William Lyon Mackenzie

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dubbed the Committee of Vigilance and Mackenzie was selected as the committee's corresponding secretary. Mackenzie published a critique of Bond Head describing him as a tyrant upholding a corrupt government. Mackenzie spent the summer of 1837 organizing vigilance committees throughout Upper Canada and proposed self-government for the Upper Canada colony instead of governance by a distant British Parliament. He liked attending these meetings because they confirmed that his politics were aligned with Upper Canadians who were not involved with governing the colony. He attracted large crowds but also faced physical attacks from Family Compact supporters. During the fall of 1837, he visited Lower Canada and met with their rebel leaders, known as the

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in parliament, and approval from the government leader, before the government could provide a loan. He opposed farmers buying land on credit because it caused them to buy more property than they could afford. Mackenzie wanted the government to give free plots of land to immigrants or allow people to work in government projects to save enough money for land purchases. He supported tariffs to stop lower-priced products from entering Canadian markets. In the 1830s, he advocated letting the province choose which countries it could trade with because it gave farmers access to cheaper goods and reduced Upper Canada's dependence on British markets.

1037: 1271:; the first volume was published on February 21, 1844. The goal of the series was to stop nativist attitudes towards immigrants to North America by reminding Americans that their ancestors were also immigrants. Mackenzie attended the founding meeting of the National Reform Association in February 1844. Its goal was to distribute public lands to people who would live on the property, limit the amount of land an individual could own, and outlaw the confiscation of free homesteads given to settlers. He spoke at many meetings and remained on the association's central committee until July 1844. 672:. The Types Riot settlement was used to fund his campaign and he cited the incident as an example of corruption in Upper Canada. Mackenzie ran as an independent and refused to buy alcohol and treats for supporters or bribe citizens to vote for him, as was done by most politicians at this time. He published weekly articles in his newspaper called "The Parliament Black Book for Upper Canada, or Official Corruption and Hypocrisy Unmasked" where he listed accusations of wrongdoing by his opponents. He came in second in the election, becoming one of the representatives for York County. 1239:, which would release him from imprisonment. Over 300,000 people signed petitions that were circulated in New York State, Michigan, and Ohio. Van Buren did not want others to believe he supported Mackenzie's actions and increase hostilities with Britain, so he was reluctant to grant this pardon. Democrats submitted petitions to the United States Congress calling for Mackenzie's release. Van Buren believed it was politically easier to release Mackenzie from prison than explain his imprisonment to fellow Democrats, so on May 10, 1840, Van Buren granted Mackenzie a pardon. 48: 277: 1465: 458: 349:; he declined the Reformers' nomination to run in the 1835 municipal election. He lost his re-election for the Legislative Assembly in 1836; this convinced him that reforms to the Upper Canadian political system could only happen if citizens initiated an armed conflict. In 1837, he rallied farmers in the area surrounding Toronto and convinced Reform leaders to support the Upper Canada Rebellion. Rebel leaders chose Mackenzie to be their military commander, but were defeated by government troops at the 9160: 1543: 2986: 1231:, the tavern keeper of Montgomery's Inn during the Upper Canada Rebellion, arranged for him to be a witness at a trial. Montgomery convinced the state attorney to hold the trial in Mackenzie's house, and the magistrate stalled the proceedings so Mackenzie could visit his mother. She died a few days later, and Mackenzie witnessed the funeral procession from his prison window. Mackenzie encouraged friends and readers of his newspaper to petition President 847:

remained on the board when it restructured two weeks after the start of the outbreak, although he was no longer its chairman. He brought people to the hospital until he was also infected with the disease and remained in his home until he recovered later that year. Mackenzie declined the nomination for alderman in the 1835 municipal election, printing in his paper that he wanted to focus on provincial politics. Reformers included him on their

1461:. Mackenzie faced a difficult re-election campaign in 1854 for his Haldimand seat. Local newspapers complained he only came to the constituency during elections and his colleagues in the assembly had a negative opinion of Mackenzie. His positions against religious school boards caused some voters to withdraw their support. He won the election by 54 votes, a smaller majority than in the previous election. 587:, a government official in York, accused Mackenzie of improper business transactions in 1826 and made jokes about Mackenzie's Scottish heritage and his mother. Mackenzie retaliated by pretending to retire from the paper on May 4, 1826, and published a fictitious meeting where contributors selected Patrick Swift as the new editor. Mackenzie used the Swift alias to continue publishing the 1115:, a law that prohibited participating in an invasion of a country against which the US government had not declared war. He was released on $ 5,000 (equivalent to $ 140,000 in 2023) bail, paid by three men in Buffalo, and returned to Navy Island in January. British forces invaded the island on January 4, 1838, and the rebels dispersed to the American mainland. 1018:

withdrawn their offer. Mackenzie grew increasingly erratic and spent the evening punishing Tory families by burning down their houses and trying to force the Upper Canada Postmaster's wife to cook meals for his rebellion. Mackenzie tried marching the troops towards the city, but along the way a group of men fired at the rebels, causing them to flee.

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companies, declaring the only way to generate wealth was through labour. He wanted labourers to profit from their work instead of giving payments to privileged politicians, religious leaders or economic institutions. He was against anything perceived as a monopoly and worked to dismantle banking institutions and end a printers union strike in 1836.

364:. After his release, Mackenzie lived in several cities in New York State and tried to publish newspapers, but these ventures failed. He discovered documents that outlined corrupt financial transactions and government appointments by New York State government officials. He published these documents in two books. The parliament of the newly created 1290:. It sold 50,000 copies and made $ 12,000 (equivalent to $ 373,000 in 2023) in profit before an injunction stopped the book's sale. The pamphlet's profits were given to the publishers because Mackenzie did not want to benefit from exposing a scandal. In April 1846, Mackenzie published another book based on Hoyt's letters called 1622:

possible consequences when publishing his work and chronicled other people's situations to explain complicated financial concepts. He sometimes plagiarized other newspapers, did not attribute direct quotations, and invented misattributed quotations. He also printed information after promising his sources that he would not.

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change the issues for which he advocated and his position on government policy. He constantly disagreed with the province's administrators and refused to compromise, believing political institutions were corrupt. Mackenzie chose his political positions impulsively and replaced rational arguments with energetic actions.

898:. The report expressed Mackenzie's concern on the excessive power of the executive branch in Upper Canada and the campaigning of government officials for Tory politicians during elections. It also criticized companies that mismanaged funds given to them by the government and the salaries of officials who received 3174:

Upon his death, newspapers printed obituaries emphasizing Mackenzie's independence, desire for honest public administration, and misguided patriotism. George Brown wrote he was "a man of impulse, prompt in action, full of courage and fire". John King called him "one of the greatest Liberal leaders in

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and would only use coins as currency, whose value the legislature would regulate. He was critical of granting state aid or privileges to companies that would make them monopolies. He wanted tougher laws for lending money to corporations. In 1859, he proposed a requirement for three-fourths of members

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and black people as prejudiced and in opposition to reform causes. According to Armstrong, Mackenzie's views on minority groups depended on their support for his policies; he was not concerned with the social standing of impoverished or oppressed people. The income gap between the richest and poorest

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administration, although he criticized the differing viewpoints of ministers and was disappointed when he was not appointed to be a minister. Mackenzie resigned his seat on August 16, 1858, calling the legislature illegitimate after the Governor-General reinstated the Macdonald–Cartier administration

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to investigate its causes. Durham sent an agent to interview Mackenzie for the report, who told the agent that his grievance against the Upper Canadian government was the composition of the Legislative Council and his desire "to lift the hand of tyranny from the soil". Durham's finding were presented

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The judge sentenced Mackenzie to eighteen months in jail and a $ 10 (equivalent to $ 279 in 2023) fine. Mackenzie did not appeal the ruling after consulting with lawyers. He said after the trial that he was depending upon key witnesses to give testimony, but they did not come to the courtroom. He

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On December 7, government forces arrived at Montgomery's Tavern and fired towards the rebel position. Mackenzie was one of the last to flee north, leaving his papers and cloak behind. He met with rebel leaders who agreed the rebellion was over and that they needed to flee Upper Canada. Bond Head

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Mackenzie promoted a wide range of policies but was never the lead advocate on any issue. He believed that a person's political ideas should be shaped by their experience and that politicians should be willing to change their political position on an issue. This belief caused Mackenzie to frequently

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as "baroque convolutions of style" adding "their harsh jumble of book learning are really not for the printed page". Anthony W. Rasporich differed in his analysis of Mackenzie's writing and believed it was exciting for both subscribers in the 1800s and contemporary readers in 1972. Mackenzie ignored

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affair and the Neutrality Act did not apply. Mackenzie wanted to submit evidence that the Upper Canadian Rebellion was a civil war, as a person cannot be convicted of violating the Neutrality Act if the country is engaged in a civil war. The judge refused to allow this evidence because, according to

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and a quick attack on Toronto would allow rebels to seize control of the government before a militia could be organized against them. The two Reformers asked Mackenzie to determine the level of support in the countryside for the revolt. He travelled north and convinced rural Reform leaders that they

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to solve the conflicts between the Legislative Assembly and Executive Council of Upper Canada. He wanted to include American ideas, like the election of town magistrates and governors, but avoided publicizing these opinions until 1832 because of public sentiment in Upper Canada was against American

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and the British monarch's representative to the colony, was concerned that Canadians would become disloyal to the British crown. He hoped that granting amnesty for participants of the 1837 rebellions, on behalf of the monarchy, would increase Canada's loyalty to Britain. The passage of this general

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to rebuild the Patriot forces by creating the Canadian Association. The association struggled to attract Canadian members and unsuccessfully fundraised for Mackenzie to publish an account of the Upper Canada Rebellion. The money was reallocated to Mackenzie's defence fund for his upcoming trial. He

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on December 1. A Tory supporter reported the declaration to authorities, and a warrant was issued for Mackenzie's arrest. Upon his return to Toronto, Mackenzie discovered that Rolph had sent him a warning about the warrant. When the messenger could not find Mackenzie, he relayed the warning to

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On October 9, 1837, Mackenzie received a message from the Patriotes asking him to organize an attack on the Upper Canada government. Mackenzie gathered Reformers the following month and proposed seizing control of the Upper Canada government by force, but the meeting did not reach a consensus.

