Women's education in the United States

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compliance for the law were the focus. According to the Margaret Fund (2012), in 1982 a court case was won upholding the nondiscriminatory acts in employment, the case title is as follows, 1982 North Haven Bd. of Ed. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512 (1982). In 1984, the case Grove City v. Bell, 465 U.S. 555 (1984) a, "U.S. Supreme Court decision held that federal spending clause statutes only apply to those programs or activities that receive direct federal financial assistance, effectively ending Title IX applicability to athletics" (Margaret Fund of NWLC). This decision is later remedied in the late 1980s by the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987. In 1988, this act was passed by Congress and reversed the damage from the Grove City v. Bell decision. The Margaret Fund (2012) states, "It over-rode the Grove City v. Bell decision by expanding the definition of program or activity that receives Federal financial assistance" (Margaret Fund of NWLC, para.5). During the 1990s three significant changes or continuations to the law were made in the course of the decade. First, a Supreme Court decision allowed an individual to sue for monetary retributions by citing the Title IX Act. Second, the disclosure act in 1994 stated that all institutions under Title IX were to report publicly on their operations, with an effective implementation date set for 1996. Third, the ORC distributed requirements to institutions and schools which are explained and outlined more clearly the regulations for Title IX. The significant events in the 2000s allow schools to use e-mail surveys, and due to a Supreme Court case in 2009, lawsuits on the basis of sexual discrimination under Title IX can be brought by parents.

499:"differentiated curriculum" between boys and girls was common throughout schools in the United States. This caused the high school education system to become a more "efficient site for the construction of gender". During this time, there was a push to make women a better "domesticated citizen" rather than a scholar. The voices of many women were just beginning to be heard in society as well as the education system, but there was still opposition from some as to the credibility of their words. Girls of different races and ethnicities were also entering the public school system at this time. Often, the course of scholarly study was impacted by the race of the individual. 730: 374:. With the success of her school, she was able to travel across the country and abroad, to promote education for women. Willard pioneered the teaching of science, mathematics, and social studies to young women. She believed in establishing her own guidelines for better education for women, and her book proceeds helped improve female education throughout the world. Willard coauthored one of the most widely used textbooks of American history, as well as the first historical atlas of the U.S. The maps, graphs, and pictures added the details of the nation's geography into the broad popular image of the country as a large, powerful complex nation. 868:

university in the United States. It was founded in 1835 as the Attica (NY) Female Seminary by Mariette and Emily E. Ingham, who moved the school to Le Roy in 1837. The school was chartered on April 6, 1852 as the Ingham Collegiate Institute, and a full university charter was granted in April 1857. After financial difficulties, the college closed in 1892 and its property was sold at auction in 1895. Over several years, the college's former buildings were demolished; the stone from the Arts Conservatory, the last campus building to be dismantled, was used to build the Woodward Memorial Library at the same location in Le Roy.

20:, higher education was designed for men only. Since the 1800s, women's positions and opportunities in the educational sphere have increased. Since the late 1970s and early 1980s, women have surpassed men in number of bachelor's degrees and master's degrees conferred annually in the United States and women have continuously been the growing majority ever since, with men comprising a continuously lower minority in earning either degree. The same asymmetry has occurred with Doctorate degrees since 2005 with women being the continuously growing majority and men a continuously lower minority. 573: 399: 1712: 347:

turns reading Scriptures at night, and being praised equally for doing well. The 1770 diarist Anne Winslow Green wrote to tell her mother that her Aunt Deeming was quite literate, correcting her letters home; this same woman later recounted her own appeals for aid when, as a Tory during the American Revolutionary War, she tried to escape with a carriage of furniture and other belongings after the Siege of Boston was lifted. But resistance to the admission of upper levels of education persisted.

298:, so boys and girls were taught to read at an early age. It was also required that each town pay for a primary school. About 10 percent enjoyed secondary schooling. Few girls attended formal schools, but most were able to get some education at home or at so-called "Dame schools" where women taught basic reading and writing skills in their own houses. By 1750, nearly 90% of New England's women and almost all of its men could read and write. There was no higher education for women. 248: 311: 4518: 339:

the New England colonies. This majority also considered their access to education as unnecessary or dangerous, as their commonly held roles as mothers prevented society from seeing other possible abilities that would demand a need for education. The primary source of respect among these colonial New England women derived from their completion of domestic tasks, not a desire for or fulfillment of intellectual practices.

1910:

about 10.2 percent of women have advanced degrees compared to 10.9 percent of men—a gap steadily narrowing in recent years. Women still trail men in professional subcategories such as business, science and engineering, but when it comes to finishing college, roughly 20.1 million women have bachelor's degrees, compared to nearly 18.7 million men—a gap of more than 1.4 million that has remained steady in recent years.

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fellowships in order to cover the expense associated with earning a higher degree. Despite the financial support, the majority of these women were required to save money for years before pursuing their degrees because the aid was never enough. Despite these disadvantages, the 1930s marked the peak of woman PhD earners. These degrees varied in fields and began to legitimize fields for women that were once off-limits.

688:, founded in 1836 as Georgia Female College, and is the first college in the world chartered to grant degrees to women; Queens College (now Queens University) of Charlotte, North Carolina, founded in 1857 as Charlotte Female Institute; Averett College (now Averett University) of Danville, Virginia, founded in 1859 as Union women's College; and Vassar College, founded in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1861. 4314: 556:. Despite earning the right to vote, women were still largely refused any role in positions of political power that allow them to make political change for their gender. Despite growing numbers of women graduates, many were denied positions that they were qualified for in favor of men. This struggle sparked new examples of 1909:

For the first time, more doctoral degrees are conferred on women than men in the U.S. More doctoral degrees have been conferred on women every year since. As of 2011, among adults 25 and older, 10.6 million U.S. women have master's degrees or higher, compared to 10.5 million men. Measured by shares,

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through a Department of Education program. The Department of Education's stance was that, because some of its students were receiving federal grants, the school was receiving federal assistance and Title IX applied to it. The Court decided that since Grove City College was only receiving federal

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Structurally, men undoubtedly held a much greater position of power and control than women, as proves true historically. As a result of this imbalance, an inferior perspective to which women became viewed under carried over into intellectual opportunities. Overall, their abilities were not considered

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Northampton assessed taxes on all households, rather than only on those with children, and used the funds to support a grammar school to prepare boys for college. Not until after 1800 did Northampton educate girls with public money. In contrast, the town of Sutton, Massachusetts, was diverse in terms

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regulations became effective as law" (Margaret Fund of NWLC, 2012). The law provided one year for compliance to elementary schools and three years for compliance to high schools and post secondary institutions. Through the 1970s the law's enactment, opposition towards the legislation, and initial

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Education was a controversial topic in the 1930s,"and sex-segregated school systems protected "the virtue of female high school students." Home economics and industrial education were new elements of the high school curriculum unmistakably designed for women's occupations. These classes taught women

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The "self-support" that these women engaged in to help finance their education became a widely accepted necessity. Both men and women were forced to find ways of supporting their education at this period of time. To help lessen the financial burden faced by families trying to educate their children,

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in late 1929. A college major had to be a practical one in terms of the job hunt. How to justify college expenses became very real for women and their families. A study in 1924 that surveyed nearly sixteen-hundred woman PhD recipients concluded that seventy percent required grants, scholarships, and

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in the 20th century came the attempt by women to gain equal rights to education in the United States. After long battles against gender oppression women finally obtained the right to be educated through several government acts/conventions, the opening of facilities willing to educate them, and the

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These public attitudes that did not recognize a need for women's education eventually changed. The number of advocates for women's improved access to educational institutions grew gradually. New England's town school in Farmington, Connecticut saw a push for the school to include young girls as well

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Tax-supported schooling for girls began as early as 1767 in New England. It was optional and some towns proved reluctant. Northampton, Massachusetts, for example, was a late adopter because it had many rich families who dominated the political and social structures and they did not want to pay taxes

100:

The U.S. Department of Commerce and Bureau of the Census performed a preliminary estimate for the same year (1930) of women in higher education in the U.S. The total number was 481,000 enrolled. This estimate was based on a calendar year census, in contrast to the academic year estimate performed by

