394:. Founded in 1824 to teach the poorest mill workers the institute was the first of its kind in the country. Its principal goal was to give mill workers sufficient knowledge so they might keep pace with the rapid technological progress of the time. From the first, however, Gaskell seems to have embraced the idea of a broader education: his initial lecture series was entitled 'The Poets and Poetry of Humble Life'. Elizabeth wrote that her husband's lectures aimed to increase appreciation of 'the beauty and poetry of many of the common things and daily events of life in its humblest aspect'. The lectures were popular, and Gaskell repeated them in several other venues. Who those 'humble poets' actually were no one knows but he is known to have studied
380:
245:
628:
38:
553:
1371:
1228:
1395:
331:
charitable subscriptions from their wide circle and promote longer-lasting changes from within the local bureaucracy, but also to understand the real concerns of those living in poverty, with whom he was probably more at ease. In 1833 he helped to found the non-denominational
Manchester Domestic Home Mission, and he acted as its secretary for many years. Inspired by a visit from
1383:
402:. Gaskell became renowned for his reading, which a former student described as 'clear and sweet'; his reading of poetry was recalled to have 'a peculiar charm, for while he had a keen ear for the subtleties of rhyme, rhythm and metre, nothing was ever lost of the meaning or the beauty of the words'.
596:
were directly inspired by her experiences as a minister's wife in the cotton-manufacturing city of
Manchester. Gaskell always encouraged his wife's writing, advising her on dialect, editing her manuscripts and acting as her literary agent. He also supported her when some of her novels, particularly
285:. A Fellowship Fund supported congregations in poorer locations. A nurse superintended by a lady of the congregation was financed to visit poor families near the town centre. Gaskell worked for education opportunities for the area's working class, and advocated for the Mechanics Institute movement.
288:
Gaskell was legendary in humanitarian efforts. To honor his fifty-year point in the Cross Street ministry, a soirée was held in
Manchester Town Hall; it was attended by over one thousand people. The congregation honored him with a gift of silverware, and during the festivities a large sum of money
375:
Both the
Gaskells taught at the two Mosley Street Sunday Schools, which instructed young mill workers. Lessons covered basic numeracy and literacy in addition to traditional Biblical teaching, and Gaskell defended the practice of giving non-religious instruction on a Sunday, saying that they were
330:
It was also a city of extreme social inequality between the so-called 'millocracy' and the workers; Elizabeth
Gaskell once described an acquaintance attending a ball wearing ÂŁ400 of lace and ÂŁ10,000 in diamonds. The Gaskell family moved between the two worlds, allowing Gaskell not only to collect
203:. His father, also William, was a sailcloth manufacturer with a business on Buttermarket Street and also a Unitarian theology teacher; according to one source, his mother, Margaret Jackson, was a housemaid. He was tutored by a local minister, Joseph Saul. Barred as a non-conformist from attending
299:
He came to be numbered among the most prominent
Unitarians in the country; in 1859, he was offered the ministry at Essex Street Chapel in London, the leading post in the British Unitarian ministry, but turned it down, preferring to remain at Cross Street. From 1865, he served as President of the
259:
in
Manchester from 1828 to 1854, and senior minister thereafter, a position he held until his death. Founded in 1694, Cross Street was the major Unitarian chapel of the city, and its congregation contained many influential Manchester figures, at one time including five MPs. The prominent public
280:
The
Ministers of the Chapel by and large abstained from overt political involvement, but they were active in social work, underpinning the thrust of their laypeople. William Gaskell led the congregation from 1828 to 1884, exercising wide influence within and outside the Unitarian movement. He
281:
supported the
Manchester Domestic Mission Society, which assisted the poor “in such a way that at no time should any denominational or sectarian name or test be introduced”. He championed the Lower Mosley Street Schools, which the Cross Street Chapel sponsored to serve the areas near the
405:
When the New
College moved to Manchester in 1840 Gaskell continued to lecture on literature. From 1846 to 1853, he was Professor of history, English literature and logic at New College (Another professor was Gaskell's contemporary from his studies at York, the prominent Unitarian
469:
which brought scientists from across the world to Manchester. Gaskell seemed to relish the immense teaching burden he accumulated in later life. Elizabeth Gaskell complained that 'you might as well ask St Pauls to tumble down, as entreat him to give up this piece of work; which
474:
interest him very much, & which no one could do so well certainly...' Though she was referring specifically to his Owens College lectures, he seems to have diligently pursued all his various projects, and found excuses to avoid giving up any obligation he had once started.
