Wiley Rutledge - Knowledge

1551:, which forbade the courts from issuing injunctive relief against striking workers. The Court rejected the union's claims, holding that the Norris–La Guardia Act applied only to disputes between employees and employers and that the federal government was not considered an employer under the statute. A splintered majority thus upheld the injunction and the contempt convictions, although the fine was reduced to $ 700,000 (equivalent to $ 8 million in 2023). In dissent, Rutledge argued that the temporary restraining order did violate the Norris–La Guardia Act. He also decried the district court's decision to hold the union in both civil and criminal contempt, writing that "the idea that a criminal prosecution and a civil suit for damages or equitable relief could be hashed together in a single criminal-civil hodgepodge would be shocking to every American lawyer and to most citizens". Rutledge's dissent was rendered in the midst of substantial hostility among political leaders and the general public toward the union's actions, and the scholar Fred L. Israel characterized it as "courageous". 649: 806:—abstained due to uneasiness about Rutledge's support for Roosevelt's court-expansion plan. Ferguson later spoke with Rutledge and indicated that his concerns had been resolved, but Wheeler, who had strongly opposed Roosevelt's efforts to enlarge the Court, said that he would vote against the nomination when it came before the full Senate. The only senator to speak on the Senate floor in opposition to Rutledge was Langer, who characterized Rutledge as "a man who, so far as I can ascertain, never practiced law inside a courtroom or, so far as I know, seldom even visited one until he came to take a seat on the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia" and commented that "he Court is not without a professor or two already." The Senate overwhelmingly confirmed Rutledge by a voice vote on February 8, and he took the oath of office on February 15. 1365:'s challenge to the orders, again choosing to defer to the military and to Congress. Writing for the majority, Justice Black authored what Wiecek called "an almost schizophrenic opinion, unpersuasive in its arguments and ambiguous in its ultimate impact". Justices Roberts, Jackson, and Murphy dissented: Roberts decried the "clear violation of Constitutional rights" implicit in punishing an American citizen "for not submitting to imprisonment in a concentration camp, based on his ancestry, and solely because of his ancestry, without evidence or inquiry concerning his loyalty and good disposition toward the United States", while Murphy characterized the orders as a "fall ... into the ugly abyss of racism". Rutledge joined Black's opinion immediately and unreservedly, silently taking part in what Ferren called "one of the saddest episodes in the Court's history". 1353:, a college student born in the United States, was arrested, convicted, and jailed for refusing to comply with the order to report for relocation. Before the Supreme Court, he argued that the order unlawfully discriminated against Japanese Americans on the basis of race. The Court unanimously rejected his plea: in an opinion by Chief Justice Stone, it refused to question the military's assertion that the relocation program was critical to national security. Rutledge wrote privately that he had experienced "more anguish over this case" than almost any other, but he eventually voted to sustain Hirabayashi's conviction. In a brief concurrence, he disagreed with Stone's argument that courts had no authority whatsoever to review wartime actions of the military but joined the remainder of the majority opinion. 1219: 1010:", Black nonetheless held for a 5–4 majority that the specific law at issue—a New Jersey statute that permitted parents to be reimbursed for the costs of sending their children to private religious schools by bus—did not violate the Establishment Clause. In dissent, Rutledge favored an even stricter understanding of the Establishment Clause than Black, maintaining that its purpose "was to create a complete and permanent separation of the spheres of religious activity and civil authority by comprehensively forbidding every form of public aid or support for religion". On that basis, he argued that the New Jersey law was unconstitutional because it provided indirect financial support for religious education. Although Rutledge's position in 758: 815: 783:, thus recommended to the President that Rutledge be appointed. After meeting with Rutledge at the White House and being convinced by Biddle that the judge's judicial philosophy was fully aligned with his own, Roosevelt agreed. According to the scholar Fred L. Israel, Roosevelt found Rutledge to be "a liberal New Dealer who combined the President's respect for the academic community with four years of service on a leading federal appellate court". Additionally, the fact that Rutledge was a Westerner weighed in his favor. The President told his nominee: "Wiley, we had a number of candidates for the Court who were highly qualified, but they didn't have geography—you have that". 1078: 1592: 1274:

dissenters—Murphy and Rutledge—each filed separate opinions; according to Yamashita's lawyer, they read them "in tones so bitter and in language so sharp that it was readily apparent to all listeners that even more acrimonious expression must have marked the debate behind the scenes". In a dissent that scholars have characterized as "eloquent", "moving", and "magisterial", Rutledge decried the trial as an egregious violation of the ideals of justice and fairness protected by the Constitution. He denounced the majority opinion as an abdication of the Court's responsibility to apply the

1256:. At trial, the prosecution could not demonstrate either that Yamashita was aware of the atrocities committed by his troops or that he had any control over their actions; witnesses testified that they were responsible for the killings and that Yamashita had no knowledge of them. The commission, which consisted of five American generals, nonetheless found him guilty and sentenced him to death by hanging. Yamashita petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of habeas corpus, arguing that the conviction was unlawful due to a bevy of procedural irregularities, including the admission of 5580: 4900: 44: 1329: 635:, which attempted to make the Court more amenable to Roosevelt's agenda by increasing the number of justices. In Rutledge's view, the justices of his era had "imposed their own political philosophy" rather than the law in their decisions; as such, he felt that expanding the Court was a regrettable but necessary way for Congress to bring it back into line. Roosevelt's proposal was extremely unpopular in the Midwest, and Rutledge's support for it was loudly denounced: his position even led some members of the 1384:, unlike Douglas, who later condemned the decision in his memoirs. Ferren suggests two possibilities: either Rutledge "abandon principle out of loyalty to his president" or he "act instead with a kind of courage" by reluctantly reaching an unpalatable conclusion that he felt the Constitution required. In Ferren's view, "he irony for Wiley Rutledge, when viewed in hindsight, is that he participated in a ruling of the sort that he would have berated, in other contexts, as another ' 1676:

that "short tenure naturally tends to depress rankings", the scholar William G. Ross suggested that "bright and able persons" such as Rutledge "would have received higher rankings—perhaps even as 'greats'—if their tenures had not been cut short". Timothy L. Hall argued in 2001 that Rutledge's judicial career "was like the unfinished first symphony of a composer who might have gone on to create great masterpieces but who died before they could ever flow from his pen

1583:, passed by Congress in 1945, had authorized state regulation of the insurance market; Rutledge concluded that the act permissibly allowed South Carolina to discriminate against interstate commerce—something it otherwise lacked the power to do. His conclusion that Congress could consent to state regulations of interstate commerce demonstrated his support for what one scholar called "flexibility in the operations of the federal system". 1298:

door is dangerous to open. I will have no part in opening it. For once it is ajar, even for enemy belligerents, it can be pushed back wider for others, perhaps ultimately for all." Rebutting Stone's contentions point by point, Rutledge concluded that the charges against Yamashita were defective, that the evidence against him was inadequate and unlawfully admitted, and that the trial had violated the Articles of War, the

1516:, upheld Illinois's requirement. Again parting ways with Black, Douglas, and Murphy but refusing to join the majority's analysis, Rutledge declined to grant the Progressive Party relief, maintaining that there was not enough time before the election for the state to print new ballots. In both cases, Rutledge's vote was based on his concern that any possible remedy for the constitutional problem would be unfair as well. 1501:. Rutledge agreed with the dissenters—Black, Douglas, and Murphy—that the dispute did not present a nonjusticiable political question, but he nonetheless voted with the majority. Stating that an insufficient amount of time remained for Illinois to redraw its districts before the election, he concluded in a separate opinion concurring in the judgment that it would be inequitable to strike down the map at that time. In 934:. Writing for a 6–3 majority that included Rutledge, Justice Jackson wrote that: "f there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein". According to the jurist and scholar 1193:—the prohibition against using illegally seized evidence in court—did not apply to the states. He joined a dissent by Murphy and penned a separate opinion of his own, in which he argued that, without the exclusionary rule, the Fourth Amendment prohibition of unlawful searches and seizures "was a dead letter". Rutledge's dissent was eventually vindicated: in its 1961 decision in 1401: 615:. Yet his students and colleagues thought highly of him as a teacher, and the legal scholar William Wiecek noted that he was recalled as "dedicated and demanding" by those whom he taught. Rutledge frequently weighed in on questions of public importance, supporting academic freedom and free speech at Washington University and opposing the Supreme Court's 1287:... It is not too early, it is never too early, for the nation steadfastly to follow its great constitutional traditions, none older or more universally protective against unbridled power than due process of law in the trial and punishment of men, that is, of all men, whether citizens, aliens, alien enemies or enemy belligerents. It can become too late. 311:. He participated in several noteworthy cases involving the intersection of individual freedoms and the government's wartime powers. Rutledge served on the Court until his death at the age of fifty-five. Legal scholars have generally thought highly of the justice, although the brevity of his tenure has minimized his impact on history. 862:, "the sole member both personally liked and intellectually respected by every other member". He found it challenging to write opinions, and his writing style has been criticized as unnecessarily prolix and difficult to read. Rutledge frequently and strenuously dissented—the scholar Alfred O. Canon wrote that he was "in many respects 1376:, the law professor Craig Green observes that Rutledge had great faith in the Roosevelt administration and was hesitant to question its assertions that the internment orders were vital to national security. Green also argues that the modern condemnation of the Court's decision benefits substantially from hindsight: after the 1152:—was located there. He argued against what he viewed as "a jurisdictional limitation so destructive of the writ's availability and adaptability to all the varying conditions and devices by which liberty may be unlawfully restrained". Stevens later served on the Supreme Court himself; in his majority opinion in 524:, developed a reputation as a practical jokester, and began a romantic relationship with Person, who was five years his senior. For reasons that are not altogether clear, Rutledge—who had planned to study law upon his graduation and whose lowest grades were in the sciences—left Maryville, enrolled at the 972:

the law imposed an unjustified burden on Thomas's constitutional rights. In dissent, Justice Roberts argued that it was not constitutionally problematic to impose a neutral licensing requirement on organizers of public meetings. According to Ferren, Rutledge's "celebrated and controversial" opinion in

