732:
compliance for the law were the focus. According to the
Margaret Fund (2012), in 1982 a court case was won upholding the nondiscriminatory acts in employment, the case title is as follows, 1982 North Haven Bd. of Ed. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512 (1982). In 1984, the case Grove City v. Bell, 465 U.S. 555 (1984) a, "U.S. Supreme Court decision held that federal spending clause statutes only apply to those programs or activities that receive direct federal financial assistance, effectively ending Title IX applicability to athletics" (Margaret Fund of NWLC). This decision is later remedied in the late 1980s by the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987. In 1988, this act was passed by Congress and reversed the damage from the Grove City v. Bell decision. The Margaret Fund (2012) states, "It over-rode the Grove City v. Bell decision by expanding the definition of program or activity that receives Federal financial assistance" (Margaret Fund of NWLC, para.5). During the 1990s three significant changes or continuations to the law were made in the course of the decade. First, a Supreme Court decision allowed an individual to sue for monetary retributions by citing the Title IX Act. Second, the disclosure act in 1994 stated that all institutions under Title IX were to report publicly on their operations, with an effective implementation date set for 1996. Third, the ORC distributed requirements to institutions and schools which are explained and outlined more clearly the regulations for Title IX. The significant events in the 2000s allow schools to use e-mail surveys, and due to a Supreme Court case in 2009, lawsuits on the basis of sexual discrimination under Title IX can be brought by parents.
510:"differentiated curriculum" between boys and girls was common throughout schools in the United States. This caused the high school education system to become a more "efficient site for the construction of gender". During this time, there was a push to make women a better "domesticated citizen" rather than a scholar. The voices of many women were just beginning to be heard in society as well as the education system, but there was still opposition from some as to the credibility of their words. Girls of different races and ethnicities were also entering the public school system at this time. Often, the course of scholarly study was impacted by the race of the individual.
741:
385:. With the success of her school, she was able to travel across the country and abroad, to promote education for women. Willard pioneered the teaching of science, mathematics, and social studies to young women. She believed in establishing her own guidelines for better education for women, and her book proceeds helped improve female education throughout the world. Willard coauthored one of the most widely used textbooks of American history, as well as the first historical atlas of the U.S. The maps, graphs, and pictures added the details of the nation's geography into the broad popular image of the country as a large, powerful complex nation.
879:
university in the United States. It was founded in 1835 as the Attica (NY) Female
Seminary by Mariette and Emily E. Ingham, who moved the school to Le Roy in 1837. The school was chartered on April 6, 1852 as the Ingham Collegiate Institute, and a full university charter was granted in April 1857. After financial difficulties, the college closed in 1892 and its property was sold at auction in 1895. Over several years, the college's former buildings were demolished; the stone from the Arts Conservatory, the last campus building to be dismantled, was used to build the Woodward Memorial Library at the same location in Le Roy.
31:, higher education was designed for men only. Since the 1800s, women's positions and opportunities in the educational sphere have increased. Since the late 1970s and early 1980s, women have surpassed men in number of bachelor's degrees and master's degrees conferred annually in the United States and women have continuously been the growing majority ever since, with men comprising a continuously lower minority in earning either degree. The same asymmetry has occurred with Doctorate degrees since 2005 with women being the continuously growing majority and men a continuously lower minority.
584:
410:
1723:
358:
turns reading
Scriptures at night, and being praised equally for doing well. The 1770 diarist Anne Winslow Green wrote to tell her mother that her Aunt Deeming was quite literate, correcting her letters home; this same woman later recounted her own appeals for aid when, as a Tory during the American Revolutionary War, she tried to escape with a carriage of furniture and other belongings after the Siege of Boston was lifted. But resistance to the admission of upper levels of education persisted.
309:, so boys and girls were taught to read at an early age. It was also required that each town pay for a primary school. About 10 percent enjoyed secondary schooling. Few girls attended formal schools, but most were able to get some education at home or at so-called "Dame schools" where women taught basic reading and writing skills in their own houses. By 1750, nearly 90% of New England's women and almost all of its men could read and write. There was no higher education for women.
259:
322:
4529:
350:
the New
England colonies. This majority also considered their access to education as unnecessary or dangerous, as their commonly held roles as mothers prevented society from seeing other possible abilities that would demand a need for education. The primary source of respect among these colonial New England women derived from their completion of domestic tasks, not a desire for or fulfillment of intellectual practices.
1921:
about 10.2 percent of women have advanced degrees compared to 10.9 percent of menâa gap steadily narrowing in recent years. Women still trail men in professional subcategories such as business, science and engineering, but when it comes to finishing college, roughly 20.1 million women have bachelor's degrees, compared to nearly 18.7 million menâa gap of more than 1.4 million that has remained steady in recent years.
523:
fellowships in order to cover the expense associated with earning a higher degree. Despite the financial support, the majority of these women were required to save money for years before pursuing their degrees because the aid was never enough. Despite these disadvantages, the 1930s marked the peak of woman PhD earners. These degrees varied in fields and began to legitimize fields for women that were once off-limits.
699:, founded in 1836 as Georgia Female College, and is the first college in the world chartered to grant degrees to women; Queens College (now Queens University) of Charlotte, North Carolina, founded in 1857 as Charlotte Female Institute; Averett College (now Averett University) of Danville, Virginia, founded in 1859 as Union women's College; and Vassar College, founded in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1861.
4325:
567:. Despite earning the right to vote, women were still largely refused any role in positions of political power that allow them to make political change for their gender. Despite growing numbers of women graduates, many were denied positions that they were qualified for in favor of men. This struggle sparked new examples of
1920:
For the first time, more doctoral degrees are conferred on women than men in the U.S. More doctoral degrees have been conferred on women every year since. As of 2011, among adults 25 and older, 10.6 million U.S. women have master's degrees or higher, compared to 10.5 million men. Measured by shares,
1805:
through a
Department of Education program. The Department of Education's stance was that, because some of its students were receiving federal grants, the school was receiving federal assistance and Title IX applied to it. The Court decided that since Grove City College was only receiving federal
353:
Structurally, men undoubtedly held a much greater position of power and control than women, as proves true historically. As a result of this imbalance, an inferior perspective to which women became viewed under carried over into intellectual opportunities. Overall, their abilities were not considered
317:
Northampton assessed taxes on all households, rather than only on those with children, and used the funds to support a grammar school to prepare boys for college. Not until after 1800 did
Northampton educate girls with public money. In contrast, the town of Sutton, Massachusetts, was diverse in terms
731:
regulations became effective as law" (Margaret Fund of NWLC, 2012). The law provided one year for compliance to elementary schools and three years for compliance to high schools and post secondary institutions. Through the 1970s the law's enactment, opposition towards the legislation, and initial
547:
Education was a controversial topic in the 1930s,"and sex-segregated school systems protected "the virtue of female high school students." Home economics and industrial education were new elements of the high school curriculum unmistakably designed for women's occupations. These classes taught women
526:
The "self-support" that these women engaged in to help finance their education became a widely accepted necessity. Both men and women were forced to find ways of supporting their education at this period of time. To help lessen the financial burden faced by families trying to educate their children,
522:
in late 1929. A college major had to be a practical one in terms of the job hunt. How to justify college expenses became very real for women and their families. A study in 1924 that surveyed nearly sixteen-hundred woman PhD recipients concluded that seventy percent required grants, scholarships, and
505:
in the 20th century came the attempt by women to gain equal rights to education in the United States. After long battles against gender oppression women finally obtained the right to be educated through several government acts/conventions, the opening of facilities willing to educate them, and the
361:
These public attitudes that did not recognize a need for women's education eventually changed. The number of advocates for women's improved access to educational institutions grew gradually. New
England's town school in Farmington, Connecticut saw a push for the school to include young girls as well
312:
Tax-supported schooling for girls began as early as 1767 in New
England. It was optional and some towns proved reluctant. Northampton, Massachusetts, for example, was a late adopter because it had many rich families who dominated the political and social structures and they did not want to pay taxes
111:
The U.S. Department of
Commerce and Bureau of the Census performed a preliminary estimate for the same year (1930) of women in higher education in the U.S. The total number was 481,000 enrolled. This estimate was based on a calendar year census, in contrast to the academic year estimate performed by
603:
In addition to this strong vocational orientation in
American education during the opening decades of the twentieth century, women began to make slow inroads into traditionally male dominated areas of education such as business, science, medicine, architecture, engineering, and law. Women were also
551:
The 1930s also saw tremendous changes in women's education at the college level. In 1900, there were 85,338 female college students in the United States and 5,237 earned their bachelor's degrees; by 1940, there were 600,953 female college students and 77,000 earned bachelor's degrees. This increase
456:
in 1889. Such institutions were fed by a steady stream of female high school graduates, who throughout this period comprised a majority of graduates. High school enrollment trebled in the 1890s, with girls continuing to represent the lion's share. The expansion of both secondary and tertiary public
349:
Ideologies held by the majority of early colonial society regarding women's access to education contributed greatly to the lack of opportunity for education among these women. Seventeenth-century attitudes did not stress significant importance on women's education, as evidenced by early opinions in
723:
of 1862 founded universities to educate both men and women in practical fields of study, though women's courses were still centered around home economics. By 1870 30% of colleges were co-educational, later in the 1930s women-only colleges were established that expanded opportunities for courses of
357:
However, as samplers and penbooks show,, female children developed basic literacy. Most mothers were able to teach young children at home, and women like Anne Bradstreet and Philis Wheatley wrote published poetry. Samuel Sewall's diary references describe his children, boys and girls alike, taking
702:
With the start of the war many males were in uniform so more opportunities arose for women to fill the empty space in schools and the universities became more willing to admit the women. Slowly more educational institutions opened their doors to women; today, there are 60 women's colleges in the
535:. Between 1935 and 1943, the NYA spent nearly 93 million dollars providing financial assistance. Despite the growing increasing opportunities for women in education, there was a constant need to justify the expense. As the number of college graduates increased, those who were displaced during the
599:
also experienced a great surge in popularity during the Depression. Home economics brought a scientific language to the traditional women's sphere of the home and raised "homemaking to the status of a respectable--though definitely female--occupation." Social work, child development, and nursery
120:
Total undergraduate degree figures show that females outnumbered their male counterparts for the first time in the late 1970s. However, since 1981, women have steadily been outpacing men in bachelor's degrees earned, from only a 1% lead in 1980 to 33% advantage in 2015. Which means for every 100
559:
The basic assumption in the 1930s was that women should marry. There was also the perception that college educated women were less likely to marry, either because they "waited too long" or because the college experience which broadened their minds deluded them into believing "marriage should be
336:
Across the South, there was very little public schooling. Most parents either home schooled their children using peripatetic tutors or sent them to small local private schools. A study of women's signatures in Georgia indicates a high degree of literacy in areas with schools. In South Carolina,
457:
education that began in 1867 and lasted until the early 20th century created greater opportunities for women. Between 1867 and 1915, 304 new colleges and universities were established, bringing the American total to 563 such institutions. On the liberal arts faculties of state colleges such as
878:
became the first coeducational college in the United States to grant a degree to a woman. In December 1831 it granted degrees to two women, Alice Robinson and Catherine Hall. Ingham University in Le Roy, New York, was the first women's college in New York State and the first chartered women's
555:
Because the proper role for a white, middle-class woman in 1930s American society was that of wife and mother, arguments in favor of women's education emphasized concepts of eugenics and citizenship. Education showed women how to exercise their civic responsibilities, and it showed them the
509:
Before the education reform that occurred during the Progressive Era, boys and girls often had different course programs of study. It was not uncommon for girls to be educated towards the jobs society deemed appropriate, such as secretary, journalist, or social-service worker. The idea of a
332:
Historians point out that reading and writing were different skills in the colonial era. School taught both, but in places without schools reading was mainly taught to boys and also a few privileged girls. Men handled worldly affairs and needed to read and write. Girls only needed to read
107:
According to the U.S. Office of Education, the total number of enrollment for women in higher education the U.S. in 1930 was 480,802. This information was gathered by the U.S. Office of Education on a biannual basis, and reflects an estimate for the academic year (Fall 1929 - Spring 1930).