614:
Elizabeth died suddenly in 1865. William Gaskell survived his wife by almost two decades, working full-time until six months before his death, aided by his two unmarried daughters. He died of bronchitis in Manchester in 1884, and is buried beside Elizabeth at
368:, the main establishments involved in educating the poor were Sunday Schools. These schools gave children of 5–15 years a few hours of education each Sunday, with two-thirds of children benefitting. Two-thirds of the Sunday Schools worked outside the
276:
were all associated with the chapel. Contemporaries considered Gaskell to be a brilliant preacher, though he never spoke extemporaneously; he was certainly a hard-working one, often preaching three times on Sundays.
527:. His poetry varied in form, but always employed plain language and attempted sensitive portrayals of characters drawn from the working classes. The poem "Manchester Song" supplies two of the chapter epigraphs to
355:
Gaskell was a gifted teacher and lecturer, with a lifelong determination to expand the educational opportunities available to the working classes in Manchester. Such opportunities were limited in the 1830s; a
456:
In addition to his tutoring and lecturing, Gaskell campaigned for better education for the working classes, co-founding the Lancashire Public Schools Association in 1847. He served on the committee of the
376:
doing 'their Father's business' by teaching reading. He and others lobbied successfully in 1832 for the two schools to be moved to improved premises, and some 400 pupils had been enrolled by 1847.
322:. During the 1830s–1860s, some of the worst conditions for the poor in England were to be found in Manchester. In 1845, Engels described one of the poorest slums, not far from the Gaskells' house:
423:
947:
A Lecture on the Person of Christ, delivered in Bridge Street Chapel, Manchester, 9 February 1853. By Rev. W. Gaskell, MA, being one of a course on " The True and the False in Religion."
314:
Throughout his life, Gaskell worked for numerous local charitable concerns to alleviate poverty, improve living conditions and reduce the transmission of disease, particularly epidemic
228:
446:
171:, believing humans to have an innate capacity for good, and this belief seems to have underpinned his lifelong commitment to charitable and educational projects. Unlike many of his
347:
measures and housing reform, sitting on the committee of the Manchester and Salford Sanitary Association, as well as another committee formed to regulate beer halls in the area.
187:: 'to the working men of Manchester ... in the hope that they may act as another small weight on the right end of that lever which is to raise them in the scale of humanity.'
339:, the mission gave practical assistance such as food and blankets to the poor. He was also active in the District Provident Society, an organisation founded by James Kay and
570:
Despite differences in personality, the couple seem to have had a strong relationship, although they frequently spent long periods apart, and Elizabeth Gaskell's biographer
391:
574:
describes her as breathing more freely when William was away, but still always longing for his return. Unfortunately, none of Elizabeth's many letters to him survives.
1500:
1089:
814:
1425:
326:'ruinous cottages behind broken windows, mended with oilskin, sprung doors, and rotten doorposts, dark wet cellars, in measureless filth and stench...'
466:
302:
395:
458:
1430:
577:
Gaskell is said to have encouraged his wife to write her first novel as a distraction from her grief at the death of their infant son from
1127:
449:, which trained working-class Unitarian ministers. He taught literature, history, and New Testament Greek, initially from his study at
1480:
183:. His personal philosophy can perhaps be summarised in his dedication which he penned at the publication of his poetry collection
1485:
1440:
1470:
1460:
502:, was accompanied by his notes on dialect. He published numerous pamphlets and sermons, and wrote or translated over seventy
1435:
1347:
564:
977:
390:
In 1836, Gaskell started to give evening classes at the Manchester Mechanics' Institute, which was later to become the
383:
1057:
1035:
1020:
1005:
515:
419:
289:
was raised for the founding of a scholarship for ministerial students at Owen's College (now Manchester University).
