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:Naming conventions (technical restrictions) - Knowledge

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50: 1341:) are forbidden because the MediaWiki software uses the replacement character as a placeholder for these, just as it does for invalid UTF-8 sequences. Note, however, that the other 64 Unicode noncharacters (a block of 32 from U+FDD0 through U+FDEF, plus the two at the end of each of planes 1 through 16 ) are 1975:
to contain formatting, such as italics or bolding. The double or triple apostrophes normally used to produce these effects in wiki markup are treated just as groups of apostrophes if they appear in titles. Other wiki markup or HTML-based formatting would require characters that are not permissible in
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etc.), as this will place them in the wrong namespace, which (among other problems) will exclude them from standard search results. In this case, another title must be found (it won't help to change the capitalization of the prefix or put spaces before or after the colon). For example,
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If / is the first character of the title, then links to it from outside the main namespace will not work as expected (they will prepend the title of the current page); a workaround is to prepend a colon, or to use an HTML entity as the beginning of the link, e.g. ], ] or ] to get to
1872:) are treated equivalently. Underscores are used in URLs, spaces in displayed titles. Leading and trailing spaces/underscores are stripped, consecutive spaces/underscores are reduced to a single one, and page names consisting of only spaces and underscores are not allowed at all. 687:), a template can be added to the article to cause the title header to be displayed as desired. In other cases (such as names containing restricted characters) it is necessary to adopt and display a different title. This page describes appropriate ways to manage these situations. 1741:
Subpages are still enabled in the talk namespace as they are widely used for archiving old discussions. Therefore, if an article has a forward slash in its name, its corresponding talk page may display an extraneous subpage level-up link at the top (for example,
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Before declaring the current title to be "wrong" with the "correct title" template (or one of the more specific templates), please consider whether the title you are proposing as "correct" would really comply with Knowledge conventions, particularly
1329:, is forbidden because the MediaWiki software uses the replacement character to represent invalid UTF-8 sequences, and cannot differentiate this use as a placeholder from an actual instance of the replacement character. The other two (the two 1840:, even if the character they represent is allowed. In the unlikely event of such sequences appearing in a desired title, an alternative title must be constructed (for example by inserting a space after the %, or omitting a semicolon). 802:
The MediaWiki software is configured so that a page title on the English Knowledge (as stored in the database) cannot begin with a lower-case letter, and links that begin with a lower-case letter are treated as if capitalized, i.e.
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It may not be an IP address (including IPv6 such as 2606:4700:4700::1111), nor may it look like an IP address (for example, "564.348.992.800" is not a valid IP address, but since it looks like one, it is an invalid
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wiki markup at the top of the article, category or template page (and optionally at the top of their talk/discussion page). This will cause the page title to be displayed with the initial letter in lowercase, as at
620: 2133:, which includes more blacklisted characters (various '/'-lookalikes and characters from unusual scripts such as Runic, Ugaritic, and so on) and checks against mixed scripts. There are also limitations placed by 1962:
cannot be displayed properly, so they must be located under their common shorthand names. Non-ASCII characters can take up to 4 bytes to encode, so the total number of allowable characters may be lower.
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There is no reason why titles should not include ? or +. However, with such titles, attention is required when typing URLs into the address bar of a browser. Here ? is interpreted as beginning a
1304:(contains a UTF-8 sequence decoding to code point U+180000, beyond the U+10FFFF limit) are invalid. (These examples use percent-encoded URLs rather than wikilinks, as the "characters" themselves 655: 753:. To see which articles have these naming problems you can click on "What links here" in the toolbox for each template. If the template is substituted, it will no longer be linked. 1082:
In any of these cases, a hatnote should be placed at the top of the article informing readers what the correct title is. This is done using one of the following template calls:
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to change the way the title header is displayed on the page (although the stored page name is not affected). This is often done through a template, the most common one being
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Page names cannot begin with a colon. However, if the initial colon can be dropped to produce a satisfactory title, then this should be done, and the problem fixed with
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If the desired title of an article contains any of these characters, then an alternative title must be used instead. Often, you can simply remove the characters (e.g.
