67:, the head football coach from 1944–1950, was given a substantial pay raise so that consistently winning teams could be produced. As a side effect of this decision, almost all of the college's scholastic financial aid was given to athletes coming into William & Mary, despite some of them having minimal academic qualifications. The football program was initially successful after World War II with the influx of veterans, but in order to continue the success, members of the athletic department found it necessary to modify players' high school transcripts to get them admitted to the college. Later, football players were given credit and grades for summer school classes they never attended. McCray, who jointly served as the school's athletic director and head football coach, acknowledged that the problems were on "his watch," but said he had nothing to do with altering any players' transcripts. Throughout the entire time of the changes, circa 1947–1950, none of the players knew their grades or transcripts had been changed. An initial investigation in late 1949 by the college's registrar J. Wilfred Lambert, who also was Dean of Students, discovered the transcript altering, but could not determine the culprits. Players, at the time, did not realize there were any problems. After Lambert's report to
134:
Information regarding the scandal was leaked to the press, and shortly thereafter it had become a lead story in many national media outlets. There were many discussions among board members, between
Pomfret and the board, and between Pomfret and the coaches. Within several days both McCray and Wilson
163:
The
William & Mary scandal of 1951 occurred during a time in American college history that was unique among all other periods. Colleges across the United States were starting to feel pressures to succeed on the field (or court) as well as in the classroom. William & Mary's was not the first
146:
As a result the athletic program at
William & Mary dramatically changed. From 1951 through 1954 the teams were competitive even though in 1953 there were only 24 players on the team. But the "big time" football years were gone forever because the faculty would never let anyone forget about how
122:
and some faculty believed the school's athletic admissions standards would not be in compliance with the national standards. Nelson
Marshall, dean of the college, began an investigation and uncovered a variety of issues including giving grades to football players who had not taken the classes. He
147:
the school's academics had been tainted. Starting in 1955, the football team began losing more games than it won. Between 1955 and 1964, the
Indians failed to yield a single season with a .500 record or better. The teams turned around under coaches
1995:
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180:, was an especially apt example of the pressures that universities faced when dealing with their athletics programs. These scandals had brought to light the issues at hand, and a refocus on academics, not athletics, had resulted.
175:
The emphasis on athletics over academics had now become a major point of discussion among college and university governing bodies. William & Mary, which was the first college in the nation to establish an
135:
resigned. The public exposure caused a rift between the Board of
Visitors and the college faculty. The faculty maintained that their "control of all phases of intercollegiate athletics" was required by the
1894:
268:
143:. In protest to this hiring, because the board of visitors did not allow the faculty any participation in the presidential search, several faculty members and the dean of the college resigned.
353:
Smith, Ronald A. “The
William and Mary Athletic Scandal of 1951: Governance and the Battle for Academic and Athletic Integrity,” Journal of Sport History (34, 3 (Fall 2007), 353-373.
1054:
1887:
110:
on
January 1, 1948 and January 1, 1949. Some of the football success in the years after 1946 can be attributed, in part, to gaining some good athletes through false transcripts.
2000:
90:. In several of the seasons after the war they were ranked in the national top 20. They also routinely played the country's top teams, even managing to tie the 3rd-ranked
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2020:
2010:
1880:
870:
445:
1974:
882:
127:
in April 1951 and also to the school's board of visitors. Pomfret was reluctant to act swiftly because of promises made to McCray and the men's basketball coach,
826:
378:
1321:
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1206:
1181:
1047:
43:
athletics power despite its small size (approximately 1,500 students attended the school in the late 1930s). Pressures to be successful in sports—especially
2686:
2651:
1112:
910:
733:
1196:
1186:
1040:
425:
198:– one lesser known aspect of the CCNY scandal involved multiple players during a similar time period faking their transcripts to play for the team
1107:
768:
301:
831:
566:
546:
479:
450:
71:, the procedure for handling transcripts of athletes was completely revised. No action was taken against anyone in the athletic department.
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1406:
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1396:
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1371:
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1341:
1336:
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1326:
1019:
915:
136:
95:
75:
1903:
821:
763:
753:
676:
541:
91:
48:
1948:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
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1746:
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1716:
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1706:
1701:
1696:
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1686:
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1676:
1671:
1666:
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1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1127:
1117:
661:
371:
2681:
2676:
556:
74:
From 1940 to 1949, the
William & Mary Indians football teams were more dominant than any other era in the program's history. The
483:
131:. Pomfret had even recommended that McCray become a full-time physical education professor despite the evidence of his wrongdoing.
2671:
551:
2641:
1012:
364:
311:
172:
had been involved in academic cheating and some of the players, including the coach's son, were forced to leave the school.
974:
609:
435:
942:
860:
619:
850:
2646:
788:
798:
397:
234:
1063:
702:
561:
531:
63:
In 1946, the
William & Mary Board of Visitors announced their goal of achieving more contest wins than losses.
