31:
86:
61:
370:
Pods develop and persist on the tree, with the seeds remaining attached long after the pods have opened. The seeds are dislodged by heavy downpours that generally start around
November in the islands. Many seeds
1455:
Daniel
Rubinoff, Brenden S. Holland, Alexandra Shibata, Russell H. Messing, and Mark G. Wright. 2010. "Rapid Invasion Despite Lack of Genetic Variation in the Erythrina Gall Wasp (Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim)"
721:
therefore ignore small isolated galls containing a single larva. The Hawaii
Departments of Agriculture and of Land & Natural Resources therefore plan to introduce a second parasitoid wasp from Africa,
336:. The dry season usually begins in late April or in May, and trees in the wild typically lose all of their leaves before they bloom. Trees in cultivation may retain much of their foliage through
651:
low elevation dryland forest ecosystem. The USGS-Pacific Island
Ecosystems Research Center study site now documents the destructive impact of two invasive insect species (African bruchid beetle
619:
within only two years. This species was not previously known to science and was formally named and described in 2004. It is thought to have originated in Africa, and the means of its rapid
344:
that are 7.5–15 cm (3.0–5.9 in) long. The flower color may be orange, yellow, salmon, greenish or whitish. Sometimes all of these colors occur in a single population. The
1584:
Voyage autour du Monde, entrepris par Ordre du Roi, . . . Execute sur les
Corvettes de S.M. l'Uranie et la Physicienne . . . par M. Louis de Freycinet. Botanique . . .
1369:
317:
up to 1 cm (0.39 in) in length. The bark on the main trunk of mature trees has a distinct orange cast, which is caused by a terrestrial
1839:
1891:
1525:
1943:
2010:
709:
to a point where the wiliwili trees no longer die, but still have a much reduced production of viable seeds. That's largely because
1787:
1408:
1049:
1852:
1800:
340:. The flowers appear in the first half of the dry season, from April through July. They form on horizontal or nearly horizontal
375:
quickly, and a well-established seedling can grow to 4 ft (1.2 m) in height before the start of the next dry season.
1295:
1123:
1857:
1264:
452:, below). They were popular street trees in dry areas and windbreaks on fields. At least 80 others have been known in
1896:
1628:
448:
were under general cultivation in the
Hawaiian Islands, but have been mostly extirpated by the alien gall wasp (see
2025:
1752:
1826:
1500:
1224:
544:(hull) of outrigger canoes intended to be used near-shore, for recreation, or for training. The shiny orange-red
1194:
At: "Annotated
Checklist of Cultivated Plants of Hawaii" At: Botany Databases At: Hawaii Biological Survey (see
1118:
George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, HI, USA.
1612:
William
Hillebrand. 1888. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands:99. (reprinted by Lubrecht & Cramer in 1981). (see
1961:
1207:
Carlquist, S. 1966. The Biota of Long-Distance
Dispersal. III. Loss of Dispersibility in the Hawaiian Flora.
1080:
1319:
273:
814:
1060:
768:
345:
314:
837:
1805:
1473:
1019:
1956:
1530:
1505:
85:
2030:
383:
1922:
1638:
1340:
1312:
2020:
1232:
599:
461:
1948:
1883:
674:
1870:
1844:
1714:
833:
1355:
1909:
1327:
773:
563:
212:
1634:
1774:
763:. The name means "red", a reference to the flower color of some of the well-known species.
620:
399:
277:
269:
1138:(Leguminosae: Phaseoleae) as Inferred from Morphological and Chloroplast DNA Characters".