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In addition to this strong vocational orientation in American education during the opening decades of the twentieth century, women began to make slow inroads into traditionally male dominated areas of education such as business, science, medicine, architecture, engineering, and law. Women were also

540:

The 1930s also saw tremendous changes in women's education at the college level. In 1900, there were 85,338 female college students in the United States and 5,237 earned their bachelor's degrees; by 1940, there were 600,953 female college students and 77,000 earned bachelor's degrees. This increase

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in 1889. Such institutions were fed by a steady stream of female high school graduates, who throughout this period comprised a majority of graduates. High school enrollment trebled in the 1890s, with girls continuing to represent the lion's share. The expansion of both secondary and tertiary public

338:

Ideologies held by the majority of early colonial society regarding women's access to education contributed greatly to the lack of opportunity for education among these women. Seventeenth-century attitudes did not stress significant importance on women's education, as evidenced by early opinions in

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of 1862 founded universities to educate both men and women in practical fields of study, though women's courses were still centered around home economics. By 1870 30% of colleges were co-educational, later in the 1930s women-only colleges were established that expanded opportunities for courses of

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However, as samplers and penbooks show,, female children developed basic literacy. Most mothers were able to teach young children at home, and women like Anne Bradstreet and Philis Wheatley wrote published poetry. Samuel Sewall's diary references describe his children, boys and girls alike, taking

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With the start of the war many males were in uniform so more opportunities arose for women to fill the empty space in schools and the universities became more willing to admit the women. Slowly more educational institutions opened their doors to women; today, there are 60 women's colleges in the

524:. Between 1935 and 1943, the NYA spent nearly 93 million dollars providing financial assistance. Despite the growing increasing opportunities for women in education, there was a constant need to justify the expense. As the number of college graduates increased, those who were displaced during the 588:

also experienced a great surge in popularity during the Depression. Home economics brought a scientific language to the traditional women's sphere of the home and raised "homemaking to the status of a respectable--though definitely female--occupation." Social work, child development, and nursery

109:

Total undergraduate degree figures show that females outnumbered their male counterparts for the first time in the late 1970s. However, since 1981, women have steadily been outpacing men in bachelor's degrees earned, from only a 1% lead in 1980 to 33% advantage in 2015. Which means for every 100

548:

The basic assumption in the 1930s was that women should marry. There was also the perception that college educated women were less likely to marry, either because they "waited too long" or because the college experience which broadened their minds deluded them into believing "marriage should be

325:

Across the South, there was very little public schooling. Most parents either home schooled their children using peripatetic tutors or sent them to small local private schools. A study of women's signatures in Georgia indicates a high degree of literacy in areas with schools. In South Carolina,

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education that began in 1867 and lasted until the early 20th century created greater opportunities for women. Between 1867 and 1915, 304 new colleges and universities were established, bringing the American total to 563 such institutions. On the liberal arts faculties of state colleges such as

867:

became the first coeducational college in the United States to grant a degree to a woman. In December 1831 it granted degrees to two women, Alice Robinson and Catherine Hall. Ingham University in Le Roy, New York, was the first women's college in New York State and the first chartered women's

544:

Because the proper role for a white, middle-class woman in 1930s American society was that of wife and mother, arguments in favor of women's education emphasized concepts of eugenics and citizenship. Education showed women how to exercise their civic responsibilities, and it showed them the

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Before the education reform that occurred during the Progressive Era, boys and girls often had different course programs of study. It was not uncommon for girls to be educated towards the jobs society deemed appropriate, such as secretary, journalist, or social-service worker. The idea of a

321:

Historians point out that reading and writing were different skills in the colonial era. School taught both, but in places without schools reading was mainly taught to boys and also a few privileged girls. Men handled worldly affairs and needed to read and write. Girls only needed to read

96:

According to the U.S. Office of Education, the total number of enrollment for women in higher education the U.S. in 1930 was 480,802. This information was gathered by the U.S. Office of Education on a biannual basis, and reflects an estimate for the academic year (Fall 1929 - Spring 1930).

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funding through the grant program, only that program had to be in compliance. The ruling was a major victory for those opposed to Title IX, as it made many institutions' sports programs outside of the rule of Title IX and, thus, reduced the scope of Title IX.

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became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in zoology, which she earned from the University of Pennsylvania. Marion Thompson Wright became the first African-American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in History, which she earned at Columbia University.

704:

was held in New York to gain support for education and suffrage but it had little immediate impact. This convention is significant because it created a foundation for efforts toward equal education for women, even though it was not actually achieved until much later.

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from Syria became the first women from their respective countries (and in Joshi's case the first Hindu woman) to get a degree in western medicine, which they each got from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania (WMCP), where they were all students in 1885.

809:

began as a school for young girls in 1772 in the Moravian town of Salem, North Carolina which had been established just six years earlier by Moravian missionaries. It is the oldest educational institution for both girls and women in the United States.

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importance of the vote. Participation in student government trained women "early to become leaders later." One study showed that in 1935, 62 percent of women college graduates voted compared to only 50 percent of women who did not attend college.

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of social leadership and religion at an early point in its history. Sutton paid for its schools by means of taxes on households with children only, thereby creating an active constituency in favor of universal education for both boys and girls.

378:

idealized a "ladylike atmosphere" and "cultivation". Willard's Female Seminary became a much copied modeled in part because it helped young women fit into their "place in society". She thought the notion of female college graduates "absurd".

370:(1787-1870), was a New York educator and writer who dedicated her life to women's education. She worked in several schools and founded the first school for women's higher education, the Troy Female Seminary in Troy, New York, which is now 988:

became the first African-American woman to graduate from a U.S. college with a medical degree and the first and only African-American woman to obtain the Doctress of Medicine degree from New England Female Medical College in Boston, MA.

110:

males that graduate, 134 women do, however women have an additional privilege, "5,864 verified private scholarships, showed that there are 4 times as many scholarships specifically designated for women as opposed to those for men.".

1843:, required federally assisted higher education institutions to disclose information on roster sizes for men's and women's teams, as well as budgets for recruiting, scholarships, coaches' salaries, and other expenses, annually. 1354:

sorority was founded. It was the fourth African-American Greek letter organization for women, and the first African-American sorority established on a predominantly white campus, Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana.

1789:

disagreed with the Department of Education's assertion that it was required to comply with Title IX. Grove City College was not a federally funded institution; however, they did accept students who were receiving

881:), Macon, Georgia: It is the oldest (and the first) school which was established from inception as a full college for women offering the same education as men. Awarded the first known baccalaureate degree to a woman. 1610:(1914? – 1985) became the first American woman to earn a PhD in Computer Science, which she earned at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Her thesis was titled "Inductive Inference on Computer Generated Patterns." 537:

practical skills such as sewing, cooking, and using the new domestic inventions of the era; unfortunately, this "formal training offered women little advantage in the struggle for stable work at a liveable wage."

834:

Bradford Academy in Bradford, Massachusetts was the first higher educational institution to admit women in Massachusetts. It was founded as a co-educational institution, but became exclusively for women in 1837.

322:(especially religious materials). This educational disparity between reading and writing explains why the colonial women often could read, but could not write and could not sign their names—they used an "X". 1916:

On November 24, 2006, the Title IX regulations were amended to provide greater flexibility in the operation of single-sex classes or extracurricular activities at the primary or secondary school level.

1820:

The Civil Rights Restoration Act was passed in 1988 which extended Title IX coverage to all programs of any educational institution that receives any federal assistance, both direct and indirect.

359:

In the first half of the 19th century, only a minority of American children, both girls and boys, spent any meaningful time in a classroom. An even smaller minority received any secondary education.

1373:

became the first African-American woman to earn a degree in library science. She earned the degree in 1923 from the Carnegie Library School, which later became part of the University of Pittsburgh.

1152:

became the first African-American female principal in Massachusetts and the Northeast, supervising white faculty and a predominantly white student body at the Agassiz Grammar School in Cambridge.

1665: 1280:, born in England, became the first woman to earn a degree in any type of engineering in the United States, which she earned from Cornell University. It was a degree in civil engineering. 800:. Historians accept Moravian as the oldest—though not continuously operational because of its current co-ed status—specifically female institute of higher learning in the United States. 5581:

Smith-Adams, Chaundra, Jennifer T. Butcher, and Dianne Reed. "Voices of African American Women Presidents in Higher Education: Recommendations for Aspiring College Presidents." in

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was named principal of the Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia, becoming the first African-American woman to head an institution for higher learning in the United States.

