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omission of one name, important as that name may be. The history of the
Kindertransport, as presented in several accounts, omits the role played by German Jewish organizations and their leaders, most of whom remained in Germany to help their co-religionists despite the fact that they themselves had visas and were able to escape. This included Wilfrid Israel's closest collaborators, Eppstein, Hirsch and Karminski, all of whom perished. The reason for this omission is the relative paucity of documentation, as the records of the Jewish organizations involved were mostly destroyed. It is also because the eyewitness accounts are those of the former Kindertransport children themselves, who were of course unaware of the negotiations which preceded their rescue. However even a glance at the newsreel reportage of the departure and arrival of the children indicates the meticulous preparation of the Kindertransport by its German Jewish organizers, and of the restraint of the parents: the children all carefully dressed, each with a small knapsack and suitcase, and equipped with tags around their necks indicating his or her identity.
201:, the rescue of 10,000 German Jewish children after the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 1938. By this time, most of the Jewish leadership in Germany had been arrested, and Israel took over the running of the Hilfsverein, the German Jewish welfare and emigration organization established at the turn of the century. He (as well as others) urged the British Anglo-Jewish leadership the rescue of German Jewish children, but without their parents, to England. The Anglo-Jewish leadership organized a deputation to the British prime minister. However, in the aftermath of the Kristallnacht pogrom, no Anglo-Jew was prepared to visit Germany, and the British government was initially dubious about the willingness of parents to part with their children. But a Quaker delegation, all of whose members had previously worked with Wilfrid Israel on relief matters (a link going back to the post-World War I era) was sent out, and directed by Israel and, together with the German women's organisation, the Frauenbund, met with the parents and provided the British government with the necessary reassurance.
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with two other German Jewish leaders, Paul
Eppstein and Otto Hirsch). This was rejected. However: another of Wilfrid Israel's proposals, for the establishment of a transit camp in Britain for young men released from the concentration camps, was accepted, saving eight thousand lives - a no less impressive rescue than that of the Kindertransport. Wilfrid Israel did indeed use his personal connections in Britain, most notably Lord Samuel (a previous Home Secretary) and at the time of the Kristallnacht the head of the Council for German Jewry- which had given assurances to the British government for support of Jewish refugees. It was to this organization that Wilfrid Israel turned, again on behalf of German Jews as a whole, and contacted Samuel with the request for the rescue of unaccompanied Jewish children.
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but the proposals were debated at a cabinet meeting the following day. No leading
British Jew was prepared to risk visiting Germany, but here Wilfrid Israel's connections with the Quakers paid off. A delegation of Quakers headed by Bertha Bracey visited Germany to verify the willingness of German parents to part with their children. They met with Wilfrid Israel who introduced them to the heads of the Frauenbund, the German Jewish women's organisation with branches all over the country. Together, Quakers and Jews visited the Jewish communities all over the country and reported back to the British Home Office (in charge of immigration to Britain). One of the Quakers returned to London within days. His report made it clear that German Jewry wanted help for emigration, not relief on the spot.
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with sponsors abroad; Foley was the man in charge of issuing visas. Pollack, always carrying a Mauser pistol in his pocket was the essential intermediary between
Wilfrid, Foley and the Gestapo. He met them in small cafes, where money could easily pass hands. People came to Wilfrid pleading for his help in releasing their relations from the camps; Wilfrid gave the necessary funds to Pollack; Pollack obtained the documents; and Foley granted visas to those who Wilfrid and Pollack told him were honest people whose names had been blackened by the Gestapo. Pollack and Wilfrid kept Foley informed of any agents planted by the Gestapo in the lines of applicants for visas. In the last years and months up to the
573:, Israel, is an archaeology and art museum dedicated to the memory of Wilfrid Israel. The museum, which opened in 1951, houses Wilfrid's unique collection, to which many artefacts have been added over the years. The museum displays have permanent exhibitions of the art of India, China, Thailand, Cambodia, the art of ancient Near East, and local archaeology. In addition, the museum holds changing exhibitions of modern painting, sculpture, photography, and textiles. It offers a wide range of community educational programs for children, youth and adults, including guided tours of the museum's permanent and temporary exhibitions as well as creative hands-on activities in the museum's art workshop.