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In March 1837 the British government rejected reforms in Upper Canada and reconfirmed the authoritarian power of the lieutenant governor. This ended Mackenzie's hope that the British government would enact his desired reforms in the colony. In July 1837, Mackenzie organized a meeting with Reformers

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to lessen the legislature's negative attitude against Mackenzie and reform the province's political and financial systems. Tories in Upper Canada were upset that Mackenzie received a positive reception from Goderich and expelled him from the legislature; he was re-elected on November 26 by his

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in 1830, Mackenzie campaigned for legislative control of the budget, independent judges, an executive council that would report to the legislature, and equal rights for Christian denominations. He was re-elected to represent York County in the parliament. The Reform group lost their majority in the

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announced the government's offer of full amnesty for the rebels if they dispersed immediately. Mackenzie and Lount asked that a convention be organized to discuss the province's policies and for the truce to be presented as a written document. Rolph and Baldwin returned, stating the government had

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to signal his displeasure with the province's colonial status. During that time he was also re-elected to the legislature by the farmers in York County to fill the vacancy caused by his expulsion the previous month. He won the election by acclamation, but the other members of the legislature would

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Mackenzie's economic policies focused on an agrarian structure where agriculture was the foundation of an economy. His ideal economic society contained educated farmers and small business owners served by printing presses. His State of Upper Canada constitution proposed a ban on banks and trading

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of the character of the Assembly of Upper Canada. Mackenzie won the resulting by-election on January 2, 1832, by a vote of 119–1. Upon his victory, his supporters gifted him a gold medal worth £250 (equivalent to £31,000 in 2023) and organized a parade through the streets of York. He was

437:, Scotland, to help his mother open a general store. He had a sexual relationship with Isabel Reid, and she gave birth to their son James on July 17, 1814. His congregation agreed to baptize James after Mackenzie endured public criticism for fathering an illegitimate child and paid a fine of 3195:

Mackenzie emphasized the moral and political failings of the government but was unsure of how to create his ideal society. His term as mayor was overshadowed by a desire to reform government institutions instead of focusing on the problems of the city. His policy proposals were often rejected as

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The social causes Mackenzie supported were conservative for their time. He adopted a puritanical outlook towards gambling and prostitution and wanted women to return to an agrarian lifestyle of taking care of the home. He opposed performers coming to York because of their amoral skits and double

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In 1822, his mother and his son joined Mackenzie in Upper Canada. Elizabeth invited Isabel Baxter to immigrate with them, as she had chosen Baxter to marry her son. Although they were schoolmates, Mackenzie and Baxter did not know each other well before meeting in Upper Canada. The couple wed in

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arrived in Upper Canada, Mackenzie believed Bond Head would side with the Reform movement. After meeting Reformers, Bond Head concluded they were disloyal subjects of the British Empire. He wrote, "Mackenzie's mind seemed to nauseate its subjects" and "with the eccentricity, the volubility, and

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appointments. Mackenzie used the Committee on Grievances to investigate the Welland Canal Company. The Upper Canadian government partly owned the company and appointed directors to its board; in 1835 the legislature appointed Mackenzie. He discovered parcels of company land were given to Family

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by a vote of 10–8. The city council and Mackenzie approved a tax increase to build a boardwalk along King Street despite citizen backlash. He designed the first coat of arms for Toronto and presided as a judge for the city's Police Court, which heard cases of drunkenness and disorderly conduct,

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and Methodists to withdraw their support for the Reform movement in 1833. In his State of Upper Canada constitution, Mackenzie proposed religious equality and a separation of the government and religious institutions. His state would transfer ownership of clergy reserves to the legislature and

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coalition government and denounced Reform members who supported the administration. He believed it was unconstitutional when Lord Elgin did not give Reform legislators a chance to form a government before accepting a Tory coalition. He was chairman of the Committee of Public Accounts while its

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outbreak. Mackenzie chaired the Toronto Board of Health in his role as mayor, which was tasked to implement the city's response to the outbreak. The board was divided between the Tories and the Reformers and they argued over Mackenzie's alleged interference with the work of health officers. He

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and his religious practice was not an important part of his values. Mackenzie believed clergy should advocate for equality among citizens and opposed clergy who tried to maintain the status quo in the United States and Canada. In the 1830 election, he campaigned for equal rights for religious

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At the end of 1858, Mackenzie collected petitions for the dissolution of the Province of Canada and planned to deliver them to the Colonial Office in England. The Homestead Fund, set up by James Lesslie to financially support Mackenzie, refused to fund the trip, so he travelled to New York to

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indeed the appearance of a madman, the tiny creature raved". Bond Head called an election in July 1836 and asked citizens to show loyalty to the British monarch by voting for Tory politicians. Bond Head's campaigning was successful and Reformers across the province lost their elections,

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reports criticized the province's disorganized record-keeping and exposed government expenditures that parliament had not approved. Mackenzie proposed a resolution that condemned previous administrations for similar acts and parliament removed him from the committee in retaliation.

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in April 1856, outlining his arguments to split the union of Upper and Lower Canada. Mackenzie felt that tax revenue from Upper Canada was subsidizing infrastructure projects in Lower Canada and that the union maintained duplicate government officials, records and executives for

413:, was orphaned at a young age. His father, Daniel Mackenzie, was also a weaver and seventeen years younger than Elizabeth. The couple married on May 8, 1794. After attending a public dance, Daniel became sick, blind and bedridden. He died a few weeks after William was born. 1433:(formerly known as Upper Canada) legislators supported Mackenzie's proposal. The lack of support from Baldwin's colleagues for his project caused him to resign from the Canadian cabinet. In the October 1851 election, Mackenzie campaigned against moderate Reformers like Baldwin, 1286:, a New York State politician, which described negotiations for financial transactions in exchange for government appointments by New York State government officials. After submitting his resignation from the custom house in June 1845, Mackenzie published some of the letters as 1401: 360:, which prohibits invading a foreign country (with which the United States is not at war) from American territory. Mackenzie was arrested and sentenced to eighteen months' imprisonment. He was jailed for more than ten months before he was pardoned by the American president 3122:

and their role in creating a colonial upper class, although he believed all Christian denominations should benefit from them. Mackenzie changed his position between 1824 and 1830 and opposed government funding to churches. He criticized a government grant given to British

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but believed British institutions had to be modified for the Upper Canadian social structure and agrarian society. He opposed Upper Canada's lack of representation in the British legislature, especially when they passed legislation governing the province. He supported

633:. The court awarded Mackenzie £625 (equivalent to £67,000 in 2023) in damages which he used to pay off his creditors and restart production of his newspaper. One year after the riots, he documented the incident in a series of articles, which he later published as 752:

who received 23 votes and a moderate Reformer (who assumed his expulsion barred Mackenzie from becoming a legislator)—who received 96 votes. Mackenzie toured Upper Canada to promote his policies and Tory supporters, unhappy with his agitation, tried to harm him. In

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on May 12, 1838, after soliciting subscriptions from friends. Its early editions supported the Patriots and focused on Canadian topics, but pivoted to American politics in August 1838. He suspended publication of his paper in the fall of 1838 and moved to

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Mackenzie wrote about current events and topics he was thinking about at a particular moment. His writing format often lacked structure and used obscure references difficult for today's readers to understand. Historian Lillian F. Gates struggled to comprehend

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in the proceedings. The district attorney argued that Mackenzie recruited members, established an army, and stole weapons for an invasion. Mackenzie contended that Britain and the United States were at war because the British destroyed an American ship in the

1100:, proclaimed himself appointed chairman of its new government and wrote a draft for the constitution of the new state. Van Rensselaer planned to use the island as a staging point to invade the Upper Canadian mainland, but this was stopped when their ship, the 724:. He wanted to develop closer ties between the Reform leaders of each province and learn new techniques to oppose Upper Canada government policies. He gathered grievances from several communities in Upper Canada and planned to present these petitions to the 1452:

that Lesslie wanted to edit before printing. Mackenzie rejected the edits and Lesslie did not publish any of Mackenzie's letters. Losing his only way to communicate with his constituents, Mackenzie began his own newspaper on December 25, 1852, called

8600: 1126:, Mackenzie refused to participate, citing a lack of confidence in the mission's success. Patriot forces near Detroit attempted to invade Upper Canada but were repelled by British forces. Mackenzie stopped recruiting for the Patriots to avoid ridicule. 712:

blocked the passage of their proposed legislation. In the new parliament, Mackenzie chaired a committee that recommended increased representation for Upper Canadian towns, a single day for voting in elections, and voting by ballot instead of voice.

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In parliament, Mackenzie chaired a committee that assessed the effectiveness of the post office and recommended that local officials should determine local postal rates. He also chaired a committee that evaluated the appointment process of

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series was rejected by its publishers because it did not portray Mackenzie as an influencer in Canada's creation. Instead, the publishers asked Lindsey and his son to condense Lindsey's previous biography for its inclusion in the series.

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in 1833 to describe Upper Canada politics. The book named thirty members of the Family Compact, the group that governed Upper Canada and controlled its policies. In November 1833, Mackenzie was expelled from the legislature again.

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Bidwell argued that Mackenzie lost income from the damaged property and his inability to fulfill printing contracts. Upon cross-examination, Mackenzie's employees confirmed that Mackenzie authored Patrick Swift's editorials in the

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denominations. He was against attacking Catholics or Protestants for their religious beliefs and believed all Christian denominations persecuted other faiths at different points in their history. He criticized the Papacy in the

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politically impossible to implement. Many of Mackenzie's biographers agree that he delayed the implementation of responsible government because the Upper Canada Rebellion caused an exodus of Reform politicians from the colony.

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because Mackenzie did not describe events chronologically and in her opinion used too many footnotes and large lists. Frederick Armstrong, another historian, said Mackenzie used long examples and had "excursions into trivia".

9398: 8036: 1429:, which Robert Baldwin had reorganized. Mackenzie believed the court was too expensive to maintain and denounced its practice of taking written testimony instead of having lawyers speak before the judges. The majority of 893:

The legislature appointed Mackenzie as chairman of the Committee on Grievances. which questioned several members of the Family Compact on their work and government efficiency. The committee documented their findings in

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education. William rebelled against the religion in his youth, but he returned to it upon his arrival to Canada and remained faithful for the rest of his life. He was less reliant on faith after reading texts from the

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to lead an invasion of Upper Canada. Van Rensselaer would lead Patriot forces, composed of volunteers who sympathized with the cause and were living in the United States. Rebel leaders chose Van Rensselaer because the

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Mackenzie arrived in Buffalo on December 11, 1837, and gave a speech outlining his desire for Upper Canada to be independent of Britain. He blamed the failed rebellion on a lack of weapons and supplies.

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Compact members or the Anglican Church for low prices, or swapped with land that was of lesser value. Mackenzie printed his investigation in a newspaper he created that summer in the Niagara peninsula called

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The Lives and Opinions of Benj'n Franklin Butler, United States District Attorney for the Southern District of New York; and Jesse Hoyt, Counsellor at Law, formerly Collector of Customs for the Port of New

3067:, a biographer of Mackenzie and mayor of Toronto in 1978, said previous biographers described Mackenzie as radical but that current scholars regard him as "an ideologue ranting against the Family Compact". 1416:

in the Parliament of Canada, died. Mackenzie ran as a candidate in the subsequent by-election, promising to be an independent voice in the legislature. He claimed that the government supported his opponent

923:. Mackenzie was upset over this loss, weeping in a neighbour's home while supporters consoled him. Feeling disenchanted with the Upper Canada political system, Mackenzie created a new newspaper called the 3178:

John Dent criticized Mackenzie's leadership of the Upper Canada Rebellion and his personal character. His research was refuted by Mackenzie's son James and John King, the latter publishing his opinion as

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denounced all invasions into Canada and supported Van Buren's re-election. The paper's subscriptions continued to decline and the last issue was published on December 23, 1840. In April, he launched

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on the council to represent St. David's Ward. He won the election on March 27, 1834, with 148 votes, the highest among all candidates for alderman in the city. The other aldermen chose him to be

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under the Swift pseudonym that questioned the governance of the colony and described the personal lives of government officials and their families. On June 8, 1826, rioters attacked the

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Mackenzie's articles in his newspapers favoured radical reform causes. He followed a political theory that believed outlining problems publicly would lead to solutions. He professed in the

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In the 1857 election, Mackenzie was narrowly reelected to the constituency of Haldimand with 38% of the vote. He accepted Brown's invitation to caucus with opposition members against the

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Some sources state that Mackenzie was born in Springfield, described as a suburb or a section of Dundee. Other sources state he was born in Dundee or in an unstated location near Dundee.

328:. Although popular for criticising government officials, he failed to implement most of his policy objectives. He is one of the most recognizable Reformers of the early 19th century. 813:

not let him participate in their proceedings and expelled him again. The legislature barred him from sitting as an elected representative until after the 1836 legislative election.

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newspaper and meticulously documented and summarized the 957 books he read. In 1811, he was a founding member of the Dundee Rational Institution, a club for scientific discussion.

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replaced Goderich as the colonial secretary and reversed the Upper Canada reforms. Mackenzie was upset by this and, upon his return to Upper Canada in December 1833, renamed the

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on July 4, 1836. The paper accused the government and their supporters of corruption and encouraged citizens to prepare "for nobler actions than our tyrants can dream of".

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The History of the Destruction of the Colonial Advocate Press by Officers of the Provincial Government of Upper Canada and Law Students of the Attorney & Solicitor General

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American law, only the United States Congress can declare if a country is in a civil war, which they did not do. Mackenzie was frustrated and did not call further witnesses.

