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The king had asked
Richards to send back an American lawyer to help the Kingdom of Hawaii draft a set of formal laws. The mission board, already accused of political meddling, did not think it appropriate to support the effort. Since he could not find any willing to take such a long journey, Richards
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was invited to also sign the agreement, but said he would wait for a treaty that could be ratified by the Senate. The USA appointed a diplomatic commissioner in 1843, but would not officially recognize the
Kingdom until 1849. Timothy Haʻalilio's health declined, and he died December 3, 1844, trying
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through Hawaii in
February 1842. Sir George had heard from his cousin Alexander Simpson that Charlton argued that Britain should just annex the islands to counter the American domination of the government. Sir George instead favored Hawaiian independence, having seen the advantages of free trade in
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arrived in
Honolulu and demanded the release of four women who were accused of prostitution, since there were no written laws. The crew attacked the house of the Prime Minister and the missionaries. Later in 1826 another mob damaged the town of Lahaina, although Richards and his family escaped. In
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and other students at
Lahainaluna. After several round of changes by the king and his councilors, it was published June 7, 1839. The declaration was meant to secure property rights for all people. Before then, land could be taken by the king whenever he pleased. However, land could still not be
300:
evidence. On
November 26, 1827, with Queen Regent Kaʻahumanu presiding, Richards was released. Buckle pointed out that the woman named Leoiki had come willingly, and they were now officially married. There were precedents at the time for English of high rank and Americans to marry Hawaiian noble
516:
Using a coffin in the Royal mausoleum as a desk, Judd prepared letters for
Richards and Haʻalilio, secretly sending them out with American merchant James F.B. Marshall. Marshall spread the news in the American press, and met June 4 with fellow Bostonians such as Daniel Webster and
528:
On June 30, 1843, Marshall arrived with the letters of Judd, while
Richards and Haʻalilo were in Paris. Seven days earlier Alexander Simpson had arrived with letters presenting Paulet's case at the British the Foreign office. Paulet claimed that the islands were voluntarily
503:. Both verbally accepted Hawaiian independence, and so did Lord Aberdeen on another visit on March 25. Confident in their success, Sir George Simpson returned to Canada, thinking Richards and Haʻalilo could wrap up the details through April and May 1843.
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replaced
Richards as government translator, and continued the American influence on Hawaiian government. Judd resigned from the mission and also became the first Finance minister, effectively one of the most powerful positions in the kingdom.
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By
January 1824 the Richards and Stewarts moved back to Honolulu and set up a school with the families there that went both ways: the Americans were taught Hawaiian while Hawaiians (at least the chiefs) were taught English. A standardized
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fired cannon shots over the mission house after its captain Elisha Clarke was arrested for taking four women on board. Richards negotiated the release of Clarke if the women were returned, but the captain sailed off with them.
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Report of the proceedings and evidence in the arbitration between the King and Government of the Hawaiian Islands and Messrs. Ladd & Co., before Messrs. Stephen H. Williams & James F. B. Marshall, arbitrators under
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demanded that Richards be arrested and taken for a libel trial in Honolulu. The story had probably been sensationalized along the way, and many agreed that these were inflammatory charges with only
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Near the end of 1827, word got back to the islands that the 1825 incident with William Buckle had found its way into American newspapers. The papers accused the captain of purchasing a woman for 10
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threatened Richards in front of his wife and children unless they relaxed restrictions on the town. Tensions escalated, and the ship's master William Buckle refused a request to control his crew.