1806:
funding through the grant program, only that program had to be in compliance. The ruling was a major victory for those opposed to Title IX, as it made many institutions' sports programs outside of the rule of Title IX and, thus, reduced the scope of Title IX.
1488:
became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in zoology, which she earned from the University of Pennsylvania. Marion Thompson Wright became the first African-American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in History, which she earned at Columbia University.
715:
was held in New York to gain support for education and suffrage but it had little immediate impact. This convention is significant because it created a foundation for efforts toward equal education for women, even though it was not actually achieved until much later.
1237:
from Syria became the first women from their respective countries (and in Joshi's case the first Hindu woman) to get a degree in western medicine, which they each got from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania (WMCP), where they were all students in 1885.
820:
began as a school for young girls in 1772 in the Moravian town of Salem, North Carolina which had been established just six years earlier by Moravian missionaries. It is the oldest educational institution for both girls and women in the United States.
556:
importance of the vote. Participation in student government trained women "early to become leaders later." One study showed that in 1935, 62 percent of women college graduates voted compared to only 50 percent of women who did not attend college.
318:
of social leadership and religion at an early point in its history. Sutton paid for its schools by means of taxes on households with children only, thereby creating an active constituency in favor of universal education for both boys and girls.
389:
idealized a "ladylike atmosphere" and "cultivation". Willard's Female Seminary became a much copied modeled in part because it helped young women fit into their "place in society". She thought the notion of female college graduates "absurd".
381:(1787-1870), was a New York educator and writer who dedicated her life to women's education. She worked in several schools and founded the first school for women's higher education, the Troy Female Seminary in Troy, New York, which is now
999:
became the first African-American woman to graduate from a U.S. college with a medical degree and the first and only African-American woman to obtain the Doctress of Medicine degree from New England Female Medical College in Boston, MA.
121:
males that graduate, 134 women do, however women have an additional privilege, "5,864 verified private scholarships, showed that there are 4 times as many scholarships specifically designated for women as opposed to those for men.".
1854:, required federally assisted higher education institutions to disclose information on roster sizes for men's and women's teams, as well as budgets for recruiting, scholarships, coaches' salaries, and other expenses, annually.
1365:
sorority was founded. It was the fourth African-American Greek letter organization for women, and the first African-American sorority established on a predominantly white campus, Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana.
1800:
disagreed with the Department of Education's assertion that it was required to comply with Title IX. Grove City College was not a federally funded institution; however, they did accept students who were receiving
892:), Macon, Georgia: It is the oldest (and the first) school which was established from inception as a full college for women offering the same education as men. Awarded the first known baccalaureate degree to a woman.
1621:(1914? â 1985) became the first American woman to earn a PhD in Computer Science, which she earned at the University of WisconsinâMadison. Her thesis was titled "Inductive Inference on Computer Generated Patterns."
548:
practical skills such as sewing, cooking, and using the new domestic inventions of the era; unfortunately, this "formal training offered women little advantage in the struggle for stable work at a liveable wage."
845:
Bradford Academy in Bradford, Massachusetts was the first higher educational institution to admit women in Massachusetts. It was founded as a co-educational institution, but became exclusively for women in 1837.
333:(especially religious materials). This educational disparity between reading and writing explains why the colonial women often could read, but could not write and could not sign their namesâthey used an "X".
1927:
On November 24, 2006, the Title IX regulations were amended to provide greater flexibility in the operation of single-sex classes or extracurricular activities at the primary or secondary school level.
1831:
The Civil Rights Restoration Act was passed in 1988 which extended Title IX coverage to all programs of any educational institution that receives any federal assistance, both direct and indirect.
370:
In the first half of the 19th century, only a minority of American children, both girls and boys, spent any meaningful time in a classroom. An even smaller minority received any secondary education.
1384:
became the first African-American woman to earn a degree in library science. She earned the degree in 1923 from the Carnegie Library School, which later became part of the University of Pittsburgh.
1163:
became the first African-American female principal in Massachusetts and the Northeast, supervising white faculty and a predominantly white student body at the Agassiz Grammar School in Cambridge.
1676:
1291:, born in England, became the first woman to earn a degree in any type of engineering in the United States, which she earned from Cornell University. It was a degree in civil engineering.
811:. Historians accept Moravian as the oldestâthough not continuously operational because of its current co-ed statusâspecifically female institute of higher learning in the United States.
5592:
Smith-Adams, Chaundra, Jennifer T. Butcher, and Dianne Reed. "Voices of African American Women Presidents in Higher Education: Recommendations for Aspiring College Presidents." in
4226:
1027:
was named principal of the Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia, becoming the first African-American woman to head an institution for higher learning in the United States.
552:
was partially explained by the "contemporary discourse that reinforced the need for higher education for women in their positions as wives, mothers, citizens, and professionals."
764:
1109:
became the first African-American in the U.S. to earn a diploma in nursing, which she earned from the School of Nursing, New England Hospital for Woman and Children in Boston.
797:
in the French colony of Louisiana. Located in New Orleans, it is both the oldest continuously operating school for girls and the oldest Catholic school in the United States.
3839:
1266:
1726:
Degrees conferred in United States since 1970 by year, degree type, and gender. Dashed lines are projected. Since 1982 more bachelor's degrees have been conferred on women.
3840:"Facts about Helen Magill White: Boston University, as discussed in Boston University (university, Boston, Massachusetts, United States): - Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
1719:: For the first time, more bachelor's degrees are conferred on women than men in the United States. More bachelor's degrees have been conferred on women every year since.
759:
from Syria (right). All three completed their medical studies and each of them was the first woman from their respective countries to obtain a degree in Western medicine.
1689:: For the first time, more associate degrees are conferred on women than men in the United States. More associate degrees have been conferred on women every year since.
882:
Ingham University was the alma mater of Sarah Frances Whiting, who later founded the physics department and establish the astronomical observatory at Wellesley College.
1812:: For the first time, more master's degrees are conferred on women than men in the United States. More master's degrees have been conferred on women every year since.
1707:
became the first African-American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemical engineering, which she earned from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1322:
from Brown University, which was the first degree ever granted in industrial psychology. Her dissertation was titled "Some Aspects of Eliminating Waste in Teaching".
4182:"Black History Fact of the Week: Ida Gray Nelson Rollins | Our Weekly - African American News | Black News | Black Entertainment | Black America"
2055:
3746:
5710:
Ogren, Christine A. "âPrecocious knowledge of everythingâ: New interpretations of womenâs higher schooling in the US in the lateâ18th and earlyâ19th centuries."
17:
4443:
1759:
1695:
1877:
1866:
1942:
1603:, who was born in Texas, became the first Latina to earn a PhD in psychology, which she earned in clinical psychology from Indiana University Bloomington.
772:
1784:
became the first African-American woman in the U.S. to earn a Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering, which she earned from George Washington University.
6131:
2402:
Spady, James O'Neil (2011). "To Vie with One against Another: Race and Demand for Non-elite White Education in an Eighteenth-Century Colonial Society".
4654:
3806:
1513:
1262:
5170:
834:, Maryland, appointed the first women instructors at any American college. Elizabeth Callister Peale and Sarah Callister taught painting and drawing.
5809:
Nash, Margaret A. "The historiography of education for girls and women in the United States." in William J Reese, William J. and John J. Rury, eds.
5390:
Hannum, Kelly M., et al. "Women leaders within higher education in the United States: Supports, barriers, and experiences of being a senior leader."
394:, a graduate of Willard's Seminary, was resentful of this attitude, a formative experience that contributed to her feminist activism in later life.
4906:
3719:
1018:
became the first African-American woman to serve as a professor. Xenia, Ohio's Wilberforce University hired her to teach Latin and English in 1866.
898:
Bradford Academy in Bradford, Massachusetts, due to declining enrollment, became a single-sexed institution for the education of women exclusively.
432:
The second half of the 19th century, on the other hand, produced relatively rapid gains for women's education in the United States. The founding of
1452:
became the second African-American woman in the United States to receive a Ph.D. in psychology, which she earned from the University of Minnesota.
1669:
U.S. service academies (US Military Academy, US Naval Academy, US Air Force Academy and the US Coast Guard Academy) first admitted women in 1976.
6072:
6136:
6077:
4444:"University of Pittsburgh to Honor First African American Librarian In Plaque Dedication Ceremony April 2 | University of Pittsburgh News"
1947:
965:
990:
graduated from the New York College of Pharmacy in 1863, which made her the first woman to graduate from a United States school of pharmacy.
42:
According to Ellen DuBois and Lynn Dumenil, they estimate that the number of bachelor and doctorate degrees from 1950 to 1980 for women are:
5529:
From diplomas to doctorates: the success of black women in higher education and its implications for equal educational opportunities for all
4001:
1630:
was passed, making discrimination against any person based on their sex in any federally funded educational program(s) in America illegal.
1495:
935:
earned a literary degree from Oberlin College, becoming the first African American woman in the United States to receive a college degree.
4234:
1612:
became the first Nigerian woman to earn any doctorate when she earned her Ph.D. in Mathematics Education from the University of Chicago.
418:
104:
The statistics for enrollment of women in higher education in the 1930s varies depending upon the type of census performed in that year.
1914:
became the eighteenth president of Brown University, which made her the first African-American woman to lead an Ivy League institution.
5941:
1173:
744:
679:
A number of colleges were founded before the Civil War with all-female student bodies, including (among others, in addition to Salem):
302:
1771:
earned her PhD in Talmudic studies from the Jewish Theological Seminary of New York, thus making her the first woman to earn a PhD in
1573:'s first chemical engineer graduate. Peck also became the first woman to receive an M.S. and a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the
1100:
became the first American woman to earn a degree in architecture, which she earned from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
5581:
Peeples, Yarbrah T. "Philanthropy and the curriculum: The role of philanthropy in the development of curriculum at Spelman College."
1967:
1734:
1412:, born in Moscow, became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in physics in the United States, which she earned from New York University.
1185:
became the first African-American woman to earn a Doctor of Dental Surgery degree, which she earned from the University of Michigan.
5779:
Eisenmann, Linda. âReconsidering a Classic: Assessing the History of Women's Higher Education a Dozen Years after Barbara Solomon.â
6100:
4928:
1937:
859:
776:
613:
564:
4726:
926:, born in England, became the first woman to earn a medical degree from an American college, Geneva Medical College in New York.
808:
2162:"Citizenship for the College Girl: Challenges and Opportunities in Higher Education for Women in the United States in the 1930s"
6067:
6057:
6052:
3917:
5255:
3631:
2241:
2216:
2110:
2073:
1796:
held that Title IX applied only to those programs receiving direct federal aid. The case reached the Supreme Court when
1067:
became the first woman college professor in the United States appointed full professor with a salary equal to her male peers.