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Legal scholars have generally looked favorably upon Rutledge's tenure on the Supreme Court, although the brevity of his service has lessened his historical importance. In a 1965 biography, Fowler V. Harper opined that "istory is writing Wiley Rutledge into the slender volume of 'Justices in the Great

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in the annals of the Court". In his dissent, he rejected the majority's holding that the Fifth Amendment was inapplicable, writing that: "ot heretofore has it been held that any human being is beyond its universally protecting spread in the guaranty of a fair trial in the most fundamental sense. That

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In 80 percent of the criminal cases heard by the Supreme Court during his tenure, Rutledge voted in favor of the defendant—substantially more often than the Court as a whole, which did so in only 52 percent of criminal cases. He supported an expansive definition of due process and construed ambiguous

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because labor organizing was akin to the sort of ordinary business activity that states could freely regulate. Writing that "the indispensable democratic freedoms secured by the First Amendment" had a "preferred place" that could be abridged only in light of a "clear and present danger", he held that

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Rutledge was one of the most liberal justices in the history of the Court. His approach to the law strongly emphasized the preservation of civil liberties, motivated by a fervent belief that the freedoms of individuals should be protected. Rutledge voted more often than any of his colleagues in favor

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In an act characterized by Urofsky as "the worst violation of civil liberties in American history", the Roosevelt administration ordered in 1942 that approximately 110,000 men, women, and children of Japanese ancestry—including about 70,000 native-born American citizens—be detained on the basis that

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On February 4, 1946, the Court ruled by a 6–2 vote against Yamashita, upholding the result of the trial. Writing for the majority, Chief Justice Stone stated that the Court could consider only whether the military commission was validly formed, not whether Yamashita was innocent or guilty. Since the

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a great president. It substitutes a wistful 'what might have been' for a realistic 'what was'." A 1970 survey of judges and legal academics ranked Rutledge as the twenty-fourth-greatest justice of the Supreme Court; a similar 1993 assessment found that he had fallen to thirty-fifth place. Observing

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against the federal government, which had seized the coal mines due to labor unrest. The union ignored the order and went on strike; the judge held both Lewis and the union in civil and criminal contempt and levied a $ 3.5 million (equivalent to $ 38 million in 2023) fine. Before the Supreme Court,

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permitted military trials to be conducted without complying with the Constitution's due process requirements. Arguing that military tribunals "are not courts whose rulings and judgments are made subject to review by this Court", he declined to address the other issues presented by the case. The two

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in June 1922 and took a job with the law firm of Goss, Kimbrough, and Hutchison in Boulder. In 1924, he accepted the position of associate professor of law at his alma mater, the University of Colorado. He taught a wide variety of classes, and his colleagues commented that he was experiencing "very

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case arrived at the Court the subsequent year, it had become clear to many that the internment program was unjustifiable: not a single Japanese American had been charged with treason or espionage, and the American military had largely neutralized the threat that Japan posed. Yet by a 6–3 vote, the

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was unlawful because a single judge, sitting as a one-man grand jury, had held proceedings in secret and given the defendant no opportunity to defend himself. Concurring separately, he argued for a broader definition of due process, decrying the Court's willingness to permit "selective departure"

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involved a Jehovah's Witness who had been convicted of violating a Massachusetts child labor law by bringing her nine-year-old niece to distribute religious literature with her. Writing for a 5–4 majority, Rutledge held that Massachusetts's interest in protecting children's welfare outweighed the

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Rutledge had no desire to be nominated to the Supreme Court, but his friends nonetheless wrote to Roosevelt and Biddle on his behalf. He wrote to Biddle disclaiming all interest in the position, and he admonished his friends with the words: "For God's sake, don't do anything about stirring up the

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if the defendant was not aware of his constitutional rights. Rutledge's jurisprudence emphasized the spirit of the law over the letter of the law; he rejected the use of technicalities to penalize individuals or to circumvent a law's underlying purpose. During his time on the Court of Appeals, he

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unless they were related to a male bar-owner. Writing that the Equal Protection Clause "require lawmakers to refrain from invidious distinctions of the sort drawn by the statute challenged in this case", Rutledge maintained that Michigan's law was arbitrary and irrational. His focus on the law's

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doctrine. In a narrow ruling, Rutledge held that, although Michigan was technically regulating foreign commerce, the statute imposed no serious burden on it because the island was for all practical purposes a part of Detroit. The case exemplified his flexible approach to the Commerce Clause. In

1065:... to make martyrs of their children." His usual ally Murphy disagreed, arguing in dissent that the state had not demonstrated "the existence of any grave or immediate danger to any interest which it may lawfully protect". Rutledge's decision to reject the First Amendment argument presented in 675:

At the time, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia heard a unique variety of matters: appeals from the federal district court in Washington, petitions to review the decisions of administrative agencies, and cases (similar to those decided by state supreme courts) arising from the

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witnesses, a lack of time for the defense to prepare its case, and a dearth of proof that Yamashita (as opposed to his troops) was guilty. Although the justices desired to stay out of questions of military justice, Rutledge and Murphy, who were gravely worried by what they viewed as serious

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District's local court system. As a judge of that court, therefore, Rutledge had the opportunity to write opinions on a wide variety of topics. In Wiecek's words, his 118 opinions "reflected his sympathetic views toward organized labor, the New Deal, and noneconomic individual rights". In

730:. However, the President was uncomfortable appointing the seventy-one-year-old Hand due to his age, as Roosevelt feared the appearance of hypocrisy due to the fact that he had cited the advanced age of Supreme Court justices to justify his plan to expand the Court. Attorney General 870:

of individuals who brought suit against the government, and he forcefully advocated for equal protection, access to the courts, due process, and the rights protected by the First Amendment.According to the legal scholar Lester E. Mosher, Rutledge "may be classed as a 'natural law

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petition to enforce that ruling. Rutledge dissented, arguing that Oklahoma's law school should be shut down in its entirety if the state refused to admit Sipuel. With the exception of Murphy, who would have held a hearing on the matter, Rutledge was the only justice to dissent.

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had collected the 25,000 signatures required for it to appear on the Illinois ballot, it had not satisfied the requirement to collect 200 signatures from each of 50 counties—a requirement that harmed parties whose voters were concentrated in urban areas. The Court, relying on

686:' convictions for distributing religious literature without securing a license and paying a tax. Writing that "axed speech is not free speech", Rutledge argued that the government could not charge those who wished to communicate on the streets. His opinion for the court in 886:' concepts". His views particularly overlapped with those of Murphy, with whom he agreed in nearly seventy-five percent of the Court's non-unanimous cases. The Supreme Court at large did not often embrace Rutledge's views during his lifetime, but during the era of the 1306:: "He that would make his own liberty secure must guard even his enemy from oppression; for if he violates this duty he establishes a precedent that will reach to himself." Although Rutledge's dissent did not prevent Yamashita from being hanged, the legal historian 717:

resigned from the Supreme Court, creating the ninth and final vacancy of Roosevelt's presidency. As a result of Roosevelt's many previous appointments to the Court, there was "no obvious successor, no obvious political debt to be paid", according to the scholar

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the Establishment Clause, meaning that it applied to the states as well as to the federal government. Quoting Thomas Jefferson, he argued that "the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect 'a wall of separation between Church and

1314:... The Court has not been involved with any war crimes trials in several decades, but aside from the jurisdictional issue it is clear that the ideas expressed by Wiley Rutledge—in terms of both due process and command accountability—have triumphed." 528:, and decided to study chemistry. Lonely and struggling in his classwork, Rutledge had a difficult time in Wisconsin, and he later characterized it as being one of the "hardest" and most "painful" periods of his life. He graduated in 1914 with an 1449:. He invoked the Due Process Clause but also maintained that equal protection had been violated, writing that poorer defendants, lacking an understanding of their rights, would receive "only the shadow of constitutional protections". His 512:. He studied Latin and Greek, successfully maintaining high grades throughout. One of his Greek instructors was Annabel Person, whom he later married. At Maryville, Rutledge participated vigorously in debate; he argued in support of 639:

to threaten to freeze faculty salaries. Still, Roosevelt noticed Rutledge's outspoken support for him, and it garnered the dean prominence on the national stage. In the words of Rutledge himself, "he Court bill gave me my chance".

501:, where the elder Rutledge took up a pastorate. After his wife's death in 1903, Wiley Sr. relocated his family throughout Tennessee and Kentucky, where he held temporary pastorates before eventually accepting a permanent post in 1380:, the threat of sabotage appeared serious, and the government had hidden information that would have raised doubts about the accuracy of its assessments. There is no evidence that Rutledge ever expressed regret for his vote in 1282:

More is at stake than General Yamashita's fate. There could be no possible sympathy for him if he is guilty of the atrocities for which his death is sought. But there can be and should be justice administered according to the

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was not vindicated by the Court's later Establishment Clause jurisprudence, Ferren argued that his dissent "remains as powerful a statement as any Supreme Court justice has written" in support of church–state separation.

