2628:, an article from Firefly – Filipino Short Stories (Tulikärpänen – filippiiniläisiä novelleja), 2001 / 2007, retrieved on: April 12, 2008, "...Filipinas (i.e. Philippine women) enjoy a reputation of power and equality compared to most of their Asian neighbors..."; "...The Spaniards of the 1500s were horrified by the revolting liberty and too high social status of the woman, mujer indigena, in the islands just conquered by them. Women could own property and rule the people, act as leaders of rites and ceremonies of the society, and divorce their husbands..."; "The Conquistadors and the friars quickly changed this with the European model, where women's place was at home and not in prominent positions. As a consequence, during hundreds of years, education was given only to upper class girls, who were trained to become beautiful, submissive, capable to stitch embroidery, and suitable to marriage. The nun institution offered the only possibility for a career and teaching was the only educated occupation allowed to them..."
3627:, (This report is based on the proceedings of the Legislative Symposium on the government's implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action held on September 29, 1997, Philippines. The Committee on Women, House of Representatives and the Philippine NGO Beijing Score Board co-organized the symposium. The Committee on Women has the mandate to conduct congressional oversight on the implementation of laws and international instruments affecting the conditions of the Filipino women. The Philippine NGO Beijing Score Board is the main NGO network working with the government to monitor the implementation of the Platform for Action. During the Legislative Symposium, the report of the government was presented by Aurora Javate de Dios of the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women who is also the Philippine representative to CEDAW), 1998, 260 pp., AWORC.org, retrieved on: July 16, 2007
1957:
3029:, retrieved on: April 12, 2008, "...They (i.e. Filipino women) were now, for the first time equally with men, accepted to study..."; "...Their problem was the resistance of the patriarchal society..."; "...The first woman president Corazon Aquino was elected to power..."; "Many women writers, especially those from the capital area, participated in the development of the media since the 1930s..."; "...In the turn of the 1970s began a period of cultural revolution, student movements and new rise of nationalism. For the women writers it meant social awakening, commitment and protest..."; "...The Filipinas now wanted to create their own images by themselves..."
2223:(“dark and ill-ventilated rooms, smoke-filled factories”, etc.) for women and children. Then, in March 1923, “An Act to Regulate the Employment of Women and Children in Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Establishments and Other Workplaces” was passed to oversee the welfare of women and children. In 1960, under the Department of Labor, the Bureau of Women and Minors was created and was responsible for the promotion, development, and the protection of the welfare of working women and minors. Since then, more acts were made to oversee the welfare of women workers, as seen in both the 1935 and 1973 constitutions.
2052:
this conservative courtship idea is not so emphasized as much. Parents prefer their daughter to be courted in their home, so they can have a chance to know the man. It is during the courtship period that the man would put his best foot forward to create a good impression on the woman and her family. Generally, the man is being measured on his being a gentleman, ability to respect the woman's family, and servitude (the extent of what he was willing to do to prove his love for the woman). Usually, the woman is courted by several men and will have to choose the best from among her suitors.
1976:, introduced the Education Decree of 1863 (10 years before Japan had a compulsory free modern public education and 40 years before the United States government started a free modern public school system in the Philippines) that provided for the establishment and for the building of at least two free primary schools, one for the boys and another school for the girls, in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government. This decree, however, was not followed by many local governments due to the lasting patriarchal culture that Spain espoused.
145:
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4718:
1945:
5126:
4729:
1662:
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5136:
1965:
Philippines during the pre-Hispanic era this changed when the
Spaniards came and patterned the image of the Filipina to a meek and submissive individual. As it happened all over Asia, women in the Philippines were expected to become caring and nurturing mothers for their own children and take care of most household chores. Also a trait found all over Asia was the preference of most families to have male children instead of females.
2139:
children, washing clothes, repairs, budgeting, and helping in the farm. The husband is the one who makes sure the farm would yield quality crops, so he does all the maintenance work. In some cases, where the husband needs help from other men, the wife would make sure that the men are fed, so she cooks food and bring it to the farm. The
Filipino women, ensures that everyone is well fed, including any workers, relatives, or visitors.
1621:
26:
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out responsibilities and tasks as well as their male counterparts. There are 48 women
Representatives elected in the 15th Congress (2010 national election). They accounted for 21.6 percent of the total 222 Representatives as members of the Lower House. In 2010 Senatorial election, there were 14 women who ran out of 61 candidates (23.0%), of which two entered the top 12 winning senators (16.7%).
2294:"an increase in the quality of female politicians, there was not enough increase in" the number of women participants in government activities. From 1992 to 2001, Filipino women had been elected as local chief executives, functioning as mayors, governors, and captains of villages. One influential factor contributing to the increasing number of female politicians, is the elevation of
3520:, NCCA.gov.ph, October 27, 2003 (Taken from the Historical Framework for the Centennial Celebration of Women in Politics and Legislation, sponsored by Ugnayan ng Kababaihan sa Pulitika, National Centennial Commission – Women Sector and Committee on Women, House of Representatives, BayView Hotel, Manila, June 25, 1998), retrieved on: July 16, 2007 (archived from
2166:. This was because Manila's rivers had no potable water, and the supply from the Carriedo Waterworks, which was Manila's first water system and only created in 1882, was limited. These women had to travel to nearby towns to fetch water, which they brought back to the city in water-filled jars, for family consumption or sold for profit.