4396:
3966:
3789:
3051:
3032:
2977:
2958:
2909:
2890:
2871:
2852:
2833:
2814:
2795:
2776:
2386:
1680:
703:
United States offering educational programs that parallel co-educational universities both in subject matter and in quality.
519:
298:
28:
945:
Women's Fraternity, was founded at Wesleyan Female College in Macon, Georgia and became the first secret society for women.
5994:
1507:
became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in government and international relations from Harvard University.
1203:
became the first woman to be officially awarded the PhD degree in psychology, which she earned at Cornell University under
3884:
1977:
1802:
1058:
became the first female college president in the United States, as president of Evanston College for Ladies in Illinois.
604:
able to gain positions of responsibility within the federal government because of the watershed events of the New Deal.
6062:
5057:
4181:
3343:
2608:
2144:
1881:
1743:
4747:
1639:
became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Physics, which she earned from the University of Michigan.
1498:
became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in anatomy, which she earned from Western Reserve University.
1430:
became the first African-American woman to earn an advanced degree in library science (MLS) from Columbia University.
354:
level with those of their male counterparts, so no pressing need to further develop their intellect was acknowledged.
4284:
4063:
3894:
3816:
3755:
3729:
3439:
3353:
3279:
3076:
2649:
2540:
904:
Mount Holyoke College, first called Mount Holyoke Seminary, was founded by Mary Lyon in South Hadley, Massachusetts.
5814:
4973:"Horany, E. (2002). Women's Issues Then & Now. Retrieved Mar. 2, 2009, from University of Texas, Texas, website"
4255:
5733:
4594:
Tao, W.-K.; Halverson, J.; LeMone, M.; Alder, R.; Garstang, M.; Houze Jr., R.; Pielke Sr., R.; Woodley, W. (2003).
3609:
1751:
1698:
became the first American woman to earn a PhD in petroleum engineering, which she earned from Stanford University.
1525:
became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Mathematics, which she earned from Catholic University.
1381:
1341:
1142:
1009:
became the first American woman to earn a dental degree, which she earned from the Ohio College of Dental Surgery.
768:
560:
between equals." Others argued college made women better wives and mothers because it "imparted practical skills."
5565:, Vol. 51, No. 3, The Impact of Black Women in Education: An Historical Overview (Summer, 1982), pp. 278â287.
5193:"Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance"
4605:. Cloud Systems, Hurricanes, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM): A Tribute to Dr. Joanne Simpson.
4137:
1353:
became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the U.S. when she earned a Ph.D. in Economics from the
3455:
1543:
became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry, which she earned from Columbia University.
720:
4622:
2692:
Rury, John (Spring 1984). "Vocationalism for Home and Work: Women's Education in the United States, 1880â1930".
2092:
1091:
became the first American woman to earn a Ph.D., which she earned at Boston University in the subject of Greek.
5934:
5269:
Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women's Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s
5262:
Women and higher education in American history: Essays from the Mount Holyoke College sesquicentennial symposia
3218:
2679:
Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women's Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s
2307:
Kathryn Kish Sklar, "The Schooling of Girls and Changing Community Values in Massachusetts Towns, 1750â1820,"
2267:
2010:
1957:
1516:
became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in geology, which she earned from Catholic University.
1403:
became the first African-American woman to graduate from the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College.
1350:
794:
4884:
4596:"The Research of Dr. Joanne Simpson: Fifty Years Investigating Hurricanes, Tropical Clouds, and Cloud Systems"
2491:
1470:
became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in nutrition, which she earned at Cornell University.
1461:
became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in botany, which she earned at Iowa State University.
4994:
4420:
1552:(formerly Joanne Malkus, born Joanne Gerould) was the first woman in the United States to receive a Ph.D. in
1479:
became the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania.
528:
5178:
3297:
Irene Harwarth & Mindi Maline. 5 Apr. 2009. U.S. Department of Education, Washington, D.C.. 5 Apr. 2009.
1300:
sorority, the first African-American Greek letter organization for woman, was founded at Howard University.
6095:
5989:
5969:
5846:
The Educated Woman in America: Selected Writings of Catharine Beecher, Margaret Fuller, and M. Carey Thomas
5762:
Underwood, Kathleen. "The pace of their own lives: Teacher training and the life course of western women."
5123:
4794:
1217:
3402:
981:
became the first African-American woman to earn a BA in 1862. She earned her degree from Oberlin College.
803:
German-speaking Moravians in Pennsylvania established the first all-girls boarding school in America, the
6035:
5984:
5594:
Black Female Leaders in Academia: Eliminating the Glass Ceiling With Efficacy, Exuberance, and Excellence
5148:
1885:
1154:
became the first American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics, which she earned from Columbia University.
932:
684:
5853:
Schoolwomen of the Prairies and Plains: Personal Narratives from Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska, 1860s-1920s
5660:
Schoolwomen of the Prairies and Plains: Personal Narratives from Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska, 1860s-1920s
5532:
5515:
5192:
6047:
6004:
5964:
5677:
The education of the southern belle: Higher education and student socialization in the antebellum south
5339:
4720:
1841:
1792:
1618:
1354:
1288:
1213:
1125:
987:
740:
362:
as boys by a minority of people in 1687, a battle which would then extend into the next few centuries.
5343:
4885:"June 2002 CDA Journal - Feature Article, Copyright 2002 Journal of the California Dental Association"
1141:
became the first woman to receive a pharmacy degree in the United States, which she received from the
807:
to serve the Moravian community in and near Bethlehem. In 1863 it became a college. In 1913 it became
626:
is the oldest female educational establishment. However, it did not award college degrees until 1890.
5999:
5974:
5927:
1861:
1151:
1055:
804:
39:
Since the early 1970s, women have surpassed men in terms of college enrollment and graduation rates.
2337:
Tyler, Lyon Gardiner (1897). "Education in Colonial Virginia. Part II: Private Schools and Tutors".
271:
6110:
5979:
5561:
Guy-Sheftall, Beverly. "Black Women and Higher Education: Spelman and Bennett Colleges Revisited."
4347:
3320:
3243:
2564:
Mary E. Cookingham, "Bluestockings, spinsters and pedagogues: women college graduates, 1865â1910."
1440:
1169:
1124:
became the first woman to head a state institution in Michigan when she was appointed as the first
1015:
649:
532:
482:
5905:
5896:
March 16, 1900âeditorial arguing against employment of married teachers in Los Angeles, California
5486:
Education and Women's Work: Female Schooling and the Division of Labor in Urban America, 1870â1930
4950:
3377:
2295:
1755:
1409:
1372:
712:
486:
470:
5876:
5865:
5645:
4840:
4595:
4476:
1649:
became the first woman named president of a major research university, The University of Texas.
5911:
5281:
Campus life : undergraduate cultures from the end of the eighteenth century to the present
4572:
3403:
Elizabeth Cady Stanton; Susan B. Anthony; Matilda Joslyn Gage; Ida Husted Harper, eds. (1889).
3117:
1952:
1531:
1439:
became the first African-American woman to earn a PhD in psychology, which she earned from the
1200:
1042:
645:
572:
474:
458:
406:'s 1833 example of enrolling women, but notably the state schools restricted admission to men.
391:
5462:
Women of the commonwealth: work, family, and social change in nineteenth-century Massachusetts
4384:
4086:
4023:
3779:
3661:
3526:
3066:
2641:
2601:
GIRL'S SCHOOLING DURING THE PROGRESSIVE ERA : from female scholar to domesticated citizen
4972:
4648:
4049:
3989:
3573:
3429:
3404:
2039:
1870:
1574:
1570:
1557:
1319:
968:
became the first woman west of the Mississippi River to receive a baccalaureate degree (from
831:
680:
583:
386:
326:
5802:
5746:
5680:
5542:
5395:
5370:
5235:
5083:
3861:
3269:
5719:
Ogren, Christine A. "Where coeds were coeducated: Normal schools in Wisconsin, 1870â1920."
5575:
Medina, Catherine, and Gaye Luna. "Narratives from Latina professors in higher education."
5364:
4818:
4685:
4610:
4464:
3781:
The History of Modern Japanese Education: Constructing the National School System 1872â1890
1840:
became the first permanent female president of an Ivy League University (specifically, the
1747:
1609:
1566:
1449:
1436:
1265:
became the first woman in North America to earn a veterinary degree, which she earned from
1160:
1024:
665:
629:
Some were founded as co-educational institutions; Oberlin Collegiate Institute, after 1850
466:
425:
5873:
Teaching Guide to Accompany Woman's 'true' Profession: Voices from the History of Teaching
5703:
5124:
History of the Presidency : Office of the President : University of Pennsylvania
8:
5688:
Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present
5586:
3683:
1485:
1476:
978:
923:
875:
498:
478:
422:
414:
382:
5698:
Melder, Keith E. "Woman's high calling: The teaching profession in America, 1830-1860."
4614:
4267:
Eron, Carol (1979). "Women in Medicine and Health Care". In O'Neill, Lois Decker (ed.).
3632:"Jacobi, Mary Putnam, 1842-1906. Papers of Mary Putnam Jacobi, 1851-1974: A Finding Aid"
2356:
Arthur, Linda L. (2000). "A New Look at Schooling and Literacy: The Colony of Georgia".
1194:
became the first woman elected to state office as Superintendent of Public Instruction.
6030:
5615:
5555:
5502:
Parish School: American Catholic Parochial Education from Colonial Times to the Present
5319:
5300:
5272:
4636:
4276:
2717:
2709:
2419:
2181:
1873:
1797:
1636:
1591:
1540:
1418:
1390:
1332:
1172:
became the first Native American woman to earn a medical degree, which she earned from
1106:
1088:
1036:
became the first American woman to earn a law degree, from Northwestern School of Law.
952:
827:
669:
619:
568:
462:
292:
5799:
The education of women in the United States: A guide to theory, teaching, and research
4550:
4112:
1713:
Women and men were enrolled in American colleges in equal numbers for the first time.
5663:
5329:
5037:
4392:
4280:
4059:
3962:
3890:
3812:
3785:
3751:
3725:
3435:
3349:
3275:
3072:
2721:
2645:
2634:
2614:
2604:
2536:
2423:
2382:
2185:
2140:
2006:
1660:
1587:
1427:
1297:
1045:
became the first American woman to earn a degree in chemistry, which she earned from
1006:
956:
852:
The first American public high schools for girls were opened in New York and Boston.
673:
641:
449:
445:
437:
5316:
In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education in America
4714:
3294:
1375:
became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard, which she earned in education.
6025:
5950:
5134:
5071:
4769:
4640:
4626:
4618:
3549:
2701:
2469:
2411:
2173:
1889:
1781:
1659:
became the first female dean of a dental school when she was appointed the dean of
1600:
1467:
1458:
1400:
1315:
1306:
1234:
1204:
1129:
1121:
996:
889:
756:
748:
724:
study to include more intellectual development as opposed to domestic instruction.
692:
653:
634:
536:
5653:
Teachers and texts: A political economy of class and gender relations in education
5111:
4421:"First woman to receive doctorate at Harvard was from Lennox | Northern Star"
4303:
1722:
409:
267:
6042:
5900:
5443:
5410:
4862:
4385:"Missed Opportunity: Sadie Teller Mossell Alexander and the Economics Profession"
3956:
3193:
2530:
2376:
2320:
E. Jennifer Monaghan, "Literacy Instruction and Gender in Colonial New England,"
1972:
1893:
1851:
1822:
1768:
1656:
1522:
1362:
1328:
1249:
1226:
1191:
1073:
Japanese women are allowed to study in the USA (though not yet in Japan itself).