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to review Rutledge's record; Wechsler's report convinced Biddle that Rutledge's judicial opinions were "a bit pedestrian" but nonetheless "sound". Biddle, joined by Roosevelt loyalists such as Douglas, Senator

668:—one of the nation's most influential appellate courts—which he accepted. Rutledge appeared before a Senate subcommittee; its members promptly endorsed the nomination. The full Senate speedily confirmed him by 648: 446:

justices ever to serve on the Supreme Court. He favored a flexible and pragmatic approach to the law that prioritized the rights of individuals. On the Court, his views aligned most often with those of Justice

547:. The difficulty of simultaneously working and studying put a serious strain on his health, and, by 1915, he had developed a life-threatening case of tuberculosis. The ailing Rutledge removed himself to a 1564:, he ruled against a ferry company that had been charged with violating a Michigan civil rights law by refusing to serve African-Americans. The ferry company, noting that its boats sailed from Detroit to 5640: 1372:"represents the only deviation in his record as a champion of civil rights". Addressing the question of why the justice chose to depart from his customary support for equality and civil liberties in 1222:

Testimony is heard at the war crimes trial of Tomoyuki Yamashita in Manila on October 29, 1945. In Rutledge's view, Yamashita's conviction was the result of egregious violations of the Constitution.

419:, condemning in ringing terms a trial that, in his view, violated the basic principles of justice and fairness enshrined in the Constitution. By contrast, he joined the majority in two cases— 1614:

Rutledge's perfectionism and penchant for hard work drove him to the point of exhaustion by the summer of 1949, and his friends and family expressed worry about his health. On August 27, while in

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Having attracted the attention of Roosevelt, Rutledge was seriously considered as a potential Supreme Court nominee when a vacancy arose in 1939. Although the President ultimately appointed

1700: 734:, who had disclaimed any interest in serving on the court himself, was asked by Roosevelt to search for a suitable nominee. A number of candidates were considered, including federal judge 694:. Rutledge wrote that the preliminary hearing was not supposed to be "a trap for luring the unwary into confession or admission which is fatal or prejudicial"; he held that a plea was not 4518: 1169:

Rutledge maintained that the provisions of the Bill of Rights protected all criminal defendants, regardless of whether they were being tried in state or federal court. He dissented in

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of the First Amendment, which forbids the enactment of laws "respecting an establishment of religion". Writing for the majority, Justice Black concluded that the Fourteenth Amendment

770:, continued to lobby the White House to nominate him, and he stated in private that he would not decline the nomination if Roosevelt offered it to him. Biddle directed his assistant 4870: 4662: 1489:

scheme that created districts with unequal numbers of people, arguing that it violated federal law and the Constitution. The Court, by a vote of 4–3, rejected that argument; in a

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on September 14. A headstone in Rutledge's memory was placed at Mountain View Cemetery in Boulder, Colorado, but the grave is empty: as of 2008, his physical remains are held at

4678: 4646: 3259: 3113: 1183:, but he went further than Black to suggest that it also conferred additional due process protections not found elsewhere in the Constitution. In another incorporation dispute, 660:

to that seat, he decided that it would be politically advantageous to appoint someone from west of the Mississippi—such as Rutledge—to fill the next opening. Roosevelt selected

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exemplifies both the Court's pervasive 5–4 division on First Amendment issues throughout the 1940s and Rutledge's "nearly absolutist" interpretation of the Free Speech Clause.

4886: 4194: 4028: 3832: 3332: 2636: 1695: 3538: 4854: 4838: 4822: 4790: 4742: 1710: 1232:, Rutledge rendered an opinion that was later characterized by Ferren as "one of the Court's truly great, and influential, dissents". The case involved the Japanese general 4806: 4758: 4726: 4710: 4694: 1705: 2779: 5680: 4919: 4774: 4546: 2987: 918:

and struck down the tax as unconstitutional. Rutledge also joined the majority in another precedent-altering case involving Jehovah's Witnesses and the First Amendment:

827: 665: 284: 119: 64: 4128: 4630: 1690: 354:. Rutledge's support of Roosevelt's policies brought him to the President's attention: he was considered as a potential Supreme Court nominee and was appointed to the 3066: 2819: 699:

never rendered a single decision adverse to organized labor, and his rulings tended to be favorable toward administrative agencies and the New Deal more generally.

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dissent was among the first opinions in which a Supreme Court justice argued against poverty-based discrimination on equal-protection grounds. In his opinion in

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with his family that year. He spent nine years there, continuing to teach classes pertaining to many aspects of the law. From 1930 to 1935, Rutledge served as

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to replace him. Although Rutledge frequently found himself in dissent during his lifetime, many of his views received greater acceptance during the era of the

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Rutledge and his wife Annabel had three children: a son, Neal, and two daughters, Mary Lou and Jean Ann. Raised a Southern Baptist, Rutledge later became a

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reversed a conviction for robbery that had been secured after the defendant pleaded guilty at a preliminary hearing without having been informed of his

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they posed a threat to the war effort. The Supreme Court, with the agreement of Rutledge, conferred its imprimatur on this decision in the cases of

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soon named another possibility, whom he identified as "the candidate of Chief Justice Stone" in his columns and radio broadcasts: Wiley Rutledge.

1526: 787: 1558:, Rutledge favored a pragmatic approach that endeavored to balance the interests of states and the federal government. Writing for the Court in 1639: 1111:, who maintained that "death by installments" was a form of cruel and unusual punishment that violated the Due Process Clause. In the case of 858:, Murphy, Douglas, Rutledge, and sometimes Stone. On a Court plagued by internecine squabbles, Rutledge was, according to the legal historian 1299: 3823: 4294: 898:

Rutledge's appointment had an immediate effect on a Court that was decidedly split on questions involving the freedoms protected by the

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Realizing that his talents did not lie in chemistry, Rutledge resumed his original plan to study law. Since he was unable to afford the

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child's First Amendment rights; he argued that "parents may be free to become martyrs themselves. But it does not follow they are free

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did not apply to the states. Joining a dissent written by Murphy, he agreed with Justice Black's position that the Due Process Clause

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voted on February 1 to approve Rutledge's nomination; the vote was 11–0, with four abstentions. Those four senators—North Dakota's

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resigned from the Supreme Court, Roosevelt nominated Rutledge to take his place. The Senate overwhelmingly confirmed Rutledge by

351: 255: 1459:, Rutledge expressed concern about discrimination against racial minorities. The Court had previously ordered Oklahoma to allow 5685: 2765: 1680:... is steady outpouring of opinions over the course of six years yielded only a tantalizing glimpse of what might have been." 1479:

Cases involving voting rights were the only ones in which Rutledge rejected attempts to invoke the Equal Protection Clause. In

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During his time in academia, Rutledge did not function primarily as a scholar: for instance, he only published two articles in

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and gradually began to recover from his disease; while there, he married Person. Upon recovering, he moved with his wife to

1671:". The political scientist A. E. Keir Nash responded in 1994 that "calling him a great justice looks somewhat like calling 1270: 960: 588: 3052: 2805: 1630:, writing to Rutledge's wife Annabel, stated that a "tower of strength has been lost to our national life"; Chief Justice 5137: 5125: 3747: 3288: 1611:. He was universally regarded as a pleasant and friendly man who genuinely cared about everyone with whom he interacted. 998: 786:

Roosevelt formally nominated Rutledge, who was then forty-eight years old, to the Supreme Court on January 11, 1943. The

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and a Supreme Court whose decisions thwarted his agenda. Rutledge came down firmly on Roosevelt's side: he denounced the

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was perhaps his most noteworthy opinion that did not involve questions of civil liberties. A federal judge had issued a

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Japanese Americans standing in front of posted internment orders. Rutledge twice voted to uphold the internment program.

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in Ontario, Canada, had argued that it was engaged in foreign commerce that was exempt from state regulation under the

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to stop their deportations could not lawfully sue in federal court in the District of Columbia. Aided by his law clerk

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from the "scheme of ordered personal liberty established by the Bill of Rights" in other cases. Rutledge's dissent in

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matter! I am uncomfortable enough as it is." Still, Rutledge's supporters, most notably the well-regarded journalist

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praised the justice as "true to his ideals and, in all, a great American". Rutledge's funeral service, conducted by

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to register and obtain a license before they could solicit individuals to join labor unions. The case arose when

904: 497:; the family left Kentucky in search of a healthier climate. They moved first to Texas and Louisiana and then to 443: 1069:

may have stemmed more from his longstanding opposition to child labor than from his views on religious freedom.

596:—offered Rutledge a full professorship at his university's law school; Rutledge accepted the offer and moved to 493:, and then moved with his wife to pastor a church in Cloverport. After Wiley Jr.'s birth, his mother contracted 4945: 4019: 3710: 3150:

Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II

1436: 1149: 1020: 1018:

In other cases, Rutledge evinced a near-uniform tendency to embrace defenses rooted in the First Amendment: in

986: 963:, gave a pro-union address in Texas without having registered; he argued that the law was an unconstitutional 842:. The deeply fractured Court to which he was appointed consisted of a conservative bloc—Justices Frankfurter, 4579: 4254: 1163: 981: 678: 371: 1749: 1626:. The fifty-five-year-old justice drifted in and out of consciousness and, on September 10, died. President 405:(1945) endorsed a broad interpretation of the Free Speech Clause. In a famed dissent in the wartime case of 1733: 1507:, Rutledge similarly voted to defer to the states on questions involving election procedures. Although the 1339: 421: 2557: 5660: 4999: 4485: 3367: 3190: 3104: 1565: 1531: 601: 572: 439:

rights in criminal cases, and he opposed discrimination against women, racial minorities, and the poor.

