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military men in an army post. The women requested protection for those who live in and around camps while on their daily duties. The activist action is considered an inspiring approach to help improve relationships between soldiers and civilians- to reduce vulnerability and tensions in the camp areas. The women's attempt includes assessing security situations and negotiation with some rebels through individual and group discussions especially at the time of escalations and when tensions rise between warring groups. These women were considered brave for presenting their security cases to the very same military groups that are accused by the UN as alleged perpetrators.
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1921:. As Brooke Schoepf has documented, little effort has been made to create agricultural extension networks for women, who have continued to contribute the overwhelming bulk of agricultural labor. In addition, project production goals rarely have taken into account the effect of the withdrawal of women's time from current food production and household work to meet the goals of the new programs. Development in such a context often has meant a step backward rather than a step forward from the perspective of the women being "developed".
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1888:, for example, women not only have more say in determining what is grown but also in what is consumed. In a country where the most widespread pattern is for the men to be served the best food first, with the remainder going to women and children, Lemba women traditionally set aside choice food items and sauces for their own and their children's consumption before feeding the men their food. Their nutritional status and that of their children is correspondingly better.
26:
2221:): "Article 3, Paragraphe 7: De la mutilation sexuelle; Article 174g; Sera puni d'une peine de servitude pénale de deux à cinq ans et d'une amende de deux cent mille francs congolais constants, quiconque aura posé un acte qui porte atteinte à l'intégrité physique ou fonctionnelle des organes génitaux d'une personne. Lorsque la mutilation a entraîné la mort, la peine est de servitude pénale à perpétuité."
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1648:(FGM), while not widespread, exists among some populations in northern parts of the DRC. The prevalence of FGM is estimated at 5% of women in the DRC. FGM is now illegal: the law imposes a penalty of two to five years of prison and a fine of 200,000 Congolese francs on any person who violates the "physical or functional integrity" of the genital organs.
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in bars and nightclubs receive between $ 10 and $ 20, and are known as "Londoners" as they dress like
British girls on a Saturday night out. "VIP prostitution" operates from hotels, with sex workers earning between $ 50 and $ 100. Many Congolese prostitutes are from abroad or homeless children who have been accused of witchcraft.
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Women are disproportionately impacted by HIV in the DRC: of the 390,000 adults infected with HIV 71.79% are women. The rate of new HIV infections among women ages 15–24 was four-times higher than that of men in the same demographic. Women are also less likely to have access to treatment than men. 73%
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find fewer such strategies available. Saddled with the bulk of agricultural work, firewood gathering, water hauling, and child care, they have generally seen an increase in their labor burdens as the economy has deteriorated. In the DRC's eastern highlands, conditions have grown particularly severe.
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are now the main reasons why women in the DRC become prostitutes. Traders make up the majority of clients, along with officials working for national and international NGOs. Many sex workers earn between $ 2 and $ 5 and payment is sometimes made in the form of food or other goods. Prostitutes working
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owned by the politico-commercial and new commercial elites have increasingly expanded onto communal lands, displacing existing food crops with cash crops. Within peasant households, men's control of the allocation of household land for export and food crops has led to greater use of land for export
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In addition, certain laws clearly state that women are legally subservient to men. A married woman must have her husband's permission to open a bank account, accept a job, obtain a commercial license, or rent or sell real estate. Article 45 of the civil code specifies that the husband has rights to
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By the 1990s, women had made strides in the professional world, and a growing number of women now work in the professions, government service, the military, and the universities. But they remain underrepresented in the formal work force, especially in higher-level jobs, and generally earn less than
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The inferiority of women has always been embedded in the indigenous social system and reemphasized in the colonial era. The colonial-era status of
African women in urban areas was low. Adult women were legitimate urban dwellers if they were wives, widows, or elderly. Otherwise they were presumed to
1913:
Not all women's organizations have been equally successful. In
Kisangani the Association of Women Merchants (Association des Femmes Commerçantes—Afco) failed to advance the interests of the assembled women merchants. The group instead turned into a vehicle for class interests, namely those of the
1950:
The ongoing cycle of violence in Congo killed more people than any other conflict since World War II and caused many to flee their homes and reside in displacement camps. Some women activists who are also affected by the war in the country stepped into a high-risk role of appealing to a group of
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which directs states to legalize abortion in cases where a woman's physical and mental health is at jeopardy or in cases of rape, incest, and fetal anomaly. The
Congolese government ratified the Maputo Protocol in March 2018, and due to the nature of the country's legal system, this expanded the
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A phenomenon of 'pendulum displacement' has developed, where people hasten at night to safety. According to Yakin ErtĂĽrk, the UN Special
Rapporteur on Violence against Women who toured eastern Congo in July 2007, violence against women in North and South Kivu included "unimaginable brutality".