216:
93:
1086:
809:
152:
minister, charity worker and pioneer in the education of the working class. The husband of novelist and biographer
607:, drew strong criticism for their radical views, as well as through the threatened lawsuits over her biography of
1495:
1475:
1445:
1175:
1120:
261:
1318:
959:, p. 91. "Seventy years later William Gaskell protested against Manchester Unitarians being called " Socinians "
1311:
616:
357:
1450:
1270:
556:
450:
1490:
1465:
1278:
592:
410:.) When the college later moved to London, he served as Chairman of the Trustees. He also lectured at the
1455:
1361:
1113:
492:
300:
Assembly of Presbyterian and Unitarian Ministers of Lancashire and Cheshire. In 1861 he co-founded the
461:, which gave public lectures and campaigned for social change; in 1849, he became the Chairman of the
1286:
361:
1099:
1071:
638:
Gaskell's portrait and bust are on display at the new Cross Street Chapel. Gaskell was portrayed by
340:
292:
William Gaskell was supported in his educational and humanitarian work by his wife, the novelist
208:
175:
contemporaries, Gaskell always favoured social and educational work above political lobbying for
1191:
426:. He also gave private tutoring to both men and women; notable pupils included hymn translator
754:
Hughes P. 'William Gaskell', Unitarian Universalist Historical Society (accessed 24 July 2007)
753:
1375:
415:
365:
273:
212:
89:
1420:
1415:
269:
204:
8:
1399:
1215:
627:
435:
427:
256:
248:
224:
58:
608:
379:
244:
1199:
643:
524:
215:(1820–25), taking his BA and MA in 1825. He then trained for the Unitarian ministry at
200:
563:
Gaskell married Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson, daughter of the late Unitarian minister
509:
His poem, "Sketches among the Poor, No. 1" (co-written with his wife in the manner of
1336:
1136:
1053:
1031:
1016:
1001:
431:
369:
293:
153:
113:
932:
1387:
1159:
1065:
Len Smith and others Unitarian to the Core: Unitarian College Manchester, 1854-2004
632:
582:
442:
336:
306:, a publication aimed at the working-class audience, and was an editor until 1875.
265:
164:
37:
465:, a subscription lending library. In 1861, he helped to organise a meeting of the
156:, he was himself a writer and poet, and acted as the longest-serving Chair of the
1093:
818:
462:
407:
157:
1293:
1251:
1243:
1207:
1183:
830:
399:
180:
43:
42:
William Gaskell on holiday in Scotland (photograph by Rupert Potter, father of
398:
and many other contemporary poets living in Manchester, including his friend,
1409:
578:
510:
411:
344:
282:
552:
1167:
603:
168:
149:
25:
1227:
1151:
911:
586:
571:
498:
1063:
Head, Geoffrey 'The founders: John Relly Beard and William Gaskell' in
885:, pp. 35–38 (Municipal Information Bureau, Town Hall, Manchester; 1960)
639:
484:
196:
176:
172:
77:
1105:
867:
Letter to Marianne Gaskell (December 1863) in Chapple & Pollard
1070:
A portrait of William Gaskell as Minister of Cross Street Chapel:
1394:
487:
483:
Gaskell had a fascination with language and was an expert on the
315:
199:, the eldest of six children. The Gaskell family were prominent
332:
319:
422:
in 1904). Beginning in 1858, Gaskell taught literature at the
1000:(Manchester Literary and Philosophical Publications; 1984) (
923:
Letter to Anne Robson (10 May 1865) in Chapple & Pollard
392:
University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
503:
496:, and the 1854 edition of Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel,
220:
1048:
Webb RK. 'The Gaskells as Unitarians' in Shattock J (ed).
490:. Extracts from his lectures on dialect were published in
16:
British Unitarian minister and charity worker (1805–1884)
547:
1359:
567:, in 1832. The couple had four surviving daughters.
