329:Grille
2204:Damper
2154:Boiler
2052:(VCRS)
1853:(DOAS)
1517:GOV.UK
1407:US EPA
1342:
1264:
1256:
826:water.
823:Boiler
816:homes.
759:haybox
751:pumice
749:, and
747:cement
598:Safety
509:Europe
358:(1922)
197:damper
188:damper
2926:(VOC)
2920:(SBS)
2909:(IAQ)
2866:CIBSE
2861:BSRIA
2764:(BIM)
2708:(STP)
2672:(NTP)
2294:Freon
2064:(VRF)
2058:(VAV)
1916:(HRV)
1890:(ERV)
1864:(DCV)
1837:(CAV)
1560:EPA.
1466:(PDF)
1262:S2CID
1217:(PDF)
1125:Notes
997:Kabul
947:sauna
849:in a
833:uses.
784:Types
771:Italy
743:adobe
398:cords
71:steel
2881:LEED
2841:AMCA
2836:AHRI
2369:HEPA
2289:Flue
2214:Duct
1474:2012
1448:2012
1391:EPA.
1340:ISBN
1254:ISSN
851:tipi
757:and
683:The
525:peat
523:and
521:coal
513:wood
412:and
404:and
288:Fuel
201:flue
103:and
86:flue
49:(or
2891:UMC
2876:IIR
2856:BRE
2249:Fan
1244:doi
857:'s
853:at
318:by
150:by
69:or
53:or
2993::
1540:.
1515:.
1491:.
1405:.
1260:.
1252:.
1238:.
1234:.
1193:.
1176:.
999:,
980:,
811:A
778:UK
745:,
656:,
616:UK
519:,
515:,
186:A
45:A
1615:e
1608:t
1601:v
1550:.
1525:.
1501:.
1476:.
1450:.
1415:.
1348:.
1268:.
1246::
1240:6
1153:.
341:)
335:(
330:)
326:(
312:.
173:)
167:(
162:)
158:(
144:.
109:2
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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