4453: 4416: 4157: 3865:

Dissent and the Supreme Court: Its Role in the Court's History and the Nation's Constitutional Dialogue

3622: 2895: 1345: 930:, ruling instead that the First Amendment forbade public schools from requiring students to recite the 427: 5630: 5235: 4564: 2596: 1580: 1548: 1218: 751: 498: 1595:

In this 1948 photograph, Rutledge (left) administers the oath of office to Secretary of Agriculture

1050:'s restrictions on the distribution of religious literature unconstitutional. In only a single case— 967:

on his First Amendment rights. Rutledge rejected Texas's arguments that the law was subject only to

563:; he continued teaching high school as he again pursued the study of law. One of his professors was 555:, where he took a position teaching high school business classes. In 1920, Rutledge enrolled at the 358:, where he developed a record as a supporter of individual liberties and the New Deal. When Justice 5650: 5167: 4969: 4572: 4473: 3195: 482: 3012:

Calmly to Poise the Scales of Justice: A History of the Courts of the District of Columbia Circuit

1175:, in which the Court, by a vote of 5–4, held that the Fifth Amendment's protection against forced 5419: 5407: 5101: 5095: 4993: 4289: 4060: 3154: 3016: 2675: 1569: 1416:, Rutledge opposed discrimination against women, the poor, and racial minorities. His dissent in 1413: 1052: 910: 695: 552: 395: 304: 3947:

Biographical Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court: The Lives and Legal Philosophies of the Justices

1265:

procedural problems, convinced their colleagues to grant review and hear arguments in the case.

477: 5481: 5413: 5285: 4963: 4753: 1460: 1377: 1293: 1245: 1237: 814: 683: 384: 3100:"A Bench Happily Filled: Some Historical Reflections on the Supreme Court Appointment Process" 5559: 5309: 5216: 5161: 5131: 5119: 5041: 4749: 4284: 3801: 3057: 2618: 2297: 2278: 2259: 2240: 2221: 2202: 2183: 2164: 2145: 2126: 2107: 2088: 2069: 2050: 2031: 2012: 1993: 1974: 1955: 1936: 1917: 1898: 1879: 1860: 1841: 1822: 1803: 1784: 1765: 1591: 1445:, Rutledge voted to reverse the convictions of defendants who had not been informed of their 1400: 1171: 968: 636: 624: 288: 87: 3361: 1162:

dissent to conclude that federal courts had jurisdiction over suits brought by detainees at

5610: 5605: 5315: 5260: 5253: 5197: 5155: 4781: 4378: 3804: 1405: 1077: 994: 931: 819: 540: 502: 490: 472: 369:

Rutledge's jurisprudence placed a strong emphasis on the protection of civil liberties. In

315: 199: 5579: 4899: 8: 5511: 5461: 5347: 5335: 5273: 5267: 5247: 5089: 4765: 4428: 3634: 1539: 1432: 847: 335: 3674: 1422:, according to Ferren, constituted "the first modern gender discrimination opinion". In 346:. As an academic, he vocally opposed Supreme Court decisions striking down parts of the 5359: 5297: 5113: 4981: 4339: 4230: 4151: 3980: 3900: 3863: 3764: 3586: 3493: 3251: 2889: 2810: 2300: 2262: 2243: 2224: 2205: 2186: 2167: 2148: 2091: 2034: 2015: 1996: 1977: 1958: 1939: 1920: 1844: 1825: 1806: 1787: 1768: 1647: 1623: 1619: 1604: 1596: 1494: 1481: 1418: 1350: 1233: 1176: 1094: 839: 835: 661: 517: 486: 416: 376: 300: 2281: 2129: 2072: 2053: 1901: 951:. Writing for a 5–4 majority, he ruled unconstitutional a Texas statute that required 481:

Wigginton) and Wiley Blount Rutledge. Wiley Sr., a native of western Tennessee, was a

5553: 5475: 5468: 5449: 5377: 5353: 5303: 5209: 5203: 5179: 5143: 5053: 5047: 4861: 4489: 4477: 4469: 4457: 4432: 4343: 4335: 4234: 4224: 4220: 4161: 4120: 4110: 4064: 4056:

From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality

3990: 3951: 3941: 3906: 3896: 3873: 3859: 3756: 3684: 3503: 3489: 3371: 3292: 3282: 3255: 3247: 3225: 3158: 3020: 2937: 2899: 2725: 2679: 2669: 2627: 2600: 2590: 2569: 2495: 2485: 2110: 1882: 1863: 1490: 1468: 1307: 1261: 1190: 1141: 1118: 1081: 1037: 859: 843: 803: 799: 795: 657: 564: 560: 521: 509: 323: 240: 1439:

attorney to challenge laws that discriminated on the basis of gender. Dissenting in

5389: 5223: 4845: 4653: 4331: 3578: 3569: 3243: 3144: 3095: 2801: 1635: 1446: 1302:, and the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause. In closing, he quoted the words of 1269:

United States had not yet signed a peace treaty with Japan, he maintained that the

1185: 1108: 1042: 882:—he employed the tenets of pragmatism as a juristic tool or technique in applying ' 875: 831: 776: 771: 743: 719: 691: 576: 339: 319: 5547: 5529: 5505: 5493: 5437: 5371: 5322: 5191: 5107: 5071: 4939: 4865: 4797: 4733: 4701: 4657: 4539: 4447: 4412: 4100: 4054: 4050: 3945: 3529: 3405: 3357: 3148: 3010: 2927: 2715: 1672: 1627: 1615: 1555: 1124: 964: 952: 822:

mocks the squabbling that abounded on the Supreme Court during Rutledge's tenure.

723: 714: 652:

Rutledge in 1939, while on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia

452: 359: 296: 292: 99: 2891:

The Birth of the Modern Constitution: The United States Supreme Court, 1941–1953

1328: 1144:, Rutledge dissented, concluding that the court in the District of Columbia had 5517: 5487: 5455: 5425: 5401: 5291: 5241: 5229: 5029: 5023: 5011: 4951: 4813: 4717: 4685: 4673: 4641: 4556: 4529: 4420: 3937: 3869: 3485: 2562:

The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions

2487:

Salt of the Earth, Conscience of the Court: The Story of Justice Wiley Rutledge

2481: 1658:, respectively, to replace them led to a considerably more conservative Court. 1651: 1631: 1498: 1362: 1104: 945:

Among Rutledge's most influential free-speech opinions was in the 1945 case of

935: 791: 735: 731: 513: 456: 167: 111: 1132:... with procedural rules barring access to the federal courts". The Court in 5599: 5279: 5083: 5077: 5065: 4957: 4932: 4881: 4669: 4637: 4493: 4124: 4106: 3760: 3680: 2721: 2665: 2565: 1543: 1535: 1154: 1137: 1007: 942:, "established himself early as a concerned protector of religious freedom". 871: 592:

considerable success". In 1926, Hadley—who had recently become chancellor of

283:(July 20, 1894 – September 10, 1949) was an American jurist who served as an 1107:

malfunctioned during the previous attempt. He joined the opinion of Justice

757: 5541: 5523: 5499: 5395: 5365: 5329: 5017: 4987: 4975: 4877: 4849: 4833: 4817: 4785: 4737: 4461: 3986: 3976: 1655: 1608: 1303: 1241: 1195: 1145: 1113: 1047: 956: 887: 851: 780: 767: 747: 739: 727: 568: 494: 460: 448: 2604: 1431:

rationality mirrored the strategy pursued by future Supreme Court justice

43: 5535: 5431: 5173: 5059: 5035: 5005: 4829: 4801: 4721: 4705: 4689: 1275: 883: 436: 318:, Rutledge attended several colleges and universities, graduating with a 216: 5671:

United States court of appeals judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt

3768: 3742: 924:. In that landmark decision, the Court reversed its previous holding in 435:

during World War II. In other cases, Rutledge fervently supported broad

5443: 5341: 4769: 3627:: John Paul Stevens's Influence from World War II to the War on Terror" 1249: 879: 855: 669: 612: 548: 363: 4594: 3590: 287:

from 1943 to 1949. The ninth and final justice appointed by President

5149: 4625: 2766:"Wiley Rutledge, Executive Detention, and Judicial Conscience at War" 1701:

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)

1427: 1426:, the majority upheld a Michigan law that prevented women from being 1085: 597: 412: 3363:

The Constitution in the Supreme Court: The Second Century, 1888–1986

761:

Rutledge's nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, signed by Roosevelt

431:(1944)—that upheld the Roosevelt administration's decision to 4621: 4519:

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

3582: 3499: 2974:"Justice Rutledge and the Religious Clauses of the First Amendment" 2933: 1472: 1128:

demonstrated what Ferren characterized as his "continued impatience

830:

from 1943 until his death in 1949. He penned a total of sixty-five

722:. Some prominent figures, including Justices Felix Frankfurter and 620: 347: 3982:

I Dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases

1493:, Frankfurter concluded that claims of malapportionment presented 1260:

and fabricated evidence, restrictions on the defense's ability to

5641:

Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit

1547:

the union argued that the injunction against it had violated the

1368:

The legal scholar Lester E. Mosher wrote that Rutledge's vote in

1257: 1093:

statutes in favor of defendants, particularly in cases involving

1056:—did he vote to reject an attempt to invoke the First Amendment. 575:

influenced Rutledge's view of the law. Rutledge graduated with a

5676:

United States federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt

4374:"The Ratings Game: Factors That Influence Judicial Reputation" 3284:

John Paul Stevens and the Constitution: The Search for Balance

1696:

List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office

1291:

Rutledge wrote privately that he felt the case would "outrank

682:, for instance, he dissented when the majority upheld several 1310:

has written that its "influence, however, cannot be gainsaid

529: 264: 249: 3902:

The Public Debate over Controversial Supreme Court Decisions

543:, where he taught high school and enrolled part-time at the 4547:

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

1746: 1730: 1519: 1006:". But despite what Wiecek called a "fusillade of sweeping 985:, Rutledge rendered a noteworthy dissent in defense of the 726:, encouraged Roosevelt to appoint the distinguished jurist 672:

on April 4, 1939, and he took the oath of office on May 2.