996:
394:. Many plants in the islands have consequently evolved away the protection of spines. The
8:
1917:
291:
50:
1252:
2015:
1982:
1677:
1389:
875:
856:
567:
409:
80:
65:
1935:
351:
is erect, not enclosing the other petals. Like all of the erythrinas, the wiliwili is
1904:
1761:
1693:
1671:
1658:
1381:
1360:
1291:
1119:
759:
435:
431:
333:
287:
1682:
1664:
1393:
1987:
1766:
1699:
1373:
1014:
803:
604:
491:
453:
259:
1686:
1377:
1285:
513:
439:
359:. The horizontal raceme and the erect standard are adaptations to pollination by
123:
305:
trees grow to a height of 4.5–9 m (15–30 ft) with a gnarled and stout
30:
1930:
1737:
795:
780:
540:
306:
110:
1283:
2004:
1865:
1154:
Anne
Bruneau. 1997. "Evolution and Homology of Bird Pollination Syndromes in
1005:
754:
632:
508:
415:
310:
70:
673:
was released by the Hawaiʻi Department of Agriculture in December 2008 as a
1974:
1385:
863:
724:
643:
forests have also been hard hit, particularly Puʻu o Kali on the island of
550:
228:
1878:
1813:
1746:
562:
Like many other native species in Hawaiʻi, the wiliwili is threatened by
503:
372:
364:
1642:
1474:"Limiting factors for dryland forest restoration on Maui Island, Hawaii"
1310:
874:. He stated no reason for the name change. He presented a more complete
1792:
663:
648:
624:
603:, which had been first reported in Hawaiʻi in April of that year. This
352:
329:
1818:
1648:
1565:
2(1):391-392. In: Encyclopédie Méthodique par ordre de matieres. (see
1413:
776:
612:
594:
579:
521:
444:
419:
391:
360:
264:
189:
179:
1708:
1047:
483:
have pods with larger numbers of brown seeds, which float in water.
1969:
1731:
787:
668:
575:
534:
387:
337:
255:
251:
169:
136:
1831:
1284:
Ben Marcos; Juliana Morais; Jeff Divine & Gary Linden (2007).
1190:
Clyde T. Imada, George W. Staples, and Derral R. Herbst. undated.
1134:
Anne Bruneau. 1996. "Phylogenetic and Biogeographical Patterns in
851:, was used by most of those who described the Hawaiian species of
532:, which averaged 18 feet (5.5 m), were exclusively ridden by
628:
593:
population was under immediate threat due to an infestation by a
583:
571:
309:
that reaches 0.3–0.9 m (0.98–2.95 ft) in diameter. The
247:
159:
589:
It was additionally reported in December 2005 that the Hawaiian
280:
island slopes up to an elevation of 600 m (2,000 ft).
1779:
1431:
I.K. Kim, G. Delvare, and J. La Salle. 2004. "A new species of
639:
species have died as a result of gall wasp infestation. Native
608:
472:
405:
341:
149:
38:
1595:
William Jackson Hooker and George Arnott Walker-Arnott. 1841.
471:
is distinguished from the other seven cultivated species by a
791:
701:
larvae, on which they exclusively feed. The introduction of
616:
348:
318:
97:
942:
686:
644:
545:
476:
356:
313:
is smooth, slightly fissured, and covered in gray or black
386:
in the isolated Hawaiian Islands, without the presence of
1311:
A.C. Medeiros C.F. Davenport & C.G. Chimera (1998).
635:
is not understood. The majority of trees of introduced
1356:"Hawaii's Coral Trees Feel the Sting of Foreign Wasps"
1106:, Revised Edition, 1999. Bishop Museum Press: Hololulu
1102:
Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, and Sy H. Sohmer.
1526:"New wasp could help to protect crucial native trees"
994:
717:
to complete their development, and egg-laying female
1318:. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit,
1048:
Elbert L. Little Jr. & Roger G. Skolmen (1989).
1435:(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): A gall-inducing pest on
1370:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1020:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T120702630A120702761.en
1313:"Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest"
737:larva, and it is therefore expected to complement
647:- prior to 2001, the best remaining example of a
2002:
1523:
1498:
1353:
733:completes its development feeding from a single
607:appears to have arrived in Hawaiʻi via southern
538:(royalty). The wood was sometimes used for the
382:bears spines is unusual for a species that has
363:birds. Many other erythrinas are pollinated by
1606:
1572:
1478:USGS Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center
1406:
1400:
1081:"Erythrina sandwicensis (Fabaceae) - wiliwili"
1173:
1171:
1114:
1112:
855:throughout the nineteenth century, including
1538:
1449:
1184:
935:Alas! I am seized by the shark, great shark!
475:with only one to three red or yellow-orange
1555:
882:is the name that has been used since 1932.
1589:
1290:. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 17–19.
1168:
1148:
1128:
1109:
963:That is the time when the shark-god bites.
59:
29:
1219:
1217:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1018:
498:wood because of its low density, such as
414:, a widespread species found in tropical
1104:Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii
978:Alas! now consumed by the monster shark!
