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135:, at the southern end of the small peninsula on which Lax Kw'alaams sits. He wanted to protect his 50 Lax Kw'alaams native followers from the heathen influences of the H.B.C. fort atmosphere. By the end of the summer in 1862 several hundred more joined the community; Metlakatla was officially established that year within what was by then the
319:, the Anglican bishop in charge of northern British Columbia, intersected, most notoriously, with charges of sexual misconduct against Duncan, charges which have severely tainted his historical reputation, though he was never convicted or punished, and the charge was later concluded to be slander by the Commission of Indian Affairs.
291:, who destroyed the church he built at Old Metlakatla, on the grounds that ownership of it should not revert to the CMS. The religious orientation of New Metlakatla became a nondemoninational form of low-church Anglicanism, quite evangelical, and under the strict doctrinal control of Duncan himself.
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to oust Duncan from his position, partly on grounds that Duncan had too much authority in the community and opposed any Native self-betterment through education and individual economic self-sufficiency if it put parishioners out of his personal control. In 1913, Governor John Strong made a visit to
326:, an Anglican who had served under him in B.C. and been an ally in his dissent from the CMS. Tomlinson and his son Robert Tomlinson Jr. served in Metlakatla, Alaska, with Duncan from 1908 to 1912 before leaving for B.C. again out of disenchantment with the way Duncan was running the community.
72:. In 1851 he was lodging with William Botterill, a tailor, and Mary Botterill in Keldgate, Beverley and his occupation is described as book-keeper. Duncan later worked in his grandfather/adoptive father's trade as a tanner. Duncan became the only churchgoer in his impoverished family.
269:. He obtained permission from the US government - travelling to testify before Congress himself - to establish an Indian reservation there (still Alaska's sole Indian reservation), then led approximately 800 Tsimshians in a canoe voyage from "Old" Metlakatla to "New"
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the community to address the concerns of some of the community members; after this the government began administrating community schools. In 1914–1915, the
Interior Department seized many of the Mission buildings and built a modern school at Metlakatla.
68:, Yorkshire, England, the illegitimate son of Maria Duncan, a teenaged servant; he was raised by his mother's parents, William and Elizabeth Duncan. In the 1841 census he is recorded as living with his father and his sister Mary Duncan on Lairgate in
307:, the dominant faith of the surrounding Tlingit communities. Marsden even assisted in the establishment of a rival, Presbyterian Tsimshian community at nearby Port Gravina (1892–1904) and, later, campaigned tirelessly and with some success for the
352:
By 2018, the
Metlakatla Indian Community was the only Native reservation land Alaska, with the Tshimpshians controlling the natural resources. Duncan’s cottage became a museum which was open to the public.
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The new community was successful, especially economically successful, with a sawmill, cannery, and other enterprises. Economic self-sufficiency was a core tenet of Duncan's vision for the community.
261:. Duncan was expelled from the CMS in 1882 and transformed his mission into a nondenominational "Independent Native Church." Eventually, he decided to found a second utopian community on
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William Duncan late in life, exhibiting to friends for photographing the canvas hammock, clock, water bottle, and accordion used by him on his voyage to
Victoria, B.C., in 1856–57.
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His split with the Church of
England was not amicable and involved (according to one version of events; see Johnson in bibliography) sending a canoe-load of Tsimshians, including
115:, threatened Duncan at gunpoint for ringing churchbells on the day of Legaic's daughter's initiation into a secret society. Legaic eventually became a key convert of Duncan's.
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Duncan died at the age of 86 on 30 August 1918, in "New" Metlakatla, Alaska after a months-long decline associated with a bronchial infection apparently resulting from a fall.
111:, a Tsimshian lineage head and HBC employee; he later translated portions of the Bible into Tsimshian. Clah was to later save Duncan's life when the village's leading chief,
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Duncan remains an extraordinarily controversial figure in
Tsimshian communities today, with many fierce admirers and many fierce detractors.
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Duncan led initially 60 Tsimshians to found with him a new utopian
Christian community, Metlakatla, on Metlakatla Pass near present-day
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killed 500 in Lax Kw'alaams but only five in
Metlakatla, Duncan had no qualms in convincing his flock that this was divine providence.
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Such doctrinal differences, plus Duncan's insistence on total control over his parishioners' lives, led to a split with the
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56:, in the United States. Although sometimes referred to as "Father Duncan" in subsequent reports, he was never ordained.
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ed. by George F. MacDonald and John J. Cove, pp. 210–212. Ottawa: Directorate, Canadian Museum of
Civilization.
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appetites of a people who he worried might be beholden to the anthropophagous rites of their "secret societies".
132:
454:
Wellington Clah, Arthur (1997) "How Tamks Saved
William Duncan's Life." Recorded by William Beynon, 1950. In
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ed. by Nora Marks
Dauenhauer and Richard Dauenhauer, pp. 665–676. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
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Metlakahtla Christian Mission Church, Alaska, completed 1895, later renamed the William Duncan Memorial Church
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The Marsden-Duncan feud, as well as the long legal, political, and personal struggle between Duncan and
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In 1856 the CMS sent Duncan to the North Pacific coast of Canada, and in 1857 he arrived at the remote
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for Christian living and, controversially, eschewing the sacrament of communion so as not to whet the
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Challenge the Wilderness: A Family Saga of Robert and Alice Tomlinson, Pioneer Medical Missionaries.