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Even when male producers turn to cultivating food crops, the household does not necessarily profit nutritionally. Food needed for household consumption is frequently sold for cash, cash needed to pay for daily necessities, clothes, school fees, taxes, and so on. Higher-priced and nutritionally
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Parents sometimes force their daughters into child marriage to gain financial or social status benefits. Other causes include tradition and conflict in the region which leads to higher rates of child marriage. However, child marriages have consequences, as married girls experience worse health
1904:
church, which provided a forum for meetings and assistance in letter writing, was helpful, as was the ethnic homogeneity of the group. Although they could not nominate a woman for election to the local council, they did succeed in voting for males friendly to their position. The newly elected
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Even though child marriage is prevalent in the DRC, it is illegal. The legal age of marriage is eighteen. There are multiple international laws and agreements that ban the practice. However, the DRC is one of seven countries in the
African Union to have signed but not ratified the
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regime paid lip service to the important role of women in society, and although women enjoy some legal rights (e.g., the right to own property and the right to participate in the economic and political sectors), custom and legal constraints still limit their opportunities.
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The
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has expressed concern over abuses against civilians, especially women and children, in South Kivu in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, saying it frequently receives reports of abductions, executions, rapes, and
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is prohibited, but it is generally accepted that an abortion can be performed to save a woman's life. However, access to safe abortion in the DRC is extremely limited and women are rarely able to access reliable medical procedures. The DRC is a signatory to the
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The war situation has made the life of women more precarious. Violence against women seems to be perceived by large sectors of society to be normal. In July 2007, the
International Committee of the Red Cross expressed concern about the situation in eastern DRC.
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Adapting to this situation, urban women have exploited commercial opportunities in the informal economy, outside of men's control. They generally conduct business without bank accounts, without accounting records, and without reporting all of their commerce.
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Rural women have arguably borne the brunt of state exactions. In some cases, women have banded together to resist the rising tolls and taxes imposed on them. Political scientist
Katharine Newbury studied a group of Tembo women growers of cassava and
1774:"There were food taboos which restrict women from eating certain foods (usually the most desirable) since 'they are not the equals of men.' Women may not eat in the presence of other men, and they are often allowed only their husband's leftovers."
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Maternal mortality rates are high, as access to maternal healthcare is limited. Additionally, a woman can only use contraceptives with the permission of her husband, rendering her unable to prevent herself from contracting AIDS from him.
1702:(DRC), 37% of girls are married before they turn eighteen, and 10% of girls are married before age fifteen. Though significantly less than the rate of child marriage for girls, 6% of boys in the DRC are married before age eighteen.
2232:
Centre for the Study of
Adolescence (CSA) and Population, a measure of commitment Women's Sexual and Reproductive Risk Index for Sub Saharan Africa, Centre for the Study of Adolescence (CSA) and Population, 2009) 12. As cited in
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Seff, Ilana; Williams, Anaise; Hussain, Farah; Landis, Debbie; Poulton, Catherine; Falb, Kathryn; Stark, Lindsay (2019-05-08). "Forced Sex and Early Marriage: Understanding the Linkages and Norms in a Humanitarian Setting".
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Janet MacGaffey's study of enterprises in Kisangani showed that 28 percent of the city's large business owners not dependent on political connections were women; these women specialized in long-distance distribution and
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In 2015, diaspora figures such as Emmanuel Weyi began to comment on the plight affecting women, and the need to make their progress a key issue in the approaching democratic election (which didn't take place).
