496:
farmers had initially been hostile to the project, they now seemed to understand its importance, and volunteered any assistance they could give. In an effort to save his estate from creditors, the land was transferred to
Madocks' brother Joseph and Alexander Murray, once the clerk of his father at Lincoln's Inn. Samual Girdlestone, to whom Madocks owed Β£30,000, obtained a warrant on 24 March, but by the time he arrived at the estate, the land had been transferred and only Madocks personal property remained. To prevent other creditors making the estate worthless, Girdlestone bought it at its valuation cost, and became the tenant of Tan-yr-Allt. All of Madocks personal effects were sold, but there is no hint of complaint in his subsequent letters. Madocks was effectively bankrupt, but was never declared to be so, and his Parliamentary immunity again saved him from prison. Finally, in 1814, the breach in the embankment was repaired, and it was open for traffic again.
603:
moving on to Naples. Throughout the trip, Madocks was in regular communication with
Williams, his letters covering many aspects of running the Tremadoc estate. He hoped to return to Wales in July 1827, but did not do so, and so for the first time in 25 years, was not elected as an MP in November 1827. Although the details of a disagreement between Williams and Madocks are lost, Williams decided to leave his job. Madocks wrote him a long letter, imploring him to stay, and assuming that he would, continued to correspond on the importance of diverting the Glaslyn and other matters. The holiday party arrived back in Rome in March 1828, where Madocks received a letter from Williams, who had obviously forgotten the quarrel, and Madocks immediately replied to express his joy and gratification at the content of the letter.
450:
expected. Stones tipped into the water were carried away by the sands, and the work was battered by both the tides and the waters of the
Glaslyn. Eventually, rush matting was used, to form a foundation onto which the stones could be tipped, a technique well known in Lincolnshire, but not so well known in Wales. Further progress was made using this method, but there were still two large gaps in the construction. The construction of stone piers to buttress the bank and the use of boats to dump stones into the gap helped, but the work was hampered by the Glaslyn, which should by this time have been diverted to a new course to reach the sluice gates at Ynys Tywyn at the Porthmadog end. As it had not yet been diverted, it still flowed down the middle of the estuary, and scoured the back of the embankment.
442:
331:
40:
566:
322:, built a semicircular 2-mile (3.2 km) embankment, running parallel to the course of the river, to reclaim some 1,082 acres (438 ha) of land. The embankment was between 11 and 20 feet (3.4 and 6.1 m) high, and was made of sand, covered in turves. The project cost Β£3,000, and took 200 men with 150 barrows about six months to complete. He also supervised the construction of two catchwater drains and a large sluice, to drain the area behind the embankment. Madocks was growing wheat and rape on the reclaimed land in 1802, and planted barley and grass in 1803.
578:
had scoured out a conveniently deep channel by Ynys Tywyn, the island at the western end of the Cob. He had already built a canal from there to
Tremadog, and the Ynys Tywyn location was now better suited for a harbour than Ynys Cyngar. He realised that a railway from Blaenau Ffestiniog could transport slates directly from the quarries to ships in the harbour, and set about obtaining Acts of Parliament to sanction both, but there was some local opposition to the schemes.
620:
557:
to
Tremadog with his new family, on a scale which was rather less grandiose than former occasions, although he still instructed Williams to organise fireworks, balls and salutes of guns. Two years later, his brother Joseph died, which should have secured Madocks' future prosperity, as he stood to inherit Β£12,000 from a Trust set up by his father, but he already had plans for further schemes in North Wales.
586:. A rival scheme, backed by the banker Meyer Rothschild, was proposed to run down the Croesor Valley on the other side of the Moelwyn mountains, but included inclines over the hills to reach Blaenau Ffestiniog. The line proposed by Provis was rejected in Parliament, in favour of Rothschild's route, but then local landowners became suspicious of the rival scheme, and it too was defeated.