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380:, Lord Samuel led another delegation โ this time made up of both โ Jewish and non-Jewish representatives of groups concerned with refugees. โ to Home Secretary Samuel Hoare. Samuel was accompanied by Lola Hahn Warburg, Wilfrid's friend and colleague in Youth Aliya, who had left Germany in the autumn, and was henceforth to be one of the chief workers for the child rescue in England, and Bertha Bracey, of the British Quakers, who brought Ben Greene, the Quaker who had returned to deliver the first-hand evidence. Greene testified to the plea of the German parents and their readiness to part with their children.
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136:'s disciple and special envoy, whom Wilfrid Israel had met while visiting India and visiting the Indian leader's home in 1925. During the visit, Einstein wrote a short letter to Gandhi that was delivered to him through his envoy. Gandhi responded quickly with his own letter. Although in the end, Einstein and Gandhi were unable to meet as they had hoped, the direct connection between them was established through Wilfrid Israel.
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351:, President of the World Zionist Organisation, in London. Weizmann immediately telephoned the Foreign Office. He was "in considerable distress" as he told of his information that the situation in Germany had "changed most dangerously during the last 24 hours". The German Jews thought that the only way to save the situation was for 'some prominent non-Jewish Englishman to go over to Berlin immediately".
620:, is inspired by the biography written by Naomi Shepherd. It tells the story of Wilfrid Israel's life-saving activities, his connections with the founders of Kibbutz HaZore'a and mostly focuses on the last ten years of his life. The film's website "The Essential Link: The Story of Wilfrid Israel" provides more information about the person and the film and includes a link to its trailer.
369:, on behalf of the Reichsvertretung, to ask formally that Britain do all possible 'to accelerate the emigration of Jews from Germany, [and particularly those who had been driven from their homes โ about ten to fifteen thousand โ and install them in temporary camps whence they could be evacuated in due course to their country of destination'.
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The request was accepted only after two deputations to the Prime
Minister and the Home Secretary by Samuel - and Chaim Weizmann, the Zionist leader. The second deputation included representatives of the British Quakers, who visited Germany and under Wilfrid Israel's guidance were able to confirm that
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From 1937 Wilfrid Israel was active in the work of the
Hilfsverein, the central German Jewish organization for emigration. It was to the Hilfsverein that all Jews lacking funds and contacts enabling them to emigrate (the vast majority by 1937) applied for help. By the time of the Kristallnacht pogrom
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Wilfrid Israel is described in the
British Foreign Office records, now in the National Archives in London, as 'chief representative of German Jewry'. His repeated appeals to the British government on behalf of German Jewry are documented there. There is also a reference to these attempts in copies of
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It was as the representative of German Jewry that
Wilfrid Israel had described the details of Nazi persecution to British diplomats and government officials visiting Berlin, and also proposals for emigration to Britain. A last desperate plea, following the Kristallnacht, was made in London (together
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Brenda Bailey, daughter of a
British Quaker mother and a German Quaker father, wrote: "After Kristallnacht, leadership was again shown by the Jewish businessman Wilfrid Israel, who contacted the Council for German Jewry in London, informing them that extraordinary measures must now be taken to save
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a Jewish statistician, who worked under
Wilfrid Israel in the "Hilfsverein" and who also worked secretly under Foley, the three of them formed a secretive mechanism to save as many Jews as possible from the concentration camps. Pollack had contacts in the Gestapo; Wilfrid had money and direct links
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Speaking in the House of Commons that evening, Hoare announced that the government had agreed to the admission of refugee children, quoting Greene's evidence. Around this time, Wilfrid's previous and continued appeals were reinforced by the return to England of Sir Michael Bruce, who now impressed
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An Anglo-Jewish deputation led by Lord Samuel, which included Chaim Weizmann, Lionel de Rothschild and the Chief Rabbi of the UK, Joseph Herman Hertz, hastily put together a petition based on the cable and went to see the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain. His initial response was non-committal,
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there appears a young man named Landauer of mixed Anglo-German-Jewish parentage, wealthy, exotic, small, oriental, dark-eyed -- a mixture of Beau Brummel and Hamlet against a Charlottenburg background. This was meant to be Wilfrid Israel, but the real Wilfrid Israel was tall, blond, blue-eyed. He
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The Israel department store in Berlin, was first vandalised, then taken over by the Nazis, after a forced sale at a fraction of its worth, and Wilfrid Israel left Germany, but returned on the eve of war to organise the despatch of the last contingent of children, only leaving when warned that his
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As for Wilfrid Israel's activities on behalf of children and young people of which the Kindertransport was only one example: many years earlier, he was among the sponsors of Youth Aliya and on his last mission to wartime Europe, he drew up plans for the rescue of Jewish children in Vichy France.