77: 2141:. Among the more notable of these are that accounts containing strings implying advanced permissions (e.g. "admin") or impersonating high-profile users are blocked. 341: 490: 460: 250: 543: 631: 508: 292: 255: 578: 548: 398: 371: 351: 1879:
magic word. However, this does not work for titles consisting of only spaces and underscores, which should use a parenthetical disambiguator e.g.
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If this is not possible (due to restrictions on DISPLAYTITLE), choose a different title for the page, and use a template such as
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UTF-8 sequences are forbidden in page titles (how these are displayed may vary depending on your browser and installed fonts):
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to place a hatnote stating what the correct title should be. This is normally necessary in the case of restricted characters.
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Except in the case of initial colons and the w: and en: prefixes, DISPLAYTITLE will not work in the above situations. Use
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There are two basic ways of handling a situation where the desired title of a page is technically impossible:
953: 1653: 1458:. Again, these are case-insensitive, and putting spaces before or after the colon will not help. Examples: 31: 1856:, %3F and %2B. (The same technique is necessary for many other special characters, depending on browser.) 1338: 1725:
is enabled, the forward slash (/) separates a subpage name from its main page name. However subpages are
1537: 648: 30:"Knowledge:Technical restrictions" redirects here. For technical restrictions on editing privileges, see 2013:
Titles cannot contain images (which would require forbidden characters in order to be displayed), only
69: 2065: 1734: 837: 786: 2158: 1730: 1451: 1428: 942: 445: 120: 35: 2001:, exists to display the title in italics. For guidance on when this technique should be used, see 1360: 1071:) or use another substitute. Note that the sharp sign ♯ (different from the keyboard # character) 690: 1829: 1737:– there is no need for such titles to be fixed. Be aware of the following side effects, however: 1645: 1273: 1247: 793: 2130: 2028: 2162: 2101: 2022: 1988: 1952: 1937: 1910:
on talk pages, while three consecutive tildes generates an undated signature. For this reason,
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In the case of aliases a redirect can be created. In the fourth example above this will be at
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In general, article titles containing colons are fine, subject to the following exceptions:
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A title can normally contain the character %. However it cannot contain % followed by two
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feature and Search results, as well as the page history, edit, log pages, or the browser
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It may not be one of a list of configured reserved usernames (e.g. "MediaWiki default").
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software. In some cases (such as names which should begin with a lowercase letter, like
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Titles affected by this behavior can generally be made to display correctly using the
960:(it only affects the page title on the rendered HTML page and tab/window title bars). 772: 1916: 1635: 1591: 1041: 1762:
Page names consisting of exactly one or two periods (full stops), or beginning with
1300:(contains a UTF-8 sequence decoding to code point U+D800, an unpaired surrogate) or 1958: 1825: 1519: 1495: 1486: 1475: 1404: 1365: 1014: 963: 1747: 1668: 1334: 728:, which causes the title to be displayed with an initial lowercase letter, as in 2104:: U+0080–U+009F, U+00A0, U+2000–U+200F, U+2028–U+202F, U+3000, or U+E000–U+F8FF. 1223: 1037: 895: 676: 2044:"Normalization Form C" (often abbreviated NFC). For more information, see the 2175: 2084: 2070:
Usernames are subject to the same technical restrictions as page titles (see
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digits (which would cause it to be converted to a single character, by
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It may not contain various control characters, unusual whitespace, or
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forbidden in page titles, as can be seen in the following examples:
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be impossible to insert into wikitext without percent-encoding.)
1064: 1063:). However, it may be necessary to spell out the character (e.g. 1045: 2021:
is encoded in Unicode as U+2672, so it can be included, but the
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is not a Unicode character and cannot appear in a page title.
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allowed to be part of page titles (nor are they supported by
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Knowledge:Page name § Technical restrictions and limitations
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The following characters are forbidden due to clashes with
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are not allowed. There are also additional restrictions:
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Titles must be fewer than 256 bytes long when encoded in
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should be used. As a result of this, the abbreviation of
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may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect
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sequences (for our purposes, those that would decode to
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are not possible because of limitations imposed by the
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where it links to the current language Knowledge. See
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to represent the | character within the correct title.
1890:. Articles with underscores in titles are tracked in 933: 925: 887:
Examples of categories affected by this problem are:
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Project page on technical restrictions for page names
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titles cannot contain certain restricted characters.