607:
that the
Glaslyn had finally been diverted, to prevent it eroding the back of the embankment, and his reply to it is his last surviving letter. Having crossed Italy and Switzerland, the party stayed in Paris, where Madocks died on 15 September 1828. No mention of the cause of death appeared in any of his obituaries. He was buried on 17 September at
232:, and spent five and a half years there, but left in December 1789, when it appears that the Founder's Day celebrations got out of hand, and William refused to submit to a flogging of the whole class. His father backed his stance, and he worked briefly in a country solicitor's office before going to university at
551:
Madocks was again elected to
Parliament by the people of Boston in 1818, but it was the last time he represented them, as later that year he married Eliza at Talgarth, and spent much more time at Tregunter. Still suffering from illness, the journey to Boston from Tregunter was difficult, and from the
495:
Disaster struck in
February 1812, when a storm and high tides breached the embankment. The cost of the project had been about Β£60,000, much more than Madocks' first estimate, and he was in no position to finance further work. Williams circulated the news in the region, and whereas many landowners and
449:
The estimated cost of the stone embankment (known today as the Cob) was Β£23,500, and a workforce of between 200 and 300 men was engaged, which created problems with accommodating them and feeding them. Madocks hoped the work would be finished by May 1809, but the work proved to be more difficult than
427:
Madocks asked
Creassy to design the planned embankment and dam across Traeth Mawr, and in early 1806, attempted to obtain an Act of Parliament to authorise it. The year started badly, as his older brother John died in March, which weakened Madocks' financial support, Creassy died, leaving the project
411:
roads, as part of his plan to open up the area and increase its prosperity. He was unable to devote all his time to his projects, as since 1802 he had been the Member of
Parliament for Boston in Lincolnshire, and divided his time between Boston, London and Tan-yr-Allt. He needed someone to manage his
606:
As they travelled homewards, Madocks' letters to Williams and to John Etheridge, who was managing the houses at Morfa Lodge and Tan-yr-Allt, were full of new ideas and instructions to ensure things would be ready for their return. He received a letter from Williams, written in March 1828, confirming
602:
A party left to visit France, Switzerland and Italy on 31 May 1826, consisting of Madocks, his wife, step-daughter, daughter, sister-in-law, a governess for Eliza, two maids and a manservant. After staying in Paris and Geneva, they spent the winter in Florence, arriving in Rome in May 1827, and soon
581:
A route for the railway was surveyed in 1821 by George Overton, and another by William Provis in 1824, but neither was approved by Parliament. Nor was a second scheme by Provis in 1825. However, the harbour was authorised, and could be used by vessels up to 60 tons by late 1824. Williams was by this
256:
holding a six-week season of plays each winter, at which Madocks and his brothers excelled. Joseph and William were noted for their duets, but the parties also offered lively discussion of land reclamation, landscaping and agricultural practices. Madocks' ideas on communities with a sense of purpose
577:
the quarrying and mining of slates was hampered by the difficulties of getting them to market. He had once tried to develop a port at Ynys Cyngar, some 2 miles (3.2 km) from his embankment, now known as The Cob, but the effects of diverting the Glaslyn through its exit sluice were such that it
556:
in Wiltshire. He became part of a family which included Eliza's sister, and got on very well with Eliza's daughter Eleanora, his abilities to sing, impersonate members of the government or neighbours, and organise the decoration of her bedroom proving to be great assets. 1818 concluded with a visit
477:
Parliament did not re-assemble until January 1812, and Madocks spent his time in Wales trying to resolve his financial affairs and to consolidate the embankment. As a Member of Parliament, he was immune from civil arrest while Parliament was in session, but only for forty days afterwards, and the
594:
Meanwhile, Madocks became a father when his daughter Eliza Anne Ermine was born. His business letters to Williams contained snippets of information about her progress. Williams also married at this time, and his wife was also expecting a baby. Tremadog was developing, and had received favourable
432:
was defeated in parliament. Despite this, Madocks made two further attempts to obtain an Act of Parliament in 1807, the second of which succeeded. He would be responsible for its cost, and would in return receive the enclosed sands and some rent from reclaimed marshland. Williams decided the
420:, had arrived in search of work in 1800, and having helped with the construction of the first embankment, went on to manage the gardens and nurseries of the Madocks estate. A partnership soon developed, and without Williams, most of Madocks' engineering schemes would probably have foundered.