1064:
969:
914:
910:
657:
630:
595:
Teaching and nursing were the top two fields for women throughout the 1930s, but
453:
403:
5378:
All-American Girl: The Ideal of Real Womanhood in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America
4477:"Wright, Marion Thompson (1902â1962) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed"
2515:
Susan Schulten, "Emma Willard and the graphic foundations of American history,"
4203:
2378:
Industrious in Their Stations: Young People at Work in Urban America, 1720â1810
2177:
1818:
1549:
1138:
1079:
1046:
942:
696:
596:
588:
433:
5904:
5823:
Women Educators in the United States, 1820â1993: A BioBibliographic Sourcebook
5788:
Leach, Mary. "Toward Writing Feminist Scholarship into History of Education."
5357:
I'm Radcliffe, fly me!: the seven sisters and the failure of women's education
5297:
Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800
4507:
4269:
3142:
2473:
6125:
6105:
4159:
2618:
1739:
1704:
1646:
1253:
623:
441:
4631:
4369:
4256:
Historical Photos Depict Women Medical Pioneers | Public Radio International
3306:
Mabel Haller, "Moravian Influence on Higher Education in Colonial America."
1850:
In 1994, the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act, sponsored by congresswoman
5890:
1911:
1837:
1583:
1393:
became the first African-American woman to be admitted to Barnard college.
1275:
1097:
518:
The 1930s marked great economic hardship with the onset of the decade-long
378:
301:
elementary education was widespread in New England, but limited elsewhere.
3167:
2415:
5743:
Seattle's women teachers of the interwar years: Shapers of a livable city
5642:
The teacher's voice: A social history of teaching in 20th century America
5509:
3961:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Michigan Women's Studies Association. p. 32.
3092:
1962:
1553:
1230:
661:
5619:
5603:
5552:
Black women in the ivory tower, 1850-1954 : an intellectual history
5243:
The bonds of womanhood : "woman's sphere" in New England, 1780-1835
2925:
The Women's Movement: Political, Socioeconomic. and Psychological Issues
5830:
Weiler, Kathleen. "Women's history and the history of women teachers."
5767:
5691:
5539:
Leaders of Their Race: Educating Black and White Women in the New South
5016:
3295:
Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges.
2325:
2199:
1504:
1421:
was the first African-American woman to graduate from Yale Law School.
1033:
868:
The first public examination of an American girl in geometry was held.
5479:
5038:"abba & rabbi: an evening with sara hurwitz & judith hauptman"
2938:
McGowan, Josephine (February 11, 1931). "A Decade of Women's Rights".
2713:
1309:
became the first female superintendent of a large city school system.
817:
266:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
5495:
Bound by a mighty vow: Sisterhood and women's fraternities, 1870-1920
4055:
1279:
790:
752:
688:
5604:"The Education of African American Girls and Women: Past to Present"
4841:"UW-Madison Computer Science Ph.D.s Awarded, May 1965 - August 1970"
4819:"UW-Madison Computer Science Ph.D.s Awarded, May 1965 - August 1970"
3805:
Hanson, Katherine; Guilfoy, Vivian; Pillai, Sarita (July 16, 2009).
1331:
sorority, a Jewish women's Greek letter organization was founded at
5919:
3527:"Claiming Their Citizenship: African American Women From 1624â2009"
2705:
2460:
Matthews, Barbara (February 1976). "Women, Education and History".
2161:
2056:"Mitch McConnell says more women graduate from college than men do"
1627:
1182:
728:
502:
321:
5474:
Rossiter, Margaret W. "Doctorates for American Women, 1868-1907".
5419:
Sisterhood and Solidarity: Workers' Education for Women, 1914â1984
4671:, Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering, 15, 368-375.
633:, founded in 1833, was the first college to accept both women and
622:
few colleges admitted women. Founded in 1772 as a primary school,
5426:
Educating Men and Women Together: Coeducation in a Changing World
5171:"In a first, women surpass men in advanced degrees - Yahoo! News"
3267:
1897:
1683:
in 2000) had Nancy Goorey as its first female president in 1977.
539:
had to compete with a younger and more-educated group of people.
5232:
The rise of women in higher education: How, why, and what's next
4725:(Interview). Interviewed by Lauren Kata. Winter Haven, Florida:
2242:"U.S. higher education - number of bachelor's degrees 1950-2029"
2217:"U.S. higher education - number of bachelor's degrees 1950-2029"
2111:"U.S. higher education - number of bachelor's degrees 1950-2029"
5252:
Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States
4907:"Women in the US Military - Women Enter the Military Academies"
3064:
1772:
5862:
Woman's 'true' profession: Voices from the history of teaching
5670:
The American teacher: Evolution of a profession in a democracy
3883:
Cramer, James P.; Yankopolus, Jennifer Evans (November 2005).
3456:"Changing the Face of Medicine | Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell"
2681:. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 115.
2137:
Through Women's Eyes : An American History with Documents
5730:
The American state normal school: An instrument of great good
3706:
The Three Sarahs: Documents of Antebellum Black College Women
2005:(1st Harper Torchbook ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
1082:
became the first American woman to earn a degree in nursing.
306:
115:
5455:
Higher Education for Catholic Women: An Historical Anthology
4573:"Welcome to the University of Chicago College Report Online"
4391:. Vol. 1. Routledge Chapman & Hall. pp. 123â.
2139:(2nd. ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 690.
2003:
American Education : The Colonial Experience, 1607-1783
5577:
Anthropology & Education Quarterly' 31.1 (2000): 47-66.
4623:
10.1175/0065-9401(2003)029<0001:CTRODJ>2.0.CO;2
4051:
American Women Pharmacists: Contributions to the Profession
4465:
Jenny Rosenthal Bramley - GHN: IEEE Global History Network
4048:
Henderson, Metta Lou; Worthen, Dennis B. (March 8, 2002).
2927:(Third ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. 228.
5868:; long excerpts from 28 primary sources, 1830s to 1940s.
5757:(Springer Netherlands, 1997). 153-198; world perspective.
2640:. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. p.
2200:"120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait"
1252:
became the first African-American woman to graduate from
672:, founded as the co-educational Valley Union Seminary in
5469:
Bright epoch: Women and coeducation in the American West
4830:
PhDs granted at UW-Madison Computer Sciences Department.
4686:"Maryly Van Leer Peck, Former PCC President, Dies at 81"
2268:"Here's The Best Time To Apply For College Scholarships"
4593:
4551:"Marie M. Daly Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story"
4087:"Susan Hayhurst, pioneer female pharmacist, circa 1889"
4024:"Susan Hayhurst, pioneer female pharmacist, circa 1889"
3941:
2486:"Emma Willard: Inventor of the Modern Woman (in 1821),
1344:
admitted 24 women to the entering undergraduate class.
2658:
2339:
William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine
1760:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1216:
was the first women to attempt to take classes at the
485:, women outnumbered men; indeed, the president of the
125:
Percent of College Degrees Acquired by Women, by year
4508:"History of Black Women in the Mathematical Sciences"
4326:"Early Women Veterinarians in the Western Hemisphere"
3020:
3008:
402:
At the college level, a few private schools followed
5380:(U of Georgia Press, 1989), pp. 63-100 on education.
5089:. 2009. EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica Online. 19 Nov. 2009
4389:
A Different Vision: Africa American Economic Thought
3219:"History of Queens | Queens University of Charlotte"
2160:
Nash, Margaret A.; Romero, Lisa S. (February 2012).
1590:
admitted the first women to the school and his wife
5464:(1996) included four essays by experts on education
5336:
A History of Women's Education in the United States
3862:"Guide to the Helen Magill White Papers, 1865â1938"
3804:
2764:
2582:
Wood, J T. (2009). Gendered Lives. Boston: Lyn Uhl.
2535:. Michigan State University Press. pp. 46â53.
5570:Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia
5385:Gender and Higher Education in the Progressive Era
4271:The Women's Book of World Records and Achievements
4268:
4113:"Winifred Edgerton Merrill: "She Opened the Door""
3610:"Happy Mother's Day to Women Pioneers in Pharmacy"
3574:"NWHM Exhibit: The History of Women and Education"
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
2996:
2984:
2965:
2946:
2897:
2878:
2859:
2840:
2821:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2633:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2093:"In a first, women surpass men in college degrees"
1594:setup support groups for future female engineers.
1115:American Association of University Women founded.
5433:Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA, 1900â1980
5102:Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 2005.
5058:The Jewish Theological Seminary â Judith Hauptman
4441:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3039:
2802:
2783:
2381:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
1943:Timeline of women's colleges in the United States
773:Timeline of women's colleges in the United States
337:scores of school projects were advertised in the
6123:
5602:Thomas, Veronica G.; Jackson, Janine A. (2007).
5583:International Journal of Educational Advancement
5349:
5288:Women's Education in the United States 1780-1840
4965:
4227:"Light of Learning to Shine in Teacher's Memory"
4111:Kelly, Susan E.; Rozner, Sarah A. (April 2012).
4047:
3882:
5899:
5755:International handbook of teachers and teaching
5307:Sicherman, Barbara, and Carol Hurd Green, eds.
5114:National Organization for Women. June 27, 2007.
5030:
4795:"Women in Computing - Computing History Museum"
3434:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 23.
2571:
1821:became the first African-American president of
765:Timeline of historically black women's colleges
600:school educational programs were also popular.
506:opportunity to continue into higher education.
112:the U.S. Office of Education in the same year.
5753:Spencer, Dee Ann. "Teaching as womenâs work."
5326:Women's life and work in the southern colonies
5149:"For first time, more women than men earn PhD"
5072:"The Oyez Project, Grove City College v. Bell"
4653:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3557:
3470:
3406:History of Woman Suffrage: 1848â1861, Volume 1
563:The 1930s also marked the 10th anniversary of
5935:
5601:
5417:Kornbluh, Joyce, and Mary Frederickson, eds.
4712:
4679:
4677:
4041:
3717:
2134:
1896:, whose son was enrolled at VMI at the time,
1278:graduated from Radcliffe, becoming the first
5811:Rethinking the History of American Education
5260:Faragher, John Mack, and Florence Howe, eds.
4502:
4500:
4498:
4002:Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science
3656:
3654:
3652:
3594:Jessie Carney Smith, "Mary Jane Patterson."
3268:Maryann Bruno; Elizabeth A. Daniels (2001).
3143:"History & Mission | Hollins University"
2050:
2048:
4995:"Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan"
4376:
4266:
4110:
3721:Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics
2290:
2288:
2135:DuBois, Ellen Carol; Dumenil, Lynn (2009).
1948:List of girls' schools in the United States
640:Other early coeducational schools included
5942:
5928:
5137:Gender Equity in Sport. February 23, 2006.
4674:
3942:"American Association of University Women"
3431:Looking Back Mississippi: Towns and Places
3068:Encyclopedia of African-American Education
2294:National Center for Education Statistics,
2159:
2071:
2038:National Center for Education Statistics,
1282:person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.
959:or state university in the United States.
