166:. While members of each found themselves allied at times, the two were distinct: New Left critiques tended to be a good deal more radical both in analysis and in proposed solutions. Wisconsin School members thought that it was possible for American decisionmakers to correct their overemphasis on markets and that doing so would make for a more effective American diplomacy. In contrast, historians associated with the New Left, such as
79:, and dissatisfaction with the war boosted the popularity of the Open Door interpretation. But works of the Wisconsin School focused not just on causes of the Cold War or Vietnam, but the entire course of American expansion from the time of the nation's creation. The tenets of the Wisconsin School have been incorporated to some degree by other lines of scholarly thought in the decades since and still remain influential.
174:
a thing as the
Wisconsin School of Diplomatic History it has to be an ecumenical school. There is not one party line because Fred had a number of different students, both liberal and conservative." Harrington later voiced similar thoughts, saying that "the Wisconsin School of diplomatic history ought not to be just associated with the New Left."
173:
Moreover, Williams left the
University of Wisconsin in the late 1960s in part because he disliked the militant direction that student protests were taking there. Furthermore, Robert Freeman Smith – who has also sometimes been grouped in with the Wisconsin School – has remarked that "if there is such
158:
of social history, and that mention of the "Wisconsin School" brought about more "professional discussion (and gossip)" than warranted. In particular, he pointed out that he, LaFeber, McCormick, and
Gardner differed to the degree in which they saw a coherent "Open Doors worldview" being acted upon by
149:
As always, any such school of thought ends up containing some different viewpoints, and it should not be assumed that everyone coming out of seminars led by
Harrington or others at the department adopted the same approach. LaFeber himself made this point by referring to "a supposed 'Wisconsin School
99:
In part the ideas of the
Wisconsin School were due to the nature of the department itself. As American historian Emily S. Rosenberg has written, "While many other history departments across the country celebrated cold-war orthodoxies, exiling economic interpretations from respectability and removing
177:
Following the end of the
Vietnam War in the 1970s, and then again following the conclusion of the Cold War in the early 1990s, the Wisconsin School's work became less controversial. Other historians adopted much of its scholarship and some of its conclusions, albeit in a more partial form. As a
703:
170:, more often subscribed to Marxist interpretations and believed that there were fundamental structural causes, due to the needs of American capitalism, behind American foreign policy and that little could reverse that short of an outright remaking of the economic system.
137:
Of other people at
Wisconsin, some have considered David F. Healey and Robert Freeman Smith to be at least partly a member of the school, but they are distinct in not holding commercial factors to be the primary factors above all in explaining American policy.
683:
55:
during the 19th century. These beliefs – which consigned to subordinate status other possible explanations such as morality, security, and balance-of-power calculations – have been referred to as the "Open Door
Interpretation", in reference to the
91:
and his economically determined theories of
American history that became widely read in the early 20th century before later becoming unpopular. A more direct antecedent was the influence and intellectual mentoring of Wisconsin professor
153:
And before that, Williams had said in a 1978 essay that the
Wisconsin seminars were not as tightly directed as some apparently thought, that no collection of thought came out of the department that was as clearly defined as, say, the
733:
723:
738:
718:
67:, where "revisionist" theories held by the school stated that the United States bore a large share of the responsibility for the breakdown in post–World War II relations with the Soviet Union. The other was criticism of the
688:
1029:
658:
1251:
698:
1276:
1170:
1165:
1439:
814:
616:
1350:
708:
673:
76:
51:, generally holds that economic reasons, and the desire for increased markets abroad, were the driver behind much of American foreign policy and the creation of an
111:. As British historian John A. Thompson has written, "this work may well have had a greater influence of the historiography of US foreign policy than any other."
668:
492:
178:
biography of Williams has stated, "the Wisconsin School as a body of thought ... was renewed in virtually ceaseless diaspora of individuals and generations."
713:
1160:
404:
1112:
609:
150:
of Diplomatic History'" in a 1993 essay about Harrington and pointing to the variety of scholarly perspectives emerging from Wisconsin at the time.
829:
678:
728:
769:
1434:
1424:
1246:
1024:
849:
824:
602:
159:
American policymakers. Furthermore, it is generally thought that LaFeber and McCormick were more subtle in their approach than Williams.
461:
LaFeber, Walter (1993). "Fred Harvey Harrington, Teacher and Friend: An Appreciation". In McCormick, Thomas J.; LaFeber, Walter (eds.).
141:
Students of Williams who carried forward his themes have included Edward P. Crapol, Howard Schonberger, Tom E. Terrill, and others.