660:
Madocks' wife returned to Tregunter, while the Tremadog estate was divided between those who had assisted Madocks in his schemes. Williams continued to serve the local community, and organised a coming-of-age party for Madocks' daughter Eliza at Tremadog, in a style reminiscent of the great
423:
Construction of Tremadog continued. In 1805, work began on a water-powered woollen mill, which was overseen by the engineer Fanshaw. It was one of the first such installations in North Wales, but Madocks was not impressed by Fanshaw, who was dismissed, and Williams took over, completing the
184:
William Madocks was born in London on 17 June 1773 to middle-aged parents. He had two older brothers, John Edward, and Joseph, but his parents had suffered the death of two further infants after the birth of Joseph, who was ten by the time William was born. His father was John Madocks, a
627:
Despite the chaotic state of his affairs, and the debts which took some years to resolve, he left a great legacy. In 1831, coastal duties on coal and slate were abolished, a cause for which he had fought for so long, and the revival of the slate industry began. In 1836, the
398:
The Porthdinllaen Turnpike Trust Act was obtained in 1803, and in 1807 Madocks succeeded in steering the Porthdinllaen Harbour Bill through parliament. The improved harbour had been designed by the engineer Thomas Rogers, better known for building
632:
opened, largely following Provis' route of 1825, and using the Cob to reach Porthmadog Harbour. 43,000 tons of slate were exported from Porthmadog in 1845. Porthmadog grew rapidly, but the scheme for Porthdinllaen Harbour foundered, superseded by
453:
By this time, Madocks was in ill-health, and was being pursued in the courts for debts, but somehow remained enthusiastic, and in July 1811, the gap was finally closed. An impromptu celebration was held, which was reported in the
243:
resulted in Radicals being viewed with suspicion, and there was little support for reform. The Napoleonic Wars resulted in few of the gentry making grand tours of Europe, and travel to the remote parts of Britain, including the
535:
The first hints of his growing affection for Eliza Anne Hughes, who had married Roderick Gwynne but had been widowed at 21, were communicated to Williams in late 1817. She lived on her father's estate at Tregunter, in
1603:
486:
was clerk to John Evans, Madocks' own solicitor, and so proceedings were conveniently delayed. With Parliament reconvened, Madocks worked on steering the Boston Harbour Bill through the House of Commons.
433:
alignment of the 1,600-yard (1,500 m) embankment, which would be 21 feet (6.4 m) high, and five sluice gates, each 15 feet (4.6 m) high, would allow the Glaslyn to discharge into the sea.
314:. He set about extending his property by reclaiming Penmorfa Marsh from the estuary, and assisted by the surveyor and civil engineer James Creassy, who had experience of land drainage schemes in the
790:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1474:
1570:
382:, bridges over both of which had not yet been built. Madocks therefore, emboldened by the success of his first embankment, revived a plan first proposed in 1625 by Sir
599:
guide, which noted that Porthmadog harbour was now suitable for boats of 120 tons. With Madocks' health deteriorating, his wife decided he needed a long holiday.
1509:
1558:
248:
and Wales became popular. Madocks visited North Wales often, staying at the houses of the gentry. There was a tradition of house-parties and theatre, with
350:
meant that there was a need for improved communication between the two countries, and Madocks was in favour of a route which crossed his estate, to reach
523:. In Parliament, he was vigorously opposing the property tax, which had been introduced to fund the war against Napoleon, and opposing the repeal of the
291:
1535:
582:
time the Director of Works for the newly named Port Madoc Harbour, and took on responsibility for the railway plans, as Madocks was suffering from
867:
390:
across the mouth of the river Glaslyn. This would enclose some further 6,000 acres (24 km) whilst providing safe passage across the estuary.
205:, rather than because it was a family name. Frances was the daughter of a London merchant called Joseph Whitchurch, who came from Loughborough in
1598:
283:
239:
While there was support for parliamentary reform, particularly among students, at the start of Madocks' university career, the events of the
1613:
343:
782:
224:. As he rose to prominence in the legal profession, the family moved to a substantial Jacobean house with its own private theatre in
152:(17 June 1773 β 15 September 1828) was a British politician and landowner who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for the borough of
1543:
649:. Tremadog did not grow much bigger, but has been studied by students of architecture and town planning many times. The Bill for
272:, using inheritance from the death of his father. He paid Β£1550 for the farm and Β£950 for the timber and underwood. He created a
161:
249:
1552:
1548:
1517:
1491:
1487:
1470:
511:
and recovered enough to visit France. He returned, enthusiastic to complete a bridge over Traeth Bach, the estuary of the
1482:
153:
441:
1381:
573:
Madocks had always had a regional plan in his mind, which involved improving communications and creating industry. At
1404:
20:
1461:
1648:
1531:
545:
198:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1420:
164:
in Wiltshire from 1820 to 1826. He is best known, however, for his activities as an agricultural improver in
387:
1608:
1452:
412:
projects, and although there were several capable candidates at Boston, he knew he needed someone with
1425:
608:
458:. A more formal celebration was held in September, which included a four-day feast, horse racing at
657:, which had been one of the main thrusts of his political career, was convened three years later.