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and known as Fort Simpson or Port Simpson. He proselytized among the Tsimshians and learned to
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Survey of Conditions of the Indians in the United States Part 35: Metlakahtla Indians, Alaska
441:(National Museums of Canada, Publications in History 5.) Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.
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The Heavens Are Changing: Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity.
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From Potlatch to Pulpit, Being the Autobiography of the Rev. William Henry Pierce.
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Later, portions of the community, notably those under the leadership of the Rev.
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Anglican Church of Canada website, Archive section, 'The Devil and Mr Duncan
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William Duncan of Metlakatla: A Victorian Missionary in British Columbia.
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678:"The Apostle of Alaska: The Story of William Duncan of Metlakahtla"
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The community grew. In Metlakatla, Duncan exerted his own brand of
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The Apostle of Alaska: The Story of William Duncan of Metlakahtla.
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Johnson, Gertrude Mather (1994) "The Life of Peter Simpson." In
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He also managed to make an enemy of the medical missionary
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1916–1917, From the Wellcome Foundation collection at the
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To cease giving away their property for display (i.e. the
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Loading salmon at William Duncan's Cannery, Matlakata, AK
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Ed. by J. P. Hicks. Vancouver, B.C.: Vancouver Bindery.
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served with Duncan in Metlakatla, and Collison's memoir
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University of Washington Publications in Anthropology,
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People from Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area, Alaska
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265:, Alaska, on the territory of the Tongass tribe of
40:(3 April 1832 – 30 August 1918) was an English-born
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596:, article by Dave Kiffer dated September 03, 2018
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521:"The Church Missionary Atlas (British Columbia)"
401:Haa KusteeyĂ, Our Culture: Tlingit Life Stories,
375:(1941) "The Tsimshians of Metlakatla, Alaska."
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607:British Columbia An Untold History website,
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343:National Archives and Records Administration
81:Church Missionary Society College, Islington
666:
660:The Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
430:Tomlinson, George, and Judith Young (1993)
748:Anglican missionaries in the United States
571:Dictionary of Canadian Biography website,
500:Dictionary of Canadian Biography website,
456:Tsimshian Narratives 2: Trade and Warfare,
417:Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
119:Founding of Metlakatla in British Columbia
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178:To give up their Ahlied or Indian devilry
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280:Metlakahtla Cornet Band, Alaska, ca 1897
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141:1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
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181:To cease calling in conjurers when sick
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392:(1939) "Tsimshian Clan and Society."
379:(new series), vol. 43, pp. 83–88.
154:provides a portrait of the community.
669:"The Founding of Metlakatla (Alaska)"
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728:Infectious disease deaths in Alaska
621:Bureau of Land Management website,
434:Seattle: Northwest Wilderness Books
386:Chilliwack, B.C.: Sunrise Printing.
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127:Duncan's church at Metlakatla, B.C.
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295:Rivalries with other local leaders
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218:To be liberal and honest in trade
64:Duncan was born in the hamlet of
753:Christian missionaries in Alaska
594:Father Duncan died 100 years ago
552:University of Victoria website,
396:vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 167–340.
206:To send their children to school
713:Anglican missionaries in Canada
410:Victoria, B.C.: Sono Nis Press.
369:New York: Fleming H. Revell Co.
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203:To attend religious instruction
97:Lax Kw'alaams, British Columbia
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161:Anglicanism, which involved a
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718:English Anglican missionaries
667:Dave Kiffer (7 August 2006).
640:, article dated April 6, 2009
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194:To cease painting their faces
763:Accidental deaths from falls
384:Metlakahtla - the Holy City!
173:Duncan's Rules at Metlakatla
152:In the Wake of the War Canoe
146:In the early 1870s the Rev.
101:HBC's New Caledonia district
50:Metlakatla, British Columbia
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723:History of British Columbia
676:Arctander, John W. (1909).
44:missionary who founded the
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365:Arctander, John W. (1909)
229:"New" Metlakatla in Alaska
137:Colony of British Columbia
733:People from Bishop Burton
609:The Metlakatla Experiment
481:, review dated April 1987
449:The Story of Metlakahtla.
408:The Devil and Mr. Duncan.
95:(HBC) fort settlement at
77:Church Missionary Society
528:. 1896. pp. 227–232
309:Bureau of Indian Affairs
573:Collison, William Henry
377:American Anthropologist
79:(CMS) and attended the
680:. Fleming H. Revell Co
382:Bowman, Phylis (1983)
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224:To pay the village tax
200:To rest on the Sabbath
148:William Henry Collison
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109:Arthur Wellington Clah
75:In 1854 he joined the
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25:William Duncan c. 1902
636:Clan Duncan website,
421:Pierce, William Henry
413:Neylan, Susan (2003)
406:Murray, Peter (1985)
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33:William Duncan age 20
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623:Alaska Native Tribes
526:Adam Matthew Digital
221:To build neat houses
93:Hudson's Bay Company
437:Usher, Jean (1974)
638:Rev William Duncan
592:Sit News website,
445:Wellcome, Henry S.
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271:Metlakatla, Alaska
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54:Metlakatla, Alaska
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16:English missionary
259:Church of England
212:To be industrious
184:To cease gambling
87:Arrival in Canada
52:, in Canada, and
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708:1918 deaths
703:1832 births
656:"Biography"
273:, in 1887.
113:Paul Legaic
60:Early years
697:Categories
532:19 October
466:References
159:low church
743:Tsimshian
684:8 October
46:Tsimshian
189:potlatch
70:Beverley
42:Anglican
447:(1887)
423:(1933)
267:Tlingit
107:from
686:2016
534:2015
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