34:. For technical restrictions on external links, see 2129:Additionally, there are the restrictions tested by 1325:The first of these characters or "characters", the 1297: 1296:or code points beyond U+10FFFF). Thus, titles like 814:Examples of articles affected by this problem are: 699:. The most commonly encountered problems are that: 621:
Definite or indefinite article at beginning of name
1435:is created at the original title (in this case at 997:software, some characters (and "characters") are 2173: 1902:Titles cannot contain three or more consecutive 1755: 1410:Article titles should not begin with a standard 1892:Category:Articles with underscores in the title 2017:characters. For example, the recycling symbol 1146:for cases not covered by any one of the above. 932:is a lowercase letter whose uppercase form is 902:Example of template affected by this problem: 656: 2047:W3C's Character Model for the World Wide Web 993:Due to clashes with various elements of the 703:titles cannot begin with a lowercase letter; 2083:The username must not already exist in the 763:Knowledge:Manual of Style (capital letters) 68:Editors should generally follow it, though 924:, cannot be moved to (or redirected from) 759:Knowledge:Naming conventions (use English) 695:Restrictions on page titles are listed at 663: 649: 2071: 1977: 1624:but displays as having the correct title 1032:For articles about these characters, see 898:(and subcategories beginning with macOS) 939:To fix this problem, you can place the 14: 2174: 2125:It may not be more than 85 bytes long. 2090:It may not contain any of the symbols 1786:, are not allowed. In most such cases 850:(and various articles beginning with: 767:Knowledge:Manual of Style (trademarks) 137:Category:Knowledge naming conventions 1828:). Similarly a title cannot contain 1446:Article titles cannot begin with an 1009:Clashes with wiki markup/HTML syntax 44: 2074:above). In particular, the symbols 1281:Clashes with invalid-UTF-8 handling 24: 76:. When in doubt, discuss first on 25: 2193: 1812:, does not redirect to the page. 1671:, which is what "Project: Mersh" 1048:(covers several characters), and 1950:. Therefore, the full titles of 1898:Three or more consecutive tildes 1439:, which is what the above title 1355:Noncharacter encoded at U+10FFFE 1111:for titles containing < : --> 749:These templates should never be 48: 1971:It is not possible for a title 1494:is one of the prefixes for the 60:documents an English Knowledge 2151: 1983:It is technically possible to 1816:Percent and encoded characters 1744:Talk:Providence/Stoughton Line 1350:Noncharacter encoded at U+FDD0 1285:Titles cannot contain invalid 1194:C Sharp (programming language) 916:This also means that the page 13: 1: 2053:Unicode's normalization forms 2023:non-directional beacon symbol 1868:, spaces () and underscores ( 1844:Question marks and plus signs 954:search suggest drop-down list 2182:Knowledge naming conventions 1361:Other problematic characters 691:Restrictions and workarounds 32:Knowledge:User access levels 7: 2029:Browser support limitations 1987:formatting in titles using 1695:Forward slashes and periods 1548:V – The New Mythology Suite 1311:This also means that three 10: 2198: 2063: 1927: 1698: 1544:V: The New Mythology Suite 1369: 967: 776: 342:Government and legislation 84: 78:this guideline's talk page 29: 2066:Knowledge:Username policy 2060:Restrictions on usernames 1973:as stored in the database 1735:Providence/Stoughton Line 1190:C# (programming language) 838:E (mathematical constant) 468:Language/country-specific 1642:TM:103 Hustlerz Ambition 1429:Help!: A Day in the Life 1339:Basic Multilingual Plane 2139:<newaccountonly: --> 2131:the AntiSpoof extension 1830:HTML character entities 1646:TM103 Hustlerz Ambition 1425:Help: A Day in the Life 1274:I Am Greater than I Was 1248:While(1 Is Less Than 2) 1126:for titles containing | 1097:for titles containing # 832:(mathematical constant) 807:is treated the same as 2163:Help:Interwiki_linking 2102:private use characters 2035:precomposed characters 1967:Italics and formatting 1953:The Boy Bands Have Won 1860:Spaces and underscores 1520:Knowledge