998:
130:
in the late 1960s, McCormick replaced him on the faculty there.) Another scholar sometimes associated with the Wisconsin School is
100:
Beard from reading lists, Wisconsin maintained an attachment to economic interpretation and to independent, unorthodox thinking."
340:
1429:
958:
942:
920:
126:. Their work helped gain the "Wisconsin School of diplomatic history" a national reputation. (After Williams left Wisconsin for
1340:
1201:
937:
915:
759:
1271:
854:
844:
834:
1003:
625:
32:
1286:
789:
693:
948:
1236:
1054:
75:, the 1959 work that Williams became best known for, became heavily referenced by many of those participating in
1381:
1211:
1206:
64:
1123:
799:
251:
1216:
983:
869:
804:
794:
663:
1387:
1241:
63:
Two ongoing world events highlighted the influence and debate over Wisconsin School thought. One was the
24:
1281:
953:
931:
909:
1355:
104:
36:
1191:
764:
1360:
1226:
1039:
889:
874:
127:
384:
1129:
1069:
926:
859:
839:
93:
425:
Perkins, Bradford (March 1984). "The Tragedy of American Diplomacy: Twenty-Five Years After".
1049:
1034:
968:
221:
269:
Ninkovich, Frank (2006). "The United States and Imperialism". In Schulzinger, Robert (ed.).
244:
Williams, William Appleman (1978). "Open Door Interpretation". In DeConde, Alexander (ed.).
1196:
1136:
963:
879:
784:
285:
Crapol, Edward (February 1987). "Some Reflections on the Historiography of the Cold War".
8:
1325:
1305:
1186:
119:
44:
493:"Capsule Review: Behind the Throne: Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents, 1898–1968"
1231:
1105:
754:
640:
442:
377:
302:
1315:
1098:
899:
246:
Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas
212:
103:
The immediate founder, and the most well-known exponent, of the Wisconsin School was
28:
1074:
434:
294:
155:
88:
594:
1365:
1261:
779:
529:
Brands, H. W. (2006). "Ideas and Foreign Affairs". In Schulzinger, Robert (ed.).
57:
52:
1345:
1064:
884:
864:
348:
323:
Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of American Imperialism
115:
40:
1418:
1335:
1221:
1044:
167:
123:
114:
Williams was followed in visibility by several of his students, most notably
48:
1310:
1118:
1019:
993:
988:
978:
819:
809:
575:
Rosenberg, "Economic interest and United States foreign policy", pp. 45–46.
131:
1330:
973:
774:
68:
547:
Beyond the Frontier: The Midwestern Voice in American Historical Writing
1320:
446:
463:
Behind the Throne: Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents, 1898–1968
306:
438:
1059:
298:
163:
1256:
1266:
273:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 79–102.
35:
in the 1950s and 1960s. The school, exemplified by the work of
533:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 1–14.
252:
an online article at Encyclopedia of the New American Nation
1142:
77:
opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
325:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 57–59.
465:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 3–20.
162:
The Wisconsin School has often been conflated with the
1440:
History of the foreign relations of the United States
549:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 381n.
213:"Economic interest and United States foreign policy"
624:
376:
375:Buhle, Paul; Rice-Maximin, Edward Francis (1995).
218:American Foreign Relations Reconsidered: 1890–1993
211:
374:
341:"Changing the outline of American historiography"
1416:
403:Burr, William; Schneirov, Richard (April 2017).
379:William Appleman Williams: The Tragedy of Empire
31:that emerged from the history department of the
571:
569:
508:
506:
610:
524:
522:
402:
398:
396:
394:
566:
503:
264:
262:
260:
205:
203:
201:
199:
197:
195:
193:
191:
617:
603:
519:
391:
87:Forebears to the Wisconsin School include
531:A Companion to American Foreign Relations
271:A Companion to American Foreign Relations
268:
257:
209:
82:
338:
248:. Vol. 2. Scribner. pp. 703ff.
243:
188:
490:
460:
424:
420:
418:
334:
332:
239:
237:
235:
233:
231:
1417:
528:
320:
284:
1202:Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center
1080:Wisconsin School (diplomatic history)
598:
544:
491:Ambrose, Stephen E. (May–June 1994).
278:
1272:Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
845:Space Science and Engineering Center
415:
329:
228:
1435:Historiography of the United States
339:Thompson, John A. (March 9, 1990).
39:and also including as core members
13:
1287:Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery
411:. American Historical Association.