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his wife's goods, even if their marriage contract states that each spouse separately owns his or her own goods. Women have to get the approval of their husband before getting any sort of job offer.
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who successfully protested against the imposition of excessive collectivity taxes and market taxes levied on them when they went to market. The local chief was hostile. But a sympathetic local
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A 2006 report by the African Association for the Defence of Human Rights prepared for that committee provides a broad overview of issues confronting women in the DRC in law and in daily life.
1747:. The majority of this trafficking is internal, and much of it is perpetrated by armed groups and government forces outside government control within the DRC's unstable eastern provinces.
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2528:"Violence, Well-Being and Level of Participation in Formal Education among Adolescent Girls in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: The Role of Child Marriage"
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1621:"Armed groups attack local communities, loot, rape, kidnap women and children and make them work as sexual slaves," ErtĂĽrk said. A local initiative by women in
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trade. About 21 percent of the retail stores in the commercial and administrative zone of the city were women's, and women dominated the market trade.
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A continuing challenge for women has been the limited integration of women's experience and perspectives into the development initiatives of Western
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in 1979, nineteen years after independence. Moreover, educational opportunities for girls remained constricted compared with those for boys.
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2467:"'A Girl Who Gets Pregnant or Spends the Night with a Man is No Longer a Girl': Forced Marriage in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo"
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Induced Abortion and Postabortion Care in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. (2018, September 27). Retrieved January 28, 2020, from
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Expanding Access to Safe Abortion in the Democratic Republic of Congo. (2019, November 22). Retrieved January 28, 2020, from
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Many organizations and programs have been initiated to combat child marriage, especially on the international scale from the
673:
232:
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2921:"Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Democratic Republic of the Congo"
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website profiling a project to record the testimony of over 400 women and girls who had been abused by marauding militia.
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1968:
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middle-class president. MacGaffey clearly saw the case as one of the triumph of class solidarity over gender solidarity.
772:
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3111:
2371:"Minimum Marriage Age Laws and the Prevalence Of Child Marriage and Adolescent Birth: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa"
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African Union, Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, 2003,
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Opportunities for wage labor jobs and professional positions remained rare even after independence. For example, in
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1597:) were so registered. The taxes they paid constituted the second largest source of tax revenue for Stanleyville.
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have not attained a position of full equality with men, with their struggle continuing to this day. Although the
1025:
945:
767:
562:
2075:"UN expert on violence against women expresses serious concerns following visit to Democratic Republic of Congo"
482:
318:
2741:"Forced prostitution in the Democratic Republic of Congo : Likelihood of harm to women who return to DRC"
3123:
2350:"The Effects of Traditional and Religious Practices of Child Marriage on Africa's Socio-Economic Development"
1225:
792:
2941:
1460:
695:
613:
588:
521:
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1644:, there are other serious threats to women's physical well-being in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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690:
328:
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1075:
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1720:. Advocates against the ubiquity of child marriage have fought for outreach or intervention programs.
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863:
193:
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2526:
Landis, Debbie; Falb, Kathryn; Michelis, Ilaria; Bakomere, Theresita; Stark, Lindsay (2018-12-29).
1858:, has reduced the amount and quality of land available for peasant household food-crop production.
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338:
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are frequently sold by producers who eat only their cheaper, less nutritious food crops such as
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668:
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279:
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308:
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2442:"Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages"
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in 2006 expressed concern that in the post-war transition period, the promotion of women's
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https://www.prb.org/expanding-access-to-safe-abortion-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/
2272:
1714:
outcomes, lower levels of education, higher rates of violence, and psychological impacts.
8:
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UN, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),
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UN, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),
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The DRC is a source and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to
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2800:
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http://www.achpr.org/files/instruments/women-protocol/achpr_instr_proto_women_eng.pdf
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198:
1589:, whether they were or not. From 1939 to 1943, over 30% of adult Congolese women in
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3155:
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3106:
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The law on sexual violence, DRC 2006 (Les lois sur les violences sexuelles) reads (
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3018:"CONFLICT-RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE: REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL"
1993:
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Among groups where women have more power, the situation is less severe. Among the
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323:
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of adult men living with HIV are on treatment, compared to 58% of adult women.