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The Life and Times of Wm. Lyon Mackenzie: With an Account of the Canadian Rebellion of 1837, and the Subsequent Frontier Disturbances, Chiefly from Unpublished Documents

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political institutions. When exiled to the United States, Mackenzie declared himself a believer in social democracy and the equality of everyone in society and the law.

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of the United Kingdom, to submit the grievances he had collected in Upper Canada. In November 1832, Goderich sent instructions to the Upper Canada lieutenant governor

1392:. York County and the provincial government accepted his claim for income he did not receive in the 1830s as a public servant and Welland Canal Company commissioner. 1282:

newspapers criticized him for being an immigrant. He was instead appointed as a clerk in the custom house's archives office. Mackenzie copied the private letters of

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Lount instead, who responded by marching a group of men towards Toronto to begin the rebellion. Mackenzie attempted to stop Lount but could not reach him in time.

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physical abuse of children and spouses and city bylaw violations. Mackenzie chose the newly built market buildings as Toronto's city hall and moved the offices of

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as unconcerned with conventional storytelling techniques or "a sense of order", and Charles Lindsey described the book as disregarding the order of the stories.

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organized an assault of Mackenzie by three men. In York, twenty to thirty men stole a wagon he was using as a stage while another mob smashed the windows of the

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in 1824, and was elected a York County representative to the Legislative Assembly in 1827. York became the city of Toronto in 1834 and Mackenzie was elected its

420:. Mackenzie reported he was raised in poverty, although the extent of his family's wealth is difficult to authenticate. At five years old, Mackenzie received a 9177: 8385: 8342: 583:

had the highest circulation among York newspapers, he still lost money on every issue because of low paid subscription numbers and late payments from readers.

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stopped production in September 1841 because the newspaper was not profitable or politically influential. Mackenzie moved back to New York City in June 1842.

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policies of the 1880s. John King, Mackenzie's son-in-law, disagreed and stated all Canadian political parties adopted Mackenzie's policies and called him a

1345:, which occurred in 1840. After the 1848 election, Reformers held a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and the Baldwin– 1088:

had been a successful military general in the War of 1812, and he claimed to have military experience. Van Rensselaer, Mackenzie and 24 supporters occupied

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and kidnapping passing travellers to question them about the revolt. He reassured the troops at Montgomery's Tavern that 200 men were going to arrive from

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Mackenzie struggled to understand how stocks and banknotes denoted wealth. His State of Upper Canada constitution established gold and silver as the only

8692: 3267:. In 1991 a group of volunteers opened the Mackenzie Printery museum in Mackenzie's Queenston home to document the newspaper industry in North America. 777:

in York, arrested Mackenzie in an attempt to placate the mob. Mackenzie feared for his life and stopped appearing in public until he left for England.

8478: 1425:, who both claimed to be running as Reformers, and Ronald McKinnon, the Tory Party candidate. In the legislature, Mackenzie proposed abolishing the 680:

in Upper Canada. He was a member of committees that looked at the banking and currency regulations of Upper Canada, the condition of roads, and the

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museum and operated the facility until it was sold to the City of Toronto in 1960. The William Lyon Mackenzie Centennial Committee commissioned a

7897:"Mackenzie's Gazette: An Aspect of W.L. Mackenzie's American Years [Essays in Canadian Bibliography: Bibliographical Studies in Reprint]" 3014: 126: 7926: 356:

Mackenzie fled to the United States and rallied US support to invade Upper Canada and overthrow the province's government. This violated the

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Mackenzie wanted Canadians to lead the next invasion but still receive American assistance. When Van Rensselaer attempted an invasion of

24: 7673: 1357: 222: 8505:"A Farmer's Alliance: The Joint Stock Companies of the Home District and the Economic Roots of Deliberative Democracy in Upper Canada" 9276: 8954: 8944: 4188: 1306: 749: 416:

Although Elizabeth had relatives in Dundee, she insisted on raising William independently and instructed him on the teachings of the

1214:, in which he described the trial and appealed for his release. Later issues reported on the upcoming New York state elections, the 1111:. On January 4, Mackenzie travelled to Buffalo to seek medical help for his wife. On the way he was arrested for violating the 1569:

28. His funeral procession stretched a half-mile (0.8 km) and included Reformers and Family Compact members. He was buried at

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issued a warrant and a £1,000 (equivalent to £121,000 in 2023) reward for Mackenzie's apprehension. Mackenzie travelled to the

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could forcefully take control of the government. They decided that the rebellion would begin on December 7, 1837, and that

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In 1861 his health deteriorated and he refused to take medication. At the end of August, he went into a coma and died on August

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during a scouting expedition. Lount refused to lead the rebellion by himself so the group chose Mackenzie as their new leader.

1421:'s campaign and Brown would be beholden to them if elected. Mackenzie won the by-election with 294 votes, defeating Brown and 8585: 8561: 8408: 8297: 8199: 8144: 8116: 8091: 8063: 7998: 7945: 7834: 7805: 7776: 7748: 7611: 7586: 6484: 2722: 2662: 781: 8591: 8414: 8303: 8205: 8150: 8122: 7840: 7782: 7754: 3166: 1202:

Mackenzie was imprisoned on June 21, 1839. He chose to be jailed in Rochester to be closer to his family. He published

8854: 8356:"'A journey undertaken under peculiar circumstances': The Perilous Escape of William Lyon Mackenzie December 7 to 11, 1837" 2795: 313: 89: 4964: 4948: 2712: 9378: 9034: 9014: 6406: 4825: 4797: 4781: 4702: 4506: 3007: 2865: 2491: 2182: 882:) electing one member. Mackenzie was elected in the 2nd Riding of York by a vote of 334–178. After the election, he sold 785: 709: 3778: 3606: 3573: 1178:

also denounced the application of neutrality laws, wrongly stating the law had not been applied for nearly fifty years.

780:

In April 1832, Mackenzie travelled to London to petition the British government for reforms in Upper Canada. He visited

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Mackenzie gathered the rebels at noon on December 5 and marched them towards Toronto. At Gallows Hill, Rolph and

9388: 9373: 9368: 8809: 4853: 4765: 4730: 4686: 4670: 4595: 4423: 3296: 2972: 2437: 2222: 1040:

A proclamation posted on December 7, 1837, offering a reward of £1,000 for the capture of William Lyon Mackenzie

1007: 693: 20: 8601:"The best of Rebel Mayor: the funniest quips from city hall's mystery tweeter, who was unmasked (sort of) this week" 8549:

Union is Strength: W. L. Mackenzie, the Children of Peace and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada

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Mackenzie travelled to Montreal in February and his arrival caused his effigy to be burned in Kingston and riots in

1006:

Lount's men arrived at Montgomery's Tavern on the night of December 4. Later that night Anderson was killed by

465:

Mackenzie's friend John Lesslie suggested they emigrate to Canada in 1820, and the two men travelled there aboard a

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made of grey granite serves as a grave marker. He is buried with his wife, four of his children, his son-in-law

826:

In 1834, York changed its name to Toronto and held elections for its first city council. Mackenzie ran to be an

8313:"'The threat of being Morganized will not deter us': William Lyon Mackenzie, Freemasonry and the Morgan Affair" 6547: 3000: 1846: 1353: 967:, two other Reform leaders, to lead a rebellion. He cited that Upper Canadian troops were sent to suppress the 546: 317: 7084: 5576: 5532: 5469: 5453: 5425: 5397: 5381: 5255: 5239: 5223: 4749: 2767: 1186: 539:, to open a new general store. A few months later he sold his store and bought a printing press to create the 445:

in 1815, and Mackenzie's store went bankrupt. He moved to southern England and worked as a bookkeeper for the

324:; after its defeat, he unsuccessfully rallied American support for an invasion of Upper Canada as part of the 9433: 9363: 7361: 7317: 7285: 7252: 7188: 7172: 7105: 7020: 6827: 6811: 6516: 6500: 6468: 6371: 6355: 6336: 6320: 6288: 6272: 6256: 6240: 6209: 6178: 6146: 6114: 6082: 6066: 6034: 5974: 5958: 5942: 5910: 5862: 5846: 5809: 5761: 5713: 3305: 2137: 1501: 684:'s power. Mackenzie opposed infrastructure projects until the province's debt was paid. He spoke against the 2747: 980:

would lead the assembled men. Mackenzie relayed this plan to Rolph and Morrison upon his return to Toronto.

300:

28, 1861) was a Scottish Canadian-American journalist and politician. He founded newspapers critical of the

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Canada". Historian Albert Schrauwers described Mackenzie as the "best-known reformer" of the early 1800s.

9403: 8909: 8553: 7524: 6689: 6494: 3474: 2697: 984: 936: 745:

expelled again when he printed an article critical of the assemblymen who voted for his first expulsion.

28: 6419: 3788: 3616: 3583: 1613:

s articles were better when read aloud and thought Mackenzie's slow pace was similar to "a three-volume

870:

in Toronto. The panels are dedicated to Reformers who argued for responsible government in Upper Canada.

9393: 8984: 8755: 8428: 7854: 2800: 2501: 2172: 1346: 1279: 7698: 6108: 5660: 4993: 4664: 4624: 4370: 4198: 4170: 3732: 3505: 549:

and criticized government officials. He organized a ceremony for the start of the construction of the

376:

in the province's legislature from 1851 to 1858. His health deteriorated in 1861 and he died on August

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In December 1827, Mackenzie announced his candidacy to become one of the two representatives for the

346: 3080:

people in Great Britain disturbed Mackenzie and he wanted to avoid this disparity in North America.

1526: 1448:, a new political movement in Canada West. On October 5, 1852, Mackenzie wrote a letter to the 9251: 8924: 8185: 7896: 6717: 3356:

The seventh report from the Select Committee of the House of Assembly of Upper Canada on grievances

3227:

in 1936 to prevent its demolition. The Mackenzie Homestead Foundation turned the building into the

2835: 2830: 2825: 2727: 2302: 1705: 1578: 896:

The Seventh Report from the Select Committee of the House of Assembly of Upper Canada on Grievances

689: 613:

office. They harassed Mackenzie's family and employees, destroyed the printing press and threw its

2082: 765:

office. On March 23, 1832, Mackenzie's effigy was carried around York and burned outside the

372:, granted Mackenzie amnesty in 1849 and he returned to Canada. He represented the constituency of 9255: 9230: 9226: 9084: 8994: 8939: 8889: 8864: 8794: 8739: 8165: 7980: 7826: 7797: 7450: 3060: 2860: 2850: 2815: 2531: 2177: 1768: 1680: 1441:

in their constituencies while winning his own election in Haldimand County with 63% of the vote.

960: 887: 622: 584: 9169: 8264:

McGinn, Dave (October 10, 2008). "Exposure urged for rebels with a cause; Queen's Park Statue".

1444:

Mackenzie refused to participate in the 1852 negotiations to merge the Reform movement with the

1352:

In 1849 there were revolutionary movements in Europe, including one for an independent Ireland.