144:
14:
1451:
689:Journalism and Mass Communication
347:. London. p. 39 – via
109:The Tragedy of American Diplomacy
73:The Tragedy of American Diplomacy
1237:Morgridge Institute for Research
383:. New York: Routledge. pp.
1425:University of Wisconsin–Madison
1055:Teaching Assistants Association
704:Library and Information Studies
627:University of Wisconsin–Madison
578:
553:
538:
483:
470:
454:
96:, under whom Williams studied.
1430:International relations theory
1382:University of Wisconsin System
1212:History of Cartography Project
1207:Helically Symmetric Experiment
659:Agricultural and Life Sciences
368:
355:
314:
220:. London: Routledge. pp.
65:historiography of the Cold War
1:
181:
107:and especially his 1959 book
1217:IceCube Neutrino Observatory
984:University Ridge Golf Course
870:Synchrotron Radiation Center
795:DeLuca Biochemistry Building
210:Rosenberg, Emily S. (1994).
7:
1242:Pegasus Toroidal Experiment
427:Reviews in American History
216:. In Martel, Gordon (ed.).
25:American diplomatic history
10:
1456:
1351:Undergraduate Projects Lab
1282:Wisconsin Energy Institute
709:Medicine and Public Health
405:"Carl Parrini (1933–2016)"
16:Academic school of thought
1398:
1374:
1295:
1247:UW Hospital & Clinics
1179:
1161:Alumni, faculty and staff
1151:
1088:
1012:
898:
815:Lakeshore Nature Preserve
747:
649:
634:
586:William Appleman Williams
321:Morgan, James G. (2014).
105:William Appleman Williams
37:William Appleman Williams
1252:University Research Park
765:Allen Centennial Gardens
584:Buhle and Rice-Maximin,
545:Brown, David S. (2009).
1361:Wisconsin Film Festival
1227:Madison Symmetric Torus
1040:Single-grain experiment
890:Wisconsin Union Theater
409:Perspectives on History
128:Oregon State University
33:University of Wisconsin
1130:The Wisconsin Engineer
1070:Wisconsin Idea Theatre
840:Pine Bluff Observatory
94:Fred Harvey Harrington
83:Background and members
1192:Carbone Cancer Center
1050:Sterling Hall bombing
1035:Sifting and winnowing
684:International Studies
1197:Center for Limnology
1137:Wisconsin Law Review
1113:Scandinavian Studies
1025:Experimental College
880:Washburn Observatory
785:Chazen Museum of Art
1326:Iron Shield Society
1306:Fundamentally Sound
739:Veterinary Medicine
699:Letters and Science
561:Beyond the Frontier
287:The History Teacher
120:Thomas J. McCormick
45:Thomas J. McCormick
1391:(1979 documentary)
1232:McArdle Laboratory
1106:The Daily Cardinal
642:Madison, Wisconsin
514:Into New Territory
478:Into New Territory
363:Into New Territory
250:Also available as
60:of 1899 and 1900.
1412:
1411:
1099:The Badger Herald
999:Paul Bunyan's Axe
489:For example, see
29:school of thought
1447:
1154:
1075:Wisconsin school
1030:Past Chancellors
1004:Heartland Trophy
902:
760:Agriculture Hall
643:
628:
619:
612:
605:
596:
595:
589:
582:
576:
573:
564:
557:
551:
550:
542:
536:
534:
526:
517:
510:
501:
500:
487:
481:
474:
468:
466:
458:
452:
450:
422:
413:
412:
400:
389:
388:
382:
372:
366:
359:
353:
352:
336:
327:
326:
318:
312:
310:
282:
276:
274:
266:
255:
249:
241:
226:
225:
215:
207:
156:Frankfurt School
89:Charles A. Beard
21:Wisconsin School
1455:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1394:
1388:The War at Home
1370:
1366:Wisconsin Union
1291:
1262:WIYN Consortium
1175:
1152:
1147:
1090:
1084:
1008:
900:
894:
805:Heating Station
780:Chamberlin Hall
755:Abraham's Woods
743:
651:
645:
641:
630:
626:
623:
593:
592:
583:
579:
574:
567:
558:
554:
543:
539:
527:
520:
511:
504:
497:Foreign Affairs
488:
484:
475:
471:
459:
455:
439:10.2307/2702548
423:
416:
401:
392:
373:
369:
360:
356:
337:
330:
319:
315:
283:
279:
267:
258:
242:
229:
208:
189:
184:
147:
145:Characteristics
85:
58:Open Door Notes
53:American empire
17:
12:
11:
5:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1346:On, Wisconsin!