1520:
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48:
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3118:
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1310:
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680:
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1932:
1885:
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810:
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757:
727:
504:
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Alden Almquist (December 1993). Sandra W. Meditz and Tim Merrill (ed.).
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Maswikwa, Belinda; Richter, Linda; Kaufman, Jay; Nandi, Arijit (2015).
1861:
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Women returning from their vegetable gardens with cassava and firewood.
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840:
782:
777:
35:
1698:, one or both parties are under the age of eighteen years old. In the
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categories of legal abortion in compliance with the Maputo Protocol.
1594:
1590:
2994:
Cunningham, Hugh; Bahati, Sifa; Maubert, Camille (24 October 2022).
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crops, and the diminution of women's access to land and food crops.
1901:
1897:
1791:
1665:
242:
3625:
2938:"Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)"
1625:
aims for recovery from violence based on women's own empowerment.
25:
2796:
Gender, Violence and Politics in the Democratic Republic of Congo
2688:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2047:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1874:
1870:
1855:
797:
752:
31:
1893:
1851:
1816:
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Under the penal code of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
1622:
313:
2828:"Chinese prostitutes resist effort to rescue them from Africa"
1708:
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC)
3145:
3073:
2769:"Unprotected sex pays double, so poverty helps spread of HIV"
247:
185:
2375:
International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
2165:"GENDER INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE D.R.CONGO"
1929:
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
2996:"These Women Are Bringing Some Peace to War-Stricken Congo"
2368:
2883:
2525:
2247:
1945:
2574:
2348:
Campaign to End Child Marriage in Africa (October 2015).
2260:"Democratic Republic of the Congo 2017 Country Factsheet"
1905:
councillors hastened to suspend the taxes and the tolls.
1787:
1731:
Human trafficking in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2993:
2273:
https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/abortion-kinshasa
2100:"DRC: 'Civilians bearing brunt of South Kivu violence'"
1612:
Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
4065:
Women's rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1692:
Child marriage in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
210:
Gender representation on corporate boards of directors
2507:
Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo :1
2897:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017"
2854:"Congo's street kids choose prostitution over death"
1757:
Prostitution in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2132:"The Bukavu Women's Trauma Healing and Care Centre"
1685:Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo
2629:"Health Consequences of Child Marriage in Africa"
4051:
1628:In December 2008 GuardianFilms posted a film on
433:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics
2713:"DRC women forced into prostitution to survive"
1935:and gender equality is not seen as a priority.
2966:"Is Emmanuel Weyi "the change" the DRC needs?"
2052:
1585:(free women) and were taxed as income-earning
4060:Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3641:
3059:
2464:
1710:, which explicitly prohibits child marriage.
1694:is the eighteenth highest in the world. In a
1547:
19:Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2262:. www.unaids.org. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
1635:
2118:"DRC: 'Pendulum displacement' in the Kivus"
3648:
3634:
3066:
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2692:: "Democratic Republic of the Congo".
2188:"RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs)"
1802:their male counterparts in the same jobs.
1554:
1540:
24:
2660:
2543:
2482:
2886:1997 25. As cited in www.womanstats.org.
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2250:1997 36. As cited by www.womanstats.org.
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1830:
2880:http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
2766:
2735:
2733:
2509:was invoked but never defined (see the
2244:http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
2144:
1946:Women's voice in the community dialogue
1739:in persons, specifically conditions of
4052:
2465:Mulumeoderhwa, Maroyi (25 July 2016).
1769:
3629:
3047:
2767:Barkham, Patrick (19 December 2005).
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2028:
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2024:
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2020:
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2014:
1969:"Human Development Report 2021/2022"
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706:Gender representation in video games
3655:
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13:
2695:Trafficking in Persons Report 2010
2326:
1605:
14:
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3166:Transitional Government (2003–06)
3039:
2972:. 12 October 2015. Archived from
2145:Bennett, Christian (2008-12-05).