666:

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia

604:

of the law school; he then spent four years as dean of the

285:

associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

120:

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia

65:

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

4015:"Mr. Justice Rutledge's Philosophy of the Commerce Clause" 3819:"Military Commissions: Problems of Authority and Practice" 1691:

List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

1117:, Rutledge agreed with the majority that a conviction for 1040:'s restrictions on civil servants' political activity; in 350:

and argued in favor of President Roosevelt's unsuccessful

4187:

Department of Justice Journal of Federal Law and Practice

1711:

United States Supreme Court cases during the Vinson Court

1148:

because the person having custody over the prisoners—the

1706:

United States Supreme Court cases during the Stone Court

4285:"Funeral Held in Washington For Justice Wiley Rutledge" 1189:, Rutledge dissented when the Court ruled 6–3 that the 387:

seeking to invoke the First Amendment in cases such as

366:, and he took the oath of office on February 15, 1943. 629:

Court's rulings striking down portions of the New Deal

4226:

The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary

4219:

Keir Nash, A. E. (1994). "Wiley Blount Rutledge". In

3495:

Landmark Decisions of the United States Supreme Court

1088:, later served on the Supreme Court in his own right. 4255:"Funeral For U.S. Justice Rutledge To Be In Capital" 4153:

Leaving the Bench: Supreme Court Justices at the End

631:

and voiced support for the President's unsuccessful

508:

In 1910, the sixteen-year-old Wiley Jr. enrolled at

326:, before accepting a position on the faculty of the 4293:. Associated Press. September 15, 1949. p. 6. 4261:. Associated Press. September 13, 1949. p. 9. 3321:"Mr. Justice Rutledge's Philosophy of Civil Rights" 471:Wiley Blount Rutledge Jr. was born just outside of 291:, he is best known for his impassioned defenses of 5681:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States 3676:Men of the Supreme Court: Profiles of the Justices 1033:Oklahoma v. United States Civil Service Commission 921:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette 390:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette 356:U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 5570:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States 2979:Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico 2717:Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary 1136:ruled 6–3 that German nationals seeking writs of 866:... the chief dissenter of the Roosevelt Court". 5597: 3484: 295:. Rutledge favored broad interpretations of the 3706:"Mr. Justice Rutledge and the Fourth Amendment" 2929:Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies 1181:incorporated the entirety of the Bill of Rights 993:was among the first decisions to interpret the 643: 77:February 15, 1943 – September 10, 1949 3950:. Washington, DC: CQ Press. pp. 442–448. 3053:"Mr. Justice Rutledge and the Roosevelt Court" 2674:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: 1485:, voters challenged an Illinois congressional 1463:, an African-American woman, to study law. In 1278:to all, even to the military. Rutledge wrote: 433:intern tens of thousands of Japanese Americans 4580: 4102:Justice Rutledge and the Bright Constellation 2560:. In Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). 485:Baptist clergyman who believed firmly in the 455:appointed the considerably more conservative 2664: 809: 322:degree in 1922. He briefly practiced law in 4417:"Wiley Blount Rutledge: Profile of a Judge" 4315: 3824:Boston University International Law Journal 3807: (1946) (Rutledge, J., dissenting) 854:—and a liberal bloc consisting of Justices 702: 466: 5711:Washington University in St. Louis faculty 4587: 4573: 3525:"Mr. Justice Rutledge and Civil Liberties" 1586: 42: 27:US Supreme Court justice from 1943 to 1949 5701:University of Iowa College of Law faculty 5696:University of Colorado Law School faculty 5666:People from Breckinridge County, Kentucky 5646:Deans of law schools in the United States 4218: 3743:"Justice Rutledge and the Yamashita Case" 3740: 3390: 2617: 2588: 1607:; his religious views resembled those of 1246:responsible for the actions of his troops 1036:, he dissented when the Court upheld the 619:. His tenure as dean overlapped with the 5691:University of Colorado Law School alumni 4318:"Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited" 4149: 3940:(2006). "Wiley Blount Rutledge Jr.". In 3562: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3325:New York University Law Quarterly Review 3224: 1590: 1520:Business, labor, and the Commerce Clause 1399: 1327: 1217: 1076: 813: 756: 647: 307:, and he argued that the Bill of Rights 132:May 2, 1939 – February 14, 1943 5626:American people of Scotch-Irish descent 4049: 3975: 3895: 3858: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3280: 3143: 3094: 2925: 709:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination 256:Indiana University Maurer School of Law 14: 5706:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni 5598: 4918: 4390:from the original on September 4, 2021 4367: 4365: 4214: 4212: 4180: 4098: 4094: 4092: 4012: 4008: 4006: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3936: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3891: 3889: 3816: 3775:from the original on December 21, 2021 3703: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3649:from the original on December 31, 2021 3616: 3614: 3612: 3417:from the original on December 23, 2021 3356: 3352: 3350: 3318: 3220: 3218: 3203:from the original on December 19, 2021 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3116:from the original on December 14, 2021 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3008: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2887: 2555: 2480: 1554:In cases involving the Constitution's 1349:. The first of these cases arose when 1317: 1046:, he joined the majority in holding a 927:Minersville School District v. Gobitis 874:' who combined the humanitarianism of 828:associate justice of the Supreme Court 4917: 4607: 4568: 4316:Christensen, George A. (March 2008). 4297:from the original on January 18, 2022 4265:from the original on January 18, 2022 4031:from the original on October 26, 2021 3854: 3852: 3850: 3722:from the original on October 26, 2021 3565:"Justice Rutledge on Civil Liberties" 3558: 3556: 3541:from the original on October 25, 2021 3335:from the original on October 25, 2021 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3262:from the original on October 26, 2021 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3050: 2990:from the original on October 26, 2021 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2822:from the original on January 10, 2022 2800: 2782:from the original on October 28, 2022 2763: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2639:from the original on October 26, 2021 2623:"Mr. Justice Rutledge — A New Factor" 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 1100:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber 1072: 890:they gained considerable acceptance. 476: 309:applied in its totality to the states 4371: 3620: 3522: 3429: 3069:from the original on August 13, 2021 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 1576:Prudential Insurance Co. v. Benjamin 1527:United States v. United Mine Workers 961:Congress of Industrial Organizations 4362: 4209: 4131:from the original on March 18, 2023 4089: 4077:from the original on March 18, 2023 4003: 3964: 3919: 3886: 3835:from the original on March 18, 2023 3661: 3609: 3597:from the original on April 28, 2019 3516: 3347: 3289:Pennsylvania State University Press 3215: 3171:from the original on March 18, 2023 3128: 3033: 2962: 2950:from the original on March 18, 2023 2912: 2738:from the original on March 18, 2023 1395: 415:conviction of the Japanese general 411:(1946), Rutledge voted to void the 375:(1947), he authored an influential 332:Washington University School of Law 24: 5578: 4898: 4608: 4597:Supreme Court of the United States 4405: 4197:from the original on June 17, 2022 3847: 3734: 3553: 3319:Mosher, Lester E. (October 1949). 3305: 3191:"Senate Committee Favors Rutledge" 3081: 3051:Canon, Alfred O. (February 1957). 2750: 2651: 2492:University of North Carolina Press 1211: 893: 594:Washington University in St. Louis 537:University of Wisconsin Law School 330:. Rutledge also taught law at the 25: 5722: 4350:from the original on May 27, 2022 3287:. University Park, Pennsylvania: 2834: 2794: 2692: 2508: 2315: 1538:and his union of coal miners—the 1027:United Public Workers v. Mitchell 606:University of Iowa College of Law 557:University of Colorado Law School 516:and against the progressivism of 475:, on July 20, 1894, to Mary Lou ( 344:University of Iowa College of Law 342:; he later served as dean of the 328:University of Colorado Law School 261:University of Colorado Law School 4511:Seat established by 52 Stat. 584 4372:Ross, William G. (Winter 1996). 4336:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2008.00177.x 4323:Journal of Supreme Court History 4013:Mosher, Lester E. (April 1952). 3248:10.1111/j.1059-4329.2004.00089.x 3235:Journal of Supreme Court History 3230:"(Re)introducing Wiley Rutledge" 2771:Washington University Law Review 1561:Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan 1324:Internment of Japanese Americans 1236:, who commanded soldiers of the 1206: 1199:, the Court expressly overruled 692:right against self-incrimination 623:-period clash between President 399:(1943); his majority opinion in 4309: 4277: 4247: 4174: 4143: 4043: 3810: 3787: 3704:Harper, Fowler V. (Fall 1963). 3697: 3391:Bloom Jr., Lackland H. (1990). 3384: 3274: 3199:. February 1, 1943. p. 2. 3183: 3002: 2671:Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court 2490:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 2287: 2268: 2249: 2230: 2211: 2192: 2173: 2154: 2135: 2116: 2097: 2078: 2059: 2040: 2021: 2002: 1983: 1964: 1945: 1926: 1907: 1888: 1869: 1850: 1831: 1812: 1793: 1774: 1755: 1739: 1723: 1622:and was hospitalized in nearby 1499:lacked the authority to resolve 818:This 1946 political cartoon by 526:University of Wisconsin–Madison 246:University of Wisconsin–Madison 4020:New York University Law Review 3711:University of Miami Law Review 2611: 2582: 1021:Terminiello v. City of Chicago 987:separation of church and state 487:literal inerrancy of the Bible 381:separation of church and state 13: 1: 5686:University of Colorado alumni 3673:Barnes, Catherine A. (1978). 2932:. Thousand Oaks, California: 2592:Justice and the Supreme Court 2309: 1248:, Yamashita was charged with 982:Everson v. Board of Education 679:Busey v. District of Columbia 545:Indiana University Law School 372:Everson v. Board of Education 49: 5616:20th-century American judges 4449:A Declaration of Legal Faith 4425:Six Justices on Civil Rights 3905:. Washington, DC: CQ Press. 3741:Tresolini, Rocco J. (1962). 3621:Thai, Joseph T. (May 2006). 3563:Rockwell, Landon G. (1949). 3523:Mann, Howard (Summer 1950). 2926:Cushman, Clare, ed. (2013). 2589:Tresolini, Rocco J. (1963). 1340:Hirabayashi v. United States 644:Court of Appeals (1939–1943) 617:approach to child labor laws 442:Rutledge was among the most 422:Hirabayashi v. United States 7: 4486:University of Chicago Press 4259:Corsicana Semi-Weekly Light 4181:Farley, Paul (April 2019). 4150:Atkinson, David N. (1999). 3368:University of Chicago Press 3281:Sickels, Robert J. (1988). 3009:Morris, Jeffrey B. (2001). 2888:Wiecek, William M. (2006). 1683: 1640:All Souls' Unitarian Church 1532:temporary restraining order 938:, Rutledge, by his vote in 352:attempt to expand the Court 10: 5727: 4454:University of Kansas Press 4158:University Press of Kansas 4099:Harper, Fowler V. (1965). 3015:. Durham, North Carolina: 2972:Harper, Fowler V. (1964). 2896:Cambridge University Press 1346:Korematsu v. United States 1321: 1240:in the Philippines during 788:Senate Judiciary Committee 706: 573:sociological jurisprudence 489:. He attended seminary in 428:Korematsu v. United States 5636:Indiana University alumni 5576: 4926: 4913: 4896: 4616: 4603: 4553: 4544: 4536: 4526: 4514: 4508: 4503: 4105:. Indianapolis, Indiana: 3623:"The Law Clerk Who Wrote 3401:: A Tale of Two Opinions" 2714:Hall, Timothy L. (2001). 2564:. Vol. 4. New York: 1661: 810:Supreme Court (1943–1949) 713:In October 1942, Justice 582: 571:'s progressive theory of 499:Asheville, North Carolina 338:, of which he became the 281:Wiley Blount Rutledge Jr. 274: 233: 223: 206: 187:Wiley Blount Rutledge Jr. 182: 177: 173: 161: 146: 136: 125: 118:Associate Justice of the 117: 105: 93: 81: 70: 63: 59: 41: 34: 5656:Maryville College alumni 4446:Rutledge, Wiley (1947). 3196:Fort Worth Star-Telegram 3155:Rowman & Littlefield 2597:J. B. Lippincott Company 2556:Israel, Fred L. (1997). 1717: 1497:that the federal courts 905:Jones v. City of Opelika 703:Supreme Court nomination 467:Early life and education 5621:American legal scholars 4290:Richmond Times-Dispatch 4061:Oxford University Press 3017:Carolina Academic Press 2676:Congressional Quarterly 1587:Personal life and death 1570:dormant Commerce Clause 1053:Prince v. Massachusetts 911:Murdock v. Pennsylvania 878:with the pragmatism of 553:Albuquerque, New Mexico 396:Murdock v. Pennsylvania 305:Equal Protection Clause 5583: 4903: 4476:. In Dunham, Allison; 4474:"Mr. Justice Rutledge" 3817:Fisher, Louis (2006). 2668:; Witt, Elder (1997). 