831:
Cross Street Chapel website (accessed 25 July 2007)
906:
904:
467:British Association for the Advancement of Science
360:report of 1834 showed that, with the exception of
957:The Religious Opinion of Milton, Locke and Newton
1407:
917:
901:
861:
343:with similar pragmatic aims. Gaskell supported
883:Manchester: A Short History of its Development
1501:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
1121:
856:The Condition of the Working Class in England
459:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
148:(24 July 1805 – 12 June 1884) was an English
877:
875:
873:
763:
761:
749:
747:
1426:Alumni of Harris Manchester College, Oxford
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
195:Gaskell was born in Latchford, a suburb of
190:
1128:
1114:
1067:(Carnegie Publishing, 2004) pp. 30–51
478:
350:
914:(18 August 1838) in Chapple & Pollard
870:
758:
724:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
626:
551:
378:
243:
898:, p.102 (John Sherratt & Son; 1958)
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
128: 1832; died 1865)
1408:
1087:A Brief History of Cross Street Chapel
811:A Brief History of Cross Street Chapel
255:Gaskell was the assistant minister of
1135:
1109:
1028:Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories
786:
784:
782:
534:
414:, founded in 1846 with a legacy from
660:
264:(later Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth),
1431:Alumni of the University of Glasgow
548:Personal life and Elizabeth Gaskell
519:in 1837, and his poetry collection
453:. He became its Principal in 1874.
309:
219:(1825–28), at that time located in
13:
1042:
821:Retrieved before 10 December 2016.
779:
14:
1512:
1080:
441:In 1854 Gaskell co-founded (with
420:Victoria University of Manchester
1481:English male non-fiction writers
1393:
1381:
1369:
1226:
1100:A photograph of William Gaskell
506:, some of which are still sung.
424:Manchester Working Men's College
160:from 1849 to his death in 1884.
36:
971:
962:
950:
941:
926:
888:
845:(2nd ed.) (Pelican Books; 1968)
447:Unitarian Home Missionary Board
430:and her sister, the translator
384:Manchester Mechanics' Institute
125:
1486:19th-century English musicians
1441:19th-century English educators
1312:The Last Generation in England
1102:Retrieved on 10 December 2016.
982:(1994) (accessed 24 July 2007)
848:
835:
824:
803:
770:
617:Brook Street Chapel, Knutsford
516:Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine
434:. He was also chairman of the
358:Manchester Statistical Society
167:; he rejected the doctrine of
1:
1471:19th-century Unitarian clergy
1461:British Christian hymnwriters
1096:Retrieved on 10 December 2016
1011:Chapple JAV, Pollard A, eds.
793:Lancashire Faces & Places
791:"Mrs Gaskell and Knutsford".
581:in 1845. Elizabeth Gaskell's
1319:The Life of Charlotte Brontë
1052:(Palgrave Macmillan; 1988) (
1050:Dickens and Other Victorians
978:BFI Film & TV Database:
438:in Manchester for 30 years.
223:, where his tutors included
103:Unitarian minister, educator
7:
1436:English Unitarian ministers
523:(1839) won the approval of
239:
10:
1517:
1271:Mr. Harrison's Confessions
1013:The Letters of Mrs Gaskell
998:William Gaskell, 1805–1884
990:
937:(Chapman & Hall; 1848)
559:, Gaskell's home from 1850
163:His personal theology was
1329:
1303:
1262:
1235:
1224:
1143:
1030:(Faber and Faber; 1993) (
631:Rev. William Gaskell, by
622:
362:Manchester Grammar School
135:
107:
99:
85:
66:
51:
35:
23:
653:
191:Early life and education
1337:Elizabeth Gaskell house
1236:Short story collections
896:Manchester of Yesterday
479:Literature and writings
351:Education and societies
234:
165:Priestleian rationalism
1496:People from Warrington
1476:Deaths from bronchitis
1446:English sermon writers
1092:6 January 2015 at the
817:6 January 2015 at the
635:
560:
387:
386:, Cooper Street (1825)
328:
252:
217:Manchester New College
94:Manchester New College
799:(5): 69–71. May 1901.