52:
44:
803:
493:
1085:
589:
189:
165:
968:
139:
to maintain membership. Pomfret resigned amid the turmoil and was replaced by a non-academic naval officer,
1925:
920:
865:
728:
634:
430:
387:
25:
1872:
990:
793:
594:
169:
192:– the Army team that was also in violation of their honor code, and players were subsequently kicked off
2661:
1165:
644:
468:
195:
102: (NFL), some of whom went on to have highly successful professional careers. The Indians won two
2691:
708:
778:
738:
723:
718:
420:
99:
696:
518:
2656:
998:
888:
836:
83:
29:
21:
985:
963:
902:
783:
686:
576:
410:
273:
241:
343:
980:
8:
671:
488:
177:
140:
103:
1032:
82:(1939–1944), compiled a 9–1–1 overall record and defeated perennial football powerhouse
840:
124:
68:
773:
307:
55:—had been mounting for over a decade by the time the scandal was discovered in 1951.
40:
356:
1969:
1159:
1143:
691:
650:
639:
604:
87:
1919:
958:
876:
681:
581:
498:
461:
155:
from 1964 through the rest of the 1960s, but the scandal had done its damage.
2635:
1964:
1148:
1079:
925:
743:
624:
128:
1931:
930:
895:
713:
614:
599:
33:
1902:
1122:
535:
79:
64:
503:
340:. Gosnell, Joan. M.A. Thesis, The College of William & Mary. 1990.
338:
Kickoffs and Kickbacks: The 1951 Football Scandal at William and Mary
152:
148:
107:
1102:
337:
269:""A's" for athletes: the great William and Mary athletics scandal"
937:
119:
37:
1062:
446:
Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture
164:
academic-athletic scandal to surface; for example, the
123:
reported his findings to William & Mary President
2667:
College basketball controversies in the United States
386:
344:
The Sound and the Fury: The Football Scandal of 1951
36:, William & Mary tried to become a formidable
303:College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy
2633:
118:In February 1950, William & Mary joined the
98:. Twenty-four total players were drafted to the
1888:
1048:
372:
137:Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
106:championships and played in their first two
1895:
1881:
1055:
1041:
379:
365:
2687:William & Mary Tribe men's basketball
1905:William & Mary Tribe men's basketball
480:Brigham–Kanner Property Rights Conference
451:Thomas Jefferson Program in Public Policy
299:
262:
260:
258:
228:
226:
224:
222:
220:
218:
216:
214:
212:
2634:
306:. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
295:
293:
291:
235:"The William and Mary Scandal of 1951"
1876:
1036:
625:Walter J. Zable Stadium at Cary Field
360:
266:
158:
2652:1951–52 NCAA men's basketball season
620:William & Mary Police Department
436:Virginia Institute of Marine Science
255:
209:
288:
13:
799:The Colleges of William & Mary
331:
18:William & Mary scandal of 1951
14:
2703:
2682:William & Mary Tribe football
2677:William & Mary Tribe baseball
1065:William & Mary Tribe football
232:
719:Mason School of Business Library
703:Hearth: Memorial to the Enslaved
610:McCormack–Nagelsen Tennis Center
267:Weill, Daisy (October 7, 2009).
113:
804:Richmond Professional Institute
494:Institute of Bill of Rights Law
2672:College football controversies
1086:Jimmye Laycock Football Center
789:Christopher Newport University
590:Jimmye Laycock Football Center
300:Watterson, John Sayle (2000).
190:1951 Army Cadets football team
166:United States Military Academy
58:
1:
389:College of William & Mary
202:
26:College of William & Mary
2642:1951 college football season
1926:Norfolk Municipal Auditorium
921:Bishop James Madison Society
866:The Gentlemen of the College
729:Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall
635:Coastal Athletic Association
7:
1166:William & Mary Pep Band
595:Millie West Tennis Facility
183:
10:
2708:
469:William and Mary Quarterly
196:CCNY point-shaving scandal
32:, United States. Prior to
2647:1951 NCAA baseball season
2009:
1988:
1957:
1941:
1912:
1195:
1174:
1136:
1095:
1072:
1007:
951:
849:
814:
752:
709:Henry C. Wolf Law Library
660:
517:
396:
24:-altering scandal at the
993:William and Mary Victory
779:Williamsburg Bray School
724:Muscarelle Museum of Art
421:Mason School of Business
100:National Football League
794:Old Dominion University
697:Earl Gregg Swem Library
69:the college's president
1975:Hershberger Award hoax
1928:(alternate; 1952–1965)
499:Phi Beta Kappa Society
407:Affiliate institutions
84:University of Oklahoma
30:Williamsburg, Virginia
1096:Bowls & rivalries
986:Royal Hospital School
964:Colonial Williamsburg
784:Matthew Whaley School
411:Richard Bland College
274:The Virginia Informer
242:Penn State University
999:City of Williamsburg
981:Rich Neck Plantation
2001:Statistical leaders
672:Alan B. Miller Hall
426:School of Education
346:. Frechette, Fred.
178:academic honor code
141:Alvin Duke Chandler
104:Southern Conference
78:, under head coach
1958:Culture & lore
1137:Culture & lore
889:DoG Street Journal
861:Bus transportation
567:Women's volleyball
547:Women's basketball
348:The Alumni Gazette
159:Historical context
2662:Academic scandals
2629:
2628:
1870:
1869:
1030:
1029:
903:Virginia Informer
774:Colonial colleges
734:President's House
577:Albert–Daly Field
313:978-0-8018-7114-6
233:Smith, Ronald A.