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was partially explained by the "contemporary discourse that reinforced the need for higher education for women in their positions as wives, mothers, citizens, and professionals."

753: 1098:

became the first African-American in the U.S. to earn a diploma in nursing, which she earned from the School of Nursing, New England Hospital for Woman and Children in Boston.

786:

in the French colony of Louisiana. Located in New Orleans, it is both the oldest continuously operating school for girls and the oldest Catholic school in the United States.

3828: 1255: 1715:

Degrees conferred in United States since 1970 by year, degree type, and gender. Dashed lines are projected. Since 1982 more bachelor's degrees have been conferred on women.

3829:"Facts about Helen Magill White: Boston University, as discussed in Boston University (university, Boston, Massachusetts, United States): - Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 1708:: For the first time, more bachelor's degrees are conferred on women than men in the United States. More bachelor's degrees have been conferred on women every year since. 748:

from Syria (right). All three completed their medical studies and each of them was the first woman from their respective countries to obtain a degree in Western medicine.

1678:: For the first time, more associate degrees are conferred on women than men in the United States. More associate degrees have been conferred on women every year since. 871:

Ingham University was the alma mater of Sarah Frances Whiting, who later founded the physics department and establish the astronomical observatory at Wellesley College.

1801:: For the first time, more master's degrees are conferred on women than men in the United States. More master's degrees have been conferred on women every year since. 1696:

became the first African-American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemical engineering, which she earned from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

1311:

from Brown University, which was the first degree ever granted in industrial psychology. Her dissertation was titled "Some Aspects of Eliminating Waste in Teaching".

4171:"Black History Fact of the Week: Ida Gray Nelson Rollins | Our Weekly - African American News | Black News | Black Entertainment | Black America" 2044: 3735: 5699:

Ogren, Christine A. "‘Precocious knowledge of everything’: New interpretations of women’s higher schooling in the US in the late‐18th and early‐19th centuries."

4432: 1748: 1684: 1866: 1855: 1931: 1592:, who was born in Texas, became the first Latina to earn a PhD in psychology, which she earned in clinical psychology from Indiana University Bloomington. 761: 1773:

became the first African-American woman in the U.S. to earn a Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering, which she earned from George Washington University.

6120: 2391:

Spady, James O'Neil (2011). "To Vie with One against Another: Race and Demand for Non-elite White Education in an Eighteenth-Century Colonial Society".

4643: 3795: 1502: 1251: 5159: 823:, Maryland, appointed the first women instructors at any American college. Elizabeth Callister Peale and Sarah Callister taught painting and drawing. 5798:

Nash, Margaret A. "The historiography of education for girls and women in the United States." in William J Reese, William J. and John J. Rury, eds.

5379:

Hannum, Kelly M., et al. "Women leaders within higher education in the United States: Supports, barriers, and experiences of being a senior leader."

383:, a graduate of Willard's Seminary, was resentful of this attitude, a formative experience that contributed to her feminist activism in later life. 4895: 3708: 1007:

became the first African-American woman to serve as a professor. Xenia, Ohio's Wilberforce University hired her to teach Latin and English in 1866.

887:

Bradford Academy in Bradford, Massachusetts, due to declining enrollment, became a single-sexed institution for the education of women exclusively.

421:

The second half of the 19th century, on the other hand, produced relatively rapid gains for women's education in the United States. The founding of

1441:

became the second African-American woman in the United States to receive a Ph.D. in psychology, which she earned from the University of Minnesota.

1658:

U.S. service academies (US Military Academy, US Naval Academy, US Air Force Academy and the US Coast Guard Academy) first admitted women in 1976.

6061: 6125: 6066: 4433:"University of Pittsburgh to Honor First African American Librarian In Plaque Dedication Ceremony April 2 | University of Pittsburgh News" 1936: 954: 979:

graduated from the New York College of Pharmacy in 1863, which made her the first woman to graduate from a United States school of pharmacy.

31:

According to Ellen DuBois and Lynn Dumenil, they estimate that the number of bachelor and doctorate degrees from 1950 to 1980 for women are:

5518:

From diplomas to doctorates: the success of black women in higher education and its implications for equal educational opportunities for all

3990: 1619:

was passed, making discrimination against any person based on their sex in any federally funded educational program(s) in America illegal.

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earned a literary degree from Oberlin College, becoming the first African American woman in the United States to receive a college degree.

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became the first Nigerian woman to earn any doctorate when she earned her Ph.D. in Mathematics Education from the University of Chicago.

407: 93:

The statistics for enrollment of women in higher education in the 1930s varies depending upon the type of census performed in that year.

1903:

became the eighteenth president of Brown University, which made her the first African-American woman to lead an Ivy League institution.

5930: 1162: 733: 668:

A number of colleges were founded before the Civil War with all-female student bodies, including (among others, in addition to Salem):

291: 1760:

earned her PhD in Talmudic studies from the Jewish Theological Seminary of New York, thus making her the first woman to earn a PhD in

1562:'s first chemical engineer graduate. Peck also became the first woman to receive an M.S. and a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the 1089:

became the first American woman to earn a degree in architecture, which she earned from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

5570:

Peeples, Yarbrah T. "Philanthropy and the curriculum: The role of philanthropy in the development of curriculum at Spelman College."

1956: 1723: 1401:, born in Moscow, became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in physics in the United States, which she earned from New York University. 1174:

became the first African-American woman to earn a Doctor of Dental Surgery degree, which she earned from the University of Michigan.

5768:

Eisenmann, Linda. “Reconsidering a Classic: Assessing the History of Women's Higher Education a Dozen Years after Barbara Solomon.”

6089: 4917: 1926: 848: 765: 602: 553: 4715: 915:, born in England, became the first woman to earn a medical degree from an American college, Geneva Medical College in New York. 797: 2151:"Citizenship for the College Girl: Challenges and Opportunities in Higher Education for Women in the United States in the 1930s" 6056: 6046: 6041: 3906: 5244: 3620: 2230: 2205: 2099: 2062: 1785:

held that Title IX applied only to those programs receiving direct federal aid. The case reached the Supreme Court when

1056:

became the first woman college professor in the United States appointed full professor with a salary equal to her male peers.

4385: 3955: 3778: 3040: 3021: 2966: 2947: 2898: 2879: 2860: 2841: 2822: 2803: 2784: 2765: 2375: 1669: 692:

United States offering educational programs that parallel co-educational universities both in subject matter and in quality.

508: 287: 17: 934:

Women's Fraternity, was founded at Wesleyan Female College in Macon, Georgia and became the first secret society for women.

5983: 1496:

became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in government and international relations from Harvard University.

1192:

became the first woman to be officially awarded the PhD degree in psychology, which she earned at Cornell University under

3873: 1966: 1791: 1047:

became the first female college president in the United States, as president of Evanston College for Ladies in Illinois.

593:

able to gain positions of responsibility within the federal government because of the watershed events of the New Deal.

6051: 5046: 4170: 3332: 2597: 2133: 1870: 1732: 4736: 1628:

became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Physics, which she earned from the University of Michigan.

1487:

became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in anatomy, which she earned from Western Reserve University.

1419:

became the first African-American woman to earn an advanced degree in library science (MLS) from Columbia University.

343:

level with those of their male counterparts, so no pressing need to further develop their intellect was acknowledged.

4273: 4052: 3883: 3805: 3744: 3718: 3428: 3342: 3268: 3065: 2638: 2529: 893:

Mount Holyoke College, first called Mount Holyoke Seminary, was founded by Mary Lyon in South Hadley, Massachusetts.

5803: 4962:"Horany, E. (2002). Women's Issues Then & Now. Retrieved Mar. 2, 2009, from University of Texas, Texas, website" 4244: 5722: 4583:

Tao, W.-K.; Halverson, J.; LeMone, M.; Alder, R.; Garstang, M.; Houze Jr., R.; Pielke Sr., R.; Woodley, W. (2003).

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became the first American woman to earn a PhD in petroleum engineering, which she earned from Stanford University.

1514:

became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Mathematics, which she earned from Catholic University.

1370: 1330: 1131: 998:

became the first American woman to earn a dental degree, which she earned from the Ohio College of Dental Surgery.