630:
555:
382:
324:
274:William Rathbone Greg
247:
211:, Gaskell studied at
90:University of Glasgow
1451:English pamphleteers
541:The Person of Christ
513:), was published in
1491:Burials in Cheshire
1466:English hymnwriters
1216:Wives and Daughters
1192:A Dark Night's Work
428:Catherine Winkworth
257:Cross Street Chapel
249:Cross Street Chapel
225:Charles Wellbeloved
114:Elizabeth Stevenson
61:, Cheshire, England
1456:English male poets
1015:(Mandolin; 1997) (
644:Granada Television
636:
561:
535:Religious writings
388:
366:Chetham's Hospital
253:
213:Glasgow University
1357:
1356:
1348:William Stevenson
1287:The Haunted House
1137:Elizabeth Gaskell
1075:Unitarian History
583:industrial novels
565:William Stevenson
557:84 Plymouth Grove
521:Temperance Rhymes
432:Susanna Winkworth
370:Church of England
294:Elizabeth Gaskell
260:health reformers
185:Temperance Rhymes
154:Elizabeth Gaskell
143:
142:
1508:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1230:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1106:
984:
980:God's Messengers
975:
969:
966:
960:
954:
948:
945:
939:
930:
924:
921:
915:
908:
899:
892:
886:
879:
868:
865:
859:
852:
846:
843:Victorian Cities
839:
833:
828:
822:
807:
801:
800:
788:
777:
774:
768:
765:
756:
751:
722:
719:
648:God's Messengers
633:Annie Swynnerton
609:Charlotte Brontë
337:Joseph Tuckerman
310:Charitable works
303:Unitarian Herald
266:Benjamin Heywood
129:
127:
73:
40:
21:
20:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1342:William Gaskell
1325:
1299:
1258:
1231:
1222:
1200:Sylvia's Lovers
1176:North and South
1139:
1134:
1094:Wayback Machine
1083:
1045:
1043:Further reading
993:
988:
987:
976:
972:
968:Brill pp. 117–8
967:
963:
955:
951:
946:
942:
931:
927:
922:
918:
909:
902:
893:
889:
880:
871:
866:
862:
853:
849:
840:
836:
829:
825:
819:Wayback Machine
808:
804:
790:
789:
780:
775:
771:
766:
759:
752:
725:
720:
661:
656:
625:
593:North and South
550:
537:
481:
463:Portico Library
436:Portico Library
418:(it became the
408:James Martineau
353:
341:William Langton
312:
242:
237:
193:
158:Portico Library
146:William Gaskell
131:
123:
119:
116:
92:
81:
75:
71:
62:
56:
47:
31:
30:William Gaskell
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1514:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1376:United Kingdom
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1294:A House to Let
1290:
1283:
1279:The Poor Clare
1275:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1252:Lois the Witch
1248:
1244:Round the Sofa
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1208:Cousin Phillis
1204:
1196:
1188:
1184:My Lady Ludlow
1180:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1082:
1081:External links
1079:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1061:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1024:
1009:
992:
989:
986:
985:
970:
961:
949:
940:
925:
916:
900:
887:
881:Shercliff WH.
869:
860:
847:
834:
823:
802:
778:
769:
757:
723:
658:
657:
655:
652:
624:
621:
549:
546:
545:
544:
536:
533:
480:
477:
451:Plymouth Grove
400:Samuel Bamford
352:
349:
311:
308:
241:
238:
236:
233:
192:
189:
181:factory reform
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
121:
117:
112:
111:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
87:
83:
82:
76:
74:(aged 78)
68:
64:
63:
57:
53:
49:
48:
44:Beatrix Potter
41:
33:
32:
29:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1513:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:Short stories
1261:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:0-312-02101-1
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1036:0-571-20359-0
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1021:1-901341-03-8
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:0-902428-05-5
1003:
999:
995:
994:
983:
981:
974:
965:
958:
953:
944:
938:
936:
929:
920:
913:
907:
905:
897:
894:Stevens THG.