860:South Carolina Female Collegiate Institute
344:
116:Surpassing equality and overrepresentation
5309:Notable American Women: The Modern Period
5135:"Landmark Title IX Cases in History"
4770:"Timeline - Psychology's Feminist Voices"
4683:
4661:
4630:
4587:
4495:
4419:Henderson, Margaret (December 22, 2014).
4418:
4224:
4204:"Timeline - Psychology's Feminist Voices"
3886:Almanac of Architecture & Design 2006
3744:
3684:"Lucy Hobbs Taylor, First Female Dentist"
3649:
3376:Gergel, Belinda F. (September 14, 2016).
3118:"Mission & History | Antioch College"
2045:
1968:History of education in the United States
1735:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
862:was founded in Columbia, South Carolina.
676:, in 1842; it became all female in 1852;
644:, founded as Michigan Central College in
5864:(2nd ed. Harvard Education Press, 2003)
5359:(Macmillan, 1976), a scholarly analysis.
5067:
5065:
4708:
4706:
4382:
4162:. Drexel University, College of Medicine
4160:"History of Women Physicians - Timeline"
4079:
3919:Journal of the American Institute of ...
3065:Faustine Childress Jones-Wilson (1996).
2676:
2459:
2285:
2072:Borzelleca, Daniel (February 16, 2012).
1996:
1994:
1721:
913:is the first woman permitted to use the
739:
582:
419:Woman's Law Class of New York University
408:
320:
5402:Nineteenth-Century Women Learn to Write
5163:
5146:
4727:Engineering and Technology History Wiki
4713:Van Leer Peck, Maryly (June 13, 2003).
4016:
3050:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 (
3031:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 (
2976:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 (
2957:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 (
2937:
2922:
2908:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 (
2889:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 (
2870:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 (
2851:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 (
2832:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 (
2813:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 (
2794:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 (
2775:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 (
2664:
2631:
2091:AP, Associated Press (April 26, 2011).
1174:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania
809:Moravian Seminary and College for Women
745:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania
305:believed it was necessary to study the
18:Women in education in the United States
14:
6132:Women's education in the United States
6124:
5128:
5112:"Legislative History of Title IX"
5092:
3954:
3427:
3375:
2598:
2528:
2374:
2355:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2000:
1677:American Association of Dental Schools
1556:, which she received in 1949 from the
795:founded the Ursuline Academy for women
497:Coinciding with the beginnings of the
6137:History of women in the United States
5923:
5392:Advancing Women in Leadership Journal
5147:Jaschik, Scott (September 14, 2010).
5062:
4703:
4225:Freehling, Alison (October 2, 1996).
3607:
3341:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2435:
2433:
2401:
2336:
1991:
1938:Women's colleges in the United States
1790:The U.S. Supreme Court's 1984 ruling
1742:(1982) was a case decided 5â4 by the
1681:American Dental Education Association
1128:of Michigan's Girls Training School,
777:Women's colleges in the United States
614:Women's colleges in the United States
565:Women's suffrage in the United States
397:
29:colonial history of the United States
5949:
5328:(1938; reprinted 1998), pp 183-207.
5105:
4715:"Oral-History: Maryly Van Leer Peck"
4684:Chambliss, John (November 4, 2011).
4442:Celeste Kimbrough (March 18, 2004).
4306:. KSU College of Veterinary Medicine
3777:
3748:Historical dictionary of women's ...
3541:
3045:
3026:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2971:
2952:
2903:
2884:
2865:
2846:
2827:
2808:
2789:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2691:
2439:
1803:Basic Educational Opportunity Grants
1220:but her petition was denied 4 to 3.
791:Sisters of the Order of Saint Ursula
706:
252:
250:Graph of Degree Attainment over time
5077:
3982:
3093:"About/History - Hillsdale College"
2502:Susan Grigg, "Willard, Emma Hart",
2444:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2062:July 18, 2014. Retrieved 2015-02-21
2019:
1978:Normal schools in the United States
1534:admitted women for the first time.
607:
24:
5838:
5219:
4951:"ADVANCE Center for Women Faculty"
3958:Michigan Women Firsts and Founders
3842:. Britannica.com. October 28, 1944
3704:Ellen Lawson and Marlene Merrill,
3624:
2585:
2504:American National Biography Online
2448:
2430:
2090:
2074:"The Male-Female Ratio in College"
1882:Supreme Court of the United States
1744:Supreme Court of the United States
941:The Adelphean Society, now called
874:As a private institution in 1831,
691:as Mount Holyoke Female Seminary;
25:
6148:
5884:
5773:
5234:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2019)
3274:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 7.
1679:(founded in 1923 and renamed the
1342:The College of William & Mary
1241:
837:
578:
5362:Bordin, Ruth Birgitta Anderson.
5185:
5140:
5117:
5051:
5009:
4987:
4943:
4921:
4899:
4877:
4855:
4833:
4811:
4787:
4762:
4740:
4565:
4543:
4522:
4469:
4458:
4435:
4412:
4362:
4340:
4318:
4296:
4260:
4249:
2636:In the Company of Educated Women
1752:Mississippi University for Women
1382:Virginia Proctor Powell Florence
1143:Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
955:becomes the first coeducational
542:
293:Dame school § North America
257:
5745:(U of Washington Press, 2012).
5596:(IGI Global, 2022) pp. 233-252.
4909:. Chnm.gmu.edu. October 7, 1975
4553:. Biography.com. April 16, 1921
4304:"The Centennial: Did You Know?"
4218:
4196:
4174:
4152:
4130:
4104:
3948:
3934:
3910:
3876:
3854:
3832:
3798:
3771:
3738:
3711:
3698:
3676:
3601:
3588:
3551:University of Rochester History
3547:
3448:
3421:
3396:
3369:
3335:
3313:
3300:
3288:
3261:
3236:
3211:
3186:
3160:
3135:
3110:
3085:
3058:
2931:
2916:
2685:
2670:
2625:
2558:
2549:
2522:
2517:Journal of Historical Geography
2509:
2496:
2480:
2395:
2375:Sundue, Sharon Braslaw (2009).
2368:
2349:
2330:
2314:
2301:
2259:
2234:
2209:
1903:
1256:in Northampton, Massachusetts.
1224:Late 1800s, exact date unknown:
781:
721:Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
492:
489:was urging quota restrictions.
373:
365:
5855:(U of New Mexico Press, 1992).
5721:History of Education Quarterly
5608:The Journal of Negro Education
5563:The Journal of Negro Education
5527:Bush, V. Barbara, et al. eds.
5512:teachers in the United States
5476:History of Education Quarterly
5367:: The evolution of a new woman
4140:. National Library of Medicine
4138:"Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte"
3718:Lynne E. Ford (May 12, 2010).
3608:Garza, Anyssa (May 10, 2018).
3428:Cooper, Forrest Lamar (2011).
3071:. Greenwood. pp. 339â40.
2694:History of Education Quarterly
2488:New England Historical Society
2309:History of Education Quarterly
2296:Digest of Education Statistics
2265:
2192:
2153:
2128:
2103:
2084:
2065:
2040:Digest of Education Statistics
1958:Education in the United States
13:
1:
5821:Seller, Maxine Schwartz, ed.
5712:Journal of curriculum studies
5521:
5471:(U of Nebraska Press, 2008) .
5350:Specialized scholarly studies
5311:(4 vol. Belknap Press, 1980).
5245:(Yale UP, 1977), pp. 101-125.
4723:Pioneers Oral History Project
4667:Atlas D and Lemone MA (2011)
4387:. In Thomas D. Boston (ed.).
4328:. McKillip Veterinary College
3955:Harley, Rachel Brett (1992).
3345:Chronology of women's history
1984:
1335:in response to antisemitism.
1218:College of William & Mary
769:Timeline of women's education
571:and increased support for an
529:National Youth Administration
34:
5541:(U of Illinois Press, 2017)
5369:(U of Michigan Press, 1993)
5264:(1988), 10 essays by experts
4748:"Biography of Martha Bernal"
4625:(inactive August 27, 2024).
3994:American Journal of Pharmacy
3784:. Rutgers University Press.
2358:Georgia Historical Quarterly
2001:Cremin, Lawrence A. (1970).
1892:in a 7â1 decision. (Justice
888:Georgia Female College (now
660:, founded by noted educator
7:
5851:Cordier, Mary Hurlbut, ed.
5781:Harvard Educational Review,
5686:Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz.
5634:
5407:Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz.
5279:Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz.
5267:Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz.
4383:Malveaux, Julianne (1997).
3708:(Edwin Mellen Press, 1984).
3382:South Carolina Encyclopedia
1931:
1886:Virginia Military Institute
1267:McKillip Veterinary College
735:
685:South Hadley, Massachusetts
587:Home economics students at
286:
10:
6153:
5906:"Education of Women"
5797:McClelland, Averil Evans.
5783:67 (Winter 1997): 689â717.
5224:
5017:"Ohel Ayalah - Who We Are"
2632:Solomon, Barabara (1985).
2178:10.1177/016146811211400201
1890:male-only admission policy
1842:University of Pennsylvania
1793:Grove City College v. Bell
1746:. The court held that the
1619:Sister Mary Kenneth Keller
1355:University of Pennsylvania
1289:Nora Stanton Blatch Barney
1214:Minnie Braithwaite Jenkins
988:Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi
762:
611:
290:
281:
6088:
6018:
5957:
5764:Pacific Historical Review
5640:Altenbaugh, Richard, ed.
5568:Hine, Darlene Clark, ed.
5448:(Johns Hopkins UP, 1990).
5409:The Power and Passion of
5314:Solomon, Barbara Miller.
4865:. Bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu
4603:Meteorological Monographs
4075:– via Google Books.
4012:– via Google Books.
3864:. Rmc.library.cornell.edu
3745:Eisenmann, Linda (1998).
2923:Deckard, Barbara (1983).
2532:Suffragists and Democrats
2474:10.1080/00405847609542608
1862:United States v. Virginia
1152:Winifred Edgerton Merrill
1056:Frances Elizabeth Willard
818:Salem Academy and College
805:Bethlehem Female Seminary
648:in 1844, the short-lived
6111:Female education in STEM
5825:(Greenwood Press, 1994).
4931:. selaminternational.org
4929:"selaminternational.org"
4530:"Powered by Google Docs"
4291:First Hindu Woman Doctor
4275:. Anchor Press. p.
2677:Horowitz, Helen (1984).
1441:University of Cincinnati
1170:Susan La Flesche Picotte
1016:Sarah Jane Woodson Early
755:from Japan (center) and
650:New-York Central College
533:United States Government
513:
436:in 1865 was followed by
417:, JD, taught law at the
325:Colonial schoolhouse in
6048:Lists of girls' schools
5741:Pieroth, Doris Hinson.
5658:Cordier, Mary Hurlbut.
5324:Spruill, Julia Cherry.
5203:(206). October 25, 2006
5087:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
4575:. Magazine.uchicago.edu
4423:. M.northernstar.com.au
3778:Duke, Benjamin (2009).
3662:"Firsts for U.S. Women"
3342:Olsen, Kirstin (1994).
3321:"Kohl Gallery: History"
3198:www.wesleyancollege.edu
2519:(2007) 33#3 pp.542-564.
2440:Cott, Nancy F. (1997).
2298:. Retrieved 2021-03-12
2166:Teachers College Record
2042:. Retrieved 2015-02-21
1980:, for training teachers
1756:Equal Protection Clause
1663:, School of Dentistry.