2293:
Participation of
Filipino women in Philippine politics was encouraged during the Beijing Declaration in 1995 at the United Nations' Fourth World Conference on Women. In February 2005, however, a United Nations review on the progress of Philippine women and their role in politics revealed that despite
2274:
Compared to other countries, Filipino women have gained and enjoyed equal rights with men. They have become presidents, senators, congresswomen, mayors. They have served in government offices, and have held cabinet positions for presidents. Filipino women have proven that they are capable of carrying
2142:
In general, Filipino women find pride in their work. They do not find themselves alienated from their chores because they work with, around, and for their families. This family-oriented mindset gives them a sense of dignity and responsibility. The family and the children are the primary priority some
2111:
The
Babaylan figure has resurfaced in Filipino diasporic communities as the indigenous Filipino concept is borrowed as a tool for decolonization practices and post-colonial discourse today. The Babaylan tradition and Babaylan-inspired practices are seen as an indigenous spiritual path among Filipinos
2098:
Women in the pre-colonial
Philippines enjoyed nearly equal status with men. Prior to colonization, both men and women could get a divorce for the following reasons: failure to meet family obligations, childlessness, and infidelity. Children, regardless of gender, and properties were equally divided
2051:
Courtship and relationships in the
Philippines are conservative in nature. The man will have to court the woman and prove his love for her before he can win her heart. Sometimes the courtship period would last for years. This however, is a very old fashioned idea. In the bigger more urbanized cities,
2005:
In the past, firms and businesses generally hire
Filipino women for less pay and secretarial functions. But at present, Filipino women are given the same opportunities as their male counterparts in the business realm. This is due to the political and economic changes at the global and national levels
2285:
A recent study revealed that there is a re-emergence of the empowerment of
Filipino women through the political process, just as they were prior to the arrival of conquerors from Spain. Philippine women are rediscovering their strengths. Filipino women had been successful in implementing policies by
2138:
Traditionally, rural and tribal women do all the household related chores. Heavy work that requires more strength is done by the husband. Now, the chore work is evenly distributed with the men doing just as much work as the women. The scope of their functions include cooking, cleaning, teaching the
2102:
In the
Philippines, society valued offspring regardless of gender. Female children were as valuable as male ones, mainly because they recognized that women are as important as men. Parents provide equal opportunities to their children. Filipino daughters can also go to school, inherit property, and
2009:
About one-third of businesses in the Philippines are operated by Filipino women. Many Filipino businesswomen in the urban sector can be found in the hospitality sector, marketing, publishing, real estate, transportation, financial consulting, trade and services, electronics and appliances, and much
1988:
Through the American-patterned school system, Filipino women became professionals, although most of them and their male counterparts opted for making use of their former education roots and expressed themselves in Spanish or Tagalog. According to the Monroe Commission on Philippine Education: “Upon
1895:
depending on the ethnic group of the region, held important positions in the community. They were the spiritual leaders of the Filipino communities, tasked with responsibilities pertaining to rituals, agriculture, science, medicine, literature and other forms of knowledge that the community needed.
2289:
Modern-day Filipino women are making strides in electoral politics by initiating more female-oriented programs. They are performing well as leaders, although generally, Filipino women still often earn political seats by having fathers and husbands who are politically connected, a "dynasty system"
2246:
a rounded face, not of the oval type often presented to us in newspapers and magazine illustrations. The eyes should be exceptionally lively, not the dreamy, sleepy type that characterizes the Mongolian. The nose should be of the blunt form but firm and strongly marked. ... So the ideal Filipino
1964:
Although Christian values were supposed to be spread through the population, missionaries and priests soon realized that they'd be better off adapting their doctrine as much as possible to the local customs, rather than trying to impose it. Although the concept of gender equality existed in the
2222:
In the early 1900s, the female workforce in the Philippines was also a highly debated topic during workers’ conferences. In 1910, during the first Congress of Labor, the decision to enact a law that would regulate the employment of women and children was approved due to poor working conditions
2018:
In rural areas, the Filipino woman runs the household even if she should have a job. The children approach her for money and help. She is the family's treasurer. She supports the children’s educational needs. For non-family members who require support, the wife is the person to be approached.
1989:
leaving school, more than 99% of Filipinos will not speak English in their homes. Possibly, only 10% to 15% of the next generation will be able to use this language in their occupations. In fact, it will only be the government employees, and the professionals, who might make use of English.”
2083:, provides that the killing of a spouse and/or of the partner of the spouse caught in the act of extramarital sex by the other spouse, as well as the killing of a daughter caught by the parent in the act of premarital sex, are to be punished only by the symbolic punishment of
2143:
Filipino women's life. In addition to doing housework, the contemporary role of a Filipino wife today is to provide financial support in the household by seeking employment in higher-earning occupations which then expands the Filipino female work outside the household.
2290:
that hinders other Filipino women from joining the electoral process. Other factors that prevent full-engagement of other well-qualified Filipino women from the Philippine political scene are the expense in politics and the importance of the family name.
3547:, Statement by Dr. Amelou Benitez Reyes, Chairperson, National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, Head of Delegation, Twenty-third Special Session of the General Assembly, New York, UN.org, June 5 to 9, 2000, retrieved on: July 16, 2007
2035:, that "whether some (Filipino) men are willing to admit it or not"... "rural women in the Philippines wield considerable authority," the housewife in particular. This is especially if the housewife, who is often referred to as the
3535:(presented by Professor Prudencia V. Conlu, Dean, College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Miag-as, Iloilo. Philippines), FAO Corporate Document Repository, FAO.org, 1994, retrieved on: July 16, 2007
1984:
When Spain lost the Spanish–American War in 1898, the Philippines was ceded to the United States of America. The U.S.A. introduced a new public education system which retained opportunity to every child regardless of gender.
2200:
or women milk sellers played a crucial role in a time when refrigerators were not yet available. They roamed on streets, and had to balance a small jar of milk on their head and carry a bottle for transferring milk.
2213:
or women cigarette makers were predominantly employed in these factories. Their tasks involved preparing and wrapping tobacco leaves, cutting tobacco ends, counting production, and arranging the tobacco in boxes.
2099:
in a divorce. Since a man needed to pay a dowry to the woman's family, she was required to give it back should she be found at fault. If the man was at fault, he then lost the right to get back his dowry.
2247:
beauty should not necessarily be white complexioned, nor of the dark brown color of the typical Malayan, but of the clear skin or fresh colored type which we often witness when we met a blushing girl
2039:(Light of the Home), is convinced of the benefits that will be gained from a certain practice such as the concept of family planning in the barrios. Flavier also mentioned that "In the Philippine
2315:
1742:
in origin, and a variation of the name "Udaya", meaning "arise" or "rising sun", or the name "Urja", meaning "breath". A historical reference to Urduja can be found in the travel account of
2612:, developed and facilitated by Nitz Clamonte, Ozamiz.com (undated), archived from htm Through the Years, Brightly: The Tadtarin]; and Joaquin, Nick. The Summer Solstice, PIA.gov (undated),
1597:
hierarchical structure, class differences, religious justifications, and living in a globally developing nation wherein Filipino women struggle for respect. Compared to other parts of
257:
1997:
Modern-day Philippine women play a decisive role in Filipino families. They usually handle the money, act as religious mentors, and can also make all the important family decisions.
1767:
and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the Madjapahit court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.
2724:
1936:
who wore female clothes and took the demeanor of a woman. Anatomy was not the only basis for gender. Gender was based primarily on occupation, appearance, actions and sexuality.