330:
783:"MADOCKS, William Alexander (1773-1828), of Tan-yr-allt, Caern. | History of Parliament Online"
670:
1397:
A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 1: 1500 to 1830
678:
650:
1593:
1588:
319:
233:
39:
8:
674:
565:
429:
279:
269:
229:
217:
202:
859:
629:
574:
347:
261:, where he also saw the benefits of reclaimed land, in this case former marshes by the
1566:
1400:
1368:
1351:
863:
851:
634:
339:
240:
194:
847:
355:
228:, Kent, as the Welsh properties were too far away. At the age of eleven, he went to
1521:
1343:
843:
638:
371:
216:
The Madocks family had long associations with Wales, traceable back to the time of
190:
1415:
831:
666:
654:
611:, while a brass plaque was put up to his memory at St Mary's Church in Tremadog.
662:
413:
408:
383:
274:
1582:
855:
524:
351:
282:. He was attracted to the location due to its proximity to the waterfalls of
245:
661:
festivities on which Madocks was so keen. Porthdinllaen is now owned by the
236:. His father hoped that he might also pursue a career in the legal service.
642:
508:
479:
459:
379:
367:
311:
287:
262:
201:, he was given the name William after his grandfather, and Alexander after
157:
1604:
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
1416:"Madocks, William Alexander (1773β1828), industrialist and philanthropist"
832:"'All Impetuous Rage': The Cult of Waterfalls in Eighteenth-century Wales"
665:, while much of the earlier 1800 embankment was used as the route for the
653:, another aim for which he had fought, was passed in 1829, and the first
541:
520:
512:
482:, as he was being ceaselessly pursued for debt, but the Under-Sheriff at
478:
long prorogation at the end of 1811 put him at risk of being thrown into
386:, and reconsidered in 1718 and 1770, for a more substantial stone-filled
375:
363:
307:
303:
206:
126:
1387:
1372:
1355:
619:
553:
504:
483:
463:
400:
302:
In 1798, Madocks bought the Tan-yr-Allt estate, on the western bank of
225:
210:
169:
136:
374:. The alternative ferry route from Anglesey involved crossings of the
338:
In 1800, the British government and the Irish government both passed
186:
646:
583:
537:
417:
404:
315:
253:
173:
131:
407:, which he planned himself. Madocks also promoted the building of
1447:
516:
257:
were shaped at this time by his brother's building of a house at
221:
220:, and William's father inherited property at Llangwyfan and near
165:
669:
when it was built between 1862 and 1864. It is now used by the
416:
skills and a Welsh temperament. John Williams, a gardener from
359:
278:(ornamental farm) there, where he entertained friends such as
370:, or a lengthy detour to the north to cross the river at the
258:
209:, Ireland, although her mother was English and they lived at
1165:
500:
471:
362:. However, this route involved a crossing of the dangerous
1285:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1201:
1189:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1069:
1057:
1030:
1018:
994:
982:
970:
540:, and Madocks took an interest in the area, including the
943:
197:, and his mother was Frances. When he was christened at
897:
760:
748:
736:
712:
1321:
1309:
1225:
1213:
1177:
1081:
1006:
403:. Madocks also began the building of a model town at
887:
885:
700:
515:, which would create a route from his embankment to
816:. National Trust. pp. 5, 13, 15, 19β20, 22β23.
589:
358:, which would provide the terminus for a ferry to
1273:
882:
724:
1580:
1297:
176:which he founded and which are named after him.
1453:contributions in Parliament by William Madocks
1348:Narrow Gauge Railways in South Caernarvonshire
933:
931:
929:
960:
958:
527:Act, to prevent imprisonment without trial.
926:
645:, which opened up the route to Ireland via
344:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1386:. Cyfeillion Cadw Tremadog. Archived from
955:
436:
38:
1395:Skempton, Sir Alec; et al. (2002).
