42:
277:
1244:
520:
There remain a few distinctive differences heard between
Wunambal and its sister languages; personal history is a factor in these recognised differences. "This is a register of linguistically differentiated tribes, each with its own fixed point of geographic origin." Notably, Worrorran languages have
529:
The
Wunambal language contrasts with other Kimberley languages in its contrast producing alveolar vs. post-alveolar sounds. Stops, nasals, laterals, rhotics, and glides are inclusive of manner of articulation: where voicing is not contrastive in stops. A table of consonant inventory and explanation
756:
As in all
Northern Kimberley languages, they contain phenomena of simple and compound verbs, utilizing auxiliaries through conjugation: "certain verbs are conjugated by means of prefixes for person (and to a lesser degree tense), while suffixes are added to show aspect, mood, tense and voice." All
511:
Subject to debate by some scholars, Wunambal dialects include
Wunambal proper, Gamberre, Kwini, Miwa, Yiidji, Wilawila, and Ginan. In contention by linguists is that some of these dialects may be considered languages of their own, while remaining closely related. "Worrarran languages constitute a
462:
Aboriginal peoples have occupied the
Kimberleys for at least 40,000 years. The Wunambal peoples are members of their territory's descent group, and they are part of what is characterized as 'clan estates.' Their particular estate is termed guraa, inclusive of the Wunambal people and the Gaambera
395:; "Other adjacent non-Pama-Nyungan language families are Nyulnyulan to the south-west, Bunuban to the south, and Jarrakan to the east." Linguists classify Wunambal and its dialects as pronominal prefixing languages. Some have distinguished three sub-groupings of Worrorran as Wunambalic,
1012:
Vigilante, T., Toohey, J., Gorring, A., Blundell, V., Saunders, T., Mangolamara, S., ... & Doohan, K. (2013). Island country: Aboriginal connections, values and knowledge of the
Western Australian Kimberley islands in the context of an island biological survey.
478:. The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages — those languages for which little or no documentation exists, where no recordings have previously been made, but where there are living speakers".
502:
This designation originates from the shared influences common to the area; it is through these same inferences that contributes to
Wunambal phonology and syntax association with Worrorran and Ungarinyin.
512:
group of or so of named varieties spoken in the
Kimberley bloc"; owed to the many similarities and high degree of mutual intelligibility among the three associated languages of the Worrorra people.
3507:
474:
As of 2020, Wunambal
Gaambera is listed as one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the
807:
207:
1276:
407:
that is distinct in that "all of the linguistic varieties in the
Worrorran language family have noun classes" and "verbs that take subject and object prefixes".
466:
After noted contact with Europeans, Worrorran peoples consisted of around 300. There were fewer than ten speakers of the Wunambal language in 2009.
368:
Wunambal is a noun-classifying language that is part of the family of Northern Kimberley languages spoken by the Worrorra people of the north-west
1269:
495:
people, who migrated from their original lands in the west Kimberley area from 1956. A continuum of these speakers ranges from "north of the
475:
1262:
1177:
Loakes, D., Carr, T., Gawne, L., & Wigglesworth, G. (2015). Vowels in Wunambal, a Language of the North West Kimberley Region.
783:
714:
Wunambal "has been analysed as a six vowel system with the contrasts /i e a o u ɨ/, with /ɨ/ only found in the Northern variety."
3184:
1235:
1032:
Worrorran revisited: the case for genetic relations among languages of the Northern Kimberley region of Western Australia
3336:
3296:
1425:
1383:
1162:
17:
3164:
3380:
3224:
2204:
2160:
1486:
1285:
311:
1218:
3289:
3251:
1459:
451:
Other names and spellings for Wunambal include Jeidji, Jeithi, Unambal, Wumnabal, Wunambullu, Yeidji, Yeithi.
3375:
3362:
3242:
369:
3502:
3140:
2612:
1965:
1543:
696:/r/ can be heard as a tap, or a trill, and when weakly articulated, it can be heard as a voiced fricative .