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After officially leaving Germany in mid-1939, Wilfrid Israel returned to Berlin to help Hannah Karminski and other members of the Frauenbund organize the last groups of German Jewish children of the Kindertransport. He left finally days before the outbreak of war. But there is more here than the
220:, now working for the Foreign Office, and at the same time advised the Refugee Department of the F.O. on movements of refugees throughout Europe. Among his papers from that period are those dealing with the question of German resistance to Hitler (which he dismissed, despite his friendship with
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On the same day Anglo-Jewry leaders representing the CGJ, meet in London with Sir Michael Bruce and request him to immediately go to Berlin, meet with Wilfrid Israel and other leaders "... who are only awaiting the arrival of a messenger to transmit reports on the treatment of our people."
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A major memorial honouring Wilfrid Israel, and to all Jews who chose to risk their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust, has been erected. The memorial is located adjacent to the ancient Levite City of Tel Yokneam, Israel. The 14' memorial, designed by noted Jerusalem sculptor
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of November 1938 Wilfrid Israel was the director (Vorsitzender) of the Hilfsverein. By this time the family firm which he had headed had been requisitioned by the Nazis, and most of the other official male heads of German Jewish organizations had been arrested.
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but refused to hand over Jews to the Germans. Before Israel left the peninsula, he had also formulated a plan to rescue Jewish children from Vichy France โ an enterprise partially carried out after his death. Israel was killed, aged 43, on 1 June 1943 when
170:, attempted, through influential contacts in Britain, to persuade the British to grant admission to "transit camps" in Britain, for Jews released from the German concentration camps; eight thousand young men were saved in this way. He also lobbied the
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Described as "gentle and courageous" and "intensely secretive", Wilfrid Israel avoided public office and shunned publicity, but had, according to his biographer Naomi Shepherd, an "almost hypnotic" ability to influence friends and colleagues.
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A deep desire prompts me to write to you as I know your great anxiety regarding the fate of your son. Never in my life have I come in contact with a being so noble, so strong and as selfless as he was โ in very truth a living work of
163:: many in the Nazi leadership had accounts at the store and were never charged. Israel also financed the emigration of his Jewish employees (roughly a third of the staff) by paying them two years' salary at the time they left Germany.
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arrest was imminent. An example of Wilfred Israel's foresight and compassion is that he arranged to give money and other support to many employees of the Israel firm to aid them to flee the country, many ultimately to America.
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his personal letters now deposited in a Wilfrid Israel archive in the Wiener Library London (the main source of Holocaust records in the UK, where the records of the Council for German Jewry are also to be found).
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In conclusion, the idea of the Kindertransport did not originate with Anglo Jewry; their deputations were the response to an appeal made by Wilfrid Israel as representative of the Jewish community in Germany.