1805:, she is considered one of the most powerful rulers in the kingdom's history. She is also notably a Buddhist ruler of the kingdom, which encompassed land along the banks of the
1593:
women live in a culture that is focused on the community, with the family as the main unit of society, but not always according to this stereotype. It is in this framework of
3625:
Philippines: Specific Commitments Made at Beijing, Beyond Beijing: Taking Root and Gaining Ground Asia Pacific Development Centre – Gender and Development Programme (GAD-APDC)
3295:
2688:(based on a lecture and election studies by Prosperina D. Tapales, professor of public administration at the University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines)
2319:
2177:
played a significant role in Philippine society in the past. Besides being beneficial for health, chewing betel leaf was a popular hobby among Filipinos.The high demand for
2270:, 1992, the first female president of the Republic of the Philippines, recognized by the international diplomatic community as the "Mother of Asian Democracy".
201:
2642:
3715:
Name of Organization: National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, UNESCAP.org
2006:
in urban society that have led to the growth of export-based industries and the service sector, which then created more opportunities for Filipino women.
1546:
3275:
3247:
1845:
held positions of authority as religious leaders, community doctors and healers in some pre-colonial Philippine societies. The vital functions of the
2444:
4667:
3657:
The History of Filipino Women's Writings, an article from Firefly – Filipino Short Stories (Tulikärpänen – filippiiniläisiä novelleja), 2001 / 2007
3593:"Executive Order No. 348 of 17 February 1989 approving and adopting the Philippine Development Plan for Women for 1989 to 1992, 17 February 1989".
3572:
Philippine Legislators' Committee on Population and Development Foundation (February 1992). "Philippine laws and policies on the status of women".
3027:
The History of Filipino Women's Writings, an article from Firefly – Filipino Short Stories (Tulikärpänen – filippiiniläisiä novelleja), 2001 / 2007
2420:
4532:
4221:
3992:
2908:
2067:(the Philippines allows divorce for Muslims). The Philippines is one of the few non-Muslim majority countries to maintain a criminal law against
1794:
4310:
4298:
2087:(banishment from a geographical area for a period of time). These laws are based on old Spanish laws that were repealed in Spain in 1963 (the "
4055:
3863:
3214:
1013:
3631:
3517:
2992:
History of the Islands of the Philippine Archipelago and the Kingdoms of Great China, Tartary, Cochinchina, Malaca, Siam, Cambodge and Japan
1646:. They were entitled to property, engage in a trade and could exercise their right to divorce her husband. They could also become village
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3754:
3642:
3425:
2735:
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or women water carriers were responsible for transporting large clay jars filled with water from distant and cleaner sources such as the
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414:
252:
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is described to be a nation of strong women, who directly and indirectly run the family unit, businesses, and government agencies.
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405:
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1539:
1473:
509:
262:
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4405:
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3145:
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1782:
666:
225:
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4604:
4587:
4439:
4422:
4286:
4033:
3955:
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2463:
698:
3340:
3234:
2043:, the one responsible for the home" and its management "is the wife... she holds the key to... household... development."
4619:
4376:
4329:
4142:
4086:
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3792:
2607:
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2425:
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are smaller compare to their male counterparts. This was primarily because engagement in politics is considered "dirty."
765:
2430:
4582:
4427:
3943:
3727:
National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW), International Labour Organization, ILO.org, February 6, 2004
3368:
Alcantara, Adelamar N. (January 1, 1994). "Gender Roles, Fertility, and the Status of Married Filipino Men and Women".
3324:
3544:
2508:
Babaylan conference held at St. Scholastica's College (2006) - celebration of the Feminist movement in the Philippines
5160:
5015:
4388:
4305:
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3541:, Presidential Decree No. 633, Malacañang Palace, Manila, LawPhil.net, January 7, 1975, retrieved on: July 16, 2007
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2449:
2286:
becoming executive staff members, advisers to politicians, and as advocates within non-governmental organizations.
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165:
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in the absence of a male heir. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, Filipino women could also achieve status as
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785:
3518:"A Celebration of Herstory: Filipino Women in Legislation and Politics, Perspective, About Culture and Arts"
2019:
However, the wife is neither the person who makes the final decision or the person who hands out the money.
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in the Philippines and in the diaspora as a means to remembering relations to their homeland and healing.
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4341:
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4231:
4115:
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3076:
Philippines Women in Culture, Business & Travel: A Profile of Filipino Women in the Fabric of Society
683:
321:
3197:
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Babaylan conference in Germany organized by women advocating for the rights of Overseas Filipino Workers
2244:
rejected Western ideals of beauty in favor of Filipino ideals. He said that the women he painted have "
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3276:"'Marry-your-rapist' practice, laws exist in PHL, 20 other nations – UNFA report | Cai Ordinario"
1631:
Some pre-colonial social structures of the Philippines gave equal importance to maternal and paternal
5165:
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4271:
4241:
4226:
4120:
2120:
2095:(that is, a law that exonerates a rapist from punishment if he marries the victim after the attack).
2079:, which has a more narrow definition and is punished less severely). Furthermore, Article 247 called
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186:
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Remembering Conquest: Feminist/Womanist Perspectives on Religion, Colonization, and Sexual Violence
2381:
2091:" law) and in 1978 (the adultery law). The Philippine is also one of 20 countries that still has a
1956:
1589:
Although they generally define themselves in the milieu of a male-dominated post-colonial society,
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83:
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2939:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009, c2008. pp. 162–163, 166, 170–173, 191, 404.
2209:
Tobacco was as a major cash crop in the Philippines, leading to the establishment of factories.
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3038:"A Survey of the Educational System of the Philippine Islands", Monroe, Paul, 1925, pp. 24–25
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3248:"Las leyes de Franco ampararon el derecho del marido a asesinar a su mujer por infidelidad"
3110:
2937:
Philippine gay culture : the last thirty years : binabae to bakla, silahis to MSM
2884:"Feminism and the Women's Movement in the Philippines: Struggles, Advances, and Challenges"
2374:
2189:
They wrapped betel nut and lime in betel leaves, and sold their goods along the pavements.
2124:
1973:
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Development of Fisheries in the Region: The Role of Filipino Women in Fishing Communities
3528:
3146:"western-asian.com – This website is for sale! – western asian Resources and Information"
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571:
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159:
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The women's movement organized in the early 20th-century in organizations such as the
1824:
known for her bravery as she and her husband held of the invaders with 4,000 warriors.