1425:
2003:
1688:The Botany of Captain Beechey's Voyage
1597:The Botany of Captain Beechey's Voyage
1214:
1181:book 5, family 169. (no page numbers).
1091:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
960:When the flowers of the wiliwili tree,
885:
842:The Botany of Captain Beechey's Voyage
840:used Gaudichaud's name in their book,
582:that constrain them in their original
294:, or twist open, to reveal the seeds.
1713:
1712:
1354:Carolyn Gramling (16 December 2005).
966:Alas! I am seized by the huge shark!
677:to minimize the damaging effects of
398:is thought to be closely related to
1034:
1006:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
975:What pleasure I took in my dancing!
13:
1678:Encyclopédie Méthodique: Botanique
1578:Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré. 1830.
1563:Encyclopédie Méthodique: Botanique
1265:National Tropical Botanical Garden
1229:Hawaii Ethnobotany Online Database
938:Lala-kea with triple-banked teeth.
769:Encyclopédie Méthodique: Botanique
479:, which sink in water; non-native
290:and refers to the seedpods, which
286:means "repeatedly twisted" in the
14:
2042:
1622:
1524:KEHAULANI CERIZO (Dec 30, 2019).
954:That flamed in the deep blue sea.
456:there. No non-native species of
430:Wiliwili is occasionally seen in
2011:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1962:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:494571-1
1287:The Surfboard: Art, Style, Stoke
995:Grave, E.; Kroessig, T. (2020).
713:larvae need to feed on multiple
367:, which do not occur in Hawaii.
272:there. It is typically found in
84:
1517:
1499:Shannon Wianecki (March 2009).
1492:
1466:
1441:Journal of Hymenoptera Research
1347:
1304:
1277:
1245:
1201:
557:
425:
1548:2:706. Laurentii Salvii. (see
1320:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
1073:
988:
891:Auwe! Pau au i ka manō nui, e!
798:. That tree has been known as
741:by targeting isolated larvae.
705:has reduced the population of
297:
1:
1701:Flora of the Hawaiian Islands
1649:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1580:Voyage de l'Uranie. Botanique
1561:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. 1786.
1513:(2). Haynes Publishing Group.
1407:Dennis Hollier (March 2007).
1378:10.1126/science.310.5755.1759
1057:Common Forest Trees of Hawaii
982:
948:Torn up by the monster shark,
570:species that are free of the
274:Hawaiian tropical dry forests
1421:(1). Pacific Travelogue Inc.
1061:United States Forest Service
685:wasps lay their eggs in the
655:and erythrina gall wasp) on
494:made a number of items from
262:. It is the only species of
7:
1085:Cal Poly Pomona Questad Lab
918:Auwe! pau ai i ka mano nui!
813:Unaware of Lamarck's name,
516:floats, and extremely long
250:of tree in the pea family,
10:
2047:
1534:. Haynes Publishing Group.
1160:American Journal of Botany
1013:: e.T120702630A120702761.
815:Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré
744:
653:Specularius impressithorax
1721:
1586:) page 486 and table 114.
972:Foam-mottled sea of Kane!
900:O ka ai ia e ka manō nui,
878:than the one given here.
697:larvae hatch faster than
442:. Seven other species of
434:in Hawaiʻi. It is easily
218:
211:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
37:
28:
23:
1544:Carolus Linnaeus. 1753.
1233:Bernice P. Bishop Museum
927:A lealea au i kaʻu hula,
600:Quadrastichus erythrinae
404:, a tree endemic to the
2026:Endemic flora of Hawaii
1531:Maui Nō Ka ʻOi Magazine
1506:Maui Nō Ka ʻOi Magazine
969:O blue sea, O dark sea,
486:
1923:Erythrina sandwicensis
1753:Erythrina sandwicensis
1723:Erythrina sandwicensis
1599:part 2, page 81. (see
1335:Cite journal requires
1255:Erythrina sandwicensis
999:Erythrina sandwicensis
951:Niuhi with fiery eyes,
897:Pau ka papa-ku o Lono.
894:Lala-kea niho pa-kolu.
880:Erythrina sandwicensis
868:Erythrina sandwicensis
834:William Jackson Hooker
657:Erythrina sandwicensis
243:Erythrina sandwicensis
222:Erythrina sandwicensis
1501:"Saving the Wiliwili"
930:Pau au i ka manō nui!