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Following World War I, he began to travel the world, including the Far East and took a special interest in works of art of this region. With the outbreak of the global economic crisis, he helped bring the
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in Berlin, one of the largest and oldest stores in pre-World War II Germany. From early in the Nazi period, Wilfrid Israel used the business as a base from which to engineer the release of prisoners from
362:, Wilfrid cabled the Council for German Jewry with details of the problems facing the community, and proposed the immediate rescue of German-Jewish children and young people up to the age of seventeen.
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and spent the next two months distributing certificates of entry to British-ruled Palestine, and investigating the situation of Jews on the peninsula; during World War II the right-wing governments in
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Jewish parents were indeed willing to part with their children. Wilfrid Israel's connection with the Quakers went back to the period following World War I when he was also active in refugee work.
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owned a kimono, but otherwise there was nothing oriental about him. Generally speaking, there was no more in common between him and Landauer than between, say, Leopold Bloom and Leon Trotsky.
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Israel was a descendant on his English mother's side of the first Chief Rabbi of Britain. Contemporaries described him as an elegant, elusive figure most famously inspiring the character
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by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, in 1984; in German translation by Siedler Verlag, Munich; and in Hebrew as "ืฉืืจืืจ ืืื ืืจืฅ", the Bialik Institute in 1989. This biography won the
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everyone in London with his first-hand information and knowledge. By this deceleration, removing the legal and official constraints, the Kindertransport could finally be launched.
36:(11 July 1899 โ 1 June 1943) was an Anglo-German businessman and philanthropist, born into a wealthy Anglo-German Jewish family, who was active in the rescue of Jews from
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I dare yet to hope that through a miracle he has been spared to us. Yet it urges me, though so helpless, to assure you of my deepest sympathy in these most tragic hours.
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In these times of mass-misfortune, which so few are able to stand up to โ one feels the presence of this "chosen one" as a Liberator from despair for mankind.
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Philanthropy was only a small part of his rescue activities. Israel, though arrested and beaten and followed on his journeys abroad by the
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The initiative, and the idea (undoubtedly linked to the British refusal to admit children to Palestine), was that of German Jewry itself.
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to Palestine to save Jewish lives. Wilfrid provided the funds. Initially, twelve young people were sent to the
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The pogroms and the incarceration of many more young Jews, sent Wilfrid back to the British Embassy on
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American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939โ1945
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Memorial to Wilfrid Israel who risked his life to save over 20,000 Jews during the Holocaust.
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Wilfrid Israel, German Jewry's Secret Ambassador by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, in 1984
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Smith, Michael (1999) Foley: The spy who saved 10,000 Jews. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
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and, for a few months in 1911, the Hochalpines Lyceum in Zuoz/Institut Engiadina (today
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A Refuge from Darkness: Wilfrid Israel and the Rescue of The Jews, 1984 Naomi Shepherd
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The poster describes the contents and creators of the film that was published in 2017.
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described him as "a man of great moral stature, dedicated to the service of others".
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A Quaker couple in Nazi Germany: Leonhard Friedrich survives Buchenwald
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Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in international waters
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A Refuge from Darkness: Wilfrid Israel and the Rescue of The Jews
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Institute, Center for Jewish History. Retrieved 6 September 2006.
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927:"The Essential Link: The Story of Wilfrid Israel (2016) - IMDb"
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274:. These contacts were valuable in his later rescue missions.
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Jewish Anglo-German businessman active in the Kindertransport
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published in 1976. Both books were later adapted to films.
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On 27 September 1931, Wilfrid Israel took his Indian guest
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800:"Wilfrid Israel, an unsung Holocaust hero, gets his due"
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Private Communication from one such high-level employee.