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3296:"'Marry your rapist' laws in 20 countries still allow perpetrators to escape justice"
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In the precolonial era of the Philippines there are numerous women are entitled as a
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3262:"El adulterio fue delito en España hasta 1978, castigado con hasta 6 años de cárcel"
2515:
Coming Full Circle: The Process of Decolonization Among Post 1965 Filipino Americans
1686:, the female presence in the Noble caste are prominent in the kinship system in the
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4527:
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2151:
Below are some of the work that women in Manila performed during the 19th century:
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818:
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633:
419:
390:
367:
230:
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or Queen Urduja is a legendary warrior princess who is recognized as a heroine in
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3545:"Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the Twenty-first Century"
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1413:
1403:
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928:
883:
828:
643:
316:
3532:
5111:
5030:
4990:
4965:
4945:
4880:
4855:
4845:
4830:
3656:
3280:
3026:
2637:
2625:
2338:
2295:
2163:
1754:
1601:, women in Philippine society have always enjoyed a greater share of equality.
1598:
1513:
1428:
1408:
1388:
1363:
1328:
1288:
1263:
1253:
1193:
1163:
1148:
1118:
1113:
1098:
1078:
1028:
973:
968:
923:
845:
678:
628:
538:
487:
431:
41:
5154:
5129:
4950:
4915:
4870:
4865:
4774:
1778:
1518:
1303:
1278:
1213:
1183:
1133:
1128:
1053:
993:
963:
838:
673:
543:
504:
492:
470:
452:
267:
3341:"Researchers: Female Genital Mutilation 'Prevalent' in Southern Philippines"
3025:
Vartti, Riitta (editor), “Women writers through the ages; The U.S. Period”,
2624:
Vartti, Riitta (editor), “Women writers through the ages; The Spanish era”,
2322:, who campaigned for women's suffrage and other rights for gender equality.
3606:
3585:
3564:
2808:
2358:
2071:; and the law differentiates between female infidelity (Article 333 called
2060:
2022:
1969:
1810:
1802:
1764:
1647:
803:
291:
1849:
were highly recognized and embodied in the traditional role of women in a
1750:. Ibn Battuta sailed for 17 days to reach China from the land of Tawalisi.
5139:
3763:
3614:
3466:
1806:
1743:
1625:
1583:
750:
720:
497:
3381:
3732:
3688:
3664:
3201:
2705:. UCLA International Institute: UCLA Center for Southeast Asian Studies
2127:
1798:
1655:
1594:
833:
775:
770:
3551:
Rivera PC (1979). "Women in development: the road toward liberation".
2263:
1690:, here are the examples of notable Queens in the Philippine history:
2182:
2054:
Courtship and relationships remain the same for rural and urban areas
1932:
also existed. Early historical accounts record the existence of male
3680:
2081:
Death or physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances
3615:"The Role and Status of the Filipina, A Country Study: Philippines"
2646:, Ballantine Books, Random House, Inc., March 3, 1990, 536 pages,
2511:
International Babaylan Conference at Sonoma State University (2010)
2483:
Babaylan: An Anthology of Filipina and Filipina American Literature
2068:
2025:, a physician, an authority on community development, and a former
1851:
1841:
1739:
1735:
1705:
1702:
235:
3426:"Empowered Filipino women break boundaries in 19th-century Manila"
3215:"Why the Philippines is the only country where divorce is illegal"
2064:
1817:
1790:
1747:
1639:
790:
745:
4743:
2787:"8 Filipina Queens and Princesses Too Awesome for Disney Movies"
1620:
2505:
Filipina American Women's Network conference in New York (2005)
2040:
1731:
306:
25:
1944:
1856:
Cross-dressing males sometimes took on the role of the female
1661:
4677:
4494:
2178:
1709:
240:
178:
3721:
Philippines, Women's Studies, Bibliography, LIB.Berkeley.edu
3539:
Creating a National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women
2502:
featuring Babaylan-inspired art by Filipino American Artists
3649:, MB.com, 2001, retrieved on: July 16, 2007 (archived from
1909:
1821:
1643:
3702:
3621:, Bansa.org, March 30, 2006, retrieved on: January 4, 2010
3407:. National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women. 1985.
2962:
Bagong kasaysayan: Ang babaylan sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas
1746:(1304 – possibly 1368 or 1377 AD), a Muslim traveler from
1835:
LGBT rights in the Philippines § Pre-colonial period
1642:
system accorded Philippine women enormous power within a
2904:
Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM
2606:
Clamonte, Nitz. Women in the Philippines, Compiled from
3643:
Cites Role of Women in Nation's History and Development
3319:. Santa Rosa, California: Center for Babaylan Studies.
3121:
Experiences with the Philippine Reconstruction Movement
2807:
Odal-Devora, Grace (2000). Alejandro, Reynaldo Gamboa;
1757:
known for her sense of justice and respect for the law.
2123:
is performed in the Philippines in the predominately
1820:
who ascended to power and become the Queen consort of
203:
Gender representation on corporate boards of directors
3709:
National Commission on the Role of Women, LawPhil.net
3355:"Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in the Bangsamoro"
2697:
2532:
Sikolohiyang Pilipino/Filipino Indigenous Psychology
2394:
1913:
on important social activities. In the absence of a
2983:
1753:Dayang Sima (c. 637 CE) is The legendary queen of
3317:Babaylan: Filipinos and the Call of the Indigenous
3090:"Philippines: The Role and Status of the Filipina"
3703:National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women
3198:Filipino Wedding Traditions and Spanish Influence
2964:. Philippines: Palimbang Kalawakan. pp. 2–7.
2781:
2779:
2700:"Women in Contemporary Philippine Local Politics"
2643:In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines
2445:National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women
5152:
3665:"Law, Gender, and the Family in the Philippines"
2953:
2498:Art exhibit at San Francisco State University -
2063:are the only countries in the world to prohibit
2013:
426:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics
3529:"Role of Filipino women in fisheries community"
2994:. Barcelona: La Editorial Catolica. p. 50.
2103:even become village chiefs like Filipino sons.
3638:, IMDiversity.com, retrieved on: July 16, 2007
3487:"Women participation. Politics and governance"
3082:
2968:
2776:
2476:
30:Group of Filipino women wearing modern apparel
4759:
3748:
2675:Women's Political Role on Rise in Philippines
2046:
1540:
2169:
2115:
2989:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2106:
1928:was mostly associated to females, but male
4766:
4752:
3755:
3741:
3127:, New Day Publishers (1970/2007), p. 157,
3125:Chapter 10: Family Planning in the Barrios
3021:
3019:
2691:
2075:) and male infidelity (Article 334 called
1921:could take charge of the whole community.