924:Kai popolohua o Kane.
774:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
766:In 1786, in his book
757:in 1753 in his book,
1177:Otto Degener. 1932.
906:Olapa i ke kai lipo.
872:Erythrina monosperma
849:Erythrina monosperma
827:Voyage of the Uranus
825:in 1830 in his book
819:Erythrina monosperma
784:Erythrina monosperma
406:Tahitian Archipelago
204:E. sandwicensis
886:Wiliwili hula chant
847:Gaudichaud's name,
753:was established by
51:Conservation status
912:A pua ka wiliwili,
857:William Hillebrand
806:created the genus
1998:
1997:
1905:Open Tree of Life
1715:Taxon identifiers
1666:Species Plantarum
1635:Cultivated Plants
1546:Species Plantarum
1409:"The Seed Savers"
1297:978-0-7603-2753-1
1179:Flora Hawaiiensis
1140:Systematic Botany
1124:978-1-58178-039-0
921:Kai uli, kai ele,
903:O Niuhi maka ahi,
866:created the name
821:for the Hawaiian
817:created the name
760:Species Plantarum
548:were strung into
454:botanical gardens
334:drought deciduous
288:Hawaiian language
235:
234:
74:
16:Species of legume
2038:
2031:Ornamental trees
1991:
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1978:
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1965:
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992:
915:A nanahu ka manō
804:William Roxburgh
800:Butea monosperma
605:invasive species
492:Native Hawaiians
270:naturally occurs
260:Hawaiian Islands
224:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
33:
21:
20:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2040:
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2036:
2035:
2021:Trees of Hawaii
2001:
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1458:Pacific Science
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1261:Meet the Plants
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1202:
1189:
1185:
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1158:(Leguminosae).
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989:
985:
957:Alas! and alas!
941:The stratum of
888:
747:
631:, and southern
560:
514:outrigger canoe
489:
460:is known to be
428:
390:or other large
300:
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1988:wfo-0000186915
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1337:|journal=
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729:. The smaller
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518:papa heʻe nalu
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1475:
1469:
1462:
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1452:
1445:
1442:
1439:(Fabaceae)".
1438:
1434:
1433:Quadrastichus
1428:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:: 1759–1760.
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1342:
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1299:
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1211:18(4):310-335
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838:George Arnott
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771:
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764:
762:
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735:Quadrastichus
732:
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715:Quadrastichus
712:
708:
707:Quadrastichus
704:
700:
699:Quadrastichus
696:
692:
691:Quadrastichus
688:
684:
680:
679:Quadrastichus
676:
672:
670:
665:
660:
658:
654:
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646:
642:
638:
634:
633:North America
630:
626:
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615:and southern
614:
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423:
421:
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416:South America
413:
412:
407:
403:
402:
401:E. tahitensis
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
368:
366:
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350:
347:
343:
339:
338:blooming time
335:
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217:
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213:Binomial name
210:
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111:Tracheophytes
109:
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99:
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67:
56:
52:
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1579:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1540:
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1482:. Retrieved
1477:
1468:
1460:
1457:
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1359:
1349:
1328:cite journal
1306:
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1279:
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1260:
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1236:. Retrieved
1228:
1208:
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1150:
1145:(4):587-605.
1142:
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1056:
1024:. Retrieved
1010:
1004:
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990:
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867:
864:Otto Degener
861:
852:
848:
846:
841:
831:
826:
822:
818:
812:
807:
799:
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750:
748:
738:
734:
730:
725:Aprostocetus
723:
718:
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706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
682:
678:
667:
661:
656:
652:
640:
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598:
590:
588:
561:
558:Conservation
549:
539:
533:
529:
525:
517:
507:
499:
495:
490:
480:
468:
466:
464:in Hawaiʻi.
457:
450:Conservation
449:
443:
429:
426:Distribution
410:
400:
395:
379:
377:
369:
365:hummingbirds
325:
323:
302:
301:
283:
282:
263:
242:
241:
237:
236:
221:
219:
203:
202:
190:
143:
130:
117:
104:
42:
18:
1879:NatureServe
1814:iNaturalist
1747:Wikispecies
1257:(Fabaceae)"
870:to replace
802:ever since
689:created by
671:erythrinae,
564:competition
504:fishing net
462:naturalized
432:cultivation
411:E. velutina
328:is summer (
298:Description
176:Subfamily:
124:Angiosperms
2005:Categories
1931:Plant List
1484:10 October
1463:(1):23-31.
