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contracts with employers by the end of April, they went on strike, the building trades on May 1 and the metal trades on May 2. Shortly afterwards, the situation was discussed at meetings of the
Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council, the umbrella body for the city's unions. The Labour Council decided to call on their 12,000 affiliated members to vote on a proposal for a general strike. On a smaller scale, this tactic had achieved success for striking city workers a year earlier in 1918. Preliminary results of the vote among the Labour Council's member unions were announced on May 13. The outcome showed overwhelming support for a general strike, 8,667 to 645. Ernest Robinson, secretary of the Labour Council, issued a statement that "every organization but one has voted in favour of the general strike" and that "all public utilities will be tied-up in order to enforce the principle of collective bargaining". A Strike Committee was established, with delegates elected by the city's unions. The leadership included both moderate trade unionists, such as James Winning, a bricklayer who was president of the Trades and Labour Council, and socialists such as
644:. They refused to meet with the Strike Committee, but consulted with the Citizens' Committee, who greatly influenced their conclusions. Meighen issued a statement that the strike was "a cloak for something far deeper—an effort to 'overturn' the proper authority". Robertson reported back to Ottawa that "the motive behind this strike undoubtedly was the overthrow of Constitutional Government." They warned striking postal workers, who were federal employees, to return to work or lose their jobs. At this time, they also authorized the local government to use the armed forces and the Royal Northwest Mounted Police as needed. In preparation for arrests, at the beginning of June, and on the advice of one of the leaders of the Citizens' Committee, A.J. Andrews, the federal government amended the Immigration Act to allow for the deportation without trial of any British citizens not born in Canada who were charged with seditious activity.
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the police force, who had voted in favour of the strike, to remain on duty. Workers at the city waterworks also remained on the job to provide service at reduced pressure. Union membership had increased substantially during the spring of 1919, but most of the people who came out in support of the general strike were not union members. For instance, the first to leave work, at 7:00 a.m., were the telephone operators, the so-called "hello girls" at the city telephone exchanges, who were not at this time union members. Also on the first day of the strike, the major organizations of returned soldiers announced their support and were active throughout the six weeks of the strike.
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750:, the Mounties entered the fray again, this time discharging their .45 revolvers in three separate volleys. About 120 shots were fired. One man, Mike Sokolowski, was killed on the spot. Another, Steve Szczerbanowicz, died later from his wounds. Hospitals reported about 30 injuries, mainly from police gunfire. Others were tended to by friends and family. As the crowds were chased into sidestreets and broken up, some 80 people were arrested by the "specials" and military patrols that took over the downtown area.
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dispute. This led some historians to study local labour relations in detail, while others examined the nature of labour reform and radical activism in western Canada. Churches, immigrants, women, soldiers, and municipal politics have also been the subject of study. The "red scare" promoted by business and government spokesmen attracted attention, as did the legal manoeuvres that led to the arrest and conviction of prominent strike supporters on charges of sedition.
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707:, a Vancouver union organizer who was returning from Winnipeg, was arrested in Calgary. R. J. Johns, of Winnipeg, was in Montreal and not arrested at this time. With the exception of Armstrong, who was Canadian-born, they were all British immigrants. Several foreign-born socialists, including Sam Blumenberg, Max Charitonoff and Solomon Almazoff were also arrested, as was Oscar Schoppelrei, an American-born Canadian war veteran of German ethnic origin.
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assembled in the thousands in the streets around City Hall. When the soldiers refused to call off the demonstration, Mayor Gray requested assistance from the RNWMP, who entered into the crowds on horseback, wielding clubs in an attempt to disperse the assembly. A streetcar operated by a strikebreaker attempted to travel south on Main Street towards
Portage Avenue but was stopped and tipped off the tracks and briefly set on fire.