1547:
1533:
4069:
3662:
3550:
3367:
3230:
3228:
2977:Historia de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas
2671:
2469:Violence against women in the Philippines
2146:
1763:(c.1300s) in oral tradition recounted by
3762:
3449:
3447:
3092:. Encyclopedia of the Nations. June 1991
3049:"Gender and the Urban Political Economy"
2797:
2626:The History of Filipino Women's Writings
2620:
2618:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2262:
2237:In his paintings of Filipino women, the
1955:
1943:
1773:(r. 1450–ca. 1515) is the only recorded
1660:
1619:
3641:Former President Fidel V. Ramos (FVR),
3314:
3104:
3016:
2959:
2815:. Unilever Philippines. pp. 43–66.
2455:Women in the Philippine National Police
2440:Women and government in the Philippines
2431:Single mother phenomenon of Philippines
2259:Women and government in the Philippines
1979:
5153:
3225:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2900:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2759:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2217:
2130:region in the south of the country. -
2056:despite the modern western influence.
1939:
1616:List of Pre-colonial Filipino consorts
4747:
3736:
3444:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3070:
3068:
2845:
2631:
2615:
2593:
2521:Between the Homeland and the Diaspora
2364:
1992:
1578:. Their role includes the context of
3185:"Introduction to Philippine Culture"
2881:
2551:"Human Development Report 2021/2022"
2316:Society for the Advancement of Women
2252:
1716:as a bargain to clear the debt of 1
699:Gender representation in video games
3499:Kathleen Nadeau, Sangita Rayamajhi
3308:
2925:
2870:
2656:
2426:List of ancient Philippine consorts
2305:
13:
3632:"In Celebration of Filipino Women"
3511:
3411:
3388:
3065:
2974:
2325:
2204:
1652:medicine women or high-priestesses
14:
5177:
4773:
3696:
2464:Women's rights in the Philippines
5134:
5125:
5124:
4728:
4727:
4716:
3405:Women Workers in the Philippines
2990:Ribadeneira, Marcelo de (1947).
2888:Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières
2852:. Taylor & Francis. p.
2450:Women in the Philippine military
2397:
2302:as Philippine women Presidents.
2226:
2154:
2133:
2000:
1783:pre-Hispanic Philippine kingdoms
1738:. The name Urduja appears to be
1609:
216:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
143:
24:
3493:
3479:
3361:
3347:
3333:
3288:
3268:
3254:
3240:
3207:
3191:
3177:
3138:
3078:. World Trade Press, Inc. 2010.
3041:
3032:
2998:
2894:
2882:Hega, Mylene D. (August 2017).
2839:
2576:"Global Gender Gap Report 2022"
1582:, standards, and mindsets. The
5092:British Indian Ocean Territory
3659:, retrieved on: April 12, 2008
3370:Philippine Sociological Review
3315:Strobel, Leny Mendoza (2010).
2767:
2717:
2698:Proserpina D. Tapales (2005).
2678:. UCLA International Institute
2568:
2543:
1:
3729:, retrieved on: July 16, 2007
3723:, retrieved on: July 16, 2007
3717:, retrieved on: July 16, 2007
3711:, retrieved on: July 16, 2007
3705:, retrieved on: April 9, 2008
2536:
2485:published by Aunt Lute (2001)
2421:First Lady of the Philippines
2312:Asociacion Feminista Filipina
2014:Rural and tribal clan setting
4222:Business process outsourcing
3663:Feliciano, Myrna S. (1994).
2491:Filipino American journal -
2416:Courtship in the Philippines
2280:women who engage in politics
1968:During the last part of the
1960:Filipina women making cigars
1724:of her parents Namwaran and
1673:
667:Portrayal in American comics
258:Heads of state or government
7:
2901:Garcia, J. Neil C. (2008).
2556:. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS
2477:Further reading on babaylan
2390:
2320:Asociaction Feminist Ilonga
1828:
10:
5182:
3647:The Manila Bulletin Online
2846:Lewis, Nantawan B (2014).
2256:
2239:Philippine National Artist
2230:
2047:Marriage and relationships
1832:
1665:Mestiza Filipina women in
1613:
1604:
5120:
5079:
5039:
4781:
4699:
4618:
4503:
4337:
4328:
4207:
4198:
4014:
4005:
3887:
3878:
3811:
3780:
3771:
3202:muslim-marriage-guide.com
3169:Cite uses generic title (
2609:Gender Awareness Seminars
2500:Sino Ka? Ano Ka? Babaylan
2170:Betel Leaf and Nut Seller
2121:Female genital mutilation
2116:Female genital mutilation
2029:, described in his book,
1816:Tuanbaloka is woman from
1793:. The eldest daughter of
120:
112:
105:
97:
89:
82:
74:
63:
53:
40:
35:
23:
5161:Women in the Philippines
4841:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4126:House of Representatives
4019:Administrative divisions
3669:Law & Society Review
3459:excerpt available online
3453:Paras-Perez, Rodriguez.
2935:Garcia, J. Neil (2009).
2732:www.bagongkasaysayan.org
2382:Ermita: A Filipino Novel
2185:led to the emergence of
2107:Babaylan in 21st century
1560:Women in the Philippines
19:Women in the Philippines
5102:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3619:The Library of Congress
2412:Romantic relationships
2300:Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
2233:Women in Philippine art
1570:) may also be known as
1568:Kababaihan sa Pilipinas
1567:
253:Conservatives in the US
226:Explorers and travelers
107:Global Gender Gap Index
84:Gender Inequality Index
4723:Philippines portal
4267:Science and technology
3473:March 5, 2008, at the
3235:PHL revised penal code
2960:Salazar, Zeus (1999).
2581:. World Economic Forum
2332:Filipino women writers
2330:Some of the prominent
2271:
2147:In 19th-century Manila
1961:
1953:
1950:Filipino mestiza woman
1670:
1628:
556:In Shakespeare's works
4678:Sport and martial art
4094:Executive departments
3527:Conlu, Prudencia V.,
3502:Women's Roles in Asia
3150:ww1.western-asian.com
3116:Doctor to the Barrios
2907:. UP Press. pp.