1270:2009-01-31
1238:2009-11-21
1225:"wiliwili"
1165:(1):54-71.
1066:2009-11-21
1050:"Wiliwili"
983:References
790:tree from
788:Leguminous
777:originated
749:The genus
731:A. nityens
675:biocontrol
664:parasitoid
625:South Asia
580:herbivores
568:non-native
522:surfboards
436:propagated
392:herbivores
353:pollinated
330:dry season
254:, that is
66:Vulnerable
2016:Erythrina
1936:ild-33420
1871:120702630
1695:Erythrina
1683:Erythrina
1673:Erythrina
1660:Erythrina
1630:Erythrina
1446::243-249.
1437:Erythrina
1414:Hana Hou!
1209:Brittonia
1192:Erythrina
1156:Erythrina
1136:Erythrina
1026:11 August
862:In 1932,
853:Erythrina
832:In 1841,
823:Erythrina
810:in 1795.
751:Erythrina
637:Erythrina
621:dispersal
613:Singapore
595:gall wasp
576:parasites
524:) called
506:floats),
481:Erythrina
458:Erythrina
445:Erythrina
420:Caribbean
388:ungulates
378:That the
373:germinate
361:passerine
265:Erythrina
198:Species:
191:Erythrina
180:Faboideae
94:Kingdom:
24:Wiliwili
1975:13043739
1970:Tropicos
1884:2.141199
1845:10166467
1832:494571-1
1738:Q1542836
1732:Wikidata
1394:39557367
1386:16357239
1368:(5755).
1322:: 38–39.
945:is gone,
876:synonymy
755:Linnaeus
739:Eurytoma
719:Eurytoma
711:Eurytoma
703:Eurytoma
695:Eurytoma
683:Eurytoma
669:Eurytoma
641:wiliwili
591:wiliwili
584:habitats
572:diseases
496:wiliwili
469:wiliwili
440:cuttings
418:and the
396:wiliwili
380:wiliwili
346:standard
326:wiliwili
303:Wiliwili
284:Wiliwili
252:Fabaceae
238:Wiliwili
170:Fabaceae
166:Family:
137:Eudicots
71:IUCN 3.1
43:wiliwili
1910:3921462
1897:2590719
1793:5349515
1616:below.)
1603:below).
1569:below).
1552:below).
1361:Science
1198:below.)
745:History
693:wasps.
649:Hawai'i
629:Pacific
623:across
384:evolved
342:racemes
292:dehisce
278:leeward
258:to the
256:endemic
248:species
246:) is a
186:Genus:
160:Fabales
156:Order:
98:Plantae
69: (
1949:ERSA11
1944:PLANTS
1858:502439
1819:125153
1806:436199
1780:643879
1480:. USGS
1392:
1384:
1294:
1122:
786:for a
727:nitens
666:wasp,
627:, the
609:Taiwan
578:, and
408:, and
315:spines
229:O.Deg.
150:Rosids
39:Raceme
1840:IRMNG
1767:3BDDW
1390:S2CID
1316:(PDF)
1053:(PDF)
808:Butea
792:India
687:galls
617:China
566:with
546:seeds
535:aliʻi
477:seeds
438:from
357:birds
349:petal
307:trunk
268:that
144:Clade
131:Clade
118:Clade
105:Clade
1957:POWO
1918:PfaF
1892:NCBI
1866:IUCN
1853:ITIS
1827:IPNI
1801:GRIN
1788:GBIF
1698:In:
1685:In:
1676:In:
1663:In:
1647:At:
1641:At:
1637:At:
1633:At:
1486:2015
1382:PMID
1341:help
1292:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1028:2023
1011:2020
943:Lono
836:and
794:and
781:name
779:the
645:Maui
541:waʻa
500:mouo
487:Uses
467:The
324:The
319:alga
311:bark
1983:WFO
1775:EoL
1762:CoL
1643:HBS
1374:doi
1366:310
1015:doi
597:,
551:lei
530:Olo
528:.
526:olo
509:ama
473:pod
355:by
276:on
41:of
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1777::
1764::
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