1394:
1171:
937:
903:
891:
814:The Dolmelynllyn Estate: A Short History
618:
564:
440:
329:
1362:
1315:
1291:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
949:
916:
914:
912:
766:
754:
742:
718:
706:
193:, who would go on to become an eminent
1599:People educated at Charterhouse School
1581:
1413:
829:
730:
393:
811:
466:, which included prizes for the best
1342:
1327:
1042:
909:
825:
823:
793:from the original on 17 January 2022
777:
775:
1379:
1303:
1279:
1051:
920:
870:from the original on 28 August 2022
499:In 1814, he had a severe attack of
13:
805:
14:
1665:
1614:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
1440:
820:
787:www.historyofparliamentonline.org
772:
168:, especially around the towns of
1462:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1383:Tremadog β Historic Planned Town
673:, and is regularly traversed by
590:Fatherhood, ill health and death
560:
552:election of 1820 he represented
310:which formed the estuary of the
160:from 1802 to 1820, and then for
19:For similarly named people, see
16:Member of Parliament (1773β1828)
1365:Madocks and the Wonder of Wales
848:10.1179/1466203513Z.00000000017
830:Hayman, Richard (1 June 2014).
354:, on the northern coast of the
325:
306:, a large expanse of sand and
297:
268:In 1796 Madocks purchased the
1:
1421:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
694:
366:sands, near the mouth of the
507:, but sold some property in
230:Charterhouse boarding school
179:
7:
1367:. London: Faber and Faber.
1363:Beazley, Elisabeth (1967).
684:
530:
490:
199:St Andrew's Church, Holborn
10:
1670:
428:with no engineer, and the
18:
1563:
1542:Member of Parliament for
1540:
1528:
1514:
1481:Member of Parliament for
1479:
1467:
1460:
1426:National Library of Wales
614:
468:Welsh Poem on Agriculture
150:William Alexander Madocks
143:
122:
114:
107:
97:
89:
81:
61:
49:
37:
30:
1567:Ebenezer Fuller Maitland
437:Construction of the Cob
424:'manufactory' in 1806.
1649:People from Porthmadog
1518:Gilbert John Heathcote
1510:Peter Drummond-Burrell
1414:Thomas, David (1959).
812:Jones, Sheila (1992).
671:Welsh Highland Railway
624:
609:Père Lachaise Cemetery
570:
446:
335:
44:W. A. Madocks ca. 1812
1536:Marquess of Blandford
679:Alfred County Railway
651:Catholic Emancipation
622:
568:
542:Brecon to Hay Railway
444:
333:
1654:People from Tremadog
470:and for playing the
445:The Cob, Traeth Mawr
1294:, pp. 235β237.
1270:, pp. 233β235.
1258:, pp. 230β232.
1246:, pp. 228β229.
1210:, pp. 222β223.
1198:, pp. 220β222.
1174:, pp. 430β431.
1162:, pp. 214β215.
1150:, pp. 211β213.
1138:, pp. 209β211.
1126:, pp. 204β206.
1114:, pp. 201β203.
1102:, pp. 199β200.
1078:, pp. 179β180.
1066:, pp. 168β169.
1039:, pp. 163β165.
1027:, pp. 154β160.
1003:, pp. 150β153.
991:, pp. 147β149.
979:, pp. 144β145.
675:Garratt locomotives
655:reformed parliament
456:North Wales Gazette
394:Arrival of Williams
280:Thomas Love Peacock
270:Dolmelynllyn estate
203:Alexander the Great
1399:. Thomas Telford.
1330:, pp. 92, 97.
677:imported from the
630:Ffestiniog Railway
625:
623:Porthmadog Harbour
575:Blaenau Ffestiniog
571:
447:
372:Aberglaslyn bridge
348:Union with Ireland
342:which created the
340:Acts of Parliament
336:
109:Engineering career
103:Francis Whitchurch
1609:Welsh politicians
1577:
1576:
1564:Succeeded by
1532:Sir William Miles
1515:Succeeded by
1390:on 13 April 2011.
1380:CCT (July 2008).
1350:. Oakwood Press.
1344:Boyd, James I. C.
952:, pp. 77β78.
769:, pp. 34β36.
757:, pp. 32β34.
745:, pp. 30β32.
721:, pp. 28β30.
681:in South Africa.