1410:Jenny Rosenthal Bramley
1373:Lorna Myrtle Hodgkinson
751:from India (left) with
713:Seneca Falls Convention
487:University of Wisconsin
345:Early colonial ideology
54:% of Doctorate degrees
51:% of bachelor's degrees
5912:Encyclopedia Americana
5844:Cross, Barbara M. ed.
5792:40.4 (1990): 453-61. [
5766:55.4 (1986): 513-530.
5478:22#2 (1982): 159â183.
5467:Radke-Moss, Andrea G.
5400:Hobbs, Catherine, ed.
4348:"Women in Engineering"
3598:(Gale Research, 1992).
3122:www.antiochcollege.org
2599:GRAVES, KAREN (2016).
2529:Morgan, David (1972).
2442:The Bonds of Womanhood
2404:Early American Studies
1953:Educational Inequality
1888:(VMI)'s long-standing
1727:
1532:Harvard Medical School
1269:in Chicago, Illinois.
1201:Margaret Floy Washburn
1043:Ellen Swallow Richards
760:
646:Spring Arbor, Michigan
592:
573:Equal Rights Amendment
429:
392:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
339:South Carolina Gazette
329:
5866:online of 1st edition
5714:39.4 (2007): 491-502.
5672:(1939; reprint 1970).
5558:, in higher education
5460:Porter, Susan L. ed.
5074:, 465 U.S. 555 (1984)
3636:oasis.lib.harvard.edu
3378:"Barhamville Academy"
3172:Mount Holyoke College
2568:38.3 (1984): 349-364.
2416:10.1353/eam.2011.0028
1748:single-sex admissions
1725:
1575:University of Florida
1571:Vanderbilt University
1558:University of Chicago
1320:industrial psychology
789:The French-speaking
743:
687:, founded in 1837 by
681:Mount Holyoke College
586:
412:
387:Republican motherhood
327:Hollis, New Hampshire
324:
313:to aid poor families
291:Further information:
6101:Socioeconomic impact
5871:Skakeshaft, Charol.
5860:Hoffman, Nancy, ed.
5832:Journal of Education
5813:(2008) pp 143â159.
5702:13.2 (1972): 19-32.
5668:Elsbree, Willard S.
5550:Evans, Stephanie Y.
5453:Oates, Mary J., ed.
5440:Musser, Frederic O.
5365:Alice Freeman Palmer
5100:A Place on the Team.
4370:"100 Years of Women"
4350:. Engineering Degree
4237:on February 20, 2018
4206:. Feministvoices.com
4118:. Notices of the AMS
4091:ExplorePAhistory.com
4028:ExplorePAhistory.com
3808:More than Title nine
3612:. Digital Pharmacist
3323:. Washington College
3310:25#3 (1958): 205-222
3308:Pennsylvania History
2462:Theory into Practice
1696:Christine Economides
1610:Grace Alele-Williams
1567:Maryly Van Leer Peck
1450:Ruth Winifred Howard
1437:Inez Beverly Prosser
1351:Sadie Tanner Mossell
1161:Maria Louise Baldwin
1025:Fanny Jackson Coppin
666:Yellow Springs, Ohio
426:university extension
303:New England Puritans
5894:Los Angeles Herald,
5834:171.3 (1989): 9-30.
5801:(Routledge, 2014).
5675:Farnham, Christie.
5585:10 (2010): 245-260
5424:Lasser, Carol, ed.
5295:Norton, Mary Beth.
4615:2003MetMo..29....1T
3596:Notable Black Women
2311:1993 33(4): 511â542
1876: (1996), was a
1486:Roger Arliner Young
1477:Anna Johnson Julian
979:Mary Jane Patterson
924:Elizabeth Blackwell
876:Mississippi College
531:was created by the
421:through an endowed
415:Emilie Kempin-Spyri
383:Emma Willard School
341:beginning in 1732.
126:
5891:"Married Teachers"
5790:Educational Theory
5728:Ogren, Christine.
5723:35.1 (1995): 1-26.
5679:(NYU Press, 1994)
5655:(Routledge, 2021).
5651:Apple, Michael W.
5644:(Routledge, 2005)
5497:(NYU Press, 2004).
5431:Murphy, Marjorie.
5394:35 (2015): 65-75.
5286:Nash, Margaret A.
5250:Eisenmann, Linda.
4953:. Advance.tamu.edu
4774:feministvoices.com
4750:. Apadivisions.org
4510:. Math.buffalo.edu
4483:. December 8, 2016
3686:. Home.comcast.net
2566:Population Studies
2476:– via JSTOR.
2324:1988 40(1): 18â41
2322:American Quarterly
1798:Grove City College
1728:
1637:Willie Hobbs Moore
1592:Ella Wall Van Leer
1541:Marie Maynard Daly
1419:Jane Matilda Bolin
1391:Zora Neale Hurston
1333:Cornell University
1107:Mary Eliza Mahoney
1089:Helen Magill White
953:University of Iowa
828:Washington College
761:
670:Hollins University
620:American Civil War
593:
569:political activism
444:in the same year,
430:
428:program for women.
398:Colleges for women
330:
124:
6119:
6118:
5732:(Springer, 2005)
5376:Cogan Frances B.
4997:. Law.cornell.edu
4975:. Cwrl.utexas.edu
4481:www.blackpast.org
4398:978-0-415-12715-8
3968:978-0-961-93901-4
3791:978-0-8135-4403-8
3097:www.hillsdale.edu
2388:978-0-8139-2713-8
1661:Howard University
1655:On July 1, 1975,
1588:Blake R. Van Leer
1428:Dorothy B. Porter
1298:Alpha Kappa Alpha
1007:Lucy Hobbs Taylor
707:Government action
674:Roanoke, Virginia
656:(1849â1860), and
642:Hillsdale College
635:African Americans
279:
278:
248:
247:
102:
101:
16:(Redirected from
6144:
6026:Finishing school
5951:Female education
5944:
5937:
5930:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5908:
5700:American Studies
5630:
5628:
5626:
5500:Walch, Timothy.
5457:(Garland, 1987).
5383:Gordon, Lynn D.
5213:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5197:Federal Register
5189:
5183:
5182:
5177:. Archived from
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5096:
5090:
5084:"Title IX."
5081:
5075:
5069:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4863:"About Title IX"
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4799:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4710:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4681:
4672:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4652:
4644:
4634:
4632:2060/20020011611
4600:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4504:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4473:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4274:
4264:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4233:. Archived from
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
3990:"Susan Hayhurst"
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3715:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3658:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3605:
3599:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3570:
3555:
3554:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3523:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3317:
3311:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3194:"About Wesleyan"
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3174:. April 18, 2012
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3029:, p. 21-22.
3024:
3018:
3017:, p. 21-44.
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2639:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2596:
2583:
2580:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2457:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2328:
2318:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2272:Business Insider
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2063:
2054:Molly O'Connor,
2052:
2043:
2036:
2017:
2016:
1998:
1884:struck down the
1782:Christine Darden
1514:Margurite Thomas
1468:Flemmie Kittrell
1459:Jesse Jarue Mark
1401:May Edward Chinn
1318:earned a PhD in
1316:Lillian Gilbreth
1307:Ella Flagg Young
1263:Mignon Nicholson
1235:Sabat Islambouli
1233:from Japan, and
1130:Adrian, Michigan
1122:Emma Amelia Hall
997:Rebecca Crumpler
890:Wesleyan College
757:Sabat Islambooly
749:Anandibai Joshee
693:Wesleyan College
654:McGraw, New York
608:Women's colleges
537:Great Depression
520:Great Depression
299:Colonial America
261:
260:
253:
127:
123:
45:
44:
21:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6084:
6014:
5953:
5948:
5901:Mary E. Woolley
5887:
5841:
5839:Primary sources
5776:
5637:
5624:
5622:
5572:(2 vols. 1993).
5537:Case, Sarah H.
5524:
5507:Wyman, Andrea.
5493:Turk, Diana B.
5444:Goucher College
5442:The History of
5411:M. Carey Thomas
5352:
5338:(2 vols. 1929)
5334:Woody, Thomas.
5241:Cott, Nancy F.
5227:
5222:
5220:Further reading
5217:
5216:
5206:
5204:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5181:on May 4, 2011.
5169:
5168:
5164:
5154:
5152:
5145:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5106:
5097:
5093:
5082:
5078:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4978:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4888:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4776:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4753:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4711:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4682:
4675:
4666:
4662:
4646:
4645:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4496:
4486:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4446:. News.pitt.edu
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4381:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4007:
4005:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3953:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3716:
3712:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3606:
3602:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3558:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3248:www.averett.edu
3242:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2936:
2932:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2690:
2686:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2630:
2626:
2611:
2597:
2586:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2485:
2481:
2458:
2449:
2438:
2431:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2373:
2369:
2354:
2350:
2335:
2331:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2089:
2085:
2070:
2066:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2020:
2013:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1973:Female seminary
1934:
1906:
1894:Clarence Thomas
1852:Cardiss Collins
1823:Spelman College
1769:Judith Hauptman
1657:Jeanne Sinkford
1523:Euphemia Haynes
1363:Sigma Gamma Rho
1329:Sigma Delta Tau
1250:Otelia Cromwell
1244:
1227:Anandibai Joshi
1205:E. B. Titchener
1192:Laura Eisenhuth
1065:Harriette Cooke
970:Cornell College
915:Harvard College
911:Margaret Fuller
840:
784:
779:
738:
709:
658:Antioch College
631:Oberlin College
616:
610:
581:
545:
516:
495:
400:
376:
368:
347:
295:
289:
284:
275:
262:
258:
118:
37:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6150:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6073:United Kingdom
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6028:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5897:
5886:
5885:External links
5883:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5857:
5856:
5849:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5827:
5826:
5818:
5817:
5806:
5805:
5794:
5793:
5785:
5784:
5775:
5774:Historiography
5772:
5771:
5770:
5759:
5758:
5750:
5749:
5738:
5737:
5725:
5724:
5716:
5715:
5707:
5706:
5695:
5694:
5684:
5673:
5666:
5656:
5649:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5614:(3): 357â372.
5598:
5597:
5590:
5579:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5547:
5546:
5535:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5505:
5498:
5490:
5489:
5484:Rury, John L.
5482:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5450:
5449:
5437:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5405:
5398:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5360:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5332:
5322:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5258:
5247:
5246:
5239:
5230:Berg, Gary A.
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5184:
5175:news.yahoo.com
5162:
5151:. usatoday.com
5139:
5127:
5116:
5104:
5098:Suggs, Welsh.
5091:
5076:
5061:
5050:
5029:
5008:
4986:
4964:
4942:
4920:
4898:
4876:
4854:
4832:
4810:
4786:
4761:
4739:
4702:
4673:
4669:Joanne Simpson
4660:
4586:
4564:
4542:
4521:
4494:
4468:
4457:
4434:
4411:
4397:
4375:
4361:
4339:
4317:
4295:
4285:
4259:
4248:
4217:
4195:
4173:
4151:
4129:
4103:
4078:
4064:
4058:. p. 10.
4040:
4015:
3981:
3967:
3947:
3933:
3909:
3895:
3875:
3853:
3831:
3817:
3797:
3790:
3770:
3756:
3737:
3730:
3710:
3697:
3675:
3648:
3623:
3600:
3587:
3556:
3540:
3469:
3447:
3440:
3420:
3395:
3384:. Univ. of S.C
3368:
3354:
3334:
3312:
3299:
3287:
3280:
3271:Vassar College
3260:
3235:
3223:www.queens.edu
3210:
3185:
3159:
3134:
3109:
3084:
3077:
3057:
3038:
3019:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2964:
2945:
2930:
2915:
2896:
2877:
2858:
2839:
2820:
2801:
2782:
2773:, p. 5-6.