157:. His brother James had also gone to Williams College and became a missionary. He was ordained September 12, 1822. He married Clarissa Lyman (1794–1861) on October 30, 1822. Her distant cousin
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had just arrived with Tahitian interpreters, and the language was similar enough that they were used for the baptism just before the Queen Mother's death. In December 1823, the young King
364:
After leaving their children to attend American schools, he and his wife returned March 27, 1838. In July 1838 he resigned from the mission to become government translator to king
540:
had already sailed to Honolulu and held a ceremony on July 31 turning the country back to Kamehameha III. Finally on November 13, 1843, Lord Aberdeen and the French ambassador
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Meanwhile, Richard Charlton had left Hawaii to return to London, appointing Alexander Simpson to take his place. Charlton had met with officers of the British Pacific fleet in
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2020:
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A visit to the South Seas, in the U.S. ship Vincennes, during the years 1829 and 1830: with notices of Brazil, Peru, Manilla, the Cape of Good Hope, and St. Helena
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arrived in 1829 Richards received a visit from its ship chaplain, his former colleague Charles Stewart who now worked for the Navy. He would host officers of the
1614:
1004:
Sahlins, Jennifer Marshall; Barrere, Dorothy, eds. (1973). "William Richards on Hawaiian Culture and Political Conditions of the Hawaiian Islands in 1841".
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ships had been visiting the port, expecting women to greet the ship and offer themselves to the sailors. In October 1825 the crew of the British whaleship
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supported the building of a stone and wood structure for Richards' church. The Christian church was built adjacent to a pond surrounding an island called
2055:
1248:
Hackler, Rhoda E. A. (2008). ""Earnest Persuasion but Not Peremptory Demand:" United States Government Policy toward the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, 1820–1863".
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in 1848. His wife moved back to New Haven in November 1849 and died October 3, 1861. They had 8 children. Daughter Harriet Keopuolani Richards married
594:
on November 7, 1847. He was buried at Waineʻe Church among the graves of Hawaiian royalty. His work on a formal land title system was to result in the
461:, they had their appointment on December 7. Webster had not even read their letter. When Richards mentioned they would renew their status as a British
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2015:
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agreed on terms and signed an agreement on November 28. It was a joint declaration, not a treaty, so did not clarify status. Charlton was fired and
2010:
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1271:
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The Sandwich Islands: progress of events since their discovery by Captain Cook. Their occupation by Lord George Paulet. Their value and importance
2005:
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Genealogy of the Lyman family, in Great Britain and America: the ancestors and descendants of Richard Lyman, from High Ongar in England, 1631
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149:, on August 22, 1793. His father was James Richards and mother was Lydia Shaw. He was schooled under Moses Hallock in Plainfield, attended
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In 1825 Richards published a biography of Queen Keōpūolani. Some time in 1825, the Richards moved back to Maui to establish a mission.
602:. She and son Levi Lyman Richards had been sent to live with Samuel Williston (1795–1874) in Massachusetts for their education at his
804:
Kashay, Jennifer Fish (2002). ""O That My Mouth Might Be Opened": Missionaries, Gender, and Language in Early 19th-century Hawai'i".
513:, under the command of Lord George Paulet, captured the Hawaiian islands after threatening a military attack the previous February.
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to return home. Although earlier Richards made it clear he only an advisor and secretary, he was now be making policy decisions.
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Kashay, Jennifer Fish (August 2008). "Competing Imperialisms and Hawaiian Authority: The Cannonading of Lāhainā in 1827".
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401:. Richards served as secretary during the proceedings. In 1842 he published the constitution and laws up to that point.
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The envoys left on July 18, 1842, arriving in Washington, D.C. December 5. Richards looked up his former congressman
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346:, the commander of the expedition describing aspects of the Hawaiian culture that has proven valuable to historians.
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1629:
1415:
871:"Fact or Fiction: A case study of a Piracy Charge against Captain William Buckle of the Whaling Vessel Daniel IV"
476:, where he reported that French and Americans were going to take over the islands unless the British acted soon.
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were assigned to investigate opening a school on Maui. The land above the town was donated by Hoapili and called
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469:'s policy to prevent any restrictions of U.S. control in the Pacific, but did not promise anything specific.
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606:. After Richards' death they were adopted by the Willistons and took the Williston name. Levi Lyman's son
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was assigned to the Waineʻe Church as the Richards family planned to travel back to the United States.
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53:
1133:
MacAllan, Richard (1986). "Sir George Simpson and the Mission for Hawaiian Independence 1840–1843".