2011:
1677:
1651:
3956:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3726:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3075:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2683:
2627:Nour, Nawal M. (November 2006).
2505:Cite error: The named reference
2042:
1843:The state promoted expansion of
1700:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1683:This section is an excerpt from
1600:
1569:Democratic Republic of the Congo
223:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
150:
3023:. United Nations. 29 March 2022
3010:
2987:
2958:
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2913:
2889:
2872:
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2820:
2793:Freedman, Jane (9 March 2016).
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2265:
2253:
2236:
2226:
2211:
2180:
1994:"Global Gender Gap Report 2022"
1750:
3102:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
2157:
2138:
2124:
2110:
2092:
2067:
1986:
1961:
1826:
1777:
1642:war rape in Congo's civil wars
1:
2882:- Reports may be accessed at
2246:- Reports may be accessed at
1954:
1881:among children has resulted.
3183:M23 offensive (2022–present)
3156:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
3131:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
3107:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
2633:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1869:superior food crops such as
1850:for export, particularly of
674:Portrayal in American comics
265:Heads of state or government
7:
3298:Foreign policy under Mobutu
2859:Radio Netherlands Worldwide
1974:. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS
10:
4086:
3141:State of Katanga (1960–63)
1754:
1728:
1682:
1609:
3969:
3944:
3663:
3587:
3535:
3467:
3458:
3401:
3392:
3268:
3259:
3202:
3193:
3151:First Congo War (1996–98)
3082:
2816:– via Google Books.
2532:Studies in Social Justice
2484:10.1007/s12119-016-9373-y
2061:Federal Research Division
1646:Female genital mutilation
1636:Female genital mutilation
127:
119:
112:
104:
96:
89:
81:
70:
60:
47:
42:
23:
3711:Central African Republic
3273:Administrative divisions
2700:U.S. Department of State
2590:10.1177/1077801219845523
2147:"Rape in a lawless land"
3178:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
3119:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
2884:http://www.bayefsky.com
2545:10.26522/ssj.v12i2.1632
2471:Sexuality & Culture
2248:http://www.bayefsky.com
1786:there were no women in
260:Conservatives in the US
233:Explorers and travelers
114:Global Gender Gap Index
91:Gender Inequality Index
3136:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
3097:Colonization (1867–85)
2645:10.3201/eid1211.060510
2578:Violence Against Women
2063:. The Status of Women.
2056:Zaire: A Country Study
1999:. World Economic Forum
1836:
1630:the Guardian newspaper
563:In Shakespeare's works
3871:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3731:Republic of the Congo
1909:Women's organizations
1834:
1755:Further information:
1729:Further information:
319:Nobel Prize laureates
82:Women in labour force
30:Congolese woman near
2425:"Dimitra Newsletter"
1919:development agencies
1761:Food insecurity and
1476:United Arab Emirates
413:in the United States
228:Economic development
218:Diversity (politics)
204:Female entrepreneurs
3946:States with limited
2327:Brides, Girls Not.
1770:Economy and society
1745:forced prostitution
1461:Trinidad and Tobago
696:Speculative fiction
589:Theological figures
534:Feminist philosophy
334:Reproductive rights
140:Part of a series on
73:secondary education
71:Women over 25 with
62:Women in parliament
52: (per 100,000)
20:
3436:Telecommunications
3283:Court of Cassation
3247:Former place names
2290:2022-03-02 at the
2233:www.womanstats.org
1837:
1026:Dominican Republic
793:Mixed martial arts
763:Fastpitch softball
344:Violence and abuse
329:Positions of power
49:Maternal mortality
43:General Statistics
18:
4047:
4046:
3973:other territories
3746:Equatorial Guinea
3623:
3622:
3583:
3582:
3502:Human trafficking
3454:
3453:
3388:
3387:
3356:Political parties
3349:National Assembly
3293:Foreign relations
3255:
3254:
2998:. Pulitzer Center
2639:(11): 1644–1649.