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2706:10.2307/367991
2684:
2669:
2667:, p. 148.
2657:
2650:
2624:
2610:978-1138975194
2609:
2584:
2570:
2557:
2548:
2541:
2521:
2508:
2495:
2479:
2447:
2429:
2410:(3): 649â676.
2394:
2387:
2367:
2348:
2329:
2313:
2300:
2284:
2258:
2233:
2208:
2191:
2152:
2146:978-0312468873
2145:
2127:
2102:
2083:
2064:
2044:
2018:
2011:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1905:
1902:
1819:Johnnetta Cole
1750:policy of the
1550:Joanne Simpson
1243:
1240:
1139:Susan Hayhurst
1126:superintendent
1080:Linda Richards
1047:Vassar College
943:Alpha Delta Pi
839:
836:
783:
780:
737:
734:
727:In July 1975 "
708:
705:
697:Macon, Georgia
612:Main article:
609:
606:
597:home economics
589:Shimer College
580:
579:Areas of study
577:
544:
541:
515:
512:
494:
491:
399:
396:
375:
372:
367:
364:
346:
343:
288:
285:
283:
280:
277:
276:
265:
263:
256:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
117:
114:
100:
99:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
49:
36:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6149:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6106:Dean of women
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6079:
6078:United States
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6010:United States
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5931:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5914:
5913:
5907:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5692:online review
5689:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5511:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5414:(Knopf, 1994)
5413:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5361:
5358:
5355:Baker, Liva.
5354:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5120:
5113:
5108:
5101:
5095:
5088:
5085:
5080:
5073:
5068:
5066:
5059:
5054:
5039:
5033:
5018:
5012:
4996:
4990:
4974:
4968:
4952:
4946:
4930:
4924:
4908:
4902:
4886:
4880:
4864:
4858:
4842:
4836:
4820:
4814:
4796:
4790:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4749:
4743:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4709:
4707:
4691:
4690:TheLedger.com
4687:
4680:
4678:
4670:
4664:
4656:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4574:
4568:
4552:
4546:
4531:
4525:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4461:
4445:
4438:
4422:
4415:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4365:
4349:
4343:
4327:
4321:
4305:
4299:
4292:
4288:
4286:0-385-12733-2
4282:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4263:
4257:
4252:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4205:
4199:
4183:
4177:
4161:
4155:
4139:
4133:
4114:
4107:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4067:
4065:9780789010926
4061:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4004:: 32â39. 1911
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3937:
3922:March 3, 2010
3921:
3920:
3913:
3898:
3896:9780975565421
3892:
3888:
3887:
3879:
3863:
3857:
3841:
3835:
3820:
3818:9780742566422
3814:
3810:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3759:
3757:9780313293238
3753:
3750:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3731:9781438110325
3727:
3723:
3722:
3714:
3707:
3701:
3685:
3679:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3591:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3544:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3458:. Nlm.nih.gov
3457:
3451:
3443:
3441:9781617031489
3437:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3408:
3407:
3399:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3357:
3355:9780313288036
3351:
3347:
3346:
3338:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3283:
3281:9780738504544
3277:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3080:
3078:9780313289316
3074:
3070:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3011:
3005:, p. 23.
3004:
2999:
2993:, p. 22.
2992:
2987:
2979:
2974:, p. 23.
2973:
2968:
2960:
2955:, p. 22.
2954:
2949:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2906:, p. 13.
2905:
2900:
2892:
2887:, p. 12.
2886:
2881:
2873:
2868:, p. 10.
2867:
2862:
2854:
2849:, p. 18.
2848:
2843:
2835:
2830:, p. 17.
2829:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2805:
2797:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2761:, p. 36.
2760:
2755:
2749:, p. 40.
2748:
2743:
2737:, p. 39.
2736:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2651:9780300033144
2647:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:. ROUTLEDGE.
2602:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2555:Morgan, 1972.
2552:
2544:
2542:9780870131639
2538:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2364:(4): 563â588.
2363:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2201:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:in which the
1879:
1878:landmark case
1875:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1754:violated the
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:Jenny Patrick
1703:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1647:Lorene Rogers
1644:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1601:Martha Bernal
1599:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:'s president
1585:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:Smith College
1251:
1248:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
989:
986:
982:
980:
977:
973:
971:
967:
964:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
944:
940:
936:
934:
933:Lucy Sessions
931:
927:
925:
922:
918:
916:
912:
909:
905:
903:
899:
897:
893:
891:
887:
883:
880:
877:
873:
869:
867:
863:
861:
857:
853:
851:
847:
844:
835:
833:
829:
826:
822:
819:
816:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
796:
792:
788:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
733:
730:
725:
722:
717:
714:
704:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
637:as students.
636:
632:
627:
625:
624:Salem College
621:
618:Prior to the
615:
605:
601:
598:
590:
585:
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
543:Controversies
540:
538:
534:
530:
524:
521:
511:
507:
504:
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
452:in 1879, and
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
424:
420:
416:
411:
407:
405:
395:
393:
388:
384:
380:
371:
363:
359:
355:
351:
342:
340:
334:
328:
323:
319:
316:
310:
308:
304:
300:
294:
273:
272:MediaWiki.org
269:
264:
255:
254:
251:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
122:
113:
109:
105:
97:
94:
91:
90:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
58:
57:
53:
50:
47:
46:
43:
40:
32:
30:
27:In the early
19:
6019:Institutions
6009:
5995:Saudi Arabia
5910:
5893:
5872:
5861:
5852:
5845:
5831:
5822:
5810:
5798:
5789:
5780:
5763:
5754:
5742:
5729:
5720:
5711:
5699:
5687:
5676:
5669:
5659:
5652:
5641:
5625:November 27,
5623:. Retrieved
5611:
5607:
5593:
5582:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5551:
5538:
5528:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5485:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5441:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5408:
5401:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5363:
5356:
5344:vol 2 online
5340:vol 1 online
5335:
5325:
5315:
5308:
5296:
5287:
5280:
5268:
5261:
5251:
5242:
5231:
5205:. Retrieved
5200:
5196:
5187:
5179:the original
5174:
5165:
5153:. Retrieved
5142:
5130:
5119:
5107:
5099:
5094:
5086:
5079:
5053:
5041:. Retrieved
5032:
5020:. Retrieved
5011:
4999:. Retrieved
4989:
4977:. Retrieved
4967:
4955:. Retrieved
4945:
4933:. Retrieved
4923:
4911:. Retrieved
4901:
4889:. Retrieved
4879:
4867:. Retrieved
4857:
4845:. Retrieved
4835:
4822:. Retrieved
4813:
4801:. Retrieved
4789:
4777:. Retrieved
4773:
4764:
4752:. Retrieved
4742:
4730:. Retrieved
4719:Profiles of
4718:
4693:. Retrieved
4689:
4668:
4663:
4649:cite journal
4609:(51): 1â16.
4606:
4602:
4589:
4577:. Retrieved
4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4545:
4533:. Retrieved
4524:
4512:. Retrieved
4485:. Retrieved
4480:
4471:
4460:
4448:. Retrieved
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4414:
4402:. Retrieved
4388:
4378:
4364:
4352:. Retrieved
4342:
4330:. Retrieved
4320:
4308:. Retrieved
4298:
4290:
4270:
4262:
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4235:the original
4230:
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4198:
4186:. Retrieved
4184:. Our Weekly
4176:
4164:. Retrieved
4154:
4142:. Retrieved
4132:
4120:. Retrieved
4106:
4096:November 29,
4094:. Retrieved
4090:
4081:
4071:November 29,
4069:. Retrieved
4050:
4043:
4033:November 29,
4031:. Retrieved
4027:
4018:
4008:November 29,
4006:. Retrieved
3997:
3993:
3984:
3974:December 31,
3972:. Retrieved
3957:
3950:
3936:
3924:. Retrieved
3918:
3912:
3900:. Retrieved
3885:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3834:
3822:. Retrieved
3807:
3800:
3780:
3773:
3761:. Retrieved
3747:
3740:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3700:
3688:. Retrieved
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3639:. Retrieved
3635:
3626:
3616:December 31,
3614:. Retrieved
3603:
3595:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3550:
3543:
3531:. Retrieved
3460:. Retrieved
3450:
3430:
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3409:. p. 36
3405:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3381:
3371:
3359:. Retrieved
3344:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3315:
3307:
3302:
3290:
3270:
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3247:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3222:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3197:
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3171:
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3146:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3121:
3112:
3100:. Retrieved
3096:
3087:
3067:
3060:
3048:, p. 7.
3041:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2986:
2967:
2948:
2940:Commonwealth
2939:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2899:
2880:
2861:
2842:
2823:
2811:, p. 9.
2804:
2792:, p. 8.
2785:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2665:Solomon 1985
2660:
2635:
2627:
2600:
2565:
2560:
2551:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2487:
2482:
2465:
2461:
2441:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2275:. Retrieved
2271:
2266:Ny, Rachel.
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2220:
2211:
2194:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2136:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2114:
2105:
2096:
2086:
2077:
2067:
2059:
2002:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1912:Ruth Simmons
1908:
1907:
1904:21st century
1860:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1838:Judith Rodin
1834:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1765:
1764:
1740:458 U.S. 718
1733:
1730:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1584:Georgia Tech
1580:
1579:
1563:
1562:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1276:Helen Keller
1272:
1271:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1245:
1242:20th century
1229:from India,
1223:
1222:
1210:
1209:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1134:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1098:Mary L. Page
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
993:
992:
984:
983:
975:
974:
966:Mary Fellows
962:
961:
948:
947:
938:
937:
929:
928:
920:
919:
907:
906:
901:
900:
895:
894:
885:
884:
881:
871:
870:
865:
864:
855:
854:
849:
848:
842:
841:
838:19th century
824:
823:
814:
813:
800:
799:
786:
785:
782:18th century
726:
718:
711:In 1848 the
710:
701:
678:
639:
628:
617:
602:
594:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
525:
517:
508:
496:
493:20th century
431:
401:
379:Emma Willard
377:
374:Emma Willard
369:
366:19th century
360:
356:
352:
348:
338:
335:
331:
314:
311:
296:
249:
133:Associate's
119:
110:
106:
103:
41:
38:
26:
5510:Rural women
5446:, 1930â1985
5043:January 24,
5022:January 24,
4824:November 8,
4231:Daily Press
3548:May, A.J.,
3388:October 20,
3253:February 7,
3228:February 7,
3203:February 7,
3178:February 7,
3152:February 7,
3127:February 7,
3102:February 7,
2060:Politifact,
1963:Coeducation
1554:meteorology
1231:Keiko Okami
832:Chestertown
664:in 1852 in
662:Horace Mann
268:Phabricator
136:Bachelor's
6126:Categories
5522:Minorities
4957:August 20,
4935:August 20,
4913:August 20,
4891:August 20,
4843:. Wisc.edu
4803:October 6,
4779:August 20,
4754:August 20,
4557:August 20,
4514:August 20,
4450:August 20,
4354:August 20,
4210:August 20,
4188:August 20,
3664:. Catalyst
3580:August 20,
3576:. Nwhm.org
3533:August 20,
3529:. Nwhm.org
2277:January 2,
2251:January 2,
2226:January 2,
2120:January 2,
2012:0061316709
1985:References
1918:2004â2005:
1900:himself.)