2699:
2692:1951 in Virginia
2013:
1906:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1458:
1218:
1199:
1160:Tribe Fight Song
1066:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1022:
1015:
975:I Am the College
911:Secret societies
853:
837:King William III
756:
692:Crim Dell bridge
664:
651:Tribe Fight Song
605:Kingsmill Resort
542:Men's basketball
521:
400:
390:
381:
374:
367:
358:
357:
325:
324:
322:
320:
297:
286:
285:
283:
281:
264:
253:
252:
250:
248:
239:
230:
49:men's basketball
2707:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2021:List of seasons
2011:
2005:
1984:
1980:Scandal of 1951
1953:
1937:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1871:
1866:
1456:
1216:
1197:
1191:
1170:
1154:Scandal of 1951
1132:
1091:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1003:
947:
851:
845:
810:
754:
748:
662:
656:
519:
513:
509:Scandal of 1951
398:
392:
388:
385:
334:
332:Further reading
329:
328:
318:
316:
314:
298:
289:
279:
277:
265:
256:
246:
244:
237:
231:
210:
205:
186:
161:
116:
61:
12:
11:
5:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1934:(1971–present)
1929:
1923:
1920:Blow Gymnasium
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:(1935–present)
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
988:
983:
978:
971:
966:
961:
959:Bodleian Plate
955:
953:
949:
948:
946:
945:
940:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
908:
907:
906:
899:
892:
880:
877:Our Alma Mater
873:
868:
863:
857:
855:
847:
846:
844:
843:
834:
829:
824:
822:Notable alumni
818:
816:
812:
811:
809:
808:
807:
806:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
760:
758:
750:
749:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
699:
694:
689:
684:
682:Bodleian Plate
679:
674:
668:
666:
658:
657:
655:
654:
647:
642:
637:
632:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
584:
582:Blow Gymnasium
579:
574:
570:
569:
564:
559:
557:Women's soccer
554:
549:
544:
539:
529:
525:
523:
515:
514:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
477:
473:
472:
465:
462:Theatre Annual
458:
454:
453:
448:
443:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
402:
394:
393:
384:
383:
376:
369:
361:
355:
354:
351:
350:. August 2000.
341:
333:
330:
327:
326:
312:
287:
254:
207:
206:
204:
201:
200:
199:
193:
185:
182:
160:
157:
115:
112:
92:North Carolina
60:
57:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2704:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:1951 scandals
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
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931:Wren Society
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677:Alumni House
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615:Plumeri Park
600:Kaplan Arena
552:Men's soccer
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317:. Retrieved
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278:. Retrieved
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245:. Retrieved
174:
162:
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133:
125:John Pomfret
117:
73:
62:
34:World War II
17:
15:
1922:(1925–1971)
832:Chancellors
586:Busch Field
536:Capital Cup
319:November 1,
280:November 1,
247:November 1,
86:, 14–7, in
80:Carl Voyles
65:Rube McCray
59:The scandal
2636:Categories
1088:(practice)
871:Greek life
827:Presidents
687:Brafferton
573:Facilities
504:Public Ivy
489:Honor code
431:Law School
203:References
108:bowl games
41:Division I
22:transcript
2496:1999–2000
1942:Rivalries
1014:Knowledge
916:7 Society
520:Athletics
399:Academics
153:Lou Holtz
149:Marv Levy
76:1942 team
1123:Richmond
1108:Delaware
1103:Ivy Bowl
969:Highland
896:Flat Hat
645:Pep Band
562:Baseball
532:Football
442:Programs
184:See also
53:baseball
45:football
2621:2024–25
2616:2023–24
2611:2022–23
2606:2021–22
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2146:1929–30
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2131:1926–27
2126:1925–26
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2116:1923–24
2111:1922–23
2106:1921–22
2101:1920–21
2096:1919–20
2091:1918–19
2086:1917–18
2081:1916–17
2076:1915–16
2071:1914–15
2066:1913–14
2061:1912–13
2056:1911–12
2051:1910–11
2046:1909–10
2041:1908–09
2036:1907–08
2031:1906–07
2026:1905–06
2012:Seasons
1970:Griffin
1198:Seasons
1144:Griffin
1021:Commons
764:History
755:History
640:Griffin
631:Related
417:Schools
168:(Army)
1989:People
1913:Venues
1175:People
1073:Venues
839:&
815:People
769:Firsts
663:Campus
528:Sports
310:
88:Norman
51:, and
20:was a
952:Misc.
484:Prize
476:Other
238:(PDF)
1862:2024
1857:2023
1852:2022
1847:2021
1842:2020
1837:2019
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1827:2017
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1207:1893
943:WMTV
321:2009
308:ISBN
282:2009
249:2009
151:and
120:NCAA
96:1948
38:NCAA
16:The
1128:VMI
991:SS
94:in
28:in
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