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led an Anglo-Jewish deputation to the Prime Minister,
723:"Guide to the Papers of the Israel Family 1814โ1996"
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1070:Dessa, A Tribute to Kaufhaus N. Israel 1815โ1939,
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614:premiered in Israel on 1 November 2016. The film,
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941:"The Essential Link: The Story of Wilfrid Israel"
483:Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation
97:Wilfrid Israel attended the Mommsen-Gymnasium in
55:He was killed when his civilian passenger plane,
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1044:Wilfrid Israel, German Jewry's Secret Ambassador
1013:Wilfrid Israel: July 11th, 1899 โ June 1st, 1943
827:Wilfrid Israel: German Jewry's Secret Ambassador
197:Wilfrid Israel played a significant role in the
174:directly for this purpose through visits to the
617:The Essential Link: The Story of Wilfrid Israel
463:British Overseas Airways Corporation Flight 777
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1050:for the best book on Jewish subjects for 1984
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901:"ืืฆืืจืืช ื ืืืจืืช ื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืคืจืื ืืฉืจืื"
741:"The Holocaust and the Failure of Diplomacy"
500:Hoops Lane memorial plaque to Wilfrid Israel
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505:Tribute letter from Albert Einstein
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599:A film by award-winning filmmaker
552:With heartfelt wishes, A. Einstein
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1015:(1st ed.). London: Marsland.
697:"Quakers and the Kindertransport"
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963:Bailey, J. E. Brenda (1994).
875:"About Wilfrid Israel Museum"
824:Naomi Shepherd (1 May 2017).
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527:Princetown, N.J. VI. 14. '43.
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347:, Wilfrid Israel telephoned
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945:www.wilfridisraelfilm.org
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456:had some sympathies with
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1020:Shepherd, Naomi (1984).
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798:JESSICA STEINBERG.
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327:Neville Chamberlain
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332:On the morning of
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837:978-1-905559-89-3
760:Goodbye to Berlin
532:Dear Mrs. Israel,
423:Goodbye to Berlin
238:Goodbye to Berlin
229:Bernhard Landauer
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122:V. A. Sundaram
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1048:Wingate Prize
1045:
1042:Published as
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1031:
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1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Buber, Martin
1006:
1002:
1000:0-8143-1672-7
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:Bauer, Yehuda
980:
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974:1-85072-131-9
970:
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775:Shepherd 1984
771:
764:
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735:
728:
724:
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685:
684:Shepherd 1984
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663:0-340-76603-4
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637:Shepherd 1984
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603:and producer
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515:Stolpersteine
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467:Bay of Biscay
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408:Personal life
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272:Liberal Party
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964:
956:Bibliography
944:
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909:. Retrieved
904:
895:
883:. Retrieved
879:the original
869:
864:, p. 26
857:
846:
826:
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807:. Retrieved
803:
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781:
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725:, AR 25140,
718:
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236:
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210:enemy aliens
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145:Youth Aliyah
141:Recha Freier
138:
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50:Martin Buber
46:
38:Nazi Germany
33:
32:
18:
1112:1943 deaths
1107:1899 births
1072:Switzerland
989:. Detroit:
907:(in Hebrew)
786:Bailey 1994
608: [
605:Noam Shalev
601:Yonatan Nir
479:Sam Philipe
426:(1939) and
180:Frank Foley
1101:Categories
1065:Flight 777
862:Buber 1944
851:Bauer 1981
809:14 January
752:11 January
624:References
414:homosexual
911:19 August
885:14 August
727:Leo Baeck
378:Nov. 21st
367:Nov. 17th
360:Nov. 15th
235:'s novel
139:In 1932,
83:Biography
73:Luftwaffe
69:shot down
1152:Gay Jews
1011:(1944).
985:(1981).
578:burglars
571:HaZore'a
522:, Berlin
454:Portugal
446:Portugal
345:Nov. 9th
334:Nov. 8th
319:Nov. 1st
57:en route
29:, Israel
27:HaZore'a
701:Quakers
321:, Lord
264:Quakers
168:Gestapo
65:Bristol
1032:
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258:, and
130:Caputh
67:, was
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520:Mitte
450:Spain
71:by a
59:from
1030:ISBN
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969:ISBN
913:2020
905:ืืืจืฅ
887:2007
832:ISBN
811:2018
754:2024
659:ISBN
587:film
537:art.
452:and
376:On
358:On
343:On
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