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589:, one of two women on the Strike Committee, encouraged young working women to join the strike and often spoke on street corners and at public meetings. The Women's Labour League raised money to help women workers pay rent. They also set up a kitchen where hundreds of meals were served every day. On June 12 a "ladies day" was held at Victoria Park, where women occupied seats of honour to cheer a speech by
544:, to promote class solidarity by uniting workers from all trades and industries in one organization. The idea that the OBU instigated the general strike is misleading, as the OBU was not formed until June 1919. However, the "one big union" idea contributed to the atmosphere of unrest. Similar volatile conditions existed elsewhere in Canada, and in other countries around the world, at the end of
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poor. In addition, there was resentment of the enormous profits enjoyed by employers during the war. Soldiers returning from the war were determined to see improved social conditions and opportunities after their harrowing experiences overseas. Most workers did not have union representation, but many were influenced by the hope of achieving greater economic security through unions.
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poverty and insecurity of the Great
Depression led to a long period of labour militancy across Canada in the 1940s, when union membership increased substantially. By the end of that decade, a formal industrial relations regime was established in Canadian law that provided some security for unions and their members but also threatened to limit the scope of their activity.
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pledge promising to neither belong to a union nor participate in a sympathetic strike. With the assistance of the
Citizens' Committee, the city police were replaced with a large body of untrained but better paid special constables who patrolled the streets with clubs. Within hours, one of the special constables, a much-medalled World War I veteran
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Negotiations between members of the Strike
Committee, city council and local businesses produced an arrangement to continue milk and bread deliveries. To make it clear that the delivery men were not strikebreakers, a small poster was printed for display on their wagons reading "PERMITTED BY AUTHORITY
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While some historians regarded the strike as a western labour revolt rooted in unique conditions in western Canada, others have pointed to widespread labour unrest across Canada, both in 1919 itself and also during the years from 1917 to 1925. Recent accounts of the strike have also noted that most
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Heaps conducted his own defence. He was acquitted on all charges. Dixon, who was charged with seditious libel, delivered a strong defence of the right to free speech as an essential element of the
British tradition. After forty hours of deliberation, the largely urban jury acquitted him. This result
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Seven of the accused (Armstrong, Bray, Ivens, Johns, Pritchard, Russell and Queen) were found guilty by the largely rural juries selected for the trials. Most were sentenced to one-year sentences, but
Russell was sentenced to two years and Bray, who was convicted on a lesser charge, was sentenced to
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In the early days of the strike, according to historian David
Bercuson, "The atmosphere was almost festive, the belief in ultimate victory strong." Participants assembled in city parks to listen to speakers report on the progress of the strike and discuss the many related social reform issues of the
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At 11 am on
Thursday, May 15, 1919, virtually the entire working population of Winnipeg went on strike. Somewhere around 30,000 workers in the public and private sectors walked off their jobs, and the city experienced a sudden cessation of many normal activities. The Strike Committee requested
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The prosecution was undertaken by leading members of the
Citizens' Committee of 1000's legal committee, including A J. Andrews, Isaac Pitblado, Travers Sweatman, and J.B. Coyne, under provisions of the Criminal Code that allowed for prosecutions by private citizens or organizations, subject to the
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Eight of the strike leaders were brought to trial on charges of seditious conspiracy. The evidence against them focused less on their actions than on their socialist ideas, which were seen as the root cause of the unrest that led to the general strike. Under arrangements accepted (and paid for) by
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A plan to offer a modified form of collective bargaining to the Metal Trades Council was in the works at the middle of the month, but any efforts at compromise were ended by a series of arrests on charges of seditious conspiracy. In the early morning hours of June 17, the RNWMP apprehended several
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In a city divided on class lines, opposition to the strike was led by a group of local businessmen and professionals who described themselves as the Citizens' Committee of One Thousand. From their headquarters in the Board of Trade building, they encouraged employers not to give in to the strikers
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In the case of the "foreigners" arrested on June 17, there were no criminal proceedings. The attempt to deport Almazoff failed, and Charitonoff appealed successfully against a deportation order. Blumenberg and Schoppelrei were deported on technical grounds related to their original entry into the
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There were many background causes for the strike, most of them related to the prevailing social inequalities and the impoverished condition of the city's working class. Wages were low, prices were rising, employment was unstable, immigrants faced discrimination, housing and health conditions were