252:
822:
3370:
3276:
3199:
3115:
2834:
2289:
3341:
3178:
2167:
2111:
1298:
392:
3189:
733:
There are five noun classes in the northern half of Wunambal country and three in the southern half.
3213:
3028:
1845:
1745:
1725:
1685:
1572:
1557:
1435:
1360:
955:
757:
Worrorran derived languages contain nominal classification, head-marking, and complex predication.
3461:
2821:
2636:
2411:
2024:
1430:
633:
1254:
2829:
2798:
2765:
2732:
2460:
1996:
1865:
1549:
1322:
1227:
404:
373:
3385:
922:
Capell, A. (1972). The Languages of the Northern Kimberley, W. A.: Some Structural Principles.
443:
Bowern (2012) lists three Northern Worrorran languages: Wunambal proper, Gamberre, and Gunin.
3473:
1940:
1933:
1921:
1776:
1752:
675:
2317:
3455:
3330:
3207:
3154:
2998:
2934:
2788:
2783:
2755:
2750:
2742:
2509:
2299:
1890:
1394:
1388:
545:
803:
243:
237:
231:
225:
219:
213:
8:
3413:
3172:
3148:
3104:
3033:
2967:
2957:
2773:
2719:
2696:
2582:
2454:
2439:
2417:
2360:
2343:
2054:
2031:
1782:
1696:
1522:
1420:
1343:
1332:
1327:
1289:
582:
496:
396:
377:
342:
282:
108:
3123:
2981:
2929:
2916:
2879:
2727:
2686:
2665:
2529:
2444:
2312:
2278:
2247:
2236:
2173:
2155:
2127:
2003:
1789:
1712:
1668:
1528:
1515:
1366:
850:
577:
385:
350:
1987:
459:
Wunambal's earliest noted documentation was in the early 20th century by J.R.B. Love.
199:
3305:
3218:
3089:
3069:
3013:
2987:
2944:
2889:
2806:
2691:
2649:
2515:
2488:
2475:
2395:
2258:
2218:
2187:
2182:
2116:
2106:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1797:
1719:
1661:
1595:
1563:
1535:
1401:
1231:
1158:
896:
854:
842:
741:
Wunambal is polysynthetic; notably, Worrorran languages contain overarching concord.
702:/c/ can be heard as a fricative , or an affricate in various word-initial positions.
655:
572:
550:
400:
381:
346:
315:
308:
55:
823:"The sociocultural dynamics of indigenous multilingualism in northwestern Australia"
3283:
3260:
3064:
2902:
2897:
2874:
2866:
2856:
2848:
2778:
2621:
2598:
2544:
2493:
2479:
2422:
2322:
2307:
2241:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2040:
1902:
1878:
1851:
1705:
1626:
1619:
1186:
834:
562:
555:
357:
1190:
1044:
838:
3395:
3129:
3059:
3054:
3049:
2952:
2626:
2449:
2390:
2384:
2272:
2266:
2226:
2047:
2017:
2010:
1914:
1858:
1759:
1676:
1635:
1583:
1510:
1505:
1492:
1478:
1374:
1337:
1141:
939:
637:
611:
567:
334:(with Gaambera and Wunambal also distinguished as separate). It is spoken by the
100:
705:/ɡ/ can be heard as when preceding a long vowel /iː/ in word-initial positions.
265:
260:
3408:
3403:
3018:
2710:
2670:
2577:
2549:
2354:
2348:
2338:
2136:
2121:
1958:
1653:
1465:
971:
951:
589:
125:
1248:
3496:
3450:
3422:
3094:
2924:
2811:
2559:
2554:
1646:
1607:
1498:
846:
3023:
132:
46:
Worrorran languages (purple), among other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey)
1157:. Languages of the World/Materials. Vol. 11. München: Lincom Europa.