1725:Human trafficking
1564:
1563:
768:Football / soccer
691:Fictional pirates
483:Art history field
359:Exchange of women
135:
134:
4077:
4070:Women by country
4034:
4033:(United Kingdom)
4029:Tristan da Cunha
4025:Ascension Island
4017:
4004:
3995:
3971:Dependencies and
3664:Sovereign states
3657:Women in Africa
3650:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3603:
3596:
3465:
3464:
3426:Franc (currency)
3399:
3398:
3266:
3265:
3200:
3199:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2940:. Archived from
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2893:
2887:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2745:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2702:(June 14, 2010).
2687:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2547:
2523:
2514:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2193:. Archived from
2192:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2077:. Archived from
2071:
2065:
2064:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1226:Marshall Islands
803:Paralympic Games
434:
211:
176:
154:
145:Women in society
137:
136:
131:144th out of 146
108:151st out of 191
53:
28:
21:
17:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4015:
4002:
3993:
3974:
3972:
3965:
3949:
3947:
3940:
3659:
3654:
3624:
3619:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3579:
3575:Public holidays
3531:
3450:
3384:
3322:Law enforcement
3251:
3189:
3146:Zaire (1965–97)
3078:
3072:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2765:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2625:
2621:
2573:
2569:
2524:
2517:
2506:
2500:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2403:10.1363/4105815
2387:10.1363/4105815
2367:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2292:Wayback Machine
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2102:. 2 July 2007.
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2043:
2041:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1948:
1911:
1829:
1780:
1772:
1763:extreme poverty
1759:
1753:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1688:
1680:
1671:Maputo Protocol
1654:
1638:
1614:
1608:
1606:Sexual violence
1603:
1560:
1531:
1530:
866:
856:
855:
848:
836:Track and field
723:
713:
712:
664:
663:Popular culture
656:
655:
584:
583:
568:
567:
522:Science fiction
468:
467:
449:
448:
432:
383:
382:
364:
363:
339:Venture capital
304:Law enforcement
209:
194:Animal advocacy
190:
170:
167:Women's history
162:
51:
38:
12:
11:
5:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:Western Sahara
4035:
4018:
4005:
3996:
3982:Canary Islands
3978:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3472:Child marriage
3468:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3373:Prime Minister
3370:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3332:Chief of Staff
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077: articles
3071:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3041:
3040:External links
3038:
3035:
3034:
3009:
2986:
2957:
2929:
2912:
2888:
2871:
2845:
2819:
2805:
2785:
2759:
2729:
2704:
2676:
2619:
2584:(8): 787–802.
2567:
2538:(2): 273–290.
2515:
2498:
2477:(4): 1042–62.
2457:
2433:
2416:
2358:
2340:
2308:
2296:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2235:
2225:
2210:
2179:
2156:
2137:
2123:
2120:. August 2007.
2109:
2091:
2066:
2010:
1985:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1926:United Nations
1910:
1907:
1828:
1825:
1812:Anthropologist
1779:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1752:
1749:
1726:
1723:
1718:United Nations
1696:child marriage
1689:
1681:
1679:
1678:Child marriage
1676:
1653:
1652:Women's health
1650:
1637:
1634:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1481:United Kingdom
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
867:
862:
861:
858:
857:
853:List of sports
850:
849:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
724:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
709:
708:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
677:
676:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
627:
626:
621:
616:
606:
601:
596:
591:
585:
582:
581:
575:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
560:
559:
558:
553:
543:
538:
537:
536:
526:
525:
524:
514:
509:
508:
507:
505:"Chick flicks"
497:
492:
491:
490:
488:Women's cinema
480:
475:
469:
466:
465:
462:
456:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
441:
436:
429:
424:
419:
418:
417:
416:
415:
400:
395:
390:
384:
381:
380:
377:
371:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
285:
284:
283:
282:
272:
267:
262:
252:
251:
250:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
214:
213:
206:
196:
189:
188:
182:
181:
178:
177:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
147:
146:
142:
141:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
75:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
54:
45:
44:
40:
39:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4082:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Guinea-Bissau
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Social issues
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
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4021:Saint Helena
3992:
3896:South Africa
3886:Sierra Leone
3725:
3691:Burkina Faso
3526:
3512:Prostitution
3487:Demographics
3411:Central Bank
3310:Human rights
3278:Constitution
3212:Conservation
3124:World War II
3025:. Retrieved
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2989:
2978:. Retrieved
2974:the original
2969:
2960:
2949:. Retrieved
2942:the original
2932:
2915:
2904:. Retrieved
2900:
2891:
2874:
2863:. Retrieved
2857:
2848:
2837:. Retrieved
2831:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2795:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2773:The Guardian
2772:
2762:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:
2707:
2694:
2679:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2535:
2531:
2501:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:
2436:
2419:
2381:(2): 58–68.