757: 549:

between equals." Others argued college made women better wives and mothers because it "imparted practical skills."

5554:, Vol. 51, No. 3, The Impact of Black Women in Education: An Historical Overview (Summer, 1982), pp. 278–287. 5182:"Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance" 4594:. Cloud Systems, Hurricanes, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM): A Tribute to Dr. Joanne Simpson. 4126: 1342:

became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the U.S. when she earned a Ph.D. in Economics from the

3444: 1532:

became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry, which she earned from Columbia University.

709: 4611: 2681:

Rury, John (Spring 1984). "Vocationalism for Home and Work: Women's Education in the United States, 1880–1930".

2081: 1080:

became the first American woman to earn a Ph.D., which she earned at Boston University in the subject of Greek.

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Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women's Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s

5251:

Women and higher education in American history: Essays from the Mount Holyoke College sesquicentennial symposia

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Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women's Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s

2296:

Kathryn Kish Sklar, "The Schooling of Girls and Changing Community Values in Massachusetts Towns, 1750–1820,"

2256: 1999: 1946: 1505:

became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in geology, which she earned from Catholic University.

1392:

became the first African-American woman to graduate from the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College.

1339: 783: 4873: 4585:"The Research of Dr. Joanne Simpson: Fifty Years Investigating Hurricanes, Tropical Clouds, and Cloud Systems" 2480: 1459:

became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in nutrition, which she earned at Cornell University.

1450:

became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in botany, which she earned at Iowa State University.

4983: 4409: 1541:(formerly Joanne Malkus, born Joanne Gerould) was the first woman in the United States to receive a Ph.D. in 1468:

became the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania.

517: 5167: 3286:

Irene Harwarth & Mindi Maline. 5 Apr. 2009. U.S. Department of Education, Washington, D.C.. 5 Apr. 2009.

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sorority, the first African-American Greek letter organization for woman, was founded at Howard University.

6084: 5978: 5958: 5835:

The Educated Woman in America: Selected Writings of Catharine Beecher, Margaret Fuller, and M. Carey Thomas

5751:

Underwood, Kathleen. "The pace of their own lives: Teacher training and the life course of western women."

5112: 4783: 1206: 3391: 970:

became the first African-American woman to earn a BA in 1862. She earned her degree from Oberlin College.

792:

German-speaking Moravians in Pennsylvania established the first all-girls boarding school in America, the

6024: 5973: 5583:

Black Female Leaders in Academia: Eliminating the Glass Ceiling With Efficacy, Exuberance, and Excellence

5137: 1874: 1143:

became the first American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics, which she earned from Columbia University.

921: 673: 5842:

Schoolwomen of the Prairies and Plains: Personal Narratives from Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska, 1860s-1920s

5649:

Schoolwomen of the Prairies and Plains: Personal Narratives from Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska, 1860s-1920s

5521: 5504: 5181: 6036: 5993: 5953: 5666:

The education of the southern belle: Higher education and student socialization in the antebellum south

5328: 4709: 1830: 1781: 1607: 1343: 1277: 1202: 1114: 976: 729: 351:

as boys by a minority of people in 1687, a battle which would then extend into the next few centuries.

became the first woman to receive a pharmacy degree in the United States, which she received from the

796:

to serve the Moravian community in and near Bethlehem. In 1863 it became a college. In 1913 it became

615:

is the oldest female educational establishment. However, it did not award college degrees until 1890.

5988: 5963: 5916: 1850: 1140: 1044: 793: 28:

Since the early 1970s, women have surpassed men in terms of college enrollment and graduation rates.

2326:

Tyler, Lyon Gardiner (1897). "Education in Colonial Virginia. Part II: Private Schools and Tutors".

260: 6099: 5968: 5550:

Guy-Sheftall, Beverly. "Black Women and Higher Education: Spelman and Bennett Colleges Revisited."

4336: 3309: 3232: 2553:

Mary E. Cookingham, "Bluestockings, spinsters and pedagogues: women college graduates, 1865–1910."

1429: 1158: 1113:

became the first woman to head a state institution in Michigan when she was appointed as the first

1004: 638: 521: 471: 5894: 5885:

March 16, 1900—editorial arguing against employment of married teachers in Los Angeles, California

5475:

Education and Women's Work: Female Schooling and the Division of Labor in Urban America, 1870–1930

4939: 3366: 2284: 1744: 1398: 1361: 701: 475: 459: 5865: 5854: 5634: 4829: 4584: 4465: 1638:

became the first woman named president of a major research university, The University of Texas.

5900: 5270:

Campus life : undergraduate cultures from the end of the eighteenth century to the present

4561: 3392:

Elizabeth Cady Stanton; Susan B. Anthony; Matilda Joslyn Gage; Ida Husted Harper, eds. (1889).

3106: 1941: 1520: 1428:

became the first African-American woman to earn a PhD in psychology, which she earned from the

1189: 1031: 634: 561: 463: 447: 395:'s 1833 example of enrolling women, but notably the state schools restricted admission to men. 380: 5451:

Women of the commonwealth: work, family, and social change in nineteenth-century Massachusetts

4373: 4075: 4012: 3768: 3650: 3515: 3055: 2630: 2590:

GIRL'S SCHOOLING DURING THE PROGRESSIVE ERA : from female scholar to domesticated citizen

4961: 4637: 4038: 3978: 3562: 3418: 3393: 2028: 1859: 1563: 1559: 1546: 1308: 957:

became the first woman west of the Mississippi River to receive a baccalaureate degree (from

820: 669: 572: 375: 315: 5791: 5735: 5669: 5531: 5384: 5359: 5224: 5072: 3850: 3258: 5708:

Ogren, Christine A. "Where coeds were coeducated: Normal schools in Wisconsin, 1870–1920."

5564:

Medina, Catherine, and Gaye Luna. "Narratives from Latina professors in higher education."

5353: 4807: 4674: 4599: 4453: 3770:

The History of Modern Japanese Education: Constructing the National School System 1872–1890

1829:

became the first permanent female president of an Ivy League University (specifically, the

1736: 1598: 1555: 1438: 1425: 1254:

became the first woman in North America to earn a veterinary degree, which she earned from

1149: 1013: 654: 618:

Some were founded as co-educational institutions; Oberlin Collegiate Institute, after 1850

455: 414: 5862:

Teaching Guide to Accompany Woman's 'true' Profession: Voices from the History of Teaching

5692: 5113:

History of the Presidency : Office of the President : University of Pennsylvania

8: 5677:

Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present

5575: 3672: 1474: 1465: 967: 912: 864: 487: 467: 411: 403: 371: 5687:

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4603: 4256:

Eron, Carol (1979). "Women in Medicine and Health Care". In O'Neill, Lois Decker (ed.).

3621:"Jacobi, Mary Putnam, 1842-1906. Papers of Mary Putnam Jacobi, 1851-1974: A Finding Aid" 2345:

Arthur, Linda L. (2000). "A New Look at Schooling and Literacy: The Colony of Georgia".

1183:

became the first woman elected to state office as Superintendent of Public Instruction.

6019: 5604: 5544: 5491:

Parish School: American Catholic Parochial Education from Colonial Times to the Present

5308: 5289: 5261: 4625: 4265: 2706: 2698: 2408: 2170: 1862: 1786: 1625: 1580: 1529: 1407: 1379: 1321: 1161:

became the first Native American woman to earn a medical degree, which she earned from

1095: 1077: 1025:

became the first American woman to earn a law degree, from Northwestern School of Law.

941: 816: 658: 608: 557: 451: 281: 5788:

The education of women in the United States: A guide to theory, teaching, and research

4539: 4101: 1702:

Women and men were enrolled in American colleges in equal numbers for the first time.

5652: 5318: 5026: 4381: 4269: 4048: 3951: 3879: 3801: 3774: 3740: 3714: 3424: 3338: 3264: 3061: 2710: 2634: 2623: 2603: 2593: 2525: 2412: 2371: 2174: 2129: 1995: 1649: 1576: 1416: 1286: 1034:

became the first American woman to earn a degree in chemistry, which she earned from

995: 945: 841:

The first American public high schools for girls were opened in New York and Boston.

662: 630: 438: 434: 426: 5305:

In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education in America

4703: 3283: 1364:

became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard, which she earned in education.