1164:

The trial for Mackenzie's violation of American neutrality laws began on June 19, 1839; he

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Mackenzie worked for several publishers but refused to accept a job as an editor. He became an

1112: 1085: 968: 940: 916: 748:

Mackenzie won the second by-election on January 30 with 628 votes against two opponents—a

658: 536: 357: 321: 117: 7371: 7327: 7311: 7295: 7267: 7198: 7182: 7115: 7030: 6986: 6821: 6766: 6750: 6620: 6573: 6557: 6526: 6510: 6478: 6462: 6384: 6365: 6349: 6330: 6314: 6298: 6282: 6266: 6250: 6222: 6188: 6172: 6156: 6140: 6124: 6092: 6076: 6044: 6000: 5984: 5968: 5952: 5936: 5920: 5872: 5856: 5819: 5803: 5771: 5755: 5723: 5707: 5676: 4759: 4476: 4417: 4386: 4337: 4306: 4290: 4274: 4258: 4242: 4226: 4130: 4066: 3990: 3914: 3874: 3819: 3772: 3675: 3647: 3555: 1984: 1530: 9308: 9029: 8999: 8989: 8904: 8879: 8859: 8824: 8799: 8720: 7557: 7099: 7002: 6856: 6837: 5888: 5641: 5589: 5542: 5511: 5495: 5479: 5463: 5435: 5407: 5391: 5363: 5347: 5331: 5315: 5281: 5265: 5249: 5233: 5150: 3524: 3484: 3291: 3279: 2915: 2737: 2551: 2432: 2044: 2024: 1934: 1778: 1660: 1464: 1081: 964: 531:

The partnership between the Lesslies and Mackenzie ended in 1823. Mackenzie moved in 1824 to

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The Life and Times of Martin Van Buren: the Correspondence of his Friends, Family and Pupils

3136:

for employment and services and opposed creating an established church within Upper Canada.

1294:. This book criticized Van Buren and contained Mackenzie's commentary on American politics. 879: 569:

ordered the capsule's removal a few days after it was placed in the monument because of the

9348: 9343: 9059: 8969: 8844: 3263:. In 1976, Rick Salutin wrote a play about Mackenzie and the Upper Canada Rebellion called 3107: 3040: 2900: 2642: 2581: 1944: 1866: 1773: 1740: 1614: 758: 740:

and called the legislature a "sycophantic office". For this, the assembly expelled him for

665: 425: 424:

for a parish grammar school in Dundee. When he was eleven, he used the reading room of the

309: 94: 1554:

fundraise. He was unsuccessful so he cancelled his trip and returned to Toronto. He wrote

1227:

While imprisoned, Mackenzie's mother became sick. He was denied permission to see her, so

8: 9054: 8964: 8839: 8696: 3256: 3248: 2875: 2820: 2742: 2652: 2541: 2054: 1836: 1826: 1821: 1710: 1365: 1292:

Life and Times of Martin Van Buren: The Correspondence of His Friends, Family, and Pupils

1148: 878:, Mackenzie's York County constituency was split into four, each new section (known as a 550: 7984: 1361:

amnesty bill in the Canadian Legislature in 1849 allowed Mackenzie to return to Canada.

557:. Mackenzie sealed a capsule within the memorial's stonework containing an issue of the 9316: 9298: 9234: 9044: 9004: 8979: 8665: 8657: 8453: 8277: 8244: 8053: 7879: 7791: 7656: 7648: 7601: 7549: 3315: 2956: 2930: 2772: 2762: 2732: 2687: 2632: 2618: 2481: 2422: 2197: 2112: 1831: 1570: 1438: 1342: 1093: 654: 566: 488: 406: 365: 336: 212: 3354: 9064: 8929: 8899: 8874: 8834: 8669: 8649: 8581: 8557: 8526: 8457: 8445: 8404: 8377: 8334: 8293: 8236: 8195: 8169: 8140: 8130: 8112: 8087: 8081: 8059: 7994: 7941: 7918: 7883: 7871: 7830: 7801: 7772: 7762: 7744: 7734: 7718: 7660: 7631: 7607: 7582: 7553: 7541: 3395: 3386: 3362: 3271: 3124: 3063:. Armstrong described Mackenzie in the 1850s as politically left of the Clear Grits. 3052: 2967: 2940: 2717: 2657: 2637: 2521: 2292: 2202: 1954: 1851: 1639: 1522: 1426: 1119: 1065: 1026: 952: 911: 848: 754: 681: 677: 657:'s painting of the third Parliament Building in York, built between 1829 and 1832 at 579:

In November 1824, Mackenzie relocated the paper and his family to York. Although the

541: 341: 7574: 7456: 2237: 1695: 8729: 8641: 8516: 8437: 8367: 8324: 8275:

Platiel, Ruby (June 15, 1996). "Viewing presses of the past with W. L. Mackenzie".

8228: 8177: 8097: 8077: 8069: 8004: 7908: 7863: 7811: 7710: 7640: 7617: 7592: 7533: 3212: 3076: 2950: 2910: 2627: 2461: 2367: 2267: 2252: 2162: 2092: 1999: 1994: 1969: 1876: 1856: 1841: 1700: 1596: 1413: 1311: 1264: 1232: 859: 770: 441:(equivalent to £59 in 2023) to the church. A recession followed the end of the 373: 361: 131: 69: 2282: 2192: 650: 8949: 8914: 8575: 8547: 8398: 8287: 8189: 8159: 8134: 8106: 8055:

The Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion: Canadian Participation in the Spanish Civil War

8013: 7935: 7820: 7766: 7738: 7561: 3417:

List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States

3228: 3224: 3128: 3102: 2990: 2682: 2667: 2307: 2187: 2147: 2122: 2102: 2049: 2034: 1886: 1881: 1750: 1745: 1735: 1690: 1665: 1546: 1368:

and Toronto. He returned to New York on April 4 and documented his visit in

1105: 1029:, to help with the rebellion. Mackenzie also sent a letter to a newspaper called 867: 725: 618: 504: 483: 442: 417: 3204: 2087: 1914: 9272: 9264: 8829: 8819: 8804: 7990: 3133: 3119: 3048: 2920: 2647: 2613: 2412: 2402: 2357: 2317: 2312: 2257: 2247: 2242: 2227: 2157: 2142: 2127: 2117: 2029: 1929: 1919: 1909: 1434: 1302: 1123: 1097: 1014: 398: 301: 9399:

Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West

8173: 7913: 7519: 2212: 731: 461:

A portrait of Isabel Mackenzie (née Baxter), Mackenzie's wife, painted in 1850

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distribute funds from their sale to municipalities. He wanted to abolish a

2427: 2407: 2392: 2352: 2337: 2297: 2232: 2217: 2107: 2009: 1675: 1574: 1480: 1275: 988: 977: 863: 721: 614: 369: 305: 9159: 8441: 8423: 7929:

from the original on January 5, 2021 – via Scholars Portal Journals.

7867: 7849: 3380:

The Sons of the Emerald Isle, or Lives of One Thousand Remarkable Irishmen

3278:, naming it after Mackenzie and the leader of the Lower Canada Rebellion, 9294: 9149: 9129: 9109: 9104: 9039: 9019: 9009: 8869: 8628:"'Lawless Law': Conservative Political Violence in Upper Canada, 1818–41" 8571: 8027:"Once Upon A City: Toronto's original firebrand leaves 'spirited' legacy" 7714: 3378: 3346: 3338: 3330: 3064: 2905: 2442: 2382: 2332: 2277: 2072: 2004: 1730: 1725: 1529:

administration. When the government was defeated, he supported the Brown–

1515: 1445: 1430: 1400: 1089: 1058: 717: 554: 492: 325: 196: 7652: 7626: 2985: 640: 47: 8083:

The Firebrand: William Lyon Mackenzie and the Rebellion in Upper Canada

7537: 3310: 3308:, was written in Mackenzie's persona. Shawn Micallef, a journalist for 3283: 2945: 2935: 2397: 2362: 2287: 2272: 2207: 2132: 2077: 1979: 1924: 1803: 1788: 1491:

In 1855, Mackenzie's health deteriorated and in February he closed the

1283: 1022: 774: 600: 8661: 8627: 8521: 8372: 8329: 8248: 8214: 1274:

In July 1844, Mackenzie was nominated as an inspector at the New York

1072:

interpreted the speech as a rallying cry for help with the rebellion.

9144: 9049: 9024: 7644: 3044: 2417: 2097: 1793: 1685: 899: 890:

because of its debt and to devote more time to his political career.

565:, some coins, and an inscription he had written. Lieutenant governor 532: 449:. He spent most of his money on wild behaviour and became a gambler. 388: 16:

Scottish-born Canadian-American journalist and politician (1795–1861)

8747: 8538: 8389: 8346: 7726: 1549:, built by the Homestead Fund to support Mackenzie in his retirement 1267:

in April 1843. He wrote a biography of 500 Irish patriots entitled,

1036: 9139: 8645: 8232: 7565: 2262: 2019: 1783: 1720: 827: 503:

under the pseudonym Mercator. The Lesslies opened a second shop in

496: 474: 466: 410: 3127:

to proselytize to indigenous communities in Upper Canada, causing

1542: 1332:

After the Upper Canada Rebellion, British colonial officials sent

9199: 1373: 843: 617:, the letters a printing press uses to print documents, into the 421: 201: 192: 1562:

on September 15, 1860, because of a lack of subscriptions.

1256:

and printed articles criticising Canadian Tory legislators. The

851:

for the election, and he received the fewest votes in his ward.

9454:

Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government

3301: 1939: 1341:

and recommended that Upper and Lower Canada be merged into the

1236: 1134: 919:

defeating Mackenzie to represent the 2nd Riding of York in the

511:

Montreal on July 1, 1822, and they had thirteen children.

457: 409:. His mother, Elizabeth Chambers (née Mackenzie), a weaver and 394: 332: 175: 7937:

After the Rebellion: The Later Years of William Lyon Mackenzie

5652: 5650: 4985: 4983: 3435:

The last name is also spelled McKenzie, MacKenzie or M'Kenzie.

692:, the company's financial agent, and its close links with the 438: 8677: 8256: 7664: 7418: 7416: 4616: 4614: 4362: 4360: 4358: 3724: 3722: 3720: 1288:

Lives and Opinions of Benjamin Franklin Butler and Jesse Hoyt

1142:

Mackenzie and his wife arrived in New York City and launched

995: 741: 635:

The History of the Destruction of the Colonial Advocate Press

434: 4539: 4537: 3497: 3495: 3493: 1052: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6537: 6535: 3300:

in 1964. "The Rebel Mayor", a Twitter account which posted

1096:

on the island, declared Upper Canada's separation from the

732:

Expulsions, re-elections, and appeal to the Colonial Office

605:

In the spring of 1826, Mackenzie published articles in the

393:

William Lyon Mackenzie was born on March 12, 1795, in

8577:

Mackenzie: A Political Biography of William Lyon Mackenzie

7413: 7160: 7126: 7124: 7060: 6777: 6775: 6600: 6598: 5168: 5156: 5015: 4936: 4896: 1297:

In October 1845, Mackenzie published the second volume of

7273: 7216: 7204: 6626: 6199: 6197: 5687: 5685: 5619: 5413: 5292: 5290: 4718: 4534: 4522: 4494: 4482: 4392: 4032: 3996: 3968: 3932: 1129: 383: 8289:

Muddy York Mud: Scandal & Scurrility in Upper Canada

7674:"City's coldest job falls to Toronto Fire's icebreakers" 7401: 7333: 7228: 6927: 6925: 6886: 6862: 6723: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6638: 6532: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5522: 5520: 5213: 5211: 4554: 4552: 4456: 4454: 4096: 3944: 625:

to represent him in a civil suit against eight rioters.

473:. When Mackenzie arrived in North America, he worked in 8220:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

7627:"The Patriot War of 1837–1838: Locofocoism with a Gun?" 7471: 7148: 7121: 6966: 6964: 6949: 6937: 6910: 6799: 6772: 6650: 6595: 6430: 6428: 4858: 4856: 4735: 4733: 4409: 4407: 4317: 4315: 4176: 3920: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3811: 3809: 3681: 3653: 3627: 3625: 3596: 3594: 3592: 1305:

hired him to go to Albany, New York, and report on the

645: 7986:

Mrs. King: the life and times of Isabel Mackenzie King

7957:"Revealed: The true identity of Twitter's Rebel Mayor" 7699:"Lawless Lawyers: Indigeneity, Civility, and Violence" 7603:

A Darkened House: Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Canada

7428: 6440: 6228: 6194: 6006: 5682: 5595: 5287: 5196: 5059: 4908: 4884: 4872: 3547: 3545: 2619: 1210:

affair for the cover. He also published issues of the

8469:

Russel, Victor L.; Raymond, Katrine (March 4, 2015).