2378:
2374:
2343:
2332:. Retrieved
2299:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2213:
2202:. Retrieved
2195:the original
2182:
2171:. Retrieved
2159:
2151:The Guardian
2150:
2140:
2126:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:the original
2069:
2055:
2001:. Retrieved
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1963:
1949:
1940:
1937:
1933:human rights
1923:
1916:
1912:
1890:
1883:
1879:malnutrition
1867:
1860:
1838:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1781:
1773:
1760:
1751:Prostitution
1741:forced labor
1734:
1712:
1704:
1690:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1639:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1591:Stanleyville
1582:
1579:
1566:
1565:
1506:Vatican City
1451:Turkmenistan
1381:South Africa
1361:Sierra Leone
1346:Saudi Arabia
1020:
811:Roller derby
609:Christianity
594:Baháʼà Faith
473:Architecture
173:legal rights
123:0.575 (2022)
100:0.601 (2021)
85:70.2% (2011)
77:10.7% (2010)
15:
3948:recognition
3901:South Sudan
3791:Ivory Coast
3406:Agriculture
3027:25 November
3002:25 November
1862:Plantations
1840:Rural women
1827:Rural women
1778:Urban women
1737:trafficking
1587:prostitutes
1391:South Sudan
1386:South Korea
1331:Puerto Rico
1316:Philippines
1281:North Korea
1266:New Zealand
1151:Ivory Coast
1041:El Salvador
871:Afghanistan
728:Auto racing
701:Video games
614:Catholicism
393:Engineering
270:Legislators
66:8.2% (2012)
4054:Categories
4003:(Portugal)
3961:Somaliland
3881:Seychelles
3846:Mozambique
3831:Mauritania
3816:Madagascar
3771:The Gambia
3706:Cape Verde
3477:Corruption
3339:Parliament
3305:Government
3222:Ecoregions
3112:Atrocities
2980:2016-03-31
2951:2008-04-01
2906:2018-10-31
2865:2012-04-11
2839:2012-04-11
2833:Times Live
2812:26 January
2753:2017-01-26
2722:26 January
2451:2022-05-11
2334:2022-03-13
2204:2023-09-28
2173:2023-09-28
2085:2008-04-01
1955:References
1796:government
1610:See also:
1496:Uzbekistan
1426:Tajikistan
1356:Seychelles
1231:Mauritania
1206:Madagascar
1186:Kyrgyzstan
1166:Kazakhstan
1046:East Timor
921:Bangladesh
911:Azerbaijan
864:By country
851:See also:
841:Volleyball
783:Ice hockey
778:Gymnastics
738:Basketball
529:Philosophy
517:Literature
464:Humanities
444:Telegraphy
379:Technology
294:Journalism
255:Government
56:540 (2010)
36:South Kivu
3836:Mauritius
3507:Languages
3492:Education
3446:Transport
3416:Companies
3361:President
3288:Elections
3237:Volcanoes
3227:Mountains
3195:Geography
2778:7 January
2717:Iol.co.za
2653:1080-6040
2614:147704679
2598:1077-8012
2562:128350419
2554:1911-4788
2511:help page
2493:151592533
2395:1944-0391
2219:in French
2153:. London.