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Organized labour built on the legacy of the strike to strengthen the union movement and to pursue formal collective bargaining rights. The One Big Union flourished briefly, achieving its greatest popularity in 1920. This was followed by the rise of new industrial unions in the 1930s. The renewed
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The municipal government also took action. As large numbers of veterans were holding marches in the streets in support of the strike, on June 5 Mayor Charles F. Gray announced a ban on public demonstrations. On June 9 the city also dismissed almost the entire police force for refusing to sign a
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Many workers were also influenced by socialist ideas voiced by local reformers, radicals and revolutionaries. These attracted greater interest, especially among the large population of immigrants from Eastern Europe, after the Russian Revolution of 1917. A meeting of western labour delegates in
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Discussion of the Winnipeg General Strike often begins with whether it was a conspiracy to overthrow the government or a fight for union recognition and a living wage. Given the scale of the strike and its political impact, it was difficult to consider it only an ordinary collective bargaining
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The climax of the strike came a few days later, on Saturday, June 21, which was soon known as Bloody Saturday. To protest against the arrest of the strike leaders, the returned soldiers had announced a demonstration in the form of a "silent parade" on Main Street for Saturday afternoon. Crowds
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The most immediate cause of the strike involved support for collective bargaining in the metal trades and building trades, where workers were attempting to negotiate contracts through their trades councils. When the Metal Trades Council and the Building Trades Council had both failed to secure
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In May and June 1919, general strikes broke out in as many as thirty other cities, from Amherst, Nova Scotia, to Victoria, British Columbia. Some of these strikes were protests against local conditions; some were in solidarity with the Winnipeg strikers; some arose from both causes.
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A provincial royal commission headed by H.A. Robson investigated the strike. The report deplored sympathetic strikes but concluded that the Winnipeg strike was not a criminal conspiracy by foreigners and stated that "if Capital does not provide enough to assure Labour a contented
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These events broke the confidence of the Strike Committee, and on June 25, they announced the end of the strike for 11:00 a.m. the next day. After six weeks, workers drifted back to their jobs, but many were blacklisted or otherwise punished for participating in the strike.
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While awaiting trial, Queen was re-elected to the Winnipeg City council. While serving out their sentences in prison, Armstrong, Ivens and Queen were elected to the Manitoba legislature. Queen later served seven terms as mayor of Winnipeg.
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six months. (As well, John Farnell, who had filled the void left in the leadership of pro-strike returned soldiers after Bray's arrest, was sentenced to nine months in prison. He was released three months early, due to his wife's illness.)
761:, were arrested and charged with seditious libel. They had published articles with headings such as "Kaiserism in Canada" and "The British Way". The charges against Woodsworth included his quotation of a verse from Isaiah: "
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and attempted to stir up resentment of "alien" immigrants, who, they charged, were the principal leaders of the strike. They also put pressure on governments to take action against the strike. They published a newspaper,
675:", "aliens", and "anarchists" and ran cartoons depicting radicals throwing bombs. These anti-strike views influenced the opinions of some Winnipeg residents and contributed to the deepening atmosphere of crisis.
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The impact of the strike was evident in subsequent elections. Labour had elected some representatives prior to the strike but the number significantly increased afterwards at all three levels of government.
836:. That party was elected to provincial government in Saskatchewan in 1944 and in Manitoba in 1969. Heaps was elected as the Labour Member of Parliament for Winnipeg North in 1925 and re-elected until 1940.
578:. This newspaper urged the strikers to remain peaceable as well as idle: "The only thing the workers have to do to win this strike is to do nothing. Just eat, sleep, play, love, laugh, and look at the sun
502:, Manitoba, which at the time was Canada's third largest city. In the short term, the strike ended in arrests, bloodshed and defeat, but in the long run it contributed to the development of a stronger
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strikers were not union members, suggesting that the events might be described as an urban rebellion against the failings of the capitalist social order as it existed at the end of World War I.
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Calgary in March 1919 adopted numerous radical resolutions, including support for a five-day week and a six-hour day. They also called for the establishment of a new union centre, the
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Woodsworth was elected as a Labour Member of Parliament from Winnipeg in 1921 and was repeatedly re-elected until his death in 1942. In 1932 he helped found and became leader of the
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597:, who became a notable defender of the city's dispossessed during the 1920s, is the only woman reported as a speaker at the huge outdoor gatherings at Victoria Park.