7581:. Vol. 9. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 7389: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7240: 7136: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7072: 7048: 7008: 6922: 6898: 6787: 6695: 6662: 6376: 6374: 6341: 6339: 6214: 6212: 5607: 5581: 5579: 5564: 5517: 5441: 5369: 5307: 5305: 5208: 5142: 5140: 5138: 4841: 4813: 4642: 4630: 4581: 4579: 4564: 4549: 4451: 4439: 4343: 4108: 4072: 4044: 3516: 3514: 930: 736:

Mackenzie criticized the Legislative Assembly in the

641:

Reform member of the Legislative Assembly (1827–1834)

27:. For the prime minister (Mackenzie's grandson), see 7036: 6961: 6874: 6848: 6846: 6425: 6411: 6409: 4312: 4204: 4148: 4136: 4084: 4020: 4008: 3956: 3892: 3852: 3825: 3794: 3750: 3738: 3705: 3693: 3622: 3589: 3462: 816: 523: 7483: 3880: 3561: 3530: 3083:Mackenzie wanted the Canadian colonies to keep the 1537: 716:During a legislative break, Mackenzie travelled to 507:, and Mackenzie moved there to become its manager. 9409:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) 8493: 7573:Armstrong, Frederick H.; Stagg, Ronald J. (1976). 7495: 7462: 7377: 1518:(formerly known as Lower Canada) and Canada West. 1372:. Horace Greeley hired Mackenzie to assemble Whig 397:, Scotland. Both of his grandfathers were part of 389:Background, early years in Scotland, and education 8676:from the original on January 5, 2021 – via 8537:from the original on January 5, 2021 – via 8403:. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada. 8388:from the original on January 5, 2021 – via 8345:from the original on January 5, 2021 – via 8255:from the original on January 5, 2021 – via 3071:entendres. Rasporich described his editorials on 1625: 1505:in August 1855. In December 1855, he revived the 1092:on December 14 and Mackenzie proclaimed the 339:, in 1820. He published his first newspaper, the 9335: 8136:The History of Canada: Canada under British rule 7822:William Lyon Mackenzie – Rebel Against Authority 3101:Elizabeth Mackenzie gave her son a Presbyterian 9424:Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario 8215:"The Political Ideas of William Lyon Mackenzie" 7901:Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada 3364:Mackenzie's Own Narrative of the Late Rebellion 1327: 1322: 7850:"The Decided Policy of William Lyon Mackenzie" 7572: 6104: 5656: 4989: 4660: 4620: 4366: 4194: 4166: 3728: 3501: 1084:would bring respectability to their campaign, 1068:, Buffalo's mayor, and a newspaper called the 866:'s "Mackenzie Panels" (1938) in the garden of 9201:Members of the Reform Movement (Upper Canada) 9185: 8763: 8468: 7520:"William Lyon Mackenzie: the persistent hero" 7422: 3404:Almanac for Independence and Freedom for 1860 3008: 1556:Almanac for Independence and Freedom for 1860 688:Company, denouncing the financing methods of 487:as a journalist. Later that year he moved to 8424:"William Lyon Mackenzie as Mayor of Toronto" 7793:Political unrest in Upper Canada, 1815–1836; 1395: 9419:Recipients of American presidential pardons 7696: 4002: 3974: 3938: 3288:William Lyon Mackenzie Collegiate Institute 491:, and the Lesslie family employed him at a 304:, a term used to identify elite members of 25:William Lyon Mackenzie Collegiate Institute 9192: 9178: 8770: 8756: 8545: 8502: 7671: 7477: 7279: 6632: 4942: 4543: 4102: 3950: 3223:Mackenzie's last home was designated as a 3015: 3001: 1358:Governor-General of the Province of Canada 1033:asking for troops from the United States. 996:Rebellion and retreat to the United States 553:, a British major-general who died in the 46: 8520: 8396: 8371: 8328: 8129: 7912: 7768:The Story of the Upper Canadian Rebellion 7740:The Story of the Upper Canadian Rebellion 7517: 7407: 7339: 7130: 6943: 6892: 6868: 6781: 6762: 6746: 6734: 6656: 6644: 6616: 6604: 6541: 3051:in 1829. One of Mackenzie's biographers, 1104:, was destroyed by British forces in the 1053:Attempted invasion from the United States 499:business. He wrote articles for the York 8076: 7624: 7606:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 7351: 7166: 7154: 6982: 6805: 6585: 6569: 6458: 6396: 6056: 6024: 5900: 5836: 5783: 5735: 5554: 5186: 5125: 5109: 5093: 5077: 5049: 5033: 5005: 4970: 4954: 4926: 4862: 4831: 4803: 4787: 4771: 4739: 4708: 4692: 4676: 4601: 4512: 4472: 4429: 4413: 4382: 4333: 4302: 4286: 4270: 4254: 4238: 4222: 4126: 4062: 3986: 3910: 3870: 3815: 3768: 3671: 3643: 3551: 3348:Sketches of Canada and the United States 3203: 3165: 3161: 1601:Sketches of Canada and the United States 1541: 1477:5th Parliament of the Province of Canada 1463: 1399: 1307:New York State Constitutional Convention 1278:, but this was withdrawn after American 1185: 1156:in Rochester on February 23, 1839. 1035: 858: 842:In July 1834, Toronto declared a second 795:Sketches of Canada and the United States 649: 456: 452: 9449:19th-century mayors of places in Canada 9429:Scottish emigrants to the United States 8274: 8184: 8157: 7771:. Vol. 2. Toronto: C.B. Robinson. 7743:. Vol. 1. Toronto: C.B. Robinson. 7672:Chown Oved, Marco (February 24, 2015). 7434: 6713: 6553: 4755: 3520: 3290:after students suggested the name. The 3170:Mackenzie's grave at Toronto Necropolis 2572:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 1630: 1159: 1049:and entered the United States by boat. 1021:Mackenzie spent the next day robbing a 127:Province of Canada Legislative Assembly 9336: 8625: 8598: 8570: 8421: 8353: 8310: 8292:. Creemore, Ontario: Curiosity House. 8285: 8263: 8212: 8194:. Vol. 1. Toronto: P.R. Randall. 8161:Mackenzie, Baldwin, LaFontaine, Hincks 7789: 7599: 7489: 7395: 7234: 7078: 7066: 7054: 7042: 7014: 6970: 6931: 6880: 6793: 6701: 6685: 6490: 6446: 6434: 6234: 6203: 6012: 5691: 5601: 5570: 5296: 5202: 5174: 5162: 5065: 5021: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4847: 4819: 4724: 4648: 4636: 4585: 4570: 4558: 4528: 4500: 4488: 4460: 4445: 4398: 4349: 4321: 4210: 4182: 4154: 4142: 4114: 4090: 4078: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4014: 3962: 3926: 3898: 3886: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3800: 3756: 3744: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3659: 3631: 3600: 3567: 3536: 3468: 3215:of William Lyon Mackenzie outside the 1592:The Life and Times of Martin Van Buren 1370:A Winter's Journey through the Canadas 1130:Years in the United States (1838–1849) 854: 384:Early life and immigration (1795–1824) 368:, formed from the merger of Upper and 9173: 8777: 8751: 8594:from the original on January 5, 2021. 8417:from the original on January 5, 2021. 8306:from the original on January 5, 2021. 8208:from the original on January 5, 2021. 8153:from the original on January 5, 2021. 8139:. Toronto: Roswell & Hutchinson. 8125:from the original on January 5, 2021. 8024: 8014:"The Reform Movement in Upper Canada" 8011: 7954: 7933: 7894: 7847: 7843:from the original on January 5, 2021. 7818: 7785:from the original on January 5, 2021. 7761: 7757:from the original on January 5, 2021. 7733: 7501: 7383: 7367: 7323: 7307: 7291: 7263: 7246: 7222: 7210: 7194: 7178: 7142: 7111: 7095: 7026: 6998: 6955: 6916: 6904: 6817: 6673: 6522: 6506: 6474: 6380: 6361: 6345: 6326: 6310: 6294: 6278: 6262: 6246: 6218: 6184: 6168: 6152: 6136: 6120: 6088: 6072: 6040: 5996: 5980: 5964: 5948: 5932: 5916: 5884: 5868: 5852: 5815: 5799: 5767: 5751: 5719: 5703: 5672: 5637: 5625: 5613: 5585: 5538: 5526: 5507: 5491: 5475: 5459: 5447: 5431: 5419: 5403: 5387: 5375: 5359: 5343: 5327: 5311: 5277: 5261: 5245: 5229: 5217: 5146: 3480: 2723:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2663:Spanish American wars of independence 1319:until his resignation in April 1848. 839:into a southern wing of the complex. 821: 576:s critical stance of the government. 8481:from the original on January 5, 2021 8111:. Toronto: J. Murray & Company. 8104: 8051: 8039:from the original on January 5, 2021 7979: 7684:from the original on January 5, 2021 7446: 6852: 6833: 6415: 3784: 3612: 3579: 3139: 1194:, drawn by Mackenzie, depicting the 646:Election to the Legislative Assembly 314:Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada 245: 8025:Hauch, Valerie (January 12, 2017). 3282:. In 1960, Southview Collegiate in 2492:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 1242: 786:Secretary of State for the Colonies 710:Legislative Council of Upper Canada 698:lieutenant governor of Upper Canada 519:and early years in York (1823–1827) 335:, Scotland, Mackenzie emigrated to 13: 8580:. Toronto: James Lorimer Limited. 7577:. In Halpenny, Francess G. (ed.). 3340:Catechism of Education: Part First 3096: 3085:Constitution of the United Kingdom 931:Upper Canada Rebellion (1837–1838) 793:constituents. Mackenzie published 678:officials who administer elections 14: 9465: 8686: 7955:Grant, Kelly (November 5, 2020). 3055:, said his policies aligned with 1337:to the British government as the 910:When the new lieutenant governor 817:Upper Canada politics (1834–1836) 296:12, 1795 – August 90:Upper Canada Legislative Assembly 21:William Lyon Mackenzie (fireboat) 9158: 8693:Mackenzie – Lindsey family fonds 8494:"School Named After Mackenzie". 7579:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 7518:Armstrong, Frederick H. (1971). 2984: 2512:Discourses Concerning Government 1584: 1538:Later life and death (1858–1861) 1075:On December 12, Mackenzie asked 708:legislature, mostly because the 696:, the advisory committee to the 439:thirteen shillings and fourpence 275: 3306:Toronto's 2010 mayoral election 3274:Canadian volunteers formed the 3251:included Mackenzie in his poem 3245:Legislative Assembly of Ontario 3217:Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2778:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 1315:. He continued to work for the 1181: 876:12th Parliament of Upper Canada 720:and met with Reform leaders in 705:11th Parliament of Upper Canada 670:10th Parliament of Upper Canada 241: 8498:. October 12, 1960. p. 8. 8397:Rasporich, Anthony W. (1972). 7510: 3438: 3429: 2713:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 2693:German Revolution of 1918–1919 1626:Political philosophy and views 547:Upper Canadian Reform movement 1: 9444:Burials at Toronto Necropolis 9439:Upper Canada Rebellion people 8108:The Other Side of the "Story" 7697:Davis-Fisch, Heather (2014). 3451: 3181:The Other Side of the "Story" 1457:, which he later renamed the 1002:Battle of Montgomery's Tavern 874:In the 1834 election for the 594: 447:Kennet and Avon Canal Company 351:Battle of Montgomery's Tavern 53: 8599:Sufrin, Jon (May 20, 2010). 8354:Raible, Christopher (2016). 3456: 3276:Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion 3199: 3118:Mackenzie initially praised 2963:Republic without republicans 2708:11 September 1922 Revolution 2703:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 1328:Amnesty and return to Canada 1323:Return to Canada (1849–1858) 1299:The Sons of the Emerald Isle 1269:The Sons of the Emerald Isle 1216:1840 United States elections 1031:The Buffalo Whig and Journal 7: 8554:University of Toronto Press 8546:Schrauwers, Albert (2009). 8503:Schrauwers, Albert (2007). 8058:. Toronto: The Copp Clark. 7525:Journal of Canadian Studies 3410: 3259:called Mackenzie a hero in 2698:Turkish War of Independence 2620: 1247:After a summer hiatus, the 985:declaration of independence 945: 320:. He led the rebels in the 29:William Lyon Mackenzie King 23:. For the high school, see 10: 9470: 9379:Immigrants to Lower Canada 8429:Canadian Historical Review 8012:Hamil, Fred Coyne (1967). 7934:Gates, Lillian F. (1996). 7895:Gates, Lillian F. (1986). 7855:Canadian Historical Review 7848:Gates, Lillian F. (1959). 