1138:
Wunambal: A language of the North-West Kimberley Region, Western Australia
936:
Wunambal: A language of the North-West Kimberley Region, Western Australia
532:
Wunambal: A language of the North-West Kimberley Region, Western Australia
182:
175:
168:
161:
154:
3445:
427:
77:
3467:
905:. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
895:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).
41:
3418:
3311:
901:
808:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
192:
145:
3428:
3347:
744:
A complete list of Wunambal class and case markers can be found in
492:
403:, further distinguished as Northern, Central and Southern. It is a
335:
81:
65:
3269:
1284:
411:
69:
1247:
Text may be copied from this source, which is available under a
414:, some of which may sometimes be treated as separate languages:
276:
3508:
Endangered indigenous Australian languages in Western Australia
781:
73:
2230:
1243:
1118:
Koch, H. J., Bowern, C., Evans, B., & Miceli, L. (2008).
806:
Wunambal at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
693:
Stop sounds can be heard ranging from voiceless to voiced.
1120:
Morphology and language history: in honour of Harold Koch
1220:
Worrorra: a language of the north-west Kimberley coast
1001:
Worrorra: a language of the north-west Kimberley coast
877:
Berson, J. (2010). Talking Language to Whitefellas.
1075:Capell, A. (1941). Notes on the Wunambal language.
1015:
Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement
27:
Aboriginal Australian language of Western Australia
1094:Australian languages: their nature and development
957:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
433:Yiidji (Forrest River) (maybe 10 speakers in 2005)
1107:The Languages of the Kimberley, Western Australia
3494:
372:in Australia, an area home to remnant groups of
765:Northern Worrorran languages share vocabulary.
1142:http://e-publications.une.edu.au/1959.11/16787
940:http://e-publications.une.edu.au/1959.11/16787
810: (see the info box for additional links)
1270:
356:As of 2020, "Wunambal Gaambera" is part of a
1146:
388:, all of the "Northern Kimberley Division".
391:It has been classified by linguists as non-
386:Ngarinyin (Eastern Worrorra, or Ungarinjin)
351:Ngarinyin (Eastern Worrorra, or Ungarinjin)
1277:
1263:
1249:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
960:. Cambridge University Press. p. xli.
481:
275:
40:
894:
699:/ɻ/ can also range to an alveolar sound .
476:Department of Communications and the Arts
1200:
1152:
782:Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021).
530:of consonant production can be found in
1216:
14:
3495:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
820:
797:
724:/aː/ can range to a back vowel sound .
499:" to "as far north as Mt. Trafalgar".
491:Wunambal was originally spoken by the
1258:
1096:(Vol. 1). Cambridge University Press.
1003:. University of Adelaide Press, 2015.
950:
918:
916:
914:
912:
873:
871:
813:
506:
318:. It has several dialects, including
158: – Wunambal (Yeidji, Yiiji)
1045:"Priority Languages Support Project"
1030:McGregor, William, and Alan Rumsey.
930:
928:
721:/ɨ/ can have three allophones; , , .
446:
418:Wunambal proper (5 speakers in 2005)
1125:
1062:
982:
469:
186: – Wilawila (unconfirmed)
24:
1210:
909:
879:History of Anthropology Newsletter
868:
486:
165: – Gamberre (Gaambera) †
25:
3519:
1179:Australian Journal Of Linguistics
925:
424:Kwini (Gunin) (1 speaker in 2005)
363:
1242:
3381:South Australian Pidgin English
1171:
1122:. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
1112:
1099:
1086:
1037:
1024:
1006:
964:
944:
888:
775:
746:Notes on the Wunambal language
312:Australian Aboriginal language
13:
1:
3376:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1191:10.1080/07268602.2015.1023169
839:10.1016/j.langcom.2018.04.011
768:
760:
736:
524:
2751:Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
1034:. Pacific Linguistics, 2009.