6014: 5939: 5123: 5060: 4758: 4629: 4615: 4607: 3538: 2690: 2458: 2400: 2162: 1878: 1770: 1648:

became the first female dean of a dental school when she was appointed the dean of

1589: 1456: 1447: 1389: 1304: 1295: 1223: 1193: 1118: 1110: 985: 878: 745: 737: 713:

study to include more intellectual development as opposed to domestic instruction.

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Teachers and texts: A political economy of class and gender relations in education

5100: 4410:"First woman to receive doctorate at Harvard was from Lennox | Northern Star" 4292: 1711: 398: 256: 6031: 5889: 5432: 5399: 4851: 4374:"Missed Opportunity: Sadie Teller Mossell Alexander and the Economics Profession" 3945: 3182: 2519: 2365: 2309:

E. Jennifer Monaghan, "Literacy Instruction and Gender in Colonial New England,"

1961: 1882: 1840: 1811: 1757: 1645: 1511: 1351: 1317: 1238: 1215: 1180: 1062:

Japanese women are allowed to study in the USA (though not yet in Japan itself).

1053: 958: 903: 899: 646: 619: 584:

Teaching and nursing were the top two fields for women throughout the 1930s, but

442: 392: 5367:

All-American Girl: The Ideal of Real Womanhood in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America

4466:"Wright, Marion Thompson (1902–1962) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed" 2504:

Susan Schulten, "Emma Willard and the graphic foundations of American history,"

4192: 2367:

Industrious in Their Stations: Young People at Work in Urban America, 1720–1810

2166: 1807: 1538: 1127: 1068: 1035: 931: 685: 585: 577: 422: 5893: 5812:

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Leach, Mary. "Toward Writing Feminist Scholarship into History of Education."

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I'm Radcliffe, fly me!: the seven sisters and the failure of women's education

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Historical Photos Depict Women Medical Pioneers | Public Radio International

3295:

Mabel Haller, "Moravian Influence on Higher Education in Colonial America."

1839:

In 1994, the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act, sponsored by congresswoman

5879: 1900: 1826: 1572: 1382:

became the first African-American woman to be admitted to Barnard college.

1264: 1086: 507:

The 1930s marked great economic hardship with the onset of the decade-long

367: 290:

elementary education was widespread in New England, but limited elsewhere.

3156: 2404: 5732:

Seattle's women teachers of the interwar years: Shapers of a livable city

5631:

The teacher's voice: A social history of teaching in 20th century America

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The bonds of womanhood : "woman's sphere" in New England, 1780-1835

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The Women's Movement: Political, Socioeconomic. and Psychological Issues

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Weiler, Kathleen. "Women's history and the history of women teachers."

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Leaders of Their Race: Educating Black and White Women in the New South

5005: 3284:

Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges.

2314: 2188: 1493: 1410:

was the first African-American woman to graduate from Yale Law School.

1022: 857:

The first public examination of an American girl in geometry was held.

5468: 5027:"abba & rabbi: an evening with sara hurwitz & judith hauptman" 2927:

McGowan, Josephine (February 11, 1931). "A Decade of Women's Rights".

2702: 1298:

became the first female superintendent of a large city school system.

806: 255:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

5484:

Bound by a mighty vow: Sisterhood and women's fraternities, 1870-1920

4044: 1268: 779: 741: 677: 5593:"The Education of African American Girls and Women: Past to Present" 4830:"UW-Madison Computer Science Ph.D.s Awarded, May 1965 - August 1970" 4808:"UW-Madison Computer Science Ph.D.s Awarded, May 1965 - August 1970" 3794:

Hanson, Katherine; Guilfoy, Vivian; Pillai, Sarita (July 16, 2009).

1320:

sorority, a Jewish women's Greek letter organization was founded at

5908: 3516:"Claiming Their Citizenship: African American Women From 1624–2009" 2694: 2449:

Matthews, Barbara (February 1976). "Women, Education and History".

2150: 2045:"Mitch McConnell says more women graduate from college than men do" 1616: 1171: 717: 491: 310: 5463:

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5408:

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4660:, Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering, 15, 368-375. 622:, founded in 1833, was the first college to accept both women and 611:

few colleges admitted women. Founded in 1772 as a primary school,

5415:

Educating Men and Women Together: Coeducation in a Changing World

5160:"In a first, women surpass men in advanced degrees - Yahoo! News" 3256: 1886: 1672:

in 2000) had Nancy Goorey as its first female president in 1977.

528:

had to compete with a younger and more-educated group of people.

5221:

The rise of women in higher education: How, why, and what's next

4714:(Interview). Interviewed by Lauren Kata. Winter Haven, Florida: 2231:"U.S. higher education - number of bachelor's degrees 1950-2029" 2206:"U.S. higher education - number of bachelor's degrees 1950-2029" 2100:"U.S. higher education - number of bachelor's degrees 1950-2029" 5241:

Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States

4896:"Women in the US Military - Women Enter the Military Academies" 3053: 1761: 5851:

Woman's 'true' profession: Voices from the history of teaching

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3445:"Changing the Face of Medicine | Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell" 2670:. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 115. 2126:

Through Women's Eyes : An American History with Documents

5719:

The American state normal school: An instrument of great good

3695:

The Three Sarahs: Documents of Antebellum Black College Women

1994:(1st Harper Torchbook ed.). New York: Harper & Row. 1071:

became the first American woman to earn a degree in nursing.

295: 104: 5444:

Higher Education for Catholic Women: An Historical Anthology

4562:"Welcome to the University of Chicago College Report Online" 4380:. Vol. 1. Routledge Chapman & Hall. pp. 123–. 2128:(2nd. ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 690. 1992:

American Education : The Colonial Experience, 1607-1783

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4612:

10.1175/0065-9401(2003)029<0001:CTRODJ>2.0.CO;2

4040:

American Women Pharmacists: Contributions to the Profession

4454:

Jenny Rosenthal Bramley - GHN: IEEE Global History Network

4037:

Henderson, Metta Lou; Worthen, Dennis B. (March 8, 2002).

2916:(Third ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. 228. 5857:; long excerpts from 28 primary sources, 1830s to 1940s. 5746:(Springer Netherlands, 1997). 153-198; world perspective. 2629:. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. p. 2189:"120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait" 1241:

became the first African-American woman to graduate from

661:, founded as the co-educational Valley Union Seminary in 5458:

Bright epoch: Women and coeducation in the American West

4819:

PhDs granted at UW-Madison Computer Sciences Department.

4675:"Maryly Van Leer Peck, Former PCC President, Dies at 81" 2257:"Here's The Best Time To Apply For College Scholarships" 4582: 4540:"Marie M. Daly Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story" 4076:"Susan Hayhurst, pioneer female pharmacist, circa 1889" 4013:"Susan Hayhurst, pioneer female pharmacist, circa 1889" 3930: 2475:"Emma Willard: Inventor of the Modern Woman (in 1821), 1333:

admitted 24 women to the entering undergraduate class.

2647: 2328:

William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine

1749:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1205:

was the first women to attempt to take classes at the

474:, women outnumbered men; indeed, the president of the 114:

Percent of College Degrees Acquired by Women, by year

4497:"History of Black Women in the Mathematical Sciences" 4315:"Early Women Veterinarians in the Western Hemisphere" 3009: 2997: 391:

At the college level, a few private schools followed

5369:(U of Georgia Press, 1989), pp. 63-100 on education. 5078:. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 Nov. 2009 4378:

A Different Vision: Africa American Economic Thought

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Nash, Margaret A.; Romero, Lisa S. (February 2012).

1579:

admitted the first women to the school and his wife

5453:(1996) included four essays by experts on education 5325:

A History of Women's Education in the United States

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Wood, J T. (2009). Gendered Lives. Boston: Lyn Uhl.