7703:Theatre Research in Canada 6105:Armstrong & Stagg 1976 5657:Armstrong & Stagg 1976 4990:Armstrong & Stagg 1976 4661:Armstrong & Stagg 1976 4621:Armstrong & Stagg 1976 4367:Armstrong & Stagg 1976 4195:Armstrong & Stagg 1976 4167:Armstrong & Stagg 1976 3729:Armstrong & Stagg 1976 3502:Armstrong & Stagg 1976 3304:comments on candidates in 3183:. A manuscript written by 2753:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 2502:The Commonwealth of Oceana 1455:Mackenzie's Weekly Message 1082:Van Rensselaer family name 1056: 999: 934: 598: 433:In 1813, William moved to 18: 9359:Canadian male journalists 9354:American male journalists 9207: 9156: 8785: 8736: 8727: 8709: 8704: 8475:The Canadian Encyclopedia 8158:Leacock, Stephen (1926). 8086:. Toronto: Clark, Irwin. 7914:10.33137/pbsc.v25i1.17628 7625:Bonthius, Andrew (2003). 7600:Bilson, Geoffrey (1980). 7575:"Mackenzie, William Lyon" 7423:Russel & Raymond 2015 3265:1837: The Farmers' Revolt 3156: 2926:The Emperor's New Clothes 2678:5 October 1910 revolution 2673:French Revolution of 1848 1696:Liberty as non-domination 1412:, the representative for 1396:Return to the Legislature 1206:and drew an image of the 1135:Support for Patriots and 1077:Rensselaer Van Rensselaer 283: 271: 263: 255: 228: 218: 208: 182: 169: 164: 160: 148: 137: 123: 111: 100: 86: 75: 67: 63: 45: 38: 9389:Journalists from Ontario 9374:Canadian theatre critics 9369:Canadian revolutionaries 8471:"William Lyon Mackenzie" 7798:McClelland & Stewart 3422: 3324: 2768:1987 Fijian coups d'état 2728:1952 Egyptian revolution 1706:Political representation 1479:, Mackenzie opposed the 703:In the election for the 690:William Hamilton Merritt 9414:Politicians from Dundee 9384:Journalists from Dundee 9256:Marshall Spring Bidwell 8740:Robert Baldwin Sullivan 8166:Oxford University Press 7827:Oxford University Press 7790:Dunham, Aileen (1963). 2748:1969 Libyan coup d'état 2532:Discourse on Inequality 1681:Consent of the governed 1581:, and his descendants. 1495:. He wrote columns for 1384:and contributed to the 1378:Business Men's Almanack 1254:The Rochester Volunteer 937:Rebellions of 1837–1838 623:Marshall Spring Bidwell 585:James Buchanan Macaulay 551:memorial to Isaac Brock 9269:William Warren Baldwin 9219:William Lyon Mackenzie 8633:Law and History Review 8626:Wilton, Carol (1995). 8400:William Lyon Mackenzie 8311:Raible, Chris (2008). 8286:Raible, Chris (1992). 8213:MacKay, R. A. (1937). 8018:Profiles of a Province 3297:William Lyon Mackenzie 3237:Walter Seymour Allward 3235:which was sculpted by 3220: 3209:Walter Seymour Allward 3185:William Dawson LeSueur 3171: 3090:responsible government 3047:faction after meeting 1550: 1493:Toronto Weekly Message 1472: 1469:Toronto Weekly Message 1459:Toronto Weekly Message 1405: 1404:Mackenzie in the 1850s 1199: 1041: 969:Lower Canada Rebellion 941:Upper Canada Rebellion 917:Edward William Thomson 871: 661: 477:for the owners of the 462: 322:Upper Canada Rebellion 290:William Lyon Mackenzie 267:Journalist, politician 118:Edward William Thomson 40:William Lyon Mackenzie 19:For the fireboat, see 8721:Home District Council 8442:10.3138/CHR-056-04-02 8422:Romney, Paul (1975). 8052:Hoar, Victor (1969). 7868:10.3138/CHR-040-03-01 7819:Flint, David (1971). 3372:The Caroline Almanack 3294:named a fireboat the 3292:Toronto Fire Services 3280:Louis-Joseph Papineau 3233:monument to Mackenzie 3207: 3169: 3162:Historical reputation 2916:Criticism of monarchy 2738:North Yemen civil war 2552:The Federalist Papers 1847:Federal parliamentary 1545: 1534:without an election. 1499:until it merged with 1467: 1403: 1349:ministry was formed. 1204:The Caroline Almanack 1192:The Caroline Almanack 1189: 1094:State of Upper Canada 1070:Commercial Advertiser 1039: 965:Thomas David Morrison 959:He tried to convince 862: 832:Toronto's first mayor 653: 460: 453:Early years in Canada 403:Charles Edward Stuart 9434:Scottish journalists 9364:Canadian republicans 9231:William John O'Grady 7940:. Toronto: Dundurn. 7715:10.3138/tric.35.1.31 3321:, created the feed. 3108:Age of Enlightenment 2901:Classical radicalism 2643:Republic of Florence 2582:Democracy in America 1741:Separation of powers 1716:Public participation 1631:Political philosophy 1606:Kilbourn stated the 1190:The cover image for 1160:Neutrality law trial 888:William John O'Grady 802:Edward Smith-Stanley 759:William Johnson Kerr 668:constituency in the 563:Upper Canada Gazette 505:Dundas, Upper Canada 481:as a bookkeeper and 8719:as Chairman of the 8713:Alexander Macdonell 8697:Archives of Ontario 8105:King, John (1886). 7967:on November 9, 2010 7225:, pp. 203–204. 7213:, pp. 188–189. 7069:, pp. 101–102. 5628:, pp. 134–135. 5422:, pp. 127–128. 5177:, pp. 158–159. 5165:, pp. 133–134. 5024:, pp. 153–154. 4905:, pp. 133–134. 4727:, pp. 123–124. 4531:, pp. 422–423. 4503:, pp. 112–113. 4491:, pp. 104–105. 4401:, pp. 102–103. 4041:, pp. 103–104. 3261:The Mackenzie Poems 3257:John Robert Colombo 3041:Jacksonian democrat 2991:Politics portal 2796:Antigua and Barbuda 2743:Zanzibar Revolution 2653:American Revolution 2542:The Social Contract 1711:Popular sovereignty 1166:represented himself 1154:Mackenzie's Gazette 1144:Mackenzie's Gazette 1137:Mackenzie's Gazette 855:Provincial politics 484:The Montreal Herald 418:Presbyterian church 9404:People from Dundee 9317:James Hervey Price 9309:Thomas D. Morrison 9299:Anthony Van Egmond 9235:Henry John Boulton 9213: 8705:Political offices 8496:Toronto Daily Star 8278:The Globe and Mail 8131:Kingsford, William 7961:The Globe and Mail 7763:Dent, John Charles 7735:Dent, John Charles 7538:10.3138/jcs.6.3.21 7464:Toronto Daily Star 3221: 3172: 3057:Conservative Party 2957:Primus inter pares 2773:Nepalese Civil War 2763:Iranian Revolution 2733:14 July Revolution 2688:Russian Revolution 2683:Chinese Revolution 2633:Republic of Venice 2482:Discourses on Livy 1571:Toronto Necropolis 1551: 1509:and published the 1473: 1439:James Hervey Price 1406: 1343:Province of Canada 1200: 1042: 987:and printed it at 983:Mackenzie wrote a 872: 822:Municipal politics 662: 655:John George Howard 621:. Mackenzie hired 567:Peregrine Maitland 489:York, Upper Canada 463: 407:Battle of Culloden 366:Province of Canada 337:York, Upper Canada 213:Toronto Necropolis 9394:Mayors of Toronto 9331: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9167: 9166: 8779:Mayors of Toronto 8746: 8745: 8737:Succeeded by 8725: 8587:978-1-5502-8767-7 8563:978-0-8020-9927-3 8522:10.7202/1065739ar 8410:978-0-03-925859-7 8373:10.7202/1050592ar 8330:10.7202/1065725ar 8299:978-0-9696418-0-3 8201:978-0-665-41315-5 8146:978-0-665-94039-2 8118:978-0-665-07822-4 8093:978-1-77070-324-7 8078:Kilbourn, William 8065:978-0-7735-8257-6 8000:978-0-14-025367-2 7947:978-1-55488-069-0 7836:978-0-19-540184-4 7807:978-0-7735-9122-6 7778:978-3-337-18647-0 7750:978-3-337-18647-0 7632:Labour/Le Travail 7613:978-0-8020-2367-4 7588:978-0-8020-3320-8 7237:, pp. 17–18. 7169:, pp. 27–28. 6958:, pp. 14–15. 6919:, pp. 11–12. 4185:, pp. 85–86. 3929:, pp. 22–25. 3849:, pp. 41–43. 3690:, pp. 18–19. 3662:, pp. 32–33. 3272:Spanish Civil War 3140:Economic policies 3053:John Charles Dent 3033:Colonial Advocate 3025: 3024: 2968:Republican empire 2941:List of republics 2790:National variants 2718:Spanish Civil War 2658:French Revolution 2638:Republic of Genoa 2522:The Spirit of Law 2455:Theoretical works 1799:Neo-republicanism 1608:Colonial Advocate 1427:Court of Chancery 1408:In February 1851 1066:Josiah Trowbridge 1027:Buffalo, New York 912:Francis Bond Head 905:The Welland Canal 806:Colonial Advocate 767:Colonial Advocate 763:Colonial Advocate 738:Colonial Advocate 694:Executive Council 682:Church of England 631:Colonial Advocate 611:Colonial Advocate 607:Colonial Advocate 589:Colonial Advocate 581:Colonial Advocate 571:Colonial Advocate 559:Colonial Advocate 542:Colonial Advocate 526:Colonial Advocate 517:Colonial Advocate 427:Dundee Advertiser 342:Colonial Advocate 316:and aligned with 308:. He represented 287: 286: 9461: 9277:Charles Duncombe 9210: 9209: 9194: 9187: 9180: 9171: 9170: 9162: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8749: 8748: 8730:Mayor of Toronto 8716: 8710:Preceded by 8702: 8701: 8681: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8613:on July 17, 2012 8609:. Archived from 8595: 8567: 8542: 8524: 8499: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8465: 8418: 8393: 8375: 8350: 8332: 8307: 8282: 8271: 8260: 8209: 8186:Lindsey, Charles 8181: 8178:Internet Archive 8154: 8126: 8101: 8098:Internet Archive 8073: 8070:Internet Archive 8048: 8046: 8044: 8021: 8008: 8005:Internet Archive 7976: 7974: 7972: 7963:. Archived from 7951: 7930: 7916: 7891: 7844: 7815: 7812:Internet Archive 7786: 7758: 7730: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7668: 7645:10.2307/25149383 7621: 7618:Internet Archive 7596: 7593:Internet Archive 7569: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7460: 7454: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7365: 7359: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7321: 7315: 7305: 7299: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7261: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7192: 7186: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7119: 7109: 7103: 7093: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 6996: 6990: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6850: 6841: 6831: 6825: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6770: 6760: 6754: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6721: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6593: 6583: 6577: 6567: 6561: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6530: 6520: 6514: 6504: 6498: 6488: 6482: 6472: 6466: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6423: 6413: 6404: 6394: 6388: 6378: 6369: 6359: 6353: 6343: 6334: 6324: 6318: 6308: 6302: 6292: 6286: 6276: 6270: 6260: 6254: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6216: 6207: 6201: 6192: 6182: 6176: 6166: 6160: 6150: 6144: 6134: 6128: 6118: 6112: 6102: 6096: 6086: 6080: 6070: 6064: 6054: 6048: 6038: 6032: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5994: 5988: 5978: 5972: 5962: 5956: 5946: 5940: 5930: 5924: 5914: 5908: 5898: 5892: 5882: 5876: 5866: 5860: 5850: 5844: 5834: 5823: 5813: 5807: 5797: 5791: 5781: 5775: 5765: 5759: 5749: 5743: 5733: 5727: 5717: 5711: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5680: 5670: 5664: 5654: 5645: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5583: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5552: 5546: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5515: 5505: 5499: 5489: 5483: 5473: 5467: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5401: 5395: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5357: 5351: 5341: 5335: 5325: 5319: 5309: 5300: 5294: 5285: 5275: 5269: 5259: 5253: 5243: 5237: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5144: 5133: 5123: 5117: 5107: 5101: 5091: 5085: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5047: 5041: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5003: 4997: 4987: 4978: 4968: 4962: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4860: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4801: 4795: 4785: 4779: 4769: 4763: 4753: 4747: 4737: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4706: 4700: 4690: 4684: 4674: 4668: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4618: 4609: 4599: 4593: 4583: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4547: 4541: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4427: 4421: 4411: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4380: 4374: 4364: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4310: 4300: 4294: 4284: 4278: 4268: 4262: 4252: 4246: 4236: 4230: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4003:Davis-Fisch 2014 4000: 3994: 3984: 3978: 3975:Davis-Fisch 2014 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3939:Davis-Fisch 2014 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3823: 3813: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3782: 