1978:2 January
1848:hectarage
1845:cash crop
1821:wholesale
1819:and semi-
1784:Kisangani
1595:Kisangani
1526:Kurdistan
1511:Venezuela
1406:Sri Lanka
1366:Singapore
1236:Mauritius
1131:Indonesia
1096:Guatemala
906:Australia
896:Argentina
619:Mormonism
556:Punk rock
512:Fine arts
408:dentistry
388:Computing
354:Workforce
238:Education
4027: /
4023: /
4016:(France)
4010: /
3988: /
3984: /
3936:Zimbabwe
3911:Tanzania
3761:Ethiopia
3756:Eswatini
3736:Djibouti
3701:Cameroon
3686:Botswana
3610:Category
3560:Football
3517:Religion
3327:Military
3261:Politics
3242:Wildlife
2748:Ecoi.net
2671:17283612
2606:31066342
2411:26308258
2288:Archived
2105:pillage.
1902:Catholic
1898:Lac Kivu
1896:west of
1792:medicine
1666:abortion
1640:Besides
1431:Thailand
1401:Suriname
1326:Portugal
1306:Paraguay
1291:Pakistan
1246:Mongolia
1216:Maldives
1211:Malaysia
1176:Kiribati
1111:Honduras
1051:Ethiopia
1021:DR Congo
986:Colombia
966:Cambodia
961:Bulgaria
826:Swimming
788:Lacrosse
733:Baseball
631:Hinduism
624:Opus Dei
604:Buddhism
579:Religion
403:Medicine
309:Military
243:Feminism
199:Business
4012:RĂ©union
4008:Mayotte
3999:Madeira
3994:(Spain)
3990:Melilla
3921:Tunisia
3891:Somalia
3876:Senegal
3861:Nigeria
3851:Namibia
3841:Morocco
3806:Liberia
3801:Lesotho
3751:Eritrea
3721:Comoros
3696:Burundi
3671:Algeria
3594:Outline
3550:Cuisine
3537:Culture
3460:Society
3441:Tourism
3394:Economy
3084:History
2662:3372345
2329:"Atlas"
2003:7 March
1894:peanuts
1875:cassava
1871:sorghum
1856:quinine
1516:Vietnam
1501:Vanuatu
1491:Uruguay
1471:Ukraine
1441:Tunisia
1376:Somalia
1351:Senegal
1276:Nigeria
1256:Myanmar
1251:Morocco
1196:Lebanon
1116:Iceland
1081:Germany
1076:Georgia
1066:Finland
1031:Ecuador
1016:Denmark
996:Croatia
991:Comoros
941:Bolivia
926:Belgium
916:Bahrain
901:Armenia
886:Andorra
881:Algeria
876:Albania
821:Surfing
798:Netball
758:Cycling
753:Curling
748:Cricket
646:Sikhism
641:Judaism
427:Science
398:Geology
375:Science
161:Society
32:Walungu
4031:
4014:
4001:
3931:Zambia
3926:Uganda
3866:Rwanda
3821:Malawi
3781:Guinea
3676:Angola
3615:Portal
3545:Cinema
3497:Health
3431:Mining
3421:Energy
3344:Senate
3232:Rivers
3207:Cities
2803:
2669:
2659:
2651:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2560:
2552:
2491:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2051:.
1852:coffee
1817:retail
1623:Bukavu
1574:Mobutu
1466:Uganda
1456:Tuvalu
1446:Turkey
1421:Taiwan
1411:Sweden
1341:Russia
1321:Poland
1301:Panama
1241:Mexico
1181:Kuwait
1161:Jordan
1146:Israel
1101:Guyana
1091:Greece
1071:France
1006:Cyprus
956:Brunei
951:Brazil
946:Bosnia
936:Bhutan
891:Angola
831:Tennis
816:Rowing
743:Boxing
721:Sports
669:Comics
651:Taoism
324:Piracy
314:Mother
289:Health
169:
3986:Ceuta
3906:Sudan
3856:Niger
3811:Libya
3796:Kenya
3776:Ghana
3766:Gabon
3741:Egypt
3681:Benin
3601:Index
3570:Music
3565:Media
3527:Women
3482:Crime
3161:2000s
3021:(PDF)
2945:(PDF)
2924:(PDF)
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