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Michigan State University Press. pp. 46–53. 5559:Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 5374:Gender and Higher Education in the Progressive Era 4260:The Women's Book of World Records and Achievements 4257: 4102:"Winifred Edgerton Merrill: "She Opened the Door"" 3599:"Happy Mother's Day to Women Pioneers in Pharmacy" 3563:"NWHM Exhibit: The History of Women and Education" 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 2985: 2973: 2954: 2935: 2886: 2867: 2848: 2829: 2810: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2622: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2082:"In a first, women surpass men in college degrees" 1583:setup support groups for future female engineers. 1104:American Association of University Women founded. 5422:Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA, 1900–1980 5091:Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 2005. 5047:The Jewish Theological Seminary – Judith Hauptman 4430: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3028: 2791: 2772: 2370:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 1932:Timeline of women's colleges in the United States 762:Timeline of women's colleges in the United States 326:scores of school projects were advertised in the 6112: 5591:Thomas, Veronica G.; Jackson, Janine A. (2007). 5572:International Journal of Educational Advancement 5338: 5277:Women's Education in the United States 1780-1840 4954: 4216:"Light of Learning to Shine in Teacher's Memory" 4100:Kelly, Susan E.; Rozner, Sarah A. (April 2012). 4036: 3871: 5888: 5744:International handbook of teachers and teaching 5296:Sicherman, Barbara, and Carol Hurd Green, eds. 5103:National Organization for Women. June 27, 2007. 5019: 4784:"Women in Computing - Computing History Museum" 3423:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 23. 2560: 1810:became the first African-American president of 754:Timeline of historically black women's colleges 589:school educational programs were also popular. 495:opportunity to continue into higher education. 101:the U.S. Office of Education in the same year. 5742:Spencer, Dee Ann. "Teaching as women’s work." 5315:Women's life and work in the southern colonies 5138:"For first time, more women than men earn PhD" 5061:"The Oyez Project, Grove City College v. Bell" 4642:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 3546: 3459: 3395:History of Woman Suffrage: 1848–1861, Volume 1 552:The 1930s also marked the 10th anniversary of 5924: 5590: 5406:Kornbluh, Joyce, and Mary Frederickson, eds. 4701: 4668: 4666: 4030: 3706: 2123: 1885:, whose son was enrolled at VMI at the time, 1267:graduated from Radcliffe, becoming the first 5800:Rethinking the History of American Education 5249:Faragher, John Mack, and Florence Howe, eds. 4491: 4489: 4487: 3991:Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science 3645: 3643: 3641: 3583:Jessie Carney Smith, "Mary Jane Patterson." 3257:Maryann Bruno; Elizabeth A. Daniels (2001). 3132:"History & Mission | Hollins University" 2039: 2037: 4984:"Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan" 4365: 4255: 4099: 3710:Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics 2279: 2277: 2124:DuBois, Ellen Carol; Dumenil, Lynn (2009). 1937:List of girls' schools in the United States 629:Other early coeducational schools included 5931: 5917: 5126:Gender Equity in Sport. February 23, 2006. 4663: 3931:"American Association of University Women" 3420:Looking Back Mississippi: Towns and Places 3057:Encyclopedia of African-American Education 2283:National Center for Education Statistics, 2148: 2060: 2027:National Center for Education Statistics, 1271:person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. 948:or state university in the United States. 849:South Carolina Female Collegiate Institute 333: 105:Surpassing equality and overrepresentation 5298:Notable American Women: The Modern Period 5124:"Landmark Title IX Cases in History" 4759:"Timeline - Psychology's Feminist Voices" 4672: 4650: 4619: 4576: 4484: 4408:Henderson, Margaret (December 22, 2014). 4407: 4213: 4193:"Timeline - Psychology's Feminist Voices" 3875:Almanac of Architecture & Design 2006 3733: 3673:"Lucy Hobbs Taylor, First Female Dentist" 3638: 3365:Gergel, Belinda F. (September 14, 2016). 3107:"Mission & History | Antioch College" 2034: 1957:History of education in the United States 1724:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan 851:was founded in Columbia, South Carolina. 665:, in 1842; it became all female in 1852; 633:, founded as Michigan Central College in 5853:(2nd ed. Harvard Education Press, 2003) 5348:(Macmillan, 1976), a scholarly analysis. 5056: 5054: 4697: 4695: 4371: 4151:. Drexel University, College of Medicine 4149:"History of Women Physicians - Timeline" 4068: 3908:Journal of the American Institute of ... 3054:Faustine Childress Jones-Wilson (1996). 2665: 2448: 2274: 2061:Borzelleca, Daniel (February 16, 2012). 1985: 1983: 1710: 902:is the first woman permitted to use the 728: 571: 408:Woman's Law Class of New York University 397: 309: 5391:Nineteenth-Century Women Learn to Write 5152: 5135: 4716:Engineering and Technology History Wiki 4702:Van Leer Peck, Maryly (June 13, 2003). 4005: 3039:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 ( 3020:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 ( 2965:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 ( 2946:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 ( 2926: 2911: 2897:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 ( 2878:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 ( 2859:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 ( 2840:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 ( 2821:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 ( 2802:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 ( 2783:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 ( 2764:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNash2012 ( 2653: 2620: 2080:AP, Associated Press (April 26, 2011). 1163:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania 798:Moravian Seminary and College for Women 734:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania 294:believed it was necessary to study the 6121:Women's education in the United States 6113: 5117: 5101:"Legislative History of Title IX" 5081: 3943: 3416: 3364: 2587: 2517: 2363: 2344: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1989: 1666:American Association of Dental Schools 1545:, which she received in 1949 from the 784:founded the Ursuline Academy for women 486:Coinciding with the beginnings of the 6126:History of women in the United States 5912: 5381:Advancing Women in Leadership Journal 5136:Jaschik, Scott (September 14, 2010). 5051: 4692: 4214:Freehling, Alison (October 2, 1996). 3596: 3330: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2424: 2422: 2390: 2325: 1980: 1927:Women's colleges in the United States 1779:The U.S. Supreme Court's 1984 ruling 1731:(1982) was a case decided 5–4 by the 1670:American Dental Education Association 1117:of Michigan's Girls Training School, 766:Women's colleges in the United States 603:Women's colleges in the United States 554:Women's suffrage in the United States 386: 18:colonial history of the United States 5938: 5317:(1938; reprinted 1998), pp 183-207. 5094: 4704:"Oral-History: Maryly Van Leer Peck" 4673:Chambliss, John (November 4, 2011). 4431:Celeste Kimbrough (March 18, 2004). 4295:. KSU College of Veterinary Medicine 3766: 3737:Historical dictionary of women's ... 3530: 3034: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2960: 2941: 2892: 2873: 2854: 2835: 2816: 2797: 2778: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2680: 2428: 1792:Basic Educational Opportunity Grants 1209:but her petition was denied 4 to 3. 