1333:"'Legal Gentlemen Appointed by the Federal Government': the Canadian State, the Citizens' Committee of 1000, and Winnipeg's Seditious Conspiracy Trials of 1919–1920"
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OF STRIKE COMMITTEE." Although the cards were suggested by management, they were also attacked as evidence that the Strike Committee was taking control of the city.
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633:, that claimed that "the so-called general strike is in reality revolution – or a daring attempt to overthrow the present industrial and governmental system."
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country. Blumenberg found his feet in the U.S., organizing workers in the Duluth area and even running for municipal office there on the socialist platform.
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the federal government, the prosecution was conducted by Andrews and other "legal gentlemen" who were active in the Citizens' Committee during the strike.
667:, had lost the majority of their employees due to the strike, but once they were able to resume publication, they took a decidedly anti-strike stance. The
652:, charged into a gathering of strikers and was dragged off his horse and severely pummelled. This led to claims that he was attacked by "enemy ruffians".
1954:
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was scheduled for release in 2019 and premiered on September 10, 2019. Many of the famous photographs of the strike were by Winnipeg photographer
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At the end of the first week of the strike, two federal cabinet ministers arrived in Winnipeg to assess the situation, acting Minister of Justice
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consent of the Attorney General of Manitoba. For their efforts, the federal government paid Andrews, Pitblado, Coyne, and Sweatman handsomely.
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Mitchell, Tom, "Strike or Revolution? Hugh Robson’s Inquiry and the Winnipeg General Strike,” The Manitoba Law Journal, 42, 2, 2019.
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817:... then the Government might find it necessary to step in and let the state do these things at the expense of Capital."
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David Thompson, "More Sugar, Less Salt: Edith Hancox and the Passionate Mobilization of the Dispossessed, 1919–1928,"
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a young adult novel by Melinda McCracken about a girl who distributes the strikers' newspaper. In the same year,
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Women leaders played an important part in building solidarity among the strikers. Experienced organizers such as
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time. To ensure that strikers were kept informed of developments, the Strike Committee also published a daily
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promoting the emancipation of women and the equality of the sexes. An emerging working-class activist named
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498:. For six weeks, May 15 to June 26, more than 30,000 strikers brought economic activity to a standstill in
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When the State Trembled: How A. J. Andrews and the Citizens' Committee Broke the Winnipeg General Strike
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When the State Trembled: How A.J. Andrews and the Citizens’ Committee Broke the Winnipeg General Strike
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898:, is a work of historical fiction about the events leading up to and following the strike. In 2019,
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Among remembrances of this event in Canadian popular culture is the song "In Winnipeg" by musician
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1998:
Stace, Trevor. "Remembering and Forgetting Winnipeg: Making History on the Strike of 1919."
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Anti-strike banner used in loyalist veterans parade during the 1919 Winnipeg general strike
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1897:'Yours In Revolt': The Socialist Party of Canada and the Western Canadian Labour Movement
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published its account of the events of Bloody Saturday, the editors, J.S. Woodsworth and
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Reformers, Rebels, and Revolutionaries: The Western Canadian Radical Movement, 1899–1919
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Labour before the Law: The Regulation of Workers' Collective Action in Canada, 1900–1948
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Labour Before the Law: The Regulation of Workers' Collective Action in Canada, 1900–1948
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Reformers, Rebels, and Revolutionaries The Western Canadian Radical Movement 1899–1919
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Crowd gathered outside old City Hall during the Winnipeg general strike, June 21, 1919
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890:(Toronto, 1923), explored some of the labour and social themes raised by the strike.
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937:. In Winnipeg, there are several memorials and monuments commemorating the strike.
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1632:"Daughter of late Winnipeg writer revives long lost novel on 1919 General Strike"
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We're Going to Run this City: Winnipeg's Political Left after the General Strike
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Confrontation at Winnipeg: Labour, Industrial Relations, and the General Strike
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Confrontation at Winnipeg: Labour, Industrial Relations, and the General Strike
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Mitchell, Tom and James Naylor, "The Prairies: In the Eye of the Storm." In
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caused the prosecution to abandon the similar charges against Woodsworth.