1505:Merze Tate
1496:Ruth Lloyd
1034:Ada Kepley
763:See also:
499:first wave
483:Washington
232:2020-2021
215:2010-2011
198:2000-2001
181:1990-1991
164:1980-1981
147:1970-1971
142:Doctorate
35:Statistics
6058:Hong Kong
6053:Australia
5958:Geography
5342:also see
5318:(1985).
5155:April 18,
4979:April 18,
4887:. Cda.org
4869:April 18,
4732:March 26,
4695:March 26,
4579:March 20,
4535:April 18,
4056:CRC Press
3926:April 18,
3902:April 18,
3868:April 18,
3846:April 18,
3824:April 18,
3763:April 18,
3690:April 18,
3668:April 18,
3641:April 25,
3462:April 18,
3413:April 18,
3361:April 18,
3244:"History"
3168:"History"
3046:Nash 2012
3027:Nash 2012
3015:Rury 1984
3003:Rury 1984
2991:Rury 1984
2972:Nash 2012
2953:Nash 2012
2904:Nash 2012
2885:Nash 2012
2866:Nash 2012
2847:Nash 2012
2828:Nash 2012
2809:Nash 2012
2790:Nash 2012
2771:Nash 2012
2759:Rury 1984
2747:Rury 1984
2735:Rury 1984
2722:144910573
2700:(1): 37.
2619:957241836
2468:: 47â53.
2424:143582173
2186:151783726
1810:1986â1987
1717:1981â1982
1687:1977â1978
1645:In 1975,
1569:, became
1280:deafblind
1049:in 1870.
753:Kei Okami
747:in 1886:
689:Mary Lyon
471:Minnesota
450:Radcliffe
448:in 1885,
446:Bryn Mawr
440:in 1875,
438:Wellesley
413:In 1890,
139:Master's
6096:Timeline
6043:Seminary
5990:Pakistan
5970:Cambodia
5903:(1920).
5635:Teaching
5620:40034578
5271:(1984).
5207:June 24,
5001:July 20,
4847:March 3,
4487:March 6,
4332:March 3,
4310:March 3,
4241:June 27,
4166:March 3,
4144:March 3,
4122:March 3,
3327:March 3,
2506:(2000).
2326:in JSTOR
2246:Statista
2221:Statista
2172:(2): 5.
2115:Statista
2097:CBS News
1932:See also
1628:Title IX
1183:Ida Gray
917:library
736:Timeline
729:Title IX
503:feminism
475:Nebraska
459:Colorado
287:Colonial
6031:College
5985:Nigeria
5875:(1981)
5815:excerpt
5690:(1987)
5662:(1997)
5554:(2008)
5531:(2009)
5514:(1997)
5504:(1996).
5488:(1991).
5435:(1990).
5428:(1987).
5421:(1984).
5404:(1995).
5387:(1990).
5299:(1980)
5254:(1998)
5225:Surveys
4641:4897945
4611:Bibcode
4427:May 27,
4404:June 4,
3147:Hollins
2490:(2023)
1898:recused
1758:of the
591:in 1942
454:Barnard
404:Oberlin
282:History
270:and on
6005:Uganda
5965:Africa
5877:online
5848:(1965)
5803:online
5768:online
5747:online
5734:online
5704:online
5681:online
5664:online
5646:online
5618:
5587:online
5556:online
5543:online
5533:online
5516:online
5480:online
5396:online
5371:online
5330:online
5320:online
5301:online
5290:(2005)
5283:(1987)
5273:online
5256:online
5236:online
4639:
4395:
4283:
4062:
3965:
3893:
3815:
3788:
3754:
3728:
3438:
3352:
3278:
3075:
2942:: 403.
2720:
2714:367991
2712:
2648:
2617:
2607:
2539:
2492:online
2422:
2385:
2345:: 1â6.
2184:
2143:
2078:Forbes
2009:
1773:Talmud
957:public
775:, and
481:, and
467:Kansas
434:Vassar
244:54.1%
241:60.7%
238:57.7%
235:61.1%
227:51.4%
224:60.1%
221:57.2%
218:61.7%
210:46.3%
207:58.2%
204:57.3%
201:61.6%
193:39.1%
190:53.1%
187:53.9%
184:58.8%
176:29.0%
173:49.5%
170:49.8%
167:54.7%
159:10.6%
156:39.3%
153:43.4%
150:42.9%
98:30.3%
87:13.3%
76:10.5%
6089:Other
6068:Japan
6063:India
6000:Sudan
5975:India
5616:JSTOR
4798:(PDF)
4637:S2CID
4599:(PDF)
4116:(PDF)
2718:S2CID
2710:JSTOR
2420:S2CID
2203:(PDF)
2182:S2CID
1925:2006:
1909:2001:
1869:
1858:1996:
1848:1994:
1835:1994:
1829:1988:
1816:1987:
1788:1984:
1779:1983:
1766:1982:
1731:1982:
1711:1980:
1702:1979:
1693:1979:
1673:1977:
1667:1976:
1653:1975:
1643:1975:
1634:1972:
1625:1972:
1616:1965:
1607:1963:
1598:1962:
1581:1952:
1564:1951:
1547:1949:
1538:1947:
1529:1945:
1520:1943:
1511:1942:
1502:1941:
1493:1941:
1483:1940:
1474:1937:
1465:1936:
1456:1935:
1447:1934:
1434:1933:
1425:1932:
1416:1931:
1407:1929:
1397:1926:
1388:1925:
1379:1923:
1370:1922:
1360:1922:
1348:1921:
1339:1918:
1326:1917:
1313:1915:
1304:1909:
1295:1908:
1286:1905:
1273:1904:
1260:1903:
1247:1900:
1211:1896:
1198:1894:
1189:1892:
1180:1890:
1167:1889:
1158:1889:
1149:1886:
1136:1883:
1119:1881:
1113:1881:
1104:1879:
1095:1878:
1086:1877:
1077:1873:
1071:1871:
1062:1871:
1053:1871:
1040:1870:
1031:1870:
1022:1869:
1013:1866:
1004:1866:
994:1864:
985:1863:
976:1862:
963:1858:
949:1855:
939:1851:
930:1850:
921:1849:
908:1844:
902:1837:
896:1837:
886:1836:
872:1831:
866:1829:
856:1828:
850:1826:
843:1803:
825:1783:
815:1772:
801:1742:
787:1727:
514:1930s
479:Texas
442:Smith
307:Bible
130:Year
84:41.5%
65:9.7%
62:23.9%
6036:list
5980:Laos
5627:2020
5209:2012
5157:2011
5045:2014
5024:2014
5003:2012
4981:2011
4959:2012
4937:2012
4915:2012
4893:2012
4871:2011
4849:2013
4826:2010
4805:2014
4781:2012
4756:2012
4734:2018
4697:2018
4655:link
4581:2019
4559:2012
4537:2011
4516:2012
4489:2018
4452:2012
4429:2016
4406:2013
4393:ISBN
4356:2012
4334:2013
4312:2013
4281:ISBN
4243:2024
4212:2012
4190:2012
4168:2013
4146:2013
4124:2013
4098:2016
4073:2016
4060:ISBN
4035:2016
4010:2016
3976:2023
3963:ISBN
3928:2011
3904:2011
3891:ISBN
3870:2011
3848:2011
3826:2011
3813:ISBN
3786:ISBN
3765:2011
3752:ISBN
3726:ISBN
3692:2011
3670:2011
3643:2018
3618:2018
3582:2012
3535:2012
3464:2011
3436:ISBN
3415:2011
3390:2022
3363:2011
3350:ISBN
3329:2013
3276:ISBN
3255:2016
3230:2016
3205:2016
3180:2016
3154:2016
3129:2016
3104:2016
3073:ISBN
3052:help
3033:help
2978:help
2959:help
2910:help
2891:help
2872:help
2853:help
2834:help
2815:help
2796:help
2777:help
2646:ISBN
2615:OCLC
2605:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2279:2020
2253:2020
2228:2020
2141:ISBN
2122:2020
2007:ISBN
1871:U.S.
1675:The
1399:Dr.
951:The
858:The
719:The
527:the
463:Iowa
92:1980
81:1970
70:1960
59:1950
48:Year
4721:SWE
4627:hdl
4619:doi
4277:204
2702:doi
2642:136
2470:doi
2412:doi
2174:doi
2170:114
1874:515
1867:518
1844:.)
972:).
830:in
695:of
683:of
652:in
501:of
423:NYU
297:In
95:49%
73:35%
6128::
5909:.
5612:76
5610:.
5606:.
5201:71
5199:.
5195:.
5173:.
5064:^
4772:.
4717:.
4705:^
4688:.
4676:^
4651:}}
4647:{{
4635:.
4617:.
4607:29
4601:.
4497:^
4479:.
4289:.
4279:.
4229:.
4089:.
4054:.
4026:.
4000:.
3998:83
3996:.
3992:.
3889:.
3811:.
3724:.
3651:^
3634:.
3559:^
3472:^
3380:.
3348:.
3246:.
3221:.
3196:.
3170:.
3145:.
3120:.
3095:.
2716:.
2708:.
2698:24
2696:.
2644:.
2613:.
2587:^
2573:^
2466:15
2464:.
2450:^
2432:^
2418:.
2406:.
2362:84
2360:.
2341:.
2287:^
2270:.
2244:.
2219:.
2180:.
2168:.
2164:.
2113:.
2095:.
2076:.
2058:,
2047:^
2021:^
1993:^
1865:,
1825:.
1775:.
1762:.
1738:,
1577:.
1560:.
1443:.
1207:.
1176:.
1145:.
1132:.
793:,
771:,
767:,
668:.
575:.
477:,
473:,
469:,
465:,
461:,
5943:e
5936:t
5929:v
5915:.
5736:.
5683:.
5648:.
5629:.
5589:.
5545:.
5373:.
5238:.
5211:.
5159:.
5047:.
5026:.
5005:.
4983:.
4961:.
4939:.
4917:.
4895:.
4873:.
4851:.
4828:.
4807:.
4783:.
4758:.
4736:.
4699:.
4657:)
4643:.
4629::
4621::
4613::
4583:.
4561:.
4539:.
4518:.
4491:.
4454:.
4431:.
4408:.
4372:.
4358:.
4336:.
4314:.
4245:.
4214:.
4192:.
4170:.
4148:.
4126:.
4100:.
4037:.
3978:.
3944:.
3930:.
3906:.
3872:.
3850:.
3828:.
3794:.
3767:.
3734:.
3694:.
3672:.
3645:.
3620:.
3584:.
3537:.
3466:.
3444:.
3417:.
3392:.
3365:.
3331:.
3284:.
3257:.
3232:.
3207:.
3182:.
3156:.
3131:.
3106:.
3081:.
3054:)
3035:)
2980:)
2961:)
2912:)
2893:)
2874:)
2855:)
2836:)
2817:)
2798:)
2779:)
2724:.
2704::
2654:.
2621:.
2545:.
2472::
2426:.
2414::
2408:9
2391:.
2343:6
2281:.
2255:.
2230:.
2205:.
2188:.
2176::
2149:.
2124:.
2099:.
2080:.
2015:.
315:.
274:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.