827:Language & Communication
784:"Cultural diversity: Census"
718:/i, u/ can also be heard as
538:Wunambal consonant phonemes
515:
7:
3371:Port Jackson Pidgin English
2733:Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
10:
3524:
2510:Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ)
1153:McGregor, William (1993).
728:
454:
421:Gamberre (extinct by 2016)
172: – Kwini (Gunin)
3438:
3394:
3361:
3321:
3259:
3250:
3237:
3198:
3163:
3139:
3114:
3103:
3082:
3042:
3006:
2997:
2966:
2943:
2915:
2888:
2865:
2847:
2820:
2797:
2764:
2741:
2718:
2709:
2679:
2658:
2645:
2635:
2611:
2591:
2571:Eastern (Goulburn Island)
2570:
2537:
2528:
2502:
2474:
2432:
2404:
2377:
2370:
2331:
2298:
2288:
2257:
2217:
2200:
2145:
2099:
2066:
1986:
1979:
1953:
1934:Wilson River (Wangkumara)
1877:
1817:
1810:
1769:
1738:Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic
1737:
1695:
1582:
1477:
1455:
1448:
1413:
1353:
1315:
1308:
1297:
1049:First Languages Australia
751:
748:by Arthur Capell (1941).
709:
685:
679:
554:
544:
542:
341:Wunambal is one of three
274:
251:
206:
190:
143:
138:
122:
97:
87:
61:
51:
39:
34:
2807:Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
2281:(Kurnindirri, southwest)
1205:. Munich: Lincom Europa.
2650:Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
1384:Central New South Wales
976:EndangeredLanguages.com
482:Geographic distribution
3130:Southwestern Tasmanian
3124:Northwestern Tasmanian
2414:(Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
2244:(Ganggalida, Nyangga)
1228:University of Adelaide
1217:Clendon, Mark (2014).
521:cluster assimilation.
405:polysynthetic language
374:Aboriginal Australians
2728:Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
2720:Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)
2711:Daly River Sprachbund
1941:Bulloo River (Galali)
1460:Western Torres Strait
1286:Australian Aboriginal
1105:McGregor, W. (2004).
1092:Dixon, R. M. (2002).
821:Rumsey, Alan (2018).
410:Wunambal has several
376:. It is one of three
3331:Torres Strait Creole
3243:Aboriginal Englishes
3007:Western (Nyulnyulic)
1903:Arabana–Wangkangurru
1375:Anewan (Nganyaywana)
1201:McGregor, W (1993).
436:? Wilawila (extinct)
93:4 (2021 census)
3503:Worrorran languages
3268:Roper River Kriol (
3219:Southeast Tasmanian
3108:family-level groups
1354:New South Wales P–N
1109:. Psychology Press.
897:"Wunambal language"
539:
497:Prince Regent River
380:, the others being
378:Worrorran languages
345:, the others being
343:Worrorran languages
283:Worrorran languages
3185:Lhotsky/Blackhouse
3149:Northern Tasmanian
2371:Gunwinyguan proper
2205:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
2068:Ngarna/Warluwarric
1818:Arandic–Thura–Yura
1642:Guwa–Yanda ?
537:
507:Dialects/varieties
382:(Western) Worrorra
347:(Western) Worrorra
297:Northern Worrorran
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3357:
3356:
3306:Mornington Island
3282:Kimberley Kriol (
3233:
3232:
3179:Tyerrernotepanner
3078:
3077:
2911:
2910:
2843:
2842:
2705:
2704:
2607:
2606:
2538:Central (Warrkbi)
2524:
2523:
2470:
2469:
2290:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2213:
2212:
2196:
2195:
2161:Kanyara–Mantharta
1975:
1974:
1886:Northern (Palku)
1806:
1805:
1620:Bidyara–Gungabula
1444:
1443:
1237:978-1-922064-59-2
1140:. Retrieved from
1136:Carr TL. (2001).
938:. Retrieved from
934:Carr TL. (2001).