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548:, but the combination of circumstances in Winnipeg proved to be explosive.
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40:
2040:—Film produced by the Manitoba Labour Education Centre in 1994; YouTube
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Winnipeg 1919: The Strikers' Own History of the Winnipeg General Strike
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1657:. David Lester, Translated as: Graphic History Collective. Toronto.
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The Winnipeg General Strike: Demanding Rights for the Working Class
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Reilly, J. Nolan; Skikavich, Julia; Baker, Nathan (July 9, 2021).
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1271:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010), pp, 163–166.
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Mary Horodyski, "Women and the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919,"
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1729:"Memorable Manitobans: Lewis Benjamin 'Lou' Foote (1873–1957)"
1053:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 109–112.
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of 1919 was one of the most famous and influential strikes in
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1919 : a graphic history of the Winnipeg General Strike
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The Winnipeg General Strike of 1919: An Illustrated History
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The Winnipeg General Strike of 1919: An Illustrated History
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1258:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998) pp. 176–180.
765:." Further publication of the newspaper was suppressed.
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Gregory S. Kealey, "1919: The Canadian Labour Revolt,"
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Newsreel footage of the Winnipeg general strike of 1919
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Travis Tomchuk, Canadian Museum of Human Rights, 2019.
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University of Calgary Archives and Special Collections
2012:
Social Democracy in Manitoba: A History of the CCF-NDP
1908:
1919: A Graphic History of the Winnipeg General Strike
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1919: A Graphic History of the Winnipeg General Strike
1506:(Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 302–305.
1425:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 112.
1132:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1959), p. 121.
1130:
A Prophet in Politics: A Biography of J.S. Woodsworth
1081:. Toronto: James Lorimer and Company. pp. 43–44.
908:
1919 A Graphic History of the Winnipeg General Strike
1345:: 9–46, archived from the original on May 17, 2014,
1196:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1950), p. 66.
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1715:"STAND! MOVIE MUSICAL DURING TIFF – PRESS RELEASE"
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910:was published by the Graphic History Collective.
2485:Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)
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921:. In 2005, Danny Schur created a musical called
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1476:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p.
1472:The anatomy of a party: the national CCF 1932–61
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857:Partially overturned streetcar during the strike
1813:"Winnipeg General Strike, 1919, Resource List."
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2277:1987 Metro Toronto elementary teachers' strike
2104:1912–1914 Vancouver Island Coal Miners' Strike
1754:"Tipping Point" and "Taking to the Streets,"
582:... Our fight consists of doing no fighting."
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1906:Graphic History Collective and David Lester,
1591:Graphic History Collective and David Lester,
1545:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977).
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763:Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees
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1519:(Toronto: Longman Canada, 1974), pp. 99–124.
1407:Masters, The Winnipeg General Strike, p. 150
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2180:1938 Vancouver unemployed workers' protests
2086:Strikes and other labour disputes in Canada
1940:vol. 82, no. 3 (June–July 2002), pp. 20–26.
927:based on the event. A film version called
679:prominent leaders of the strike, including
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2002:(2014) 5#1 on the historiography of 1919;
1685:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
730:Winnipeg general strike turns into a riot.
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1980:Prairie Fire: The Winnipeg General Strike
1968:McNaught, Kenneth and David J. Bercuson.
1416:Justice H. A. Robson's report, quoted in
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1916:The Workers' Revolt in Canada, 1917–1925
1515:Kenneth McNaught and David J. Bercuson,
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1256:The Workers' Revolt in Canada, 1917–1925
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1036:The Workers' Revolt in Canada, 1917–1925
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1850:(McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990)
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1321:Naylor, "Standing Together", pp. 26–27.
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1038:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
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2226:1958–1959 Newfoundland loggers' strike
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874:Shortly after the strike, two novels,
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2109:1914 Saint John street railway strike
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2032:Unbreakable: The Spirit of the Strike
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2099:1903 Consolidated Lake Superior riot
2015:(University of Manitoba Press, 1983)
1943:Kramer, Reinhold, and Tom Mitchell.