780:Sisters of the Order of Saint Ursula 695: 241: 239:Graph of Degree Attainment over time 5066: 3971: 3082:"About/History - Hillsdale College" 2491:Susan Grigg, "Willard, Emma Hart", 2433:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2051:July 18, 2014. Retrieved 2015-02-21 2008: 1967:Normal schools in the United States 1523:admitted women for the first time. 596: 13: 5827: 5208: 4940:"ADVANCE Center for Women Faculty" 3947:Michigan Women Firsts and Founders 3831:. Britannica.com. October 28, 1944 3693:Ellen Lawson and Marlene Merrill, 3613: 2574: 2493:American National Biography Online 2437: 2419: 2079: 2063:"The Male-Female Ratio in College" 1871:Supreme Court of the United States 1733:Supreme Court of the United States 930:The Adelphean Society, now called 863:As a private institution in 1831, 680:as Mount Holyoke Female Seminary; 14: 6137: 5873: 5762: 5223:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2019) 3263:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. 1668:(founded in 1923 and renamed the 1331:The College of William & Mary 1230: 826: 567: 5351:Bordin, Ruth Birgitta Anderson. 5174: 5129: 5106: 5040: 4998: 4976: 4932: 4910: 4888: 4866: 4844: 4822: 4800: 4776: 4751: 4729: 4554: 4532: 4511: 4458: 4447: 4424: 4401: 4351: 4329: 4307: 4285: 4249: 4238: 2625:In the Company of Educated Women 1741:Mississippi University for Women 1371:Virginia Proctor Powell Florence 1132:Philadelphia College of Pharmacy 944:becomes the first coeducational 531: 282:Dame school § North America 246: 5734:(U of Washington Press, 2012). 5585:(IGI Global, 2022) pp. 233-252. 4898:. Chnm.gmu.edu. October 7, 1975 4542:. Biography.com. April 16, 1921 4293:"The Centennial: Did You Know?" 4207: 4185: 4163: 4141: 4119: 4093: 3937: 3923: 3899: 3865: 3843: 3821: 3787: 3760: 3727: 3700: 3687: 3665: 3590: 3577: 3540:University of Rochester History 3536: 3437: 3410: 3385: 3358: 3324: 3302: 3289: 3277: 3250: 3225: 3200: 3175: 3149: 3124: 3099: 3074: 3047: 2920: 2905: 2674: 2659: 2614: 2547: 2538: 2511: 2506:Journal of Historical Geography 2498: 2485: 2469: 2384: 2364:Sundue, Sharon Braslaw (2009). 2357: 2338: 2319: 2303: 2290: 2248: 2223: 2198: 1892: 1245:in Northampton, Massachusetts. 1213:Late 1800s, exact date unknown: 770: 710:Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act 481: 478:was urging quota restrictions. 362: 354: 5844:(U of New Mexico Press, 1992). 5710:History of Education Quarterly 5597:The Journal of Negro Education 5552:The Journal of Negro Education 5516:Bush, V. Barbara, et al. eds. 5501:teachers in the United States 5465:History of Education Quarterly 5356:: The evolution of a new woman 4129:. National Library of Medicine 4127:"Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte" 3707:Lynne E. Ford (May 12, 2010). 3597:Garza, Anyssa (May 10, 2018). 3417:Cooper, Forrest Lamar (2011). 3060:. Greenwood. pp. 339–40. 2683:History of Education Quarterly 2477:New England Historical Society 2298:History of Education Quarterly 2285:Digest of Education Statistics 2254: 2181: 2142: 2117: 2092: 2073: 2054: 2029:Digest of Education Statistics 1947:Education in the United States 1: 5810:Seller, Maxine Schwartz, ed. 5701:Journal of curriculum studies 5510: 5460:(U of Nebraska Press, 2008) . 5339:Specialized scholarly studies 5300:(4 vol. Belknap Press, 1980). 5234:(Yale UP, 1977), pp. 101-125. 4712:Pioneers Oral History Project 4656:Atlas D and Lemone MA (2011) 4376:. In Thomas D. Boston (ed.). 4317:. McKillip Veterinary College 3944:Harley, Rachel Brett (1992). 3334:Chronology of women's history 1973: 1324:in response to antisemitism. 1207:College of William & Mary 758:Timeline of women's education 560:and increased support for an 518:National Youth Administration 23: 5530:(U of Illinois Press, 2017) 5358:(U of Michigan Press, 1993) 5253:(1988), 10 essays by experts 4737:"Biography of Martha Bernal" 4614:(inactive August 27, 2024). 3983:American Journal of Pharmacy 3773:. Rutgers University Press. 2347:Georgia Historical Quarterly 1990:Cremin, Lawrence A. (1970). 1881:in a 7–1 decision. (Justice 877:Georgia Female College (now 649:, founded by noted educator 7: 5840:Cordier, Mary Hurlbut, ed. 5770:Harvard Educational Review, 5675:Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. 5623: 5396:Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. 5268:Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. 5256:Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. 4372:Malveaux, Julianne (1997). 3697:(Edwin Mellen Press, 1984). 3371:South Carolina Encyclopedia 1920: 1875:Virginia Military Institute 1256:McKillip Veterinary College 724: 674:South Hadley, Massachusetts 576:Home economics students at 275: 10: 6142: 5895:"Education of Women" 5786:McClelland, Averil Evans. 5772:67 (Winter 1997): 689–717. 5213: 5006:"Ohel Ayalah - Who We Are" 2621:Solomon, Barabara (1985). 2167:10.1177/016146811211400201 1879:male-only admission policy 1831:University of Pennsylvania 1782:Grove City College v. Bell 1735:. The court held that the 1608:Sister Mary Kenneth Keller 1344:University of Pennsylvania 1278:Nora Stanton Blatch Barney 1203:Minnie Braithwaite Jenkins 977:Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi 751: 600: 279: 270: 6077: 6007: 5946: 5753:Pacific Historical Review 5629:Altenbaugh, Richard, ed. 5557:Hine, Darlene Clark, ed. 5437:(Johns Hopkins UP, 1990). 5398:The Power and Passion of 5303:Solomon, Barbara Miller. 4854:. Bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu 4592:Meteorological Monographs 4064:– via Google Books. 4001:– via Google Books. 3853:. Rmc.library.cornell.edu 3734:Eisenmann, Linda (1998). 2912:Deckard, Barbara (1983). 2521:Suffragists and Democrats 2463:10.1080/00405847609542608 1851:United States v. Virginia 1141:Winifred Edgerton Merrill 1045:Frances Elizabeth Willard 807:Salem Academy and College 794:Bethlehem Female Seminary 637:in 1844, the short-lived 6100:Female education in STEM 5814:(Greenwood Press, 1994). 4920:. selaminternational.org 4918:"selaminternational.org" 4519:"Powered by Google Docs" 4280:First Hindu Woman Doctor 4264:. Anchor Press. p. 2666:Horowitz, Helen (1984). 1430:University of Cincinnati 1159:Susan La Flesche Picotte 1005:Sarah Jane Woodson Early 744:from Japan (center) and 639:New-York Central College 522:United States Government 502: 425:in 1865 was followed by 406:, JD, taught law at the 314:Colonial schoolhouse in 6037:Lists of girls' schools 5730:Pieroth, Doris Hinson. 5647:Cordier, Mary Hurlbut. 5313:Spruill, Julia Cherry. 5192:(206). October 25, 2006 5076:Encyclopædia Britannica 4564:. Magazine.uchicago.edu 4412:. M.northernstar.com.au 3767:Duke, Benjamin (2009). 3651:"Firsts for U.S. Women" 3331:Olsen, Kirstin (1994). 3310:"Kohl Gallery: History" 3187:www.wesleyancollege.edu 2508:(2007) 33#3 pp.542-564. 2429:Cott, Nancy F. (1997). 2287:. Retrieved 2021-03-12 2155:Teachers College Record 2031:. Retrieved 2015-02-21 1969:, for training teachers 1745:Equal Protection Clause 1652:, School of Dentistry. 1399:Jenny Rosenthal Bramley 1362:Lorna Myrtle Hodgkinson 740:from India (left) with 702:Seneca Falls Convention 476:University of Wisconsin 334:Early colonial ideology 43:% of Doctorate degrees 40:% of bachelor's degrees 5901:Encyclopedia Americana 5833:Cross, Barbara M. ed. 5781:40.4 (1990): 453-61. [ 5755:55.4 (1986): 513-530. 5467:22#2 (1982): 159–183. 5456:Radke-Moss, Andrea G. 5389:Hobbs, Catherine, ed. 4337:"Women in Engineering" 3587:(Gale Research, 1992). 3111:www.antiochcollege.org 2588:GRAVES, KAREN (2016). 2518:Morgan, David (1972). 2431:The Bonds of Womanhood 2393:Early American Studies 1942:Educational Inequality 1877:(VMI)'s long-standing 1716: 1521:Harvard Medical School 1258:in Chicago, Illinois. 1190:Margaret Floy Washburn 1032:Ellen Swallow Richards 749: 635:Spring Arbor, Michigan 581: 562:Equal Rights Amendment 418: 381:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 328:South Carolina Gazette 318: 5855:online of 1st edition 5703:39.4 (2007): 491-502. 5661:(1939; reprint 1970). 5547:, in higher education 5449:Porter, Susan L. ed. 5063:, 465 U.S. 555 (1984) 3625:oasis.lib.harvard.edu 3367:"Barhamville Academy" 3161:Mount Holyoke College 2557:38.3 (1984): 349-364. 2405:10.1353/eam.2011.0028 1737:single-sex admissions 1714: 1564:University of Florida 1560:Vanderbilt University 1547:University of Chicago 1309:industrial psychology 778:The French-speaking 732: 676:, founded in 1837 by 670:Mount Holyoke College 575: 401: 376:Republican motherhood 316:Hollis, New Hampshire 313: 302:to aid poor families 280:Further information: 6090:Socioeconomic impact 5860:Skakeshaft, Charol. 