690:
689:
447:Alternative names
439:? Ginan (extinct)
316:Western Australia
293:Wunambal language
289:
288:
179: – Miwa
56:Western Australia
18:Wilawila language
16:(Redirected from
3515:
3337:Cape York Creole
3295:Westside Kriol (
3261:Australian Kriol
3257:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3112:
3111:
3043:Eastern (Dyukun)
3004:
3003:
2863:
2862:
2716:
2715:
2659:Limilngan–Wulna?
2643:
2642:
2535:
2534:
2375:
2374:
2296:
2295:
1984:
1983:
1815:
1814:
1746:Guugu Yimidihirr
1453:
1452:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1246:
1241:
1225:
1206:
1193:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1010:
1004:
997:
980:
979:
968:
962:
961:
948:
942:
932:
923:
920:
907:
906:
892:
886:
875:
866:
865:
863:
861:
817:
811:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
779:
540:
536:
470:Language revival
430:(Bagu) (extinct)
358:language revival
295:, also known as
279:
246:
240:
234:
229: Gaambera,
228:
222:
217: Wunambal,
216:
202:
185:
178:
171:
164:
157:
148:
128:
103:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3482:
3434:
3396:Mixed languages
3390:
3386:Pidgin Ngarluma
3353:
3323:
3317:
3275:Bamyili Kriol (
3241:
3239:
3238:New Indigenous
3229:
3214:Little Swanport
3194:
3181:(North Midland)
3159:
3135:
3132:(Toogee) ?
3107:
3099:
3074:
3038:
3029:Djabirr-Djabirr
2993:
2962:
2939:
2907:
2884:
2861:
2839:
2835:Ngan’gityemerri
2816:
2793:
2760:
2737:
2701:
2675:
2654:
2631:
2603:
2587:
2566:
2520:
2498:
2466:
2463:(Enindhilyagwa)
2428:
2400:
2366:
2327:
2284:
2269:(Garrwa, north)
2253:
2209:
2192:
2141:
2095:
2062:
1971:
1949:
1873:
1802:
1765:
1733:
1691:
1578:
1573:Flinders Island
1544:Southwest Paman
1473:
1440:
1409:
1349:
1301:
1293:
1283:
1238:
1223:
1213:
1211:Further reading
1197:
1196:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1074:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1011:
1007:
999:Clendon, Mark.
998:
983:
970:
969:
965:
952:Dixon, R. M. W.
949:
945:
933:
926:
921:
910:
893:
889:
876:
869:
859:
857:
818:
814:
802:
798:
788:
786:
780:
776:
771:
763:
754:
739:
731:
712:
527:
518:
509:
489:
487:Official status
484:
472:
457:
449:
366:
285:
270:
242:
236:
230:
224:
218:
212:
198:
181:
180:
174:
173:
167:
166:
160:
159:
153:
152:
144:
129:
124:
118:
104:
101:Language family
99:
90:
89:Native speakers
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3479:Murdi Language
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3416:
3411:
3409:Gurindji Kriol
3406:
3404:Light Warlpiri
3400:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3342:Lockhart River
3339:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3297:Victoria River
3293:
3287:
3284:Fitzroy Valley
3280:
3273:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3240:languages and
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3175:(Northeastern)
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2789:Marramaninjsji
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2613:Marrku–Wurrugu
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2503:Other isolates
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2275:(Wanji, south)
2270:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2234:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2146:South-West P–N
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2100:Desert Nyungic
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2018:Dhuwal–Dhuwala
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1821:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:Lower Burdekin
1716:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1686:Lower Burdekin
1683:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1558:Southern Paman
1555:
1554:
1553:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:Mbarrumbathama
1532:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1487:Northern Paman
1483:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
1456:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1236:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1195:
1194:
1185:(3), 203-231.