1892:(University of Manitoba Press, 2015)
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830:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
717:action in Winnipeg during the strike
556:, a machinist who favoured the OBU.
2397:2023 Canadian federal worker strike
2312:Toronto Transit Commission strikes
1986:45 (Spring 2000), pp. 259–266.
1965:(University of Toronto Press, 1977)
1958:(University of Toronto Press, 1950)
1949:(University of Toronto Press, 2010)
1919:(University of Toronto Press, 1998)
1857:(Winnipeg: Watson & Dyer, 1994)
1651:Graphic History Collective (2019).
1595:(Toronto: Between the Lines, 2019).
1020:James Naylor, "Standing Together,"
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186:Charles F. Gray (Mayor of Winnipeg)
106:Citizens' Committee of One Thousand
13:
2520:Riots and civil disorder in Canada
2342:2009 municipal employees' strikes
2026:Winnipeg General Strike collection
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1823:The Great Canadian Sedition Trials
1815:Published in v. 42, no. 5, of the
1267:Reinhold Kramer and Tom Mitchell,
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99:Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council
14:
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2231:1962 Saskatchewan doctors' strike
2019:
1995:(James Lorimer and Company, 1973)
1373:Edmonton Bulletin, August 5, 1920
983:"Winnipeg General Strike of 1919"
870:Commemorations in popular culture
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2221:1957 Murdochville miners' strike
2114:1916 Hamilton machinists' strike
2034:University of Manitoba Libraries
1930:13 (Spring 1984), pp. 11–44
1924:1919: The Canadian Labour Revolt
1867:. University of Manitoba Press.
1864:Dictionary of Manitoba Biography
1791:Kelly, Paula (January 9, 2016).
1758:(April–May 2019), pp. 31, 50–51.
1456:Dictionary of Manitoba Biography
1445:Edmonton Bulletin, Nov. 29, 1919
2470:1919 labor disputes and strikes
1811:Renaud, Matthew, comp. (2019).
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787:"State trials" and deportations
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110:Royal North-West Mounted Police
2196:1945 Ford auto workers' strike
2175:1935 Vancouver dockers' strike
2044:Winnipeg's 1919 Strike Leaders
1581:The Workers' Revolt in Canada.
1570:, 13 (Spring 1984), pp. 11–44.
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2292:1997 Ontario teachers' strike
2158:1933 Stratford general strike
2132:1918 Vancouver general strike
1935:"Looking for Mrs. Armstrong,"
1841:(Copp-Clark Publishing, 1967)
1331:Mitchell, Tom (Spring 2004),
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947:1918 Vancouver general strike
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2377:2020 Port of Montreal strike
2272:1981 Cape Breton coal strike
2262:1976 Canadian general strike
2214:Royal Canadian Navy mutinies
2201:1946 Montreal Cottons strike
2137:1919 Winnipeg general strike
2046:Darren Bernhardt, CBC, 2019.
1793:"Looking for Mrs. Armstrong"
1502:Judy Fudge and Eric Tucker,
1157:11 (Spring 1986), pp. 28–37.
1128:Quoted by Kenneth McNaught,
1024:(April–May 2019), pp. 22–24.
781:
177:(Acting Minister of Justice)
7:
2510:Labour disputes in Manitoba
2402:2024 Canada railway dispute
2382:2021 Kitimat smelter strike
2252:1969 Montreal police strike
2153:1931 Estevan miners' strike
1955:The Winnipeg General Strike
1838:The Winnipeg General Strike
1734:Manitoba Historical Society
1630:Petz, Sarah (May 5, 2019).
1194:The Winnipeg General Strike
952:1919 Seattle General Strike
940:
919:Canada Needs You Volume Two
10:
2551:
2358:2009–2010 Vale Inco strike
2257:1972 Québec general strike
1952:Masters, Donald Campbell.
1903:(1976) 1 pp. 139–157.