3776: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3726: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3620: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3587: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3549: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3518: 3509: 3499: 3488: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3189:Makers of Canada 3077:French Canadians 3017: 3010: 3003: 2989: 2988: 2973:Republican Party 2951:Peasant republic 2911:Communitarianism 2628:Classical Athens 2623: 2597: 2587: 2577: 2567: 2557: 2547: 2537: 2527: 2517: 2507: 2497: 2487: 2477: 2467: 1701:Mixed government 1635: 1634: 1619:The Constitution 1617:". He described 1612: 1597:William Kilbourn 1573:. A twelve-foot 1568: 1511:Reader's Almanac 1424: 1414:Haldimand County 1390:The Niagara Mail 1312:New-York Tribune 1265:American citizen 1243:After the pardon 1233:Martin Van Buren 974:Anthony Anderson 771:James FitzGibbon 575: 524:Creation of the 379: 374:Haldimand County 362:Martin Van Buren 299: 295: 279: 249: 247: 243: 189: 165:Personal details 151: 142: 132:Haldimand County 114: 105: 80: 70:Mayor of Toronto 58: 55: 50: 36: 35: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9320:Joseph Shepard 9319: 9315: 9311: 9303: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9259: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9238: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9203: 9198: 9168: 9163: 9154: 8781: 8776: 8742: 8733: 8715: 8689: 8684: 8616: 8614: 8588: 8564: 8509:Ontario History 8484: 8482: 8411: 8360:Ontario History 8317:Ontario History 8300: 8202: 8147: 8119: 8094: 8066: 8042: 8040: 8001: 7981:Gray, Charlotte 7970: 7968: 7948: 7837: 7808: 7779: 7751: 7687: 7685: 7614: 7589: 7513: 7508: 7500: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7478:Chown Oved 2015 7476: 7472: 7461: 7457: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7421: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7366: 7362: 7350: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7322: 7318: 7306: 7302: 7290: 7286: 7280:Schrauwers 2009 7278: 7274: 7262: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7209: 7205: 7193: 7189: 7177: 7173: 7165: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7129: 7122: 7110: 7106: 7094: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7041: 7037: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7009: 6997: 6993: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6923: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6851: 6844: 6832: 6828: 6816: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6792: 6788: 6780: 6773: 6761: 6757: 6745: 6741: 6733: 6724: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6684: 6680: 6672: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6633:Schrauwers 2009 6631: 6627: 6615: 6611: 6603: 6596: 6584: 6580: 6568: 6564: 6552: 6548: 6540: 6533: 6521: 6517: 6505: 6501: 6489: 6485: 6473: 6469: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6433: 6426: 6414: 6407: 6395: 6391: 6379: 6372: 6360: 6356: 6344: 6337: 6325: 6321: 6309: 6305: 6293: 6289: 6277: 6273: 6261: 6257: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6195: 6183: 6179: 6167: 6163: 6151: 6147: 6135: 6131: 6119: 6115: 6103: 6099: 6087: 6083: 6071: 6067: 6055: 6051: 6039: 6035: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6007: 5995: 5991: 5979: 5975: 5963: 5959: 5947: 5943: 5931: 5927: 5915: 5911: 5899: 5895: 5883: 5879: 5867: 5863: 5851: 5847: 5835: 5826: 5814: 5810: 5798: 5794: 5782: 5778: 5766: 5762: 5750: 5746: 5734: 5730: 5718: 5714: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5683: 5671: 5667: 5655: 5648: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5584: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5553: 5549: 5537: 5533: 5525: 5518: 5506: 5502: 5490: 5486: 5474: 5470: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5402: 5398: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5358: 5354: 5342: 5338: 5326: 5322: 5310: 5303: 5295: 5288: 5276: 5272: 5260: 5256: 5244: 5240: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5145: 5136: 5124: 5120: 5108: 5104: 5092: 5088: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5048: 5044: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5004: 5000: 4988: 4981: 4969: 4965: 4953: 4949: 4943:Schrauwers 2009 4941: 4937: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4802: 4798: 4786: 4782: 4770: 4766: 4754: 4750: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4707: 4703: 4691: 4687: 4675: 4671: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4619: 4612: 4600: 4596: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4550: 4544:Schrauwers 2007 4542: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4428: 4424: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4381: 4377: 4365: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4313: 4301: 4297: 4285: 4281: 4269: 4265: 4253: 4249: 4237: 4233: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4103:Schrauwers 2009 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3951:Schrauwers 2009 3949: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3826: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3783: 3779: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3727: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3623: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3590: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3519: 3512: 3500: 3491: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3413: 3327: 3229:Mackenzie House 3225:historical site 3202: 3164: 3159: 3142: 3129:Egerton Ryerson 3120:clergy reserves 3099: 3097:Religious views 3021: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2896: 2888: 2887: 2791: 2783: 2782: 2668:Trienio Liberal 2609: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2585: 2575: 2565: 2555: 2545: 2535: 2525: 2515: 2505: 2495: 2485: 2475: 2465: 2456: 2448: 2447: 2183:Flynn (Stephen) 2068: 2060: 2059: 1900: 1892: 1891: 1817: 1809: 1808: 1764: 1756: 1755: 1751:Social equality 1746:Social contract 1736:Self-governance 1691:Democratization 1666:Anti-corruption 1661:Anti-monarchism 1656: 1640:Politics series 1633: 1628: 1615:Victorian novel 1610: 1587: 1579:Charles Lindsey 1566: 1547:Mackenzie House 1540: 1471:, July 16, 1859 1422: 1398: 1330: 1325: 1245: 1229:John Montgomery 1184: 1162: 1140: 1132: 1061: 1055: 1004: 998: 948: 943: 935:Main articles: 933: 921:13th Parliament 868:Mackenzie House 857: 824: 819: 734: 726:Colonial Office 648: 643: 603: 597: 573: 529: 521: 455: 443:Napoleonic Wars 401:and fought for 391: 386: 377: 297: 293: 251: 239: 235: 219:Political party 199: 191: 187: 186:August 28, 1861 174: 149: 143: 138: 129: 125: 112: 106: 101: 92: 88: 81: 76: 59: 56: 41: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9467: 9457: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9306: 9304: 9291:Peter Matthews 9284: 9282: 9273:Francis Hincks 9265:Robert Baldwin 9262: 9260: 9241: 9239: 9216: 9214: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9197: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9174: 9165: 9164: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8775: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8752: 8744: 8743: 8738: 8735: 8726: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8688: 8687:External links 8685: 8683: 8682: 8646:10.2307/743957 8640:(1): 111–136. 8623: 8596: 8586: 8568: 8562: 8543: 8515:(2): 190–219. 8500: 8491: 8466: 8436:(4): 416–436. 8419: 8409: 8394: 8366:(2): 131–155. 8351: 8308: 8298: 8283: 8272: 8261: 8233:10.2307/136825 8210: 8200: 8182: 8155: 8145: 8127: 8117: 8102: 8092: 8074: 8064: 8049: 8022: 8009: 7999: 7991:Penguin Canada 7977: 7952: 7946: 7931: 7892: 7862:(3): 185–208. 7845: 7835: 7816: 7806: 7787: 7777: 7759: 7749: 7731: 7694: 7669: 7622: 7612: 7597: 7587: 7570: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7494: 7482: 7470: 7455: 7439: 7427: 7412: 7408:Armstrong 1971 7400: 7388: 7376: 7360: 7344: 7340:Armstrong 1971 7332: 7316: 7300: 7284: 7272: 7251: 7249:, p. 204. 7239: 7227: 7215: 7203: 7187: 7171: 7159: 7147: 7145:, p. 187. 7135: 7131:Rasporich 1972 7120: 7104: 7083: 7071: 7059: 7047: 7035: 7019: 7007: 6991: 6975: 6960: 6948: 6944:Rasporich 1972 6936: 6921: 6909: 6907:, p. 208. 6897: 6893:Rasporich 1972 6885: 6873: 6869:Armstrong 1971 6861: 6842: 6826: 6810: 6798: 6786: 6782:Rasporich 1972 6771: 6763:Kingsford 1898 6755: 6747:Kingsford 1898 6739: 6735:Armstrong 1971 6722: 6706: 6694: 6678: 6676:, p. 186. 6661: 6657:Rasporich 1972 6649: 6645:Armstrong 1971 6637: 6625: 6617:Kingsford 1898 6609: 6605:Rasporich 1972 6594: 6578: 6562: 6546: 6542:Armstrong 1971 6531: 6515: 6499: 6483: 6467: 6451: 6449:, p. 178. 6439: 6424: 6405: 6389: 6370: 6354: 6335: 6319: 6303: 6287: 6271: 6255: 6239: 6237:, p. 177. 6227: 6208: 6206:, p. 176. 6193: 6177: 6161: 6145: 6129: 6113: 6097: 6081: 6065: 6049: 6033: 6017: 6015:, p. 175. 6005: 5989: 5973: 5957: 5941: 5925: 5909: 5893: 5877: 5861: 5845: 5824: 5808: 5792: 5776: 5760: 5744: 5728: 5712: 5696: 5694:, p. 170. 5681: 5665: 5646: 5630: 5618: 5616:, p. 134. 5606: 5604:, p. 169. 5594: 5575: 5563: 5547: 5531: 5529:, p. 131. 5516: 5500: 5484: 5468: 5452: 5450:, p. 128. 5440: 5424: 5412: 5396: 5380: 5378:, p. 117. 5368: 5352: 5336: 5320: 5301: 5299:, p. 167. 5286: 5270: 5254: 5238: 5222: 5220:, p. 168. 5207: 5205:, p. 163. 5195: 5179: 5167: 5155: 5134: 5118: 5102: 5086: 5070: 5068:, p. 155. 5058: 5042: 5026: 5014: 4998: 4979: 4963: 4947: 4945:, p. 197. 4935: 4919: 4917:, p. 144. 4907: 4895: 4893:, p. 142. 4883: 4881:, p. 141. 4871: 4852: 4850:, p. 134. 4840: 4824: 4822:, p. 133. 4812: 4796: 4780: 4764: 4748: 4729: 4717: 4701: 4685: 4669: 4653: 4651:, p. 117. 4641: 4639:, p. 434. 4629: 4610: 4594: 4575: 4573:, p. 424. 4563: 4561:, p. 116. 4548: 4546:, p. 212. 4533: 4521: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4465: 4463:, p. 104. 4450: 4448:, p. 187. 4438: 4422: 4403: 4391: 4375: 4354: 4352:, p. 120. 4342: 4326: 4311: 4295: 4279: 4263: 4247: 4231: 4215: 4203: 4187: 4175: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4119: 4117:, p. 151. 4107: 4095: 4083: 4081:, p. 149. 4071: 4055: 4053:, p. 106. 4043: 4031: 4019: 4007: 3995: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3824: 3805: 3793: 3777: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3664: 3652: 3636: 3621: 3605: 3588: 3572: 3560: 3541: 3529: 3510: 3489: 3473: 3471:, p. 273. 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3437: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3401: 3393: 3384: 3376: 3368: 3360: 3352: 3344: 3336: 3326: 3323: 3239:and placed in 3201: 3198: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3141: 3138: 3134:religious test 3098: 3095: 3049:Andrew Jackson 3023: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3012: 3005: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2921:Egalitarianism 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2895:Related topics 2894: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2866:United Kingdom 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2648:Dutch Republic 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2616: 2614:Roman Republic 2610: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2588: 2578: 2568: 2558: 2548: 2538: 2528: 2518: 2508: 2498: 2488: 2478: 2468: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 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1139: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1124:Hickory Island 1113:Neutrality Act 1098:British Empire 1057:Main article: 1054: 1051: 1015:Robert Baldwin 1000:Main article: 997: 994: 947: 944: 932: 929: 856: 853: 823: 820: 818: 815: 733: 730: 647: 644: 642: 639: 599:Main article: 596: 593: 535:, a town near 528: 522: 520: 513: 454: 451: 399:Clan Mackenzie 390: 387: 385: 382: 358:Neutrality Act 302:Family Compact 285: 284: 281: 280: 273: 269: 268: 265: 261: 260: 257: 253: 252: 237: 233: 232: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 190:(aged 66) 184: 180: 179: 173:March 12, 1795 171: 167: 166: 162: 161: 158: 157: 155:David Thompson 152: 146: 145: 135: 134: 121: 120: 115: 109: 108: 98: 97: 84: 83: 73: 72: 65: 64: 61: 60: 57: 1851–61 51: 43: 42: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9466: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 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8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8773: 8768: 8766: 8761: 8759: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8741: 8732: 8731: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8714: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8612: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8550: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8497: 8492: 8485:September 25, 8480: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8402: 8401: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8284: 8281:. p. F8. 