1170:
1163:
1145:
1124:
1111:
1098:
1085:
1061:
1036:
1023:
1005:
981:
963:
943:
924:
908:
887:
867:
812:
796:
773:
772:
770:
767:
762:
759:
753:
750:
738:
735:
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
719:
711:
708:
707:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
672:
671:
668:
665:
662:
660:
658:
652:
651:
649:
646:
644:
642:
640:
630:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
608:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
526:
523:
517:
514:
508:
505:
488:
485:
483:
480:
471:
468:
456:
453:
448:
445:
441:
440:
437:
434:
431:
425:
422:
419:
365:
364:Classification
362:
287:
286:
280:
272:
271:
269:
268:
263:
257:
255:
249:
248:
247: Wilawila
210:
204:
203:
196:
188:
187:
149:
141:
140:
139:Language codes
136:
135:
130:
126:Writing system
123:
120:
119:
117:
116:
107:
105:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3520:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:Nunga English
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3423:Tennant Creek
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:Northeastern
3320:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3236:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:(Paredarerme)
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Murrinh-patha
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2822:Southern Daly
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2743:Northern Daly
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:Darwin Region
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:Bininj Kunwok
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2025:Djambarrpuyŋu
2022:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1866:Adnyamathanha
1863:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1627:Margany–Gunya
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1550:Kuuk Thayorre
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Gumbaynggiric
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:Victorian P–N
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1166:
1164:3-929075-09-1
1160:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1083:(3), 295-308.
1082:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1002:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
977:
973:
967:
959:
958:
953:
947:
941:
937:
931:
929:
919:
917:
915:
913:
904:
903:
902:Glottolog 3.0
898:
891:
884:
880:
874:
872:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:Adapted from
816:
809:
805:
800:
785:
778:
774:
766:
758:
749:
747:
742:
734:
723:
720:
717:
716:
715:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
682:
677:
674:
673:
669:
666:
663:
661:
659:
657:
654:
653:
650:
647:
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631:
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624:
621:
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587:
584:
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574:
571:
569:
566:
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560:
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552:
549:
547:
541:
535:
534:by TL. Carr.
533:
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479:
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254:
250:
245:
239:
235: Gunin,
233:
227:
223: Yiiji,
221:
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201:
197:
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184:
177:
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71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3302:Barkly Kriol
3225:Bruny Island
3165:Northeastern
3151:(Tommeginne)
2975:
2935:Gajirrawoong
2799:Eastern Daly
2766:Western Daly
2461:Anindilyakwa
2172:
2168:Kartu–Nhanda
2126:
2112:Ngumpin–Yapa
2075:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1964:
1957:
1939:
1932:
1922:Yandruwandha
1920:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1836:
1829:
1788:
1781:
1758:
1753:Kuku Yalanji
1751:
1744:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1675:
1667:
1652:
1645:
1634:
1625:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1571:
1562:
1548:
1534:
1527:
1516:Umbindhamuic
1506:Middle Paman
1491:
1464:
1426:Bandjalangic
1400:
1393:
1373:
1365:
1342:
1323:Lower Murray
1309:Southeastern
1299:Pama–Nyungan
1219:
1202:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1154:
1148:
1137:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1000:
975:
966:
956:
946:
935:
900:
890:
882:
878:
858:. Retrieved
830:
826:
815:
799:
787:. Retrieved
777:
764:
755:
745:
743:
740:
732:
713:
531:
528:
519:
510:
501:
490:
473:
465:
461:
458:
450:
442:
409:
397:Ungarinyinic
393:Pama-Nyungan
390:
367:
355:
340:
331:
327:
323:
319:
304:
300:
296:
292:
290:
281:Map showing
241: Miwa,
191:
113:
29:
3446:Neo-Nyungar
3419:Wumpurrarni
3414:Modern Tiwi
3333:(Yumplatok)
3155:Port Sorell
3126:(Peerapper)
2784:Marrithiyel
2779:Merranunggu
2774:Marri Ngarr
2550:Garig–Ilgar
2229:(register:
2055:Ganhalpuyŋu
1997:Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
1891:Pitta-Pitta
1777:Kalkatungic
1414:North Coast
1395:Barranbinja
1203:Gunin/Kwini
1155:Gunin/Kwini
676:Approximant
3497:Categories
3290:Daly River
3221:(Nuenonne)
3208:Oyster Bay
3173:Pyemmairre
3034:Nimanburru
2999:Nyulnyulan
2978:(Northern)
2958:Gooniyandi
2697:Bugurnidja
2680:Umbugarlic
2583:Manangkari
2455:Nunggubuyu
2440:Rembarrnga
2425:(Ngalkbun)
2418:Kunbarlang
2361:Mangarrayi
2344:Warndarang
2300:Maningrida
1846:Thura–Yura
1783:Kalkatungu
1436:Waka–Kabic
1389:Wiradhuric
1361:Yuin–Kuric
1344:Bungandidj
1054:13 January
1021:, 145-181.