655:The local newspapers, the
2505:Labour disputes in Canada
2410:
2300:
2247:1963 Reesor Siding strike
2239:
2188:
2145:
2122:
2091:
1970:The Winnipeg Strike: 1919
1910:(Between the Lines, 2019)
1835:Balawyder, Aloysius, ed.
1530:Confrontation at Winnipeg
1517:The Winnipeg Strike: 1919
1468:Young, Walter D. (1969).
1359:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1117:Confrontation at Winnipeg
1065:Confrontation at Winnipeg
987:The Canadian Encyclopedia
894:, a 1991 novel by author
840:Strike's impact on unions
773:Role in the labour revolt
746:After the Mayor read the
270:
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127:
122:
93:
88:
70:
58:
50:
38:
30:
25:
2327:York University strikes
1821:; the issue is entitled
1556:When the State Trembled.
1049:Bercuson, David (1974).
967:
917:, included in the album
624:Front Cover June 9, 1919
26:Winnipeg General Strike
2455:Winnipeg General Strike
2124:1918–1925 Labour Revolt
2038:Six Weeks of Solidarity
1772:Bumsted, J. M. (1994).
1421:; Tucker, Eric (2004).
1396:When the State Trembled
1285:Winnipeg General Strike
1231:Winnipeg General Strike
1077:Penner, Norman (1973).
640:and Minister of Labour
492:Winnipeg General Strike
2163:1935 On-to-Ottawa Trek
1972:(Longman Canada, 1974)
1861:Bumsted, J.M. (1999).
1776:. Watson & Dwyer.
1458:, pp. 9, 120–121, 205.
957:1935 On-to-Ottawa Trek
858:
832:, a forerunner of the
739:
731:
718:
625:
614:
532:
54:May 15 – June 26, 1919
33:Canadian Labour Revolt
1701:"Strike: The Musical"
1554:Kramer and Mitchell,
1394:Kramer and Mitchell,
1287:, pp. 83–88, 107–108.
1034:Heron, Craig (1998).
856:
737:
729:
713:
671:called the strikers "
620:
612:
530:
506:and the tradition of
16:1919 strike in Canada
2146:Great Depression era
1989:Penner, Norman, ed.
1984:Labour / Le Travail,
1961:McCormack, A. Ross.
1928:Labour / Le Travail,
1922:Kealey, Gregory S. "
1818:Manitoba Law Journal
882:(Toronto, 1921) and
834:New Democratic Party
738:Crowds on the street
631:The Winnipeg Citizen
587:Helen "Ma" Armstrong
514:Causes of the strike
510:politics in Canada.
183:(Minister of Labour)
149:Abraham Albert Heaps
2495:History of Winnipeg
2363:2012–13 NHL lockout
2308:2004–05 NHL lockout
2287:1994–95 NHL lockout
1888:Epp-Koop, Stephan.
1610:Fernwood Publishing
1541:A. Ross McCormack,
900:Fernwood Publishing
669:Winnipeg Free Press
658:Winnipeg Free Press
560:1919 general strike
2480:Events in Winnipeg
2392:2021 Olymel strike
2368:2016–2017 Halifax
1913:Heron, Craig, ed.
1895:Friesen, Gerald. "
1493:, pp. 107–108
859:
740:
732:
719:
626:
615:
533:
2442:
2441:
2240:Late 20th century
2009:Wiseman, Nelson.
1978:Korneski, Kurt. "
1938:Canada's History,
1901:Labour/Le Travail
1844:Bercuson, David.
1664:978-1-77113-420-0
1568:Labour/Le Travail
1338:Labour/Le Travail
1168:Labour/Le Travail
896:Margaret Sweatman
650:Frederick Coppins
622:Winnipeg Telegram
528:
508:social democratic
485:
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227:
226:
159:Robert B. Russell
144:Roger Ernest Bray
118:
117:
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2500:June 1919 events
2465:1919 in Manitoba
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2370:Chronicle Herald
2267:1978 Inco strike
2080:
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1881:
1825:, 2nd ed., 2019.