8280: 8279: 8273: 8270:. p. A1. 8269: 8268: 8267:National Post 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8110: 8109: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8050: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7695: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7605: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7515: 7503: 7498: 7491: 7486: 7479: 7474: 7467: 7465: 7459: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7437:, p. F8. 7436: 7431: 7424: 7419: 7417: 7410:, p. 28. 7409: 7404: 7398:, p. A1. 7397: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7373: 7369: 7364: 7357: 7353: 7352:Kilbourn 1967 7348: 7342:, p. 22. 7341: 7336: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7282:, p. 31. 7281: 7276: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7248: 7243: 7236: 7231: 7224: 7219: 7212: 7207: 7200: 7196: 7191: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7168: 7167:Bonthius 2003 7163: 7157:, p. 28. 7156: 7155:Bonthius 2003 7151: 7144: 7139: 7132: 7127: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7097: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7081:, p. 19. 7080: 7075: 7068: 7063: 7057:, p. 12. 7056: 7051: 7044: 7039: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7017:, p. 86. 7016: 7011: 7004: 7000: 6995: 6988: 6984: 6983:Kilbourn 1967 6979: 6972: 6967: 6965: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6934:, p. 45. 6933: 6928: 6926: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6901: 6895:, p. 11. 6894: 6889: 6882: 6877: 6871:, p. 27. 6870: 6865: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6847: 6839: 6835: 6830: 6823: 6819: 6814: 6808:, p. 27. 6807: 6806:Bonthius 2003 6802: 6796:, p. 20. 6795: 6790: 6783: 6778: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6737:, p. 26. 6736: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6704:, p. 93. 6703: 6698: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6658: 6653: 6647:, p. 24. 6646: 6641: 6635:, p. 96. 6634: 6629: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6586:Kilbourn 1967 6582: 6575: 6571: 6570:Kilbourn 1967 6566: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6544:, p. 25. 6543: 6538: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6480: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6460: 6459:Kilbourn 1967 6455: 6448: 6443: 6436: 6431: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6397:Kilbourn 1967 6393: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6312: 6307: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6231: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6213: 6205: 6200: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6057:Kilbourn 1967 6053: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6026: 6025:Kilbourn 1967 6021: 6014: 6009: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5906: 5902: 5901:Kilbourn 1967 5897: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5838: 5837:Kilbourn 1967 5833: 5831: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5789: 5785: 5784:Kilbourn 1967 5780: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5737: 5736:Kilbourn 1967 5732: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5580: 5573:, p. 37. 5572: 5567: 5560: 5556: 5555:Kilbourn 1967 5551: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5188: 5187:Kilbourn 1967 5183: 5176: 5171: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5126:Kilbourn 1967 5122: 5115: 5111: 5110:Kilbourn 1967 5106: 5099: 5095: 5094:Kilbourn 1967 5090: 5083: 5079: 5078:Kilbourn 1967 5074: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5051: 5050:Kilbourn 1967 5046: 5039: 5035: 5034:Kilbourn 1967 5030: 5023: 5018: 5011: 5007: 5006:Kilbourn 1967 5002: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4971:Kilbourn 1967 4967: 4960: 4956: 4955:Kilbourn 1967 4951: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4928: 4927:Kilbourn 1967 4923: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4864: 4863:Kilbourn 1967 4859: 4857: 4849: 4844: 4837: 4833: 4832:Kilbourn 1967 4828: 4821: 4816: 4809: 4805: 4804:Kilbourn 1967 4800: 4793: 4789: 4788:Kilbourn 1967 4784: 4777: 4773: 4772:Kilbourn 1967 4768: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4745: 4741: 4740:Kilbourn 1967 4736: 4734: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4710: 4709:Kilbourn 1967 4705: 4698: 4694: 4693:Kilbourn 1967 4689: 4682: 4678: 4677:Kilbourn 1967 4673: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4650: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4602:Kilbourn 1967 4598: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4514: 4513:Kilbourn 1967 4509: 4502: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4478: 4474: 4473:Kilbourn 1967 4469: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4447: 4442: 4435: 4431: 4430:Kilbourn 1967 4426: 4419: 4415: 4414:Kilbourn 1967 4410: 4408: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4384: 4383:Kilbourn 1967 4379: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4334:Kilbourn 1967 4330: 4324:, p. 99. 4323: 4318: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4303:Kilbourn 1967 4299: 4292: 4288: 4287:Kilbourn 1967 4283: 4276: 4272: 4271:Kilbourn 1967 4267: 4260: 4256: 4255:Kilbourn 1967 4251: 4244: 4240: 4239:Kilbourn 1967 4235: 4228: 4224: 4223:Kilbourn 1967 4219: 4213:, p. 89. 4212: 4207: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4157:, p. 68. 4156: 4151: 4145:, p. 78. 4144: 4139: 4132: 4128: 4127:Kilbourn 1967 4123: 4116: 4111: 4105:, p. 85. 4104: 4099: 4093:, p. 75. 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4064: 4063:Kilbourn 1967 4059: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4035: 4029:, p. 61. 4028: 4023: 4017:, p. 94. 4016: 4011: 4005:, p. 33. 4004: 3999: 3992: 3988: 3987:Kilbourn 1967 3983: 3977:, p. 36. 3976: 3971: 3965:, p. 25. 3964: 3959: 3953:, p. 73. 3952: 3947: 3941:, p. 32. 3940: 3935: 3928: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3911:Kilbourn 1967 3907: 3901:, p. 18. 3900: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3872: 3871:Kilbourn 1967 3867: 3861:, p. 15. 3860: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3837:, p. 41. 3836: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3816:Kilbourn 1967 3812: 3810: 3803:, p. 40. 3802: 3797: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3774: 3770: 3769:Kilbourn 1967 3765: 3759:, p. 27. 3758: 3753: 3747:, p. 34. 3746: 3741: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3714:, p. 33. 3713: 3708: 3702:, p. 19. 3701: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3672:Kilbourn 1967 3668: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3645: 3644:Kilbourn 1967 3640: 3634:, p. 13. 3633: 3628: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3603:, p. 32. 3602: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3570:, p. 17. 3569: 3564: 3557: 3553: 3552:Kilbourn 1967 3548: 3546: 3539:, p. 14. 3538: 3533: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3441: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3168: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3137: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3075:, Catholics, 3074: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3039:but became a 3038: 3034: 3029: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3006: 3004: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2883:United States 2881: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2758:Metapolitefsi 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2594: 2593: 2592:On Revolution 2589: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2562:Rights of Man 2559: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2472:De re publica 2469: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2278:Jones (Lynne) 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2073:Adams (Gerry) 2071: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1872:Revolutionary 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1862:Parliamentary 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1671:Civil society 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1647:Republicanism 1645: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1585:Writing style 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1402: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339:Durham Report 1335: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1222: 1221:Durham Report 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1138: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1047:Niagara River 1038: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1003: 993: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 970: 966: 962: 956: 954: 942: 938: 928: 926: 922: 918: 913: 908: 906: 901: 897: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 869: 865: 861: 852: 850: 845: 840: 838: 833: 829: 814: 811: 807: 803: 799: 796: 791: 790:John Colborne 787: 783: 782:Lord Goderich 778: 776: 772: 769:office while 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 746: 743: 739: 729: 727: 723: 719: 714: 711: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 686:Welland Canal 683: 679: 673: 671: 667: 660: 656: 652: 638: 636: 632: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 602: 592: 590: 586: 582: 577: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543: 538: 537:Niagara Falls 534: 527: 518: 512: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485: 480: 479:Lachine Canal 476: 472: 468: 459: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 431: 429: 428: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 381: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 343: 338: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 291: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 234:Isabel Baxter 231: 227: 224: 221: 217: 214: 211: 209:Resting place 207: 203: 198: 194: 185: 181: 177: 172: 168: 163: 159: 156: 153: 147: 141: 136: 133: 128: 124:Member of the 122: 119: 116: 110: 104: 99: 96: 91: 87:Member of the 85: 79: 74: 71: 66: 62: 49: 44: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 9313:David Gibson 9307: 9287:Samuel Lount 9285: 9263: 9242: 9218: 9217: 8789: 8728: 8718: 8717: 8637: 8631: 8615:. Retrieved 8611:the original 8606:Toronto Life 8604: 8576: 8572:Sewell, John 8548: 8512: 8508: 8495: 8483:. Retrieved 8474: 8462:Project MUSE 8460:– via 8433: 8427: 8399: 8363: 8359: 8320: 8316: 8288: 8276: 8265: 8224: 8218: 8190: 8176:– via 8160: 8135: 8107: 8096:– via 8082: 8068:– via 8054: 8043:November 23, 8041:. Retrieved 8032:Toronto Star 8030: 8017: 8003:– via 7985: 7971:November 26, 7969:. Retrieved 7965:the original 7960: 7936: 7904: 7900: 7888:Project MUSE 7886:– via 7859: 7853: 7821: 7810:– via 7792: 7767: 7739: 7725:– via 7709:(1): 31–48. 7706: 7702: 7688:November 22, 7686:. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

William Lyon Mackenzie

Index