635:Robert Stephenson
316:Lincolnshire Fens
241:French Revolution
147:
146:
101:John Madocks MP,
65:15 September 1828
1661:
1644:UK MPs 1820β1826
1639:UK MPs 1818β1820
1634:UK MPs 1812β1818
1629:UK MPs 1807β1812
1624:UK MPs 1806β1807
1619:UK MPs 1802β1806
1529:Preceded by
1468:Preceded by
1458:
1457:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1410:
1391:
1376:
1359:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
953:
947:
941:
935:
924:
918:
907:
901:
895:
889:
880:
879:
877:
875:
827:
818:
817:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
779:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
639:Britannia Bridge
292:Rhaeadr Mawddach
72:
70:
42:
28:
27:
21:William Maddocks
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1555:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1520:
1508:
1506:Thomas Fydell 1
1504:
1502:Thomas Fydell 2
1500:
1498:Thomas Fydell 1
1494:
1486:
1477:
1475:Thomas Fydell 1
1473:
1471:Lord Milsington
1443:
1430:
1428:
1407:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
983:
975:
971:
963:
956:
948:
944:
936:
927:
919:
910:
902:
898:
890:
883:
873:
871:
828:
821:
810:
806:
796:
794:
781:
780:
773:
765:
761:
753:
749:
741:
737:
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
701:
697:
687:
667:Croesor Tramway
617:
592:
563:
533:
493:
439:
396:
328:
300:
182:
135:
130:
102:
77:
74:
68:
66:
57:
56:London, England
54:
45:
33:
32:William Madocks
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1562:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1513:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1442:
1441:External links
1439:
1438:
1437:
1411:
1405:
1392:
1377:
1360:
1333:
1332:
1320:
1318:, p. 237.
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1234:, p. 227.
1224:
1222:, p. 226.
1212:
1200:
1188:
1186:, p. 217.
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1090:, p. 184.
1080:
1068:
1056:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1015:, p. 154.
1005:
993:
981:
969:
954:
942:
925:
908:
906:, p. 157.
896:
881:
819:
804:
771:
759:
747:
735:
723:
711:
698:
696:
693:
692:
691:
686:
683:
663:National Trust
616:
613:
591:
588:
562:
559:
532:
529:
492:
489:
438:
435:
414:Welsh language
395:
392:
384:Hugh Myddleton
356:LlΕ·n Peninsula
327:
324:
299:
296:
195:King's Counsel
181:
178:
145:
144:
141:
140:
124:
120:
119:
118:Civil engineer
116:
112:
111:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
75:
73:(aged 55)
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1666:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1572:
1571:Frederick Gye
1568:
1561:
1560:
1559:John Grossett
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1406:0-7277-2939-X
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1282:, p. 16.
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1172:Skempton 2002
1168:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
990:
985:
978:
973:
967:, p. 139
966:
961:
959:
951:
946:
940:, p. 430
939:
938:Skempton 2002
934:
932:
930:
922:
917:
915:
913:
905:
904:Skempton 2002
900:
894:, p. 429
893:
892:Skempton 2002
888:
886:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
824:
815:
808:
792:
788:
784:
778:
776:
768:
763:
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
720:
715:
709:, p. 27.
708:
703:
699:
690:Peniel Chapel
689:
688:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
621:
612:
610:
604:
600:
598:
595:mention in a
587:
585:
579:
576:
567:
561:Regional plan
558:
555:
549:
547:
543:
539:
528:
526:
525:habeas corpus
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
488:
485:
481:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
443:
434:
431:
425:
421:
419:
415:
410:
406:
402:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:Porthdinllaen
349:
345:
341:
334:Porthdinllaen
332:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:
271:
266:
264:
260:
255:
251:
247:
246:Lake District
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:King Henry II
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:Lincoln's Inn
188:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
142:
138:
133:
128:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:Paris, France
64:
60:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
1557:
1541:
1496:
1480:
1446:
1429:. Retrieved
1419:
1396:
1388:the original
1382:
1364:
1347:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1316:Beazley 1967
1311:
1306:, p. 9.