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Narrative of the United States' exploring expedition, during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842
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April 8, 1842, Richards was appointed special envoy to U.S. and Great Britain with native Hawaiian
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Narrative of the United States exploring expedition, during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842
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Richards got his first hint of trouble reading a Paris newspaper account of how a British frigate
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The British agreed to restore the flag, but continued to negotiate the terms. Meanwhile, Admiral
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222:, but the missionaries wanted to make sure she fully understood the ceremony. English missionary
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himself took on the task. He helped draft a Hawaiian Declaration of Rights with assistance from
1058:
Silverman, Jane L. (1982). "Imposition of a Western Judicial System in the Hawaiian Monarchy".
182:
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Next the councilors and king formalized the system of government for the first time in the
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sailed to England in an attempted state visit, and the government was left in the hands of
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548:(1795–1861) was appointed the new British consul to investigate Charlton's land claims.
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When news of the treaty got back to the islands, November 28 became a holiday known as
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with Richards serving as interpreter for the King. Richards wrote a long letter to
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1033:. James Nisbet & Co. republished by Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007. p.
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133:(August 22, 1793 – November 7, 1847) was a missionary and politician in the
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sense; it was always leased. This became more important as the business of
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On May 28, 1823, he and shipmate Charles Stewart sailed on the Royal Yacht
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would also come to Hawaii to serve as a missionary 9 years later.
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Richards and Haʻalilio then went to London and requested a visit with
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1223:"Lā Kūʻokoʻa: Events Leading to Independence Day, November 28, 1843"
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19th Annual Symposium on Maritime Archaeology and History of Hawai'i
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fluently enough for people to understand his sermons. In September
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in 1838, but the letter was quietly filed away. Missionary doctor
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219:
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1305:. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii
897:"Lahaina Historic District National Historical Landmark update"
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272:
1199:
MacAllan, Richard (1966). "Richard Charlton: A Reassessment".
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Relations between the Kingdom of Hawaii and the United States
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and taking her on board his vessel, what would now be called
1252:. Vol. 42. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 49–67.
1203:. Vol. 30. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 53–76.
1137:. Vol. 20. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 67–82.
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On his return in 1845 Richards was appointed to the king's
530:
207:
1008:. Vol. 7. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 18–40.
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List of bilateral treaties signed by the Kingdom of Hawaii
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Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, foundation and transformation
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Flier for 30th anniversary celebration of the 1843 treaty
830:
Memoir of Keopuolani, late queen of the Sandwich Islands
533:. This confused and embarrassed the British government.
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Portraits of American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii
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On their way back, the new American Secretary of State
1159:; Williams, Stephen H.; Marshall, James F. B. (1846).
1155:
1166:. C.E. Hitchcock, printer, Hawaiian Government press.
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Creed, Victoria; Hanson, Isaaca (February 17, 2008).
1330:(1937). "William Richards: the South Seas Solomon".
947:. Vol. 2. Ingram, Cooke, 1852. pp. 135–136
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inside thatched huts. However, he did not speak the
187:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
2021:Translators of the Bible into Polynesian languages
429:. Richards had sent a proposed treaty to the U.S.
246:was developed and some simple texts were printed.
1338:(2). Colonial Society of Massachusetts: 323–336.
193:April 24, 1823, and landed in Honolulu April 27.
1987:
1296:
525:who was the American minister to Great Britain.
1368:(3). University of California Press: 369–390.
1003:
927:(Second ed.). Fisher, Son, & Jackson.
177:They sailed on November 19, 1822, on the ship
1423:
858:. Lahainaluna: Press of the Mission Seminary.
590:Richards became ill in July 1847 and died in
1182:"An unpublished chapter of Hawaiian History"
783:Hawaiian Mission Children's Society (1901).
445:Haʻalilio and Richards on diplomatic mission
238:who were both accommodating to the mission.
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1103:. Vol. 1. University of Hawaii Press.
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808:. Vol. 36. Hawaii Historical Society.
357:, with Andrews as first principal. In 1836
2056:American emigrants to the Hawaiian Kingdom
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1229:. Vol. XXI, no. 3. November 2000
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399:1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii
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1066:. Hawaiian Historical Society, Honolulu.
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789:. Honolulu: Hawaiian gazette co. p.
305:had taken a Hawaiian bride much earlier.