972:"Wunambal"
885:(1), 3-20.
860:7 November
833:: 91–101.
789:13 October
769:References
761:Vocabulary
737:Morphology
546:Peripheral
525:Consonants
370:Kimberleys
151:Variously:
3474:Cherbourg
3421:English (
3312:Kowanyama
3105:Tasmanian
2990:(Western)
2984:(Eastern)
2982:Ngarinyin
2968:Worrorran
2930:Miriwoong
2880:Jaminjung
2687:Umbugarla
2666:Limilngan
2476:Yangmanic
2445:Ngalakgan
2318:Ndjébbana
2313:Gurr-goni
2279:Gunindiri
2248:Mingginda
2237:Kayardild
2174:Yinggarda
2128:Warumungu
2032:Gupapuyŋu
2004:Ritharrŋu
1966:Paakantyi
1790:Yalarnnga
1713:Warrgamay
1697:Dyirbalic
1669:Dharumbal
1615:Southern
1591:Northern
1529:Umbuygamu
1523:Lamalamic
1421:Durubalic
1367:Dhanggati
1333:Gippsland
1328:Yotayotic
1302:subgroups
1292:languages
1290:Tasmanian
855:150007441
847:0271-5309
583:Retroflex
516:Phonology
401:Worrorric
360:project.
193:Glottolog
146:ISO 639-3
109:Worrorran
62:Ethnicity
3429:Alyawarr
3348:Napranum
3141:Northern
3090:Giimbiyu
3083:isolates
3070:Ngumbarl
3014:Nyulnyul
2988:Worrorra
2976:Wunambal
2917:Jarrakan
2756:Tyerraty
2692:Ngurmbur
2592:Southern
2530:Iwaidjan
2516:Gaagudju
2489:Wardaman
2396:Uwinymil
2387:(Djauan)
2250:(Minkin)
2156:Ngayarda
2152:Pilbara
2083:Southern
1929:Eastern
1910:Central
1898:Western
1838:Kaytetye
1831:Arrernte
1720:Nyawaygi
1664: ?
1603:Eastern
1596:Warrongo
1564:Mbabaram
1511:Umpilaic
1449:Northern
1402:Muruwari
1251:licence.
954:(2002).
578:Alveolar
493:Worrorra
463:people.
412:dialects
338:people.
336:Wunambal
332:Wilawila
309:moribund
307:, is a
305:Gaambera
261:Wunambal
200:nort2751
114:Wunambal
82:Wilawila
80:, ?
66:Wunambal
35:Wunambal
3431:English
3363:Pidgins
3324:creoles
3277:Barunga
3270:Ngukurr
3252:Creoles
3200:Eastern
3116:Western
3065:Nyigina
2945:Bunuban
2903:Wambaya
2898:Ngarnka
2890:Ngurlun
2875:Nungali
2857:Jingulu
2639: ?
2622:Wurrugu
2615: ?