2266:
2093:marry-your-rapist law
2032:Doctor to the Barrios
1959:
1947:
1907:worked alongside the
1701:. She was married to
1664:
1623:
312:Nobel Prize laureates
75:Women in labour force
5016:United Arab Emirates
4543:Fashion and clothing
4384:Environmental issues
4311:Water and sanitation
4148:Regional Trial Court
3993:World Heritage Sites
3601:: 132, 551–4. 1989.
3156:on January 28, 2010.
3111:Flavier, Juan Martin
2793:. February 26, 2019.
2773:Ibn Battuta, p. 888.
2493:Pusod:Call of Nature
2375:Three Filipino Women
2059:The Philippines and
1980:American Philippines
1974:Isabella II of Spain
1972:of the Philippines,
1697:(C.900 CE) Known in
1688:Philippine societies
1469:United Arab Emirates
406:in the United States
221:Economic development
211:Diversity (politics)
197:Female entrepreneurs
5043:limited recognition
4533:Cultural properties
4299:Tourist attractions
3846:Japanese occupation
3630:Caoile, Gloria T.,
3250:. November 7, 2021.
2979:. pp. 195–209.
2975:Alcina, Francisco.
2218:In the 20th century
1940:Spanish Philippines
1454:Trinidad and Tobago
689:Speculative fiction
582:Theological figures
527:Feminist philosophy
327:Reproductive rights
133:Part of a series on
66:secondary education
64:Women over 25 with
55:Women in parliament
45: (per 100,000)
20:
4548:Historical markers
4406:Indigenous peoples
4282:Telecommunications
4056:Political families
3897:Biosphere reserves
3595:Annu Rev Popul Law
3357:. October 8, 2021.
3006:"The Native Woman"
2813:The River Dwellers
2405:Philippines portal
2365:In popular culture
2272:
2027:Philippine senator
1993:Contemporary roles
1962:
1954:
1801:with her husband,
1671:
1629:
1019:Dominican Republic
786:Mixed martial arts
756:Fastpitch softball
337:Violence and abuse
322:Positions of power
42:Maternal mortality
36:General Statistics
18:
5148:
5147:
5085:other territories
4741:
4740:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4605:Traditional games
4440:Income inequality
4423:Human trafficking
4324:
4323:
4287:Telephone numbers
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4061:Political parties
4034:Foreign relations
4001:
4000:
3874:
3873:
3859:Marcos presidency
3850:Postcolonial era
3553:Initiatives Popul
3455:Amorsolo Drawings
3304:. April 14, 2021.
3284:. April 16, 2021.
2918:978-971-542-577-3
2863:978-1-317-78946-8
2354:Lualhati Bautista
2268:Corazon C. Aquino
2253:Women in politics
2242:Fernando Amorsolo
2175:Betel nut chewing
1771:Dayang Kalangitan
1624:A cagayan woman.
1557:
1556:
761:Football / soccer
684:Fictional pirates
476:Art history field
352:Exchange of women
128:
127:
5173:
5166:Women by country
5138:
5128:
5127:
5097:Christmas Island
4783:Sovereign states
4768:
4761:
4754:
4745:
4744:
4731:
4730:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4501:
4500:
4455:Overseas workers
4377:Higher education
4335:
4334:
4205:
4204:
4143:Court of Appeals
4099:Executive office
4067:
4066:
4012:
4011:
3885:
3884:
3826:Pre-colonial era
3778:
3777:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3692:
3636:Tambuli Magazine
3613:Blake, Matthew.
3610:
3589:
3568:
3505:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3432:. March 12, 2024
3422:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3386:
3385:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3211:
3205:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3157:
3152:. Archived from
3142:
3136:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3010:www.univie.ac.at
3002:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2879:
2868:
2867:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2809:Yuson, Alfred A.
2804:
2795:
2794:
2783:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2741:on March 4, 2016
2740:
2734:. Archived from
2729:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2669:
2654:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2547:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2306:Women's movement
2089:crime of passion
1924:The role of the
1667:Maria Clara gown
1580:Filipino culture
1549:
1542:
1535:
1219:Marshall Islands
796:Paralympic Games
427:
204:
169:
147:
138:Women in society
130:
129:
101:101st out of 191
46:
28:
21:
17:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5116:
5084:
5075:
5056:Northern Cyprus
5042:
5035:
4777:
4772:
4742:
4737:
4717:
4715:
4687:
4614:
4583:Public holidays
4499:
4428:Sex trafficking
4320:
4186:
4104:Law enforcement
4065:
3997:
3961:Protected areas
3870:
3839:American period
3807:
3767:
3761:
3699:
3681:10.2307/3054074
3592:
3514:
3512:Further reading
3509:
3508:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3475:Wayback Machine
3452:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3389:
3376:(1/4): 94–109.
3366:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3313:
3309:
3301:TheGuardian.com
3294:
3293:
3289:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3264:. May 14, 2016.
3260:
3259:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3226:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3017:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2988:
2984:
2973:
2969:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2899:
2895:
2880:
2871:
2864:
2844:
2840:
2828:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2805:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2727:
2725:"Archived copy"
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2681:
2679:
2672:Shah, Angilee.
2670:
2657:
2638:Karnow, Stanley
2636:
2632:
2623:
2616:
2605:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2479:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2367:
2349:Melchora Aquino
2344:Gabriela Silang
2328:
2326:Prominent women
2308:
2261:
2255:
2235:
2229:
2220:
2207:
2205:Cigarette Maker
2172:
2157:
2149:
2136:
2118:
2109:
2049:
2037:Ilaw ng Tahanan
2016:
2003:
1995:
1982:
1942:
1837:
1831:
1761:Empress Sasaban
1726:Dayang Angkatan
1676:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1553:
1524:
1523:
859:
849:
848:
841:
829:Track and field
716:
706:
705:
657:
656:Popular culture
649:
648:
577:
576:
561:
560:
515:Science fiction
461:
460:
442:
441:
425:
376:
375:
357:
356:
332:Venture capital
297:Law enforcement
202:
187:Animal advocacy
183:
163:
160:Women's history
155:
124:17th out of 146
44:
31:
12:
11:
5:
5179:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4775:Women in Asia
4771:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4725:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4389:Climate change
4381:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4306:Transportation
4303:
4302:
4301:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4272:Stock exchange
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
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4112:
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4106:
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4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4075:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3966:National parks
3958:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3934:Extreme points
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3912:Climate change
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3864:Fifth Republic
3861:
3856:
3854:Third Republic
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3834:Spanish period
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766: articles
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3697:External links
3695:
3694:
3693:
3675:(3): 547–560.