2041:Andover Newton Theological School alumni
2016:Congregationalist missionaries in Hawaii
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2011:American Congregationalist missionaries
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895:Apple, Russell A. (December 21, 1973).
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759:. Higginson Book Company. p. 454.
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610:(1861–1963) became a law professor at
485:Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
2006:People from Plainfield, Massachusetts
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736:Williams College and Foreign Missions
563:("beloved Hawaii independence day").
465:, Webster indicated it was President
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153:1815 through graduation in 1819 and
2051:Ambassadors of the Hawaiian Kingdom
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173:Clarissa Lyman Richards (1794-1861)
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1276:state archives digital collections
340:United States Exploring Expedition
301:women. For example, the respected
16:American missionary and politician
14:
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2031:19th-century American translators
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1272:"Richards, William office record"
1188:. Vol. 67. pp. 511–520.
1027:Murray, Archibald Wright (1888).
833:. Crocker & Brewster, Boston.
739:. Pilgrim Press. pp. 96–104.
491:. The American Consul to Hawaii,
316:, which had been a sacred to the
185:, in the second company from the
917:Stewart, Charles Samuel (1832).
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189:to Hawaii. They arrived to the
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453:. After a week waiting to see
308:In 1828, Maui island Governor
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260:In January 1826 the American
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145:William Richards was born in
2026:Hawaiian Kingdom politicians
7:
1381:Simpson, Alexander (1843).
1250:Hawaiian Journal of History
1201:Hawaiian Journal of History
1135:Hawaiian Journal of History
1060:Hawaiian Journal of History
1006:Hawaiian Journal of History
806:Hawaiian Journal of History
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578:and a two-year term in the
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181:under Captain Clasby from
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1374:10.1525/phr.2008.77.3.369
1362:Pacific Historical Review
1332:The New England Quarterly
1303:on Place Names of Hawai'i
1297:Pukui and Elbert (2004).
1095:Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson
649:Richards Street, Honolulu
561:Lā Kūʻokoʻa o Hawaiʻi Nei
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1580:Makiki Christian Church
660:William Richards Castle
501:French Foreign Minister
459:U.S. Secretary of State
338:again later during the
232:Queen Regent Kaʻahumanu
216:Queen Mother Keōpūolani
1438:Christianity in Hawaii
638:21.30694°N 157.86000°W
614:. In 1850 a street in
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183:New Haven, Connecticut
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1843:Lucy Goodale Thurston
1683:Sereno Edwards Bishop
967:. London: Whittaker.
618:was named for him at
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538:Richard Darton Thomas
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1698:Ephraim Weston Clark
1399:Rev William Richards
1356:(author is grandson)
1299:"lookup of Richards"
731:Hewitt, John Haskell
643:21.30694; -157.86000
489:Leopold I of Belgium
410:Hudson's Bay Company
349:In June 1831 he and
98:Missionary, Diplomat
1965:Edict of Toleration
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658:. A namesake was
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318:Hawaiian religion
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1996:1793 births
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1738:Daniel Dole
1708:A. S. Cooke
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641: /
628:157°51′36″W
379:Boaz Mahune
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718:References
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467:John Tyler
388:fee simple
303:John Young
236:Kalanimoku
165:Missionary
124:Lydia Shaw
54:Plainfield
46:1793-08-22
1630:Wānanalua
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733:(1914).
666:See also
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421:Diplomat
417:Canada.
314:Mokuʻula
262:schooner
111:Children
90:American
76:Honolulu
1625:Waiʻoli
1575:Makawao
1485:Eastern
1470:Baptist
1163:compact
921:(ed.).
408:of the
310:Hoapili
298:hearsay
267:Dolphin
251:Whaling
220:Baptism
204:Lahaina
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1555:Imiola
1352:360026
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474:Mexico
273:whaler
255:Daniel
179:Thames
103:Spouse
1570:Lāʻie
1545:Haili
1480:Roman
1348:JSTOR
531:ceded
1311:2010
1284:2010
1235:2010
1105:ISBN
1039:ISBN
979:OCLC
969:ISBN
953:2013
904:2009
882:2010
761:ISBN
208:Maui
65:Died
40:Born
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