891:
884:
878:
876:
874:
864:
857:
851:
844:
838:
832:
827:
820:
816:
813:
812:
806:
798:
794:
787:
785:
783:
773:
767:Brill pp. 3–4
764:
762:
755:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
659:
651:
649:
646:mini-series,
645:
641:
634:
629:
620:
618:
612:
610:
606:
605:
600:
595:
594:
589:
588:
584:
580:
579:scarlet fever
575:
573:
568:
566:
558:
554:
542:
539:
538:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
507:
505:
501:
500:
495:
494:
489:
486:
476:
473:
468:
464:
460:
454:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Owens College
409:
403:
401:
397:
393:
385:
381:
377:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
348:
346:
345:public health
342:
338:
334:
327:
323:
321:
317:
307:
305:
304:
297:
295:
290:
286:
284:
283:River Medlock
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
250:
246:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
138:
134:
115:
110:
106:
102:
100:Occupation(s)
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
79:
69:
65:
60:
54:
50:
45:
39:
34:
27:
22:
19:
1400:Christianity
1341:
1317:
1277:
1269:
1250:
1242:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1074:
1064:
1049:
1027:
1012:
997:
979:
973:
964:
956:
952:
943:
934:
928:
919:
895:
890:
882:
863:
855:
850:
842:
837:
826:
810:
805:
796:
792:
772:
647:
637:
613:
602:
598:
591:
585:
576:
569:
562:
540:
528:
520:
514:
508:
497:
493:The Examiner
491:
482:
471:
455:
440:
404:
396:J. F. Bryant
389:
374:
354:
329:
325:
313:
301:
298:
291:
287:
279:
262:James P. Kay
254:
229:James Turner
194:
184:
169:original sin
162:
145:
144:
72:(1884-06-12)
70:12 June 1884
55:24 July 1805
26:The Reverend
18:
1421:1884 deaths
1416:1805 births
1304:Non-fiction
1219:(1864–1866)
1211:(1863–1864)
1187:(1858–1859)
1179:(1854–1855)
1163:(1851–1853)
1152:Mary Barton
935:Mary Barton
933:Gaskell E.
912:Mary Howitt
776:Brill p. 12
599:Mary Barton
587:Mary Barton
572:Jenny Uglow
529:Mary Barton
499:Mary Barton
1410:Categories
910:Letter to
841:Briggs A.
640:Bill Nighy
525:Wordsworth
485:Lancashire
443:John Beard
416:John Owens
201:Dissenters
197:Warrington
177:free trade
173:Manchester
78:Manchester
1388:Biography
1344:(husband)
1026:Uglow J.
996:Brill B.
854:Engels F
721:Uglow pp.
335:minister
209:Cambridge
150:Unitarian
86:Education
80:, England
59:Latchford
1350:(father)
1314:" (1849)
1296:" (1858)
1289:" (1858)
1160:Cranford
1090:Archived
815:Archived
650:(1994).
240:Ministry
136:Children
1362:Portals
1330:Related
991:Sources
642:in the
488:dialect
316:cholera
251:c. 1835
130:
122:
118:
1322:(1857)
1282:(1856)
1274:(1851)
1255:(1861)
1247:(1859)
1203:(1863)
1195:(1863)
1171:(1853)
1155:(1848)
1144:Novels
1056:
1034:
1019:
1004:
858:(1845)
623:Legacy
511:Crabbe
445:) the
333:Boston
320:typhus
270:Samuel
205:Oxford
108:Spouse
654:Notes
504:hymns
124:(
120:
1168:Ruth
1054:ISBN
1032:ISBN
1017:ISBN
1002:ISBN
604:Ruth
601:and
590:and
543:1853
472:does
364:and
318:and
272:and
268:and
235:Work
227:and
221:York
67:Died
52:Born
1073:in
207:or
179:or
1412::
903:^
872:^
795:.
781:^
760:^
726:^
662:^
619:.
611:.
531:.
372:.
296:.
231:.
126:m.
1364::
1310:"
1292:"
1285:"
1129:e
1122:t
1115:v
1060:)
1038:)
1023:)
1008:)
797:1
139:5
46:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
.jpg)