5849:Hoffman, Nancy, ed. 5821:Journal of Education 5802:(2008) pp 143–159. 5691:13.2 (1972): 19-32. 5657:Elsbree, Willard S. 5539:Evans, Stephanie Y. 5442:Oates, Mary J., ed. 5429:Musser, Frederic O. 5354:Alice Freeman Palmer 5089:A Place on the Team. 4359:"100 Years of Women" 4339:. Engineering Degree 4226:on February 20, 2018 4195:. Feministvoices.com 4107:. Notices of the AMS 4080:ExplorePAhistory.com 4017:ExplorePAhistory.com 3797:More than Title nine 3601:. Digital Pharmacist 3312:. Washington College 3299:25#3 (1958): 205-222 3297:Pennsylvania History 2451:Theory into Practice 1685:Christine Economides 1599:Grace Alele-Williams 1556:Maryly Van Leer Peck 1439:Ruth Winifred Howard 1426:Inez Beverly Prosser 1340:Sadie Tanner Mossell 1150:Maria Louise Baldwin 1014:Fanny Jackson Coppin 655:Yellow Springs, Ohio 415:university extension 292:New England Puritans 5883:Los Angeles Herald, 5823:171.3 (1989): 9-30. 5790:(Routledge, 2014). 5664:Farnham, Christie. 5574:10 (2010): 245-260 5413:Lasser, Carol, ed. 5284:Norton, Mary Beth. 4604:2003MetMo..29....1T 3585:Notable Black Women 2300:1993 33(4): 511–542 1865: (1996), was a 1475:Roger Arliner Young 1466:Anna Johnson Julian 968:Mary Jane Patterson 913:Elizabeth Blackwell 865:Mississippi College 520:was created by the 410:through an endowed 404:Emilie Kempin-Spyri 372:Emma Willard School 330:beginning in 1732. 115: 5880:"Married Teachers" 5779:Educational Theory 5717:Ogren, Christine. 5712:35.1 (1995): 1-26. 5668:(NYU Press, 1994) 5644:(Routledge, 2021). 5640:Apple, Michael W. 5633:(Routledge, 2005) 5486:(NYU Press, 2004). 5420:Murphy, Marjorie. 5383:35 (2015): 65-75. 5275:Nash, Margaret A. 5239:Eisenmann, Linda. 4942:. Advance.tamu.edu 4763:feministvoices.com 4739:. Apadivisions.org 4499:. Math.buffalo.edu 4472:. December 8, 2016 3675:. Home.comcast.net 2555:Population Studies 2465:– via JSTOR. 2313:1988 40(1): 18–41 2311:American Quarterly 1787:Grove City College 1717: 1626:Willie Hobbs Moore 1581:Ella Wall Van Leer 1530:Marie Maynard Daly 1408:Jane Matilda Bolin 1380:Zora Neale Hurston 1322:Cornell University 1096:Mary Eliza Mahoney 1078:Helen Magill White 942:University of Iowa 817:Washington College 750: 659:Hollins University 609:American Civil War 582: 558:political activism 433:in the same year, 419: 417:program for women. 387:Colleges for women 319: 113: 6108: 6107: 5721:(Springer, 2005) 5365:Cogan Frances B. 4986:. Law.cornell.edu 4964:. Cwrl.utexas.edu 4470:www.blackpast.org 4387:978-0-415-12715-8 3957:978-0-961-93901-4 3780:978-0-8135-4403-8 3086:www.hillsdale.edu 2377:978-0-8139-2713-8 1650:Howard University 1644:On July 1, 1975, 1577:Blake R. Van Leer 1417:Dorothy B. Porter 1287:Alpha Kappa Alpha 996:Lucy Hobbs Taylor 696:Government action 663:Roanoke, Virginia 645:(1849–1860), and 631:Hillsdale College 624:African Americans 268: 267: 237: 236: 91: 90: 6133: 6015:Finishing school 5940:Female education 5933: 5926: 5919: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5689:American Studies 5619: 5617: 5615: 5489:Walch, Timothy. 5446:(Garland, 1987). 5372:Gordon, Lynn D. 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5186:Federal Register 5178: 5172: 5171: 5166:. Archived from 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5085: 5079: 5073:"Title IX." 5070: 5064: 5058: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4852:"About Title IX" 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4788: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4699: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4641: 4633: 4623: 4621:2060/20020011611 4589: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4493: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4462: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4263: 4253: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4222:. 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April 18, 2012 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3018:, p. 21-22. 3013: 3007: 3006:, p. 21-44. 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2628: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2585: 2572: 2569: 2558: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2489: 2483: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2446: 2435: 2434: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2323: 2317: 2307: 2301: 2294: 2288: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2261:Business Insider 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2058: 2052: 2043:Molly O'Connor, 2041: 2032: 2025: 2006: 2005: 1987: 1873:struck down the 1771:Christine Darden 1503:Margurite Thomas 1457:Flemmie Kittrell 1448:Jesse Jarue Mark 1390:May Edward Chinn 1307:earned a PhD in 1305:Lillian Gilbreth 1296:Ella Flagg Young 1252:Mignon Nicholson 1224:Sabat Islambouli 1222:from Japan, and 1119:Adrian, Michigan 1111:Emma Amelia Hall 986:Rebecca Crumpler 879:Wesleyan College 746:Sabat Islambooly 738:Anandibai Joshee 682:Wesleyan College 643:McGraw, New York 597:Women's colleges 526:Great Depression 509:Great Depression 288:Colonial America 250: 249: 242: 116: 112: 34: 33: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6073: 6003: 5942: 5937: 5890:Mary E. Woolley 5876: 5830: 5828:Primary sources 5765: 5626: 5613: 5611: 5561:(2 vols. 1993). 5526:Case, Sarah H. 5513: 5496:Wyman, Andrea. 5482:Turk, Diana B. 5433:Goucher College 5431:The History of 5400:M. Carey Thomas 5341: 5327:(2 vols. 1929) 5323:Woody, Thomas. 5230:Cott, Nancy F. 5216: 5211: 5209:Further reading 5206: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5170:on May 4, 2011. 5158: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5086: 5082: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4700: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4671: 4664: 4655: 4651: 4635: 4634: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4435:. 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Titchener 1181:Laura Eisenhuth 1054:Harriette Cooke 959:Cornell College 904:Harvard College 900:Margaret Fuller 829: 773: 768: 727: 698: 647:Antioch College 620:Oberlin College 605: 599: 570: 534: 505: 484: 389: 365: 357: 336: 284: 278: 273: 264: 251: 247: 107: 26: 12: 11: 5: 6139: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6062:United Kingdom 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6034: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5886: 5875: 5874:External links 5872: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5846: 5845: 5838: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5816: 5815: 5807: 5806: 5795: 5794: 5783: 5782: 5774: 5773: 5764: 5763:Historiography 5761: 5760: 5759: 5748: 5747: 5739: 5738: 5727: 5726: 5714: 5713: 5705: 5704: 5696: 5695: 5684: 5683: 5673: 5662: 5655: 5645: 5638: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5603:(3): 357–372. 5587: 5586: 5579: 5568: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5536: 5535: 5524: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5478: 5473:Rury, John L. 5471: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5439: 5438: 5426: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5394: 5387: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5349: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5321: 5311: 5301: 5293: 5292: 5281: 5280: 5273: 5265: 5264: 5254: 5247: 5236: 5235: 5228: 5219:Berg, Gary A. 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5173: 5164:news.yahoo.com 5151: 5140:. usatoday.com 5128: 5116: 5105: 5093: 5087:Suggs, Welsh. 5080: 5065: 5050: 5039: 5018: 4997: 4975: 4953: 4931: 4909: 4887: 4865: 4843: 4821: 4799: 4775: 4750: 4728: 4691: 4662: 4658:Joanne Simpson 4649: 4575: 4553: 4531: 4510: 4483: 4457: 4446: 4423: 4400: 4386: 4364: 4350: 4328: 4306: 4284: 4274: 4248: 4237: 4206: 4184: 4162: 4140: 4118: 4092: 4067: 4053: 4047:. p. 10. 4029: 4004: 3970: 3956: 3936: 3922: 3898: 3884: 3864: 3842: 3820: 3806: 3786: 3779: 3759: 3745: 3726: 3719: 3699: 3686: 3664: 3637: 3612: 3589: 3576: 3545: 3529: 3458: 3436: 3429: 3409: 3384: 3373:. 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