1808:
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1797:Canada's History
1787:
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1756:Canada's History
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816:
808:Political impact
681:George Armstrong
664:Winnipeg Tribune
642:Gideon Robertson
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496:Canadian history
441:French Caribbean
307:Haymarket Affair
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703:. In addition,
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61:
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53:
49:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2525:Strike paper
2431:
2419:
2369:
2316:2006 wildcat
2301:21st century
2136:
2010:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1937:
1927:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1889:
1880:December 31,
1878:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1822:
1817:
1801:. Retrieved
1799:vol 82 No. 3
1773:
1766:Bibliography
1755:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1732:
1723:
1709:
1695:
1653:
1646:
1635:
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:
1600:
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1562:
1555:
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1542:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1491:Bumsted 1994
1486:
1471:
1463:
1455:
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1441:
1422:
1412:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1383:Bumsted 1994
1378:
1369:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1326:
1317:
1312:, p. 58
1310:Bumsted 1994
1305:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1243:Bumsted 1994
1238:
1230:
1225:
1218:Bumsted 1994
1213:
1206:Bumsted 1994
1201:
1193:
1188:
1183:, pp. 48–52.
1180:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1106:, p. 29
1104:Bumsted 1994
1099:
1094:, p. 28
1092:Bumsted 1994
1087:
1078:
1072:
1067:, pp. 58–65.
1064:
1059:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1010:Bumsted 1994
990:. Retrieved
986:
976:
928:
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912:
907:
903:
891:
887:
879:
876:Ralph Connor
873:
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697:R.B. Russell
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599:
595:Edith Hancox
584:
575:
572:
568:
565:Organization
554:R.B. Russell
550:
538:
534:
491:
489:
348:
332:Philadelphia
280:Philadelphia
123:Lead figures
31:Part of the
18:
2189:Postwar era
2168:Regina Riot
1740:January 18,
1606:"Papergirl"
1419:Fudge, Judy
935:L. B. Foote
546:World War I
366:Minneapolis
313:New Orleans
2475:1919 riots
2449:Categories
1874:0887551696
1673:1080207708
1528:Bercuson,
1142:Kelly 2016
1115:Bercuson,
1063:Bercuson,
963:References
904:Papergirl,
888:The Magpie
701:John Queen
685:Roger Bray
605:Opposition
199:Casualties
164:John Queen
2331:2008–2009
1681:cite book
1454:Bumsted,
1283:Masters,
1229:Masters,
1119:, p. 116.
992:April 15,
915:Mike Ford
902:released
813:existence
782:Aftermath
753:When the
338:Vancouver
292:St. Louis
2421:Category
1637:CBC News
1615:April 2,
1355:citation
1296:Penner,
1233:, p. 90.
1179:Penner,
941:See also
748:Riot Act
500:Winnipeg
453:European
390:Paraguay
349:Winnipeg
297:Scranton
220:Arrested
212:Injuries
204:Death(s)
79:protests
64:Winnipeg
59:Location
2433:Commons
2351:Windsor
2346:Toronto
1803:July 4,
1579:Heron,
924:Strike!
673:bohunks
476:Catalan
470:Catalan
402:Uruguay
396:Namibia
384:Finland
378:Austria
372:Oakland
355:Germany
344:Seattle
286:Catalan
89:Parties
75:Strikes
71:Methods
2372:strike
2004:online
1871:
1780:
1671:
1661:
1429:
930:Stand!
815:
580:
465:Brazil
429:Guinea
326:Sweden
309:) 1886
2205:1949
2092:Early
968:Notes
715:RNWMP
459:India
447:Spain
435:Egypt
423:2000s
416:Nepal
408:Spain
320:1900s
274:1800s
2336:2018
2321:2008
1882:2012
1869:ISBN
1805:2019
1778:ISBN
1742:2022
1687:link
1669:OCLC
1659:ISBN
1617:2021
1427:ISBN
1361:link
994:2023
699:and
661:and
490:The
478:2019
472:2017
461:2016
455:2012
449:2010
443:2009
437:2008
431:2007
418:1992
410:1988
404:1973
398:1971
392:1958
386:1956
380:1950
374:1946
368:1934
357:1920
351:1919
340:1918
334:1910
328:1909
315:1892
299:1877
288:1855
282:1835
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