3660:
3654:
3653:on 2008-02-25)
3639:
3628:
3622:
3611:
3590:
3569:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3525:
3524:on 2008-02-23)
3513:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3492:
3478:
3443:
3410:
3387:
3360:
3346:
3332:
3326:978-1492247906
3325:
3307:
3287:
3281:BusinessMirror
3267:
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2346:
2341:
2339:Corazon Aquino
2327:
2324:
2318:(SAW) and the
2307:
2304:
2296:Corazon Aquino
2278:The number of
2257:Main article:
2254:
2251:
2231:Main article:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2206:
2203:
2171:
2168:
2164:Marikina River
2156:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2048:
2045:
2015:
2012:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1981:
1978:
1941:
1938:
1867:, also called
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1814:
1768:
1758:
1755:South Cotabato
1751:
1729:
1675:
1672:
1614:Main article:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:Southeast Asia
1576:Filipino women
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:United Kingdom
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
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1411:
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911:
906:
901:
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891:
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866:
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855:
854:
851:
850:
846:List of sports
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842:
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831:
826:
821:
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811:
806:
801:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
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753:
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728:
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568:
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553:
552:
551:
546:
536:
531:
530:
529:
519:
518:
517:
507:
502:
501:
500:
498:"Chick flicks"
490:
485:
484:
483:
481:Women's cinema
473:
468:
462:
459:
458:
455:
449:
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
434:
429:
422:
417:
412:
411:
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409:
408:
393:
388:
383:
377:
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370:
364:
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344:
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334:
329:
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314:
309:
304:
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289:
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279:
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265:
260:
255:
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244:
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199:
189:
182:
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175:
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156:
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103:
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95:
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91:
87:
86:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
68:
61:
60:
57:
51:
50:
47:
38:
37:
33:
32:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5178:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:South Ossetia
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5029:
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5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
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4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
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4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
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4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4734:
4726:
4724:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4673:Sign language
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4401:Ethnic groups
4399:
4395:
4394:Deforestation
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:National debt
4250:
4248:
4247:Fiscal policy
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Supreme Court
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:Island groups
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:Colonial era
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
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3707:
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3652:
3648:
3644:
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3336:
3328:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3263:
3257:
3249:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3219:The Economist
3216:
3210:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3180:
3172:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3133:971-10-0663-4
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3057:September 28,
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3020:
3011:
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3001:
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2978:
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2946:9789622099852
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839:Winter sports
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415:Organizations
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342:Voting rights
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268:Queen regnant
266:
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62:
58:
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52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
16:
5081:Dependencies
5011:Turkmenistan
4976:Saudi Arabia
4960:
4709:Bibliography
4638:Coat of arms
4610:Value system
4513:Architecture
4489:
4465:Prostitution
4362:Demographics
4232:Central bank
4175:Marine Corps
4155:Armed Forces
4039:Human rights
4024:Constitution
3973:Ramsar sites
3672:
3668:
3651:the original
3646:
3635:
3598:
3594:
3577:
3574:People Count
3573:
3556:
3552:
3522:the original
3500:
3495:
3481:
3454:
3434:. Retrieved
3429:
3404:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3349:
3335:
3316:
3310:
3299:
3290:
3279:
3270:
3256:
3242:
3218:
3209:
3193:
3179:
3154:the original
3149:
3140:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3084:
3075:
3055:. Retrieved
3043:
3034:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2985:
2976:
2970:
2961:
2955:
2936:
2903:
2896:
2887:
2848:
2841:
2812:
2790:
2769:
2743:. Retrieved
2736:the original
2731:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2693:
2680:. Retrieved
2674:
2641:
2633:
2608:
2583:. Retrieved
2570:
2560:December 14,
2558:. Retrieved
2545:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2499:
2492:
2482:
2380:
2373:
2359:Leni Robredo
2329:
2309:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2273:
2245:
2236:
2221:
2210:
2208:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2179:betel leaves
2173:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2061:Vatican City
2058:
2050:
2036:
2030:
2023:Juan Flavier
2021:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1987:
1983:
1970:colonization
1967:
1963:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1811:Metro Manila
1803:Rajah Lontok
1774:
1765:Nick Joaquin
1721:
1717:
1708:who was the
1683:
1679:
1677:
1630:
1588:
1575:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1499:Vatican City
1444:Turkmenistan
1374:South Africa
1354:Sierra Leone
1339:Saudi Arabia
1308:
804:Roller derby
602:Christianity
587:Baháʼà Faith
466:Architecture
166:legal rights
116:0.783 (2022)
93:0.419 (2021)
78:49.7% (2011)
70:65.9% (2010)
59:22.1% (2012)
15:
5140:Asia portal
5041:States with
4961:Philippines
4901:South Korea
4896:North Korea
4791:Afghanistan
4435:Immigration
4237:Child labor
4212:Agriculture
4182:Coast Guard
4116:Legislative
4051:Legal codes
3924:Earthquakes
3788:Archaeology
3764:Philippines
2829:|work=
2745:January 14,
2585:February 9,
2527:Pinay Power
2314:(1904) the
2193:Milk Seller
2077:Concubinage
1807:Pasig River
1744:Ibn Battuta
1695:Dayang Buka
1656:astrologers
1626:Boxer Codex
1584:Philippines
1384:South Sudan
1379:South Korea
1324:Puerto Rico
1309:Philippines
1274:North Korea
1259:New Zealand
1144:Ivory Coast
1034:El Salvador
864:Afghanistan
721:Auto racing
694:Video games
607:Catholicism
386:Engineering
263:Legislators
5155:Categories
5021:Uzbekistan
4996:Tajikistan
4911:Kyrgyzstan
4891:Kazakhstan
4811:Bangladesh
4801:Azerbaijan
4658:Great Seal
4595:Psychology
4558:Literature
4553:Inventions
4352:Corruption
4347:Censorship
4217:Automotive
4078:Executive
4071:Government
3929:Ecoregions
3821:Prehistory
3813:Chronology
3580:(1): 1–3.
3559:(3): 2–7.