2568:. pp. 1312–1321. 1600: 1524:Rutledge's dissent in 1409: 1378:attack on Pearl Harbor 1333: 1300:1929 Geneva Convention 1289: 1238:Imperial Japanese Army 1223: 1158:, he cited Rutledge's 1089: 826:Rutledge served as an 823: 762: 653: 5582: 4902: 4750:Edward Douglass White 3058:Vanderbilt Law Review 2764:Green, Craig (2006). 1594: 1581:McCarran–Ferguson Act 1549:Norris–La Guardia Act 1467:, the Court rejected 1435:in her efforts as an 1403: 1331: 1280: 1221: 1172:Adamson v. California 1080: 969:rational-basis review 959:, an official of the 817: 760: 750:. But the journalist 688:Wood v. United States 651: 625:Franklin D. Roosevelt 289:Franklin D. Roosevelt 142:Franklin D. Roosevelt 88:Franklin D. Roosevelt 18:Wiley Blount Rutledge 4782:Charles Evans Hughes 4488:. pp. 176–202. 4452:. Lawrence, Kansas: 4431:. pp. 176–211. 4379:Marquette Law Review 4233:. pp. 391–393. 4156:. Lawrence, Kansas: 3153:. Lanham, Maryland: 2724:. pp. 330–334. 1406:Harold Mathews Brett 1226:In the 1946 case of 1084:, one of Rutledge's 995:Establishment Clause 932:Pledge of Allegiance 820:Clifford K. Berryman 738:, Solicitor General 633:"court-packing plan" 587:Rutledge passed the 541:Bloomington, Indiana 503:Maryville, Tennessee 491:Louisville, Kentucky 473:Cloverport, Kentucky 316:Cloverport, Kentucky 200:Cloverport, Kentucky 153:Seat established by 4766:William Howard Taft 4429:Oceana Publications 4051:Klarman, Michael J. 3635:Virginia Law Review 1644:Cedar Hill Cemetery 1618:, he experienced a 1540:United Mine Workers 1504:MacDougall v. Green 1495:political questions 1433:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 1412:In cases involving 1318:Japanese internment 1254:military commission 1252:and tried before a 902:. For instance, in 848:Stanley Forman Reed 684:Jehovah's Witnesses 385:Jehovah's Witnesses 336:St. Louis, Missouri 5661:Missouri Democrats 5584: 4920:Associate justices 4904: 4478:Kurland, Philip B. 4470:Stevens, John Paul 4421:Rotunda, Ronald D. 4231:Garland Publishing 4221:Urofsky, Melvin I. 3942:Urofsky, Melvin I. 3897:Urofsky, Melvin I. 3860:Urofsky, Melvin I. 3498:. Washington, DC: 3490:Urofsky, Melvin I. 2811:Indiana Law Review 1648:Suitland, Maryland 1620:hemorrhagic stroke 1605:Christian humanist 1601: 1597:Charles F. Brannan 1482:Colegrove v. Green 1442:Foster v. Illinois 1419:Goesaert v. Cleary 1410: 1351:Gordon Hirabayashi 1334: 1234:Tomoyuki Yamashita 1224: 1177:self-incrimination 1095:capital punishment 1090: 1073:Criminal procedure 824: 794:, West Virginia's 763: 662:William O. Douglas 654: 518:Theodore Roosevelt 417:Tomoyuki Yamashita 379:in support of the 377:dissenting opinion 301:Due Process Clause 210:September 10, 1949 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 4909: 4908: 4862:William Rehnquist 4563: 4562: 4554:Succeeded by 4527:Succeeded by 4167:978-0-7006-0946-8 4070:978-0-19-531018-4 3996:978-0-8070-0036-6 3957:978-1-4522-6728-9 3912:978-1-56802-937-5 3879:978-0-307-37940-5 3509:978-1-56802-720-3 3228:(November 2004). 3164:978-0-7425-5895-3 3145:Abraham, Henry J. 3098:(February 1983). 3096:Abraham, Henry J. 2943:978-1-60871-832-0 2905:978-0-521-84820-6 2894:. Cambridge, UK: 2802:Wirtz, W. Willard 2731:978-0-8160-4194-7 2685:978-1-56802-130-0 2628:Tulane Law Review 2575:978-0-7910-1377-9 2501:978-0-8078-2866-3 1566:Bois Blanc Island 1509:Progressive Party 1491:plurality opinion 1469:Thurgood Marshall 1308:Melvin I. Urofsky 1191:exclusionary rule 1142:John Paul Stevens 1119:contempt of court 1082:John Paul Stevens 948:Thomas v. Collins 914:, they overruled 860:Lucas A. Powe Jr. 844:Robert H. Jackson 832:majority opinions 804:Homer S. Ferguson 802:, and Michigan's 800:Burton K. Wheeler 796:Chapman Revercomb 658:Felix Frankfurter 565:Herbert S. Hadley 520:. He also played 510:Maryville College 402:Thomas v. Collins 324:Boulder, Colorado 278: 277: 241:Maryville College 16:(Redirected from 5718: 5631:Colorado lawyers 5572: 5472: 5326: 5264: 5220: 4936: 4915: 4914: 4846:Warren E. Burger 4654:Oliver Ellsworth 4605: 4604: 4595:Justices of the 4589: 4582: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4537:Preceded by 4521: 4509:Preceded by 4501: 4500: 4497: 4465: 4442: 4413:Pollak, Louis H. 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4096: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3973: 3962: 3961: 3934: 3917: 3916: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3856: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3814: 3808: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3670: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3648: 3631: 3618: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3570:Yale Law Journal 3560: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3482: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3358:Currie, David P. 3354: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3316: 3303: 3302: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3141: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3092: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3048: 3031: 3030: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2923: 2910: 2909: 2885: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2806:"Teacher of Men" 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2711: 2690: 2689: 2662: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2595:. Philadelphia: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2558:"Wiley Rutledge" 2553: 2506: 2505: 2478: 2304: 2291: 2285: 2272: 2266: 2253: 2247: 2234: 2228: 2215: 2209: 2196: 2190: 2177: 2171: 2158: 2152: 2139: 2133: 2120: 2114: 2101: 2095: 2082: 2076: 2063: 2057: 2044: 2038: 2025: 2019: 2006: 2000: 1987: 1981: 1968: 1962: 1949: 1943: 1930: 1924: 1911: 1905: 1892: 1886: 1873: 1867: 1854: 1848: 1835: 1829: 1816: 1810: 1797: 1791: 1778: 1772: 1759: 1753: 1752:(D.C. Cir. 1942) 1743: 1737: 1736:(D.C. Cir. 1942) 1727: 1679: 1670: 1636:A. Powell Davies 1447:right to counsel 1414:equal protection 1396:Equal protection 1391: 1313: 1286: 1186:Wolf v. Colorado 1150:Attorney General 1131: 1109:Harold H. Burton 1064: 1043:Marsh v. Alabama 1005: 953:union organizers 876:Thomas Jefferson 865: 838:, and sixty-one 777:George W. Norris 772:Herbert Wechsler 744:Alben W. Barkley 720:Henry J. Abraham 637:Iowa legislature 579:degree in 1922. 577:Bachelor of Laws 480: 383:. He sided with 320:Bachelor of Laws 213: 196: 194: 178:Personal details 164: 156: 149: 139: 130: 108: 96: 84: 75: 54: 51: 46: 32: 31: 21: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5651:Legal educators 5596: 5595: 5594: 5585: 5574: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5467: 5408:J. M. Harlan II 5321: 5259: 5215: 4931: 4922: 4905: 4894: 4893: 4798:Harlan F. Stone 4734:Melville Fuller 4702:Salmon P. Chase 4612: 4599: 4593: 4559: 4550: 4542: 4540:James F. Byrnes 4532: 4523: 4516: 4512: 4468: 4445: 4439: 4411: 4408: 4406:Further reading 4403: 4393: 4391: 4370: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4217: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4183:"Higher Ground" 4179: 4175: 4168: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4117: 4097: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4071: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3974: 3965: 3958: 3938:Ferren, John M. 3935: 3920: 3913: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3857: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3815: 3811: 3794:In re Yamashita 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3671: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3629: 3619: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3561: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3530:Iowa Law Review 3521: 3517: 3510: 3486:Finkelman, Paul 3483: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3406:Iowa Law Review 3389: 3385: 3378: 3355: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3317: 3306: 3299: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3226:Powe Jr., L. A. 3223: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3165: 3142: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3093: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3049: 3034: 3027: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2970: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2944: 2924: 2913: 2906: 2886: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2804:(Summer 1950). 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2762: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2732: 2712: 2693: 2686: 2663: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2616: 2612: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2554: 2509: 2502: 2482:Ferren, John M. 2479: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2292: 2288: 2273: 2269: 2254: 2250: 2235: 2231: 2216: 2212: 2197: 2193: 2178: 2174: 2159: 2155: 2140: 2136: 2121: 2117: 2102: 2098: 2083: 2079: 2064: 2060: 2045: 2041: 2026: 2022: 2007: 2003: 1988: 1984: 1969: 1965: 1950: 1946: 1931: 1927: 1912: 1908: 1893: 1889: 1874: 1870: 1855: 1851: 1836: 1832: 1817: 1813: 1798: 1794: 1779: 1775: 1760: 1756: 1744: 1740: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1686: 1677: 1668: 1664: 1628:Harry S. Truman 1616:Ogunquit, Maine 1589: 1556:Commerce Clause 1522: 1461:Ada Lois Sipuel 1456:Fisher v. Hurst 1398: 1389: 1361:Court rejected 1326: 1320: 1311: 1284: 1271:Articles of War 1229:In re Yamashita 1216: 1213:In re Yamashita 1209: 1129: 1125:Ahrens v. Clark 1075: 1062: 1003: 979:In the case of 965:prior restraint 900:First Amendment 896: 894:First Amendment 863: 812: 742:, U.S. Senator 724:Harlan F. Stone 715:James F. Byrnes 711: 705: 646: 589:bar examination 585: 469: 453:Harry S. Truman 408:In re Yamashita 360:James F. Byrnes 297:First Amendment 293:civil liberties 270: 224:Political party 215: 211: 198: 192: 190: 189: 188: 162: 154: 147: 137: 131: 126: 106: 100:James F. Byrnes 94: 82: 76: 71: 55: 52: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5724: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5577: 5575: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5562:(2022–present) 5557: 5556:(2020–present) 5551: 5550:(2018–present) 5545: 5544:(2017–present) 5539: 5538:(2010–present) 5533: 5532:(2009–present) 5527: 5526:(2006–present) 5521: 5515: 5509: 5508:(1991–present) 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4875: 4859: 4843: 4827: 4814:Fred M. Vinson 4811: 4795: 4779: 4763: 4747: 4731: 4718:Morrison Waite 4715: 4699: 4686:Roger B. Taney 4683: 4667: 4651: 4635: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4610:Chief justices 4601: 4600: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4561: 4560: 4557:Sherman Minton 4555: 4552: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4530:Thurman Arnold 4528: 4525: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4504:Legal offices 4499: 4498: 4466: 4443: 4437: 4427:. London, UK: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4386:(2): 402–452. 4361: 4308: 4276: 4246: 4239: 4208: 4193:(2): 183–189. 4173: 4166: 4142: 4115: 4088: 4069: 4042: 4027:(2): 218–247. 4002: 3995: 3963: 3956: 3918: 3911: 3899:, ed. (2006). 3885: 3878: 3870:Pantheon Books 3846: 3809: 3786: 3755:(3): 150–161. 3748:Social Science 3733: 3696: 3689: 3660: 3642:(3): 501–532. 3608: 3583:10.2307/793134 3552: 3537:(4): 663–699. 3515: 3508: 3428: 3413:(2): 417–432. 3383: 3376: 3346: 3331:(4): 661–706. 3304: 3297: 3273: 3242:(3): 337–345. 3214: 3182: 3163: 3127: 3080: 3065:(2): 167–192. 3032: 3025: 3001: 2961: 2942: 2911: 2904: 2833: 2818:(4): 444–454. 2793: 2749: 2730: 2691: 2684: 2666:Biskupic, Joan 2650: 2635:(4): 511–536. 2621:(April 1943). 