1299:
1292:Beazley 1967
1287:
1275:
1268:Beazley 1967
1263:
1256:Beazley 1967
1251:
1244:Beazley 1967
1239:
1232:Beazley 1967
1227:
1220:Beazley 1967
1215:
1208:Beazley 1967
1203:
1196:Beazley 1967
1191:
1184:Beazley 1967
1179:
1167:
1160:Beazley 1967
1155:
1148:Beazley 1967
1143:
1136:Beazley 1967
1131:
1124:Beazley 1967
1119:
1112:Beazley 1967
1107:
1100:Beazley 1967
1095:
1088:Beazley 1967
1083:
1076:Beazley 1967
1071:
1064:Beazley 1967
1059:
1037:Beazley 1967
1032:
1025:Beazley 1967
1020:
1013:Beazley 1967
1008:
1001:Beazley 1967
996:
989:Beazley 1967
984:
977:Beazley 1967
972:
965:Beazley 1967
950:Beazley 1967
945:
899:
872:. Retrieved
842:(1): 23β43.
839:
835:
813:
807:
795:. Retrieved
786:
767:Beazley 1967
762:
755:Beazley 1967
750:
743:Beazley 1967
738:
726:
719:Beazley 1967
714:
707:Beazley 1967
702:
659:
643:Menai Strait
626:
605:
601:
596:
593:
580:
572:
550:
546:Brecon Canal
534:
509:Denbighshire
498:
494:
480:Fleet Prison
476:
467:
460:Morfa Bychan
455:
452:
448:
426:
422:
397:
380:Menai Strait
368:Afon Glaslyn
337:
312:Afon Glaslyn
301:
288:Pistyll Cain
273:
267:
263:River Thames
238:
215:
183:
158:Lincolnshire
149:
148:
129:reclamation,
108:
93:Eliza Gwynne
53:17 June 1773
25:
1594:1828 deaths
1589:1773 births
1522:Henry Ellis
1451:1803β2005:
1431:29 November
1054:, p. 8
923:, p. 4
731:Thomas 1959
569:Ynys Cyngar
521:Trawsfynydd
513:Afon Dwyryd
401:lighthouses
376:River Conwy
364:Traeth Mawr
326:Traeth Mawr
308:tidal marsh
304:Traeth Mawr
298:Tan-yr-Allt
284:Rhaeadr Ddu
275:ferme ornΓ©e
207:County Down
127:Traeth Mawr
1583:Categories
1544:Chippenham
1373:B0013IWZYW
1356:B000WHEMAA
836:Landscapes
695:References
554:Chippenham
505:rheumatism
484:Caernarfon
464:Eisteddfod
388:embankment
250:Sir Watkin
226:North Cray
211:Twickenham
170:Porthmadog
162:Chippenham
137:Porthmadog
115:Discipline
82:Occupation
69:1828-09-16
1328:Boyd 1972
864:130820784
856:1466-2035
641:over the
187:barrister
180:Biography
98:Parent(s)
1346:(1972).
1304:CCT 2008
1280:CCT 2008
1052:CCT 2008
921:CCT 2008
868:Archived
791:Archived
685:See also
647:Holyhead
584:jaundice
544:and the
538:Talgarth
531:Marriage
491:Disaster
418:Anglesey
409:turnpike
405:Tremadog
378:and the
254:Wynnstay
174:Tremadog
132:Tremadog
123:Projects
85:Engineer
1448:Hansard
1337:Sources
874:25 July
797:25 July
517:Harlech
462:and an
318:around
222:Wrexham
166:Gwynedd
139:Harbour
67: (
1556:With:
1495:With:
1483:Boston
1403:
1371:
1354:
862:
854:
615:Legacy
360:Dublin
346:. The
320:Boston
234:Oxford
154:Boston
90:Spouse
860:S2CID
259:Erith
1553:1826
1549:1820
1492:1820
1488:1812
1433:2021
1401:ISBN
1369:ASIN
1352:ASIN
876:2022
852:ISSN
799:2022
597:Tour
519:and
503:and
501:gout
472:harp
430:bill
290:and
172:and
62:Died
50:Born
844:doi
637:'s
252:of
189:at
156:in
1585::
1424:.
1418:.
1044:^
957:^
928:^
911:^
884:^
866:.
858:.
850:.
840:15
838:.
834:.
822:^
789:.
785:.
774:^
548:.
474:.
294:.
286:,
265:.
213:.
1551:β
1490:β
1435:.
1409:.
1375:.
1358:.
878:.
846::
801:.
733:.
134:,
71:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)