3461:) (1992),
2791:FilipiKnow
2537:References
2211:Cigarreras
2183:betel nuts
2128:Bangsamoro
1833:See also:
1736:Pangasinan
1732:Hara Udaya
1595:Philippine
1489:Uzbekistan
1419:Tajikistan
1349:Seychelles
1224:Mauritania
1199:Madagascar
1179:Kyrgyzstan
1159:Kazakhstan
1039:East Timor
914:Bangladesh
904:Azerbaijan
857:By country
844:See also:
834:Volleyball
776:Ice hockey
771:Gymnastics
731:Basketball
522:Philosophy
510:Literature
457:Humanities
437:Telegraphy
372:Technology
287:Journalism
248:Government
5107:Hong Kong
5061:Palestine
4986:Sri Lanka
4981:Singapore
4861:Indonesia
4588:Festivals
4573:Mythology
4485:Squatting
4480:Sexuality
4450:Languages
4372:Education
4316:ZIP codes
4160:Air Force
4109:President
4029:Elections
3983:Volcanoes
3956:Mountains
3880:Geography
3803:Political
3781:Overviews
3436:March 16,
2831:ignored (
2821:cite book
2160:Aguadoras
2085:destierro
1934:babaylans
1930:babaylans
1869:katalonan
1799:co-regent
1637:bilateral
1572:Filipinas
1519:Kurdistan
1504:Venezuela
1399:Sri Lanka
1359:Singapore
1229:Mauritius
1124:Indonesia
1089:Guatemala
899:Australia
889:Argentina
612:Mormonism
549:Punk rock
505:Fine arts
401:dentistry
381:Computing
347:Workforce
231:Education
49:99 (2010)
5130:Category
5051:Abkhazia
5001:Thailand
4956:Pakistan
4936:Mongolia
4931:Maldives
4926:Malaysia
4826:Cambodia
4733:Category
4663:Language
4475:Religion
4470:Refugees
4413:Genetics
4342:Abortion
4277:Taxation
4133:Judicial
4007:Politics
3988:Wildlife
3917:Typhoons
3798:Military
3607:12344104
3586:12179238
3565:12338131
3471:Archived
3467:29416198
3382:41853665
3162:cite web
3096:July 12,
2811:(eds.).
2755:cite web
2709:July 12,
2682:July 12,
2391:See also
2198:Lecheras
2187:buyeras.
2073:Adultery
2069:adultery
1952:in 1875.
1926:babaylan
1919:babaylan
1905:babaylan
1901:barangay
1881:agi-ngin
1873:bayoguin
1865:babaylan
1858:babaylan
1852:barangay
1847:babaylan
1842:babaylan
1829:Babaylan
1740:Sanskrit
1722:suwarnas
1706:Jayadewa
1703:Senapati
1591:Filipino
1564:Filipino
1424:Thailand
1394:Suriname
1319:Portugal
1299:Paraguay
1284:Pakistan
1239:Mongolia
1209:Maldives
1204:Malaysia
1169:Kiribati
1104:Honduras
1044:Ethiopia
1014:DR Congo
979:Colombia
959:Cambodia
954:Bulgaria
819:Swimming
781:Lacrosse
726:Baseball
624:Hinduism
617:Opus Dei
597:Buddhism
572:Religion
396:Medicine
302:Military
236:Feminism
192:Business
5026:Vietnam
4941:Myanmar
4921:Lebanon
4851:Georgia
4806:Bahrain
4796:Armenia
4704:Outline
4620:Symbols
4528:Cuisine
4505:Culture
4460:Poverty
4445:Kinship
4367:Divorce
4330:Society
4294:Tourism
4200:Economy
4082:Cabinet
3944:islands
3907:Climate
3902:Borders
3793:Economy
3773:History
3689:3054074
2909:162–163
2370:Novels
2065:divorce
1893:binabae
1818:Basilan
1791:Namayan
1781:of the
1748:Morocco
1674:History
1669:, 1899.
1640:kinship
1635:. This
1633:lineage
1605:History
1509:Vietnam
1494:Vanuatu
1484:Uruguay
1464:Ukraine
1434:Tunisia
1369:Somalia
1344:Senegal
1269:Nigeria
1249:Myanmar
1244:Morocco
1189:Lebanon
1109:Iceland
1074:Germany
1069:Georgia
1059:Finland
1024:Ecuador
1009:Denmark
989:Croatia
984:Comoros
934:Bolivia
919:Belgium
909:Bahrain
894:Armenia
879:Andorra
874:Algeria
869:Albania
814:Surfing
791:Netball
751:Cycling
746:Curling
741:Cricket
639:Sikhism
634:Judaism
420:Science
391:Geology
368:Science
154:Society
5071:Taiwan
5006:Turkey
4971:Russia
4906:Kuwait
4886:Jordan
4876:Israel
4836:Cyprus
4821:Brunei
4816:Bhutan
4648:Flower
4628:Anthem
4600:Sports
4523:Cinema
4418:Health
4242:Energy
4227:Census
4121:Senate
3978:Rivers
3687:
3605:
3584:
3563:
3465:
3380:
3323:
3237:un.org
3131:
2943:
2915:
2860:
2650:
2529:(2005)
2523:(2002)
2517:(2001)
2495:(2001)
2125:Muslim
2041:barrio
2010:more.
1917:, the
1903:, the
1775:Dayang
1720:and 8
1684:Dayang
1648:chiefs
1459:Uganda
1449:Tuvalu
1439:Turkey
1414:Taiwan
1404:Sweden
1334:Russia
1314:Poland
1294:Panama
1234:Mexico
1174:Kuwait
1154:Jordan
1139:Israel
1094:Guyana
1084:Greece
1064:France
999:Cyprus
949:Brunei
944:Brazil
939:Bosnia
929:Bhutan
884:Angola
824:Tennis
809:Rowing
736:Boxing
714:Sports
662:Comics
644:Taoism
317:Piracy
307:Mother
282:Health
162:
5112:Macau
5031:Yemen
4991:Syria
4966:Qatar
4946:Nepal
4881:Japan
4856:India
4846:Egypt
4831:China
4668:Motto
4568:Music
4563:Media
4538:Dance
4495:Pinoy
4490:Women
4357:Crime
4257:Labor
4087:lists
3951:Lakes
3685:JSTOR
3378:JSTOR
3052:(PDF)
2739:(PDF)
2728:(PDF)
2703:(pdf)
2579:(PDF)
2554:(PDF)
2334:are:
1899:In a
1877:bayok
1787:Tondo
1714:Tondo
1710:Rajah
1682:and
1514:Yemen
1429:Tonga
1409:Syria
1389:Sudan
1364:Spain
1329:Qatar
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