2619:Forrester, Ray 2610: 2581: 2574: 2507: 2500: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2286: 2267: 2248: 2229: 2210: 2191: 2172: 2153: 2134: 2115: 2096: 2077: 2058: 2039: 2020: 2001: 1982: 1963: 1944: 1925: 1906: 1887: 1868: 1849: 1830: 1811: 1792: 1773: 1754: 1738: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1663: 1660: 1652:Sherman Minton 1638:, was held at 1632:Fred M. Vinson 1588: 1585: 1521: 1518: 1397: 1394: 1363:Fred Korematsu 1319: 1316: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1164:Guantanamo Bay 1105:electric chair 1074: 1071: 936:John M. Ferren 895: 892: 811: 808: 792:William Langer 779:, and Justice 736:John J. Parker 732:Francis Biddle 707:Main article: 704: 701: 645: 642: 584: 581: 539:, he moved to 514:Woodrow Wilson 483:fundamentalist 468: 465: 457:Sherman Minton 276: 275: 272: 271: 269: 268: 258: 253: 243: 237: 235: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 214:(aged 55) 208: 204: 203: 186: 184: 180: 179: 175: 174: 171: 170: 168:Thurman Arnold 165: 159: 158: 150: 144: 143: 140: 134: 133: 123: 122: 115: 114: 112:Sherman Minton 109: 103: 102: 97: 91: 90: 85: 79: 78: 68: 67: 61: 60: 57: 56: 53: 1943-49 47: 39: 38: 36:Wiley Rutledge 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5723: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5581: 5571: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471:* (1972–1986) 5470: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325:* (1925–1941) 5324: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263:* (1910–1916) 5262: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219:* (1894–1910) 5218: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935:* (1790–1791) 4934: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4901: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4670:John Marshall 4668: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4638:John Rutledge 4636: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4585: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4531: 4522: 4520: 4517:Judge of the 4507: 4502: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4438:0-379-20044-9 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4366: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4312: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4242: 4240:0-8153-1176-1 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4213: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4116:9780672800535 4112: 4108: 4107:Bobbs-Merrill 4104: 4103: 4095: 4093: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4007: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3977:Tushnet, Mark 3972: 3970: 3968: 3959: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3690:0-87196-459-7 3686: 3682: 3681:Facts on File 3678: 3677: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3626: 3625:Rasul v. Bush 3617: 3615: 3613: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3557: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3387: 3379: 3377:0-226-13111-4 3373: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3353: 3351: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3300: 3298:0-271-00636-6 3294: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3028: 3026:0-89089-645-3 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3005: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2968: 2966: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2781: 2778:(1): 99–177. 2777: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2723: 2722:Facts on File 2719: 2718: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2566:Chelsea House 2563: 2559: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2005: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1674: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1593: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536:John L. Lewis 1533: 1529: 1528: 1517: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487:apportionment 1484: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1407: 1402: 1393: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1330: 1325: 1315: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1266: 1263: 1262:cross-examine 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1220: 1214: 1207:Wartime cases 1204: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1155:Rasul v. Bush 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138:habeas corpus 1135: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1070: 1068: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983: 977: 975: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 928: 923: 922: 917: 913: 912: 907: 906: 901: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 867: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 834:, forty-five 833: 829: 821: 816: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 773: 769: 759: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 710: 700: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 680: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 650: 641: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 474: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 429: 424: 423: 418: 414: 410: 409: 404: 403: 398: 397: 392: 391: 386: 382: 378: 374: 373: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 273: 266: 262: 259: 257: 254: 251: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 236: 232: 229: 226: 222: 218: 209: 205: 201: 197:July 20, 1894 185: 181: 176: 172: 169: 166: 160: 157: 151: 145: 141: 135: 129: 124: 121: 116: 113: 110: 104: 101: 98: 92: 89: 86: 80: 74: 69: 66: 62: 58: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 5569: 5383: 5268:Van Devanter 5156:J. M. Harlan 4885: 4882:2005–present 4878:John Roberts 4869: 4853: 4837: 4821: 4805: 4789: 4773: 4757: 4741: 4725: 4709: 4693: 4677: 4661: 4645: 4629: 4545: 4515: 4481: 4448: 4424: 4392:. Retrieved 4383: 4377: 4352:. Retrieved 4330:(1): 17–41. 4327: 4321: 4311: 4299:. Retrieved 4288: 4279: 4267:. Retrieved 4258: 4249: 4229:. New York: 4225: 4199:. Retrieved 4190: 4186: 4176: 4152: 4145: 4133:. Retrieved 4101: 4079:. Retrieved 4059:. New York: 4055: 4045: 4033:. Retrieved 4024: 4018: 3987:Beacon Press 3981: 3946: 3901: 3868:. New York: 3864: 3837:. Retrieved 3831:(1): 15–53. 3828: 3822: 3812: 3793: 3789: 3777:. Retrieved 3752: 3746: 3736: 3724:. Retrieved 3718:(1): 48–67. 3715: 3709: 3699: 3679:. New York: 3675: 3651:. Retrieved 3639: 3633: 3624: 3599:. Retrieved 3577:(1): 27–59. 3574: 3568: 3543:. Retrieved 3534: 3528: 3518: 3494: 3419:. Retrieved 3410: 3404: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3362: 3337:. Retrieved 3328: 3324: 3283: 3276: 3264:. Retrieved 3239: 3233: 3207:December 18, 3205:. Retrieved 3194: 3185: 3173:. Retrieved 3149: 3118:. Retrieved 3109: 3103: 3071:. Retrieved 3062: 3056: 3011: 3004: 2992:. Retrieved 2983: 2977: 2952:. Retrieved 2928: 2890: 2824:. Retrieved 2815: 2809: 2796: 2784:. Retrieved 2775: 2769: 2740:. Retrieved 2720:. New York: 2716: 2670: 2641:. Retrieved 2632: 2626: 2613: 2591: 2584: 2561: 2486: 2289: 2270: 2251: 2232: 2213: 2194: 2175: 2156: 2137: 2118: 2099: 2080: 2061: 2042: 2023: 2004: 1985: 1966: 1947: 1928: 1909: 1890: 1871: 1852: 1833: 1814: 1795: 1776: 1757: 1741: 1725: 1673:John Kennedy 1665: 1656:Tom C. Clark 1613: 1609:Unitarianism 1602: 1574: 1559: 1553: 1525: 1523: 1513: 1502: 1480: 1478: 1464: 1454: 1450: 1440: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1404:Portrait by 1385: 1381: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1304:Thomas Paine 1292: 1290: 1281: 1267: 1242:World War II 1227: 1225: 1212: 1200: 1196:Mapp v. Ohio 1194: 1184: 1170: 1168: 1159: 1153: 1146:jurisdiction 1133: 1123: 1114:In re Oliver 1112: 1098: 1091: 1066: 1057: 1051: 1048:company town 1041: 1031: 1025: 1019: 1017: 1011: 999:incorporated 990: 980: 978: 973: 957:R. J. Thomas 946: 944: 939: 925: 919: 915: 909: 903: 897: 888:Warren Court 868: 852:Owen Roberts 836:concurrences 825: 798:, Montana's 785: 781:Frank Murphy 768:Irving Brant 764: 752:Drew Pearson 748:Dean Acheson 740:Charles Fahy 728:Learned Hand 712: 687: 677: 674: 655: 610: 586: 569:Roscoe Pound 534: 507: 495:tuberculosis 470: 461:Warren Court 449:Frank Murphy 441: 426: 420: 406: 400: 394: 388: 370: 368: 313: 280: 279: 212:(1949-09-10) 163:Succeeded by 155:52 Stat. 584 152: 138:Nominated by 127: 107:Succeeded by 83:Nominated by 72: 29: 5611:1949 deaths 5606:1894 births 5520:(1994–2022) 5514:(1993–2020) 5502:(1990–2009) 5496:(1988–2018) 5490:(1986–2016) 5484:(1981–2006) 5478:(1975–2010) 5464:(1972–1987) 5458:(1970–1994) 5452:(1967–1991) 5450:T. Marshall 5446:(1965–1969) 5440:(1962–1965) 5434:(1962–1993) 5428:(1958–1981) 5422:(1957–1962) 5416:(1956–1990) 5410:(1955–1971) 5404:(1949–1956) 5398:(1949–1967) 5392:(1945–1958) 5386:(1943–1949) 5384:W. Rutledge 5380:(1941–1954) 5374:(1941–1942) 5368:(1940–1949) 5362:(1939–1975) 5356:(1939–1962) 5354:Frankfurter 5350:(1938–1957) 5344:(1937–1971) 5338:(1932–1938) 5332:(1930–1945) 5318:(1923–1930) 5312:(1923–1939) 5306:(1922–1938) 5300:(1916–1922) 5294:(1916–1939) 5288:(1914–1941) 5282:(1912–1922) 5276:(1911–1916) 5270:(1911–1937) 5256:(1910–1914) 5250:(1906–1910) 5244:(1903–1922) 5238:(1902–1932) 5232:(1898–1925) 5226:(1896–1909) 5212:(1893–1895) 5206:(1892–1903) 5200:(1891–1906) 5194:(1890–1910) 5188:(1888–1893) 5182:(1882–1893) 5176:(1882–1902) 5170:(1881–1889) 5164:(1881–1887) 5158:(1877–1911) 5152:(1873–1882) 5146:(1870–1892) 5140:(1870–1880) 5134:(1863–1897) 5128:(1862–1877) 5122:(1862–1890) 5116:(1862–1881) 5110:(1858–1881) 5104:(1853–1861) 5098:(1851–1857) 5092:(1846–1870) 5086:(1845–1851) 5080:(1845–1872) 5074:(1842–1860) 5068:(1838–1852) 5062:(1837–1865) 5056:(1836–1841) 5050:(1835–1867) 5044:(1830–1844) 5038:(1829–1861) 5032:(1826–1828) 5026:(1823–1843) 5020:(1812–1845) 5014:(1811–1835) 5008:(1807–1826) 5002:(1807–1823) 4996:(1804–1834) 4990:(1800–1804) 4984:(1798–1829) 4978:(1796–1811) 4972:(1793–1806) 4966:(1792–1793) 4960:(1790–1799) 4954:(1790–1795) 4948:(1789–1798) 4942:(1790–1810) 4933:J. Rutledge 4830:Earl Warren 4484:. Chicago: 4482:Mr. Justice 4394:January 13, 4301:January 18, 4269:January 18, 4135:January 18, 4081:January 13, 4035:January 13, 3779:January 13, 3726:January 13, 3653:January 13, 3601:January 13, 3545:January 13, 3421:January 13, 3366:. Chicago: 3339:January 13, 3266:January 13, 3175:January 13, 3120:January 13, 3112:: 282–295. 3073:January 13, 2994:January 13, 2986:: 335–390. 2954:January 13, 2826:January 13, 2786:January 13, 2742:January 13, 2303: (1946) 2284: (1948) 2265: (1947) 2246: (1948) 2227: (1946) 2208: (1948) 2189: (1947) 2170: (1948) 2151: (1944) 2132: (1943) 2113: (1946) 2094: (1961) 2075: (1949) 2056: (1947) 2037: (2004) 2018: (1948) 1999: (1948) 1980: (1947) 1961: (1944) 1942: (1946) 1923: (1947) 1904: (1947) 1885: (1949) 1866: (1947) 1847: (1945) 1828: (1940) 1809: (1943) 1790: (1943) 1771: (1942) 1624:York Harbor 1276:rule of law 884:natural law 613:law reviews 437:due process 425:(1943) and 393:(1943) and 217:York, Maine 148:Preceded by 95:Preceded by 5600:Categories 5560:K. Jackson 5378:R. Jackson 5330:O. Roberts 5304:Sutherland 5286:McReynolds 5210:H. Jackson 5180:Blatchford 5000:Livingston 4994:W. Johnson 4982:Washington 4964:T. Johnson 4551:1943–1949 4524:1939–1943 3985:. Boston: 3105:Judicature 2310:References 1534:enjoining 1428:bartenders 1386:Dred Scott 1322:See also: 1294:Dred Scott 1250:war crimes 1086:law clerks 880:John Dewey 856:Hugo Black 670:voice vote 549:sanatorium 413:war crimes 364:voice vote 303:, and the 228:Democratic 193:1894-07-20 48:Rutledge, 5548:Kavanaugh 5530:Sotomayor 5469:Rehnquist 5420:Whittaker 4866:1986–2005 4850:1969–1986 4834:1953–1969 4818:1946–1953 4802:1941–1946 4786:1930–1941 4770:1921–1930 4754:1910–1921 4738:1888–1910 4722:1874–1888 4706:1864–1873 4690:1836–1864 4674:1801–1835 4658:1796–1800 4626:1789–1795 4494:985458722 4344:145227968 4125:876261135 3761:0037-7848 3256:144260010 1667:Tradition 1514:Colegrove 1382:Korematsu 1374:Yamashita 1370:Korematsu 1358:Korematsu 1356:When the 1038:Hatch Act 696:voluntary 598:St. Louis 234:Education 128:In office 73:In office 5512:Ginsburg 5482:O'Connor 5456:Blackmun 5438:Goldberg 5432:B. White 5292:Brandeis 5274:J. Lamar 5217:E. White 5186:L. Lamar 5168:Matthews 5108:Clifford 5102:Campbell 5084:Woodbury 5066:McKinley 5024:Thompson 4976:S. 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