2599:Amurdag
2545:Iwaidja
2512: ?
2494:Wagiman
2480:Wagiman
2457:(Wubuy)
2433:Eastern
2423:Dalabon
2405:Central
2378:Western
2363: ?
2357: ?
2351: ?
2323:Nakkara
2308:Burarra
2292: ?
2259:Garrwan
2242:Yukulta
2219:Tangkic
2183:Mirning
2177: ?
2131: ?
2117:Ngumpin
2107:Marrngu
2077:Yanyuwa
1980:Western
1944: ?
1852:Wirangu
1825:Arandic
1811:Central
1728: ?
1706:Dyirbal
1688: ?
1680: ?
1672: ?
1662:Kingkel
1639: ?
1378: ?
1370: ?
1077:Oceania
729:Grammar
656:Lateral
573:Palatal
551:Laminal
455:History
301:Gambera
208:AIATSIS
70:Kambure
3468:Woorie
3456:Yarrie
3439:Others
3350:Creole
3344:Creole
3314:Creole
3308:Creole
3190:Norman
3060:Warrwa
3055:Dyugun
3050:Yawuru
2953:Bunuba
2867:Yirram
2849:Mirndi
2627:Marrgu
2450:Ngandi
2385:Jawoyn
2332:Marran
2273:Waanyi
2267:Garawa
2227:Lardil
2188:Nyunga
2087:Ngarru
2048:Djinba
2041:Djinaŋ
1915:Diyari
1879:Karnic
1859:Kaurna
1760:Yidiny
1677:Bayali
1636:Bindal
1493:Uradhi
1234:
1161:
853:
845:
752:Syntax
710:Vowels
563:Labial
556:Apical
399:, and
330:, and
74:Yeidji
52:Region
3458:Lingo
3292:Kriol
3019:Bardi
2671:Wulna
2578:Maung
2560:Ilgar
2555:Garig
2391:Waray
2355:Alawa
2349:Yugul
2339:Marra
2231:Damin
2090:Thawa
2011:Nhaŋu
1988:Yolŋu
1959:Yarli
1654:Yanda
1584:Maric
1479:Paman
1338:Kulin
1224:(PDF)
851:S2CID
638:trill
612:Nasal
568:Velar
324:Gunin
320:Yiiji
266:Gunin
133:Latin
3476:Talk
3470:Talk
3464:Talk
3462:Palm
3095:Tiwi
3024:Jawi
2925:Kija
2812:Kamu
2137:Wati
2122:Yapa
1798:Mayi
1770:Gulf
1647:Guwa
1608:Biri
1288:and
1232:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1056:2020
862:2020
843:ISSN
791:2022
648:ɾ~r
606:ʈ~ɖ
603:t~d
600:c~ɟ
597:k~ɡ
594:p~b
590:Stop
428:Miwa
384:and
349:and
328:Miwa
291:The
78:Miwa
1499:Wik
1187:doi
835:doi
804:K22
634:Tap
314:of
303:or
253:ELP
244:K35
238:K44
232:K36
226:K39
220:K32
214:K22
183:wil
176:vmi
169:gww
162:gma
155:wub
3499::
1230:.
1226:.
1183:35
1181:,
1127:^
1081:11
1079:,
1064:^
1047:.
1019:81
1017:,
984:^
974:.
927:^
911:^
899:.
883:37
881:,
870:^
849:.
841:.
831:62
829:.
825:.
686:ɻ
683:j
680:w
670:ɭ
667:l
664:ʎ
628:ɳ
625:n
622:ɲ
619:ŋ
616:m
353:.
326:,
322:,
299:,
76:,
72:,
68:,
3425:)
3299:)
3286:)
3279:)
3272:)
2482:?
2478:–
2233:)
1278:e
1271:t
1264:v
1240:.
1189::
1167:.
1058:.
978:.
864:.
837::
793:.
636:/
20:)
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