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:Wisconsin Idea
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
940:
934:
929:
924:
918:
912:
906:
904:
896:
895:
893:
892:
887:
885:Weinert Center
882:
877:
872:
867:
865:Stock Pavilion
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
830:Memorial Union
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
800:Geology Museum
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
751:
749:
745:
744:
742:
741:
736:
731:
729:Public Affairs
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
655:
653:
647:
646:
635:
632:
631:
622:
621:
614:
607:
599:
591:
590:
577:
565:
552:
537:
518:
516:, pp. 172–176.
502:
482:
469:
453:
414:
390:
367:
354:
349:Newspapers.com
328:
313:
299:10.2307/493031
293:(2): 251–262.
277:
256:
227:
186:
185:
183:
180:
146:
143:
116:Walter LaFeber
84:
81:
41:Walter LaFeber
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1452:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Marching Band
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:Law in Action
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Slab of Bacon
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
941:
939:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
922:
919:
917:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
903:
897:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
746:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:Human Ecology
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
654:
648:
644:
638:
633:
629:
620:
615:
613:
608:
606:
601:
600:
597:
587:
581:
572:
570:
562:
556:
548:
541:
532:
525:
523:
515:
509:
507:
498:
494:
486:
479:
473:
464:
457:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
419:
410:
406:
399:
397:
395:
386:
381:
380:
371:
364:
358:
350:
346:
342:
335:
333:
324:
317:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
281:
275:At pp. 80–81.
272:
265:
263:
261:
253:
247:
240:
238:
236:
234:
232:
223:
219:
214:
206:
204:
202:
200:
198:
196:
194:
192:
187:
179:
175:
171:
169:
168:Gabriel Kolko
165:
160:
157:
151:
142:
139:
135:
133:
129:
125:
124:Lloyd Gardner
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
101:
97:
95:
90:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
54:
50:
49:Lloyd Gardner
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1402:
1386:
1311:Grateful Red
1296:Student life
1135:
1128:
1119:Tandem Press
1111:
1104:
1097:
1091:publications
1079:
1020:Camp Randall
994:Grateful Red
989:Bucky Badger
979:LaBahn Arena
964:Camp Randall
949:Men's soccer
936:Ice hockey (
914:Basketball (
860:State Street
855:Science Hall
825:Law Building
820:Lathrop Hall
810:Lake Mendota
636:
585:
580:
560:
555:
546:
540:
530:
513:
496:
485:
477:
472:
462:
456:
430:
426:
408:
378:
370:
362:
357:
345:The Guardian
344:
322:
316:
290:
286:
280:
270:
245:
217:
176:
172:
161:
152:
148:
140:
136:
132:Carl Parrini
113:
108:
102:
98:
86:
72:
62:
20:
18:
1331:Jump Around
974:Kohl Center
969:Field House
875:Union South
775:Bascom Hill
734:Social Work
674:Engineering
652:and schools
467:At pp. 6–7.
451:At pp. 3–4.
433:(1): 1–18.
118:, but also
69:Vietnam War
1419:Categories
1336:MadHatters
1321:Humorology
959:Volleyball
835:North Hall
790:Dairy Barn
637:Located in
311:At p. 261.
182:References
1302:Forensics
1171:Athletics
1166:Academics
1089:Media and
901:Athletics
770:Arboretum
669:Education
588:, p. 197.
563:, p. 234.
1180:Research
1124:UW Press
954:Softball
932:Football
910:Baseball
724:Pharmacy
664:Business
650:Colleges
535:At p. 7.
512:Morgan,
476:Morgan,
365:, p. 28.
361:Morgan,
164:New Left
1403:Founded
1375:Related
1356:Varsity
1316:Hoofers
1277:WISCAPE
1257:Viaspan
1187:Biotron
1013:History
850:Red Gym
719:Nursing
559:Brown,
480:, p. 6.
447:2702548
385:116–117
1405:: 1848
1267:WiCell
1153:People
748:Campus
445:
307:493031
305:
47:, and
943:Women
714:Music
443:JSTOR
303:JSTOR
222:43–45
27:is a
1143:WSUM
927:Crew
122:and
19:The
1060:WHA
938:Men
694:Law
435:doi
295:doi
23:of
1421::
639::
568:^
521:^
505:^
495:.
441:.
431:12
429:.
417:^
407:.
393:^
343:.
331:^
301:.
291:20
289:.
259:^
230:^
190:^
134:.
71:.
43:,
945:)
923:)
921:W
916:M
618:e
611:t
604:v
499:.
449:.
437::
387:.
351:.
309:.
297::
254:.
224:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.