Portal Pages 1437:Help:A Day in the Life 911:Template:IPhone models 907:Template:iPhone models 773:Lowercase first letter 637:Technical restrictions 251:Ethnicities and tribes 128:All naming conventions 1454:prefix, or namespace 1327:replacement character 1184:Look Out for Number 1 308:Programming languages 2157:except on a foreign 2135:meta:Title blacklist 2085:single unified login 2072:Forbidden characters 1978:Forbidden characters 1652:is an alias for the 1634:is a prefix for the 1536:is an alias for the 964:Forbidden characters 256:Royalty and nobility 40:Help:Template limits 1584:C Real (Greek band) 1538:Knowledge namespace 1294:unpaired surrogates 920:, on the character 787:WP:NCLOWERCASEFIRST 751:substituted (subst) 714:Use the magic word 18:Knowledge:NCHASHTAG 2114:It may not have a 2042:text normalization 1790:will not work, so 1654:template namespace 1511:Portal – No Escape 1474:is the prefix for 1212:Red (an orchestra) 1208:Red {an orchestra} 2159:WP:sister project 1917:Tilde Tilde Tilde 1778:, or ending with 1636:English Knowledge 1592:Wikimedia Commons 1566:B – The Beginning 1506:Portal: No Escape 1482:DK: King of Swing 1109:|reason=bracket}} 1077:C♯ (musical note) 1042:greater-than sign 673: 672: 399:Numbers and dates 372:Latter Day Saints 352:Political parties 112: 111: 62:naming convention 36:WP:Spam blacklist 16:(Redirected from 2189: 2166: 2155: 2140: 2093: 2078: 2055: 2049: 2000: 1994: 1959:When the Pawn... 1940: 1871: 1839: 1835: 1826:percent-encoding 1799: 1793: 1770:, or containing 1711: 1690: 1608:is a prefix for 1590:is a prefix for 1572:is a prefix for 1562:B: The Beginning 1554:is a prefix for 1518:is a prefix for 1496:Danish Knowledge 1487:DK King of Swing 1476:Ladino Knowledge 1389: 1382: 1321: 1145: 1125: 1110: 1096: 1052:, respectively. 1028: 987: 980: 946: 855: 840: 833: 831: 810: 806: 796: 794:WP:NCFIRSTLETTER 789: 744: 738: 727: 721: 665: 658: 651: 623: 266:Baseball players 123: 116: 115: 104: 97: 52: 51: 45: 21: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2138: 2091: 2075: 2068: 2062: 2051: 2045: 2037:when possible. 2031: 2011: 2009:Pictorial names 1998: 1992: 1969: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1900: 1869: 1862: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1818: 1797: 1791: 1748:Talk:Providence 1723:subpage feature 1715: 1714: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1680: 1669:Knowledge:Mersh 1498:, the other is 1393: 1392: 1385: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1363: 1319: 1283: 1178:Look Out for #1 1135: 1115: 1100: 1086: 1075:be used, as in 1025: 1011: 991: 990: 983: 976: 972: 966: 943:lowercase title 940: 851: 836: 829: 828: 808: 804: 800: 799: 792: 785: 781: 775: 742: 736: 725: 719: 693: 669: 619: 477:Writing systems 154:Fauna (animals) 119: 108: 107: 100: 93: 89: 81: 49: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2195: 2185: 2184: 2168: 2167: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2088: 2061: 2058: 2030: 2027: 2010: 2007: 2003:WP:ITALICTITLE 1991:. A template, 1986: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1942: 1941: 1938:WP:TITLELENGTH 1933: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1914:is located at 1899: 1896: 1886:is located at 1861: 1858: 1845: 1842: 1817: 1814: 1760: 1759: 1751: 1746:has a link to 1731:main namespace 1728: 1713: 1712: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1677: 1676: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1644:is located at 1639: 1618:is located at 1613: 1600:is located at 1595: 1582:is located at 1577: 1564:is located at 1559: 1546:is located at 1541: 1528:is located at 1526:Project: Mersh 1523: 1508:is located at 1503: 1484:is located at 1479: 1464:is located at 1444: 1427:is located at 1408: 1391: 1390: 1383: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1344: 1333:at the end of 1323: 1322: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1271:is located at 1263: 1257:is located at 1251: 1245:is located at 1238: 1232:is located at 1230:<|°_°|: --> 1227: 1221:is located at 1214: 1210:is located at 1205: 1201:is located at 1199:Cygnus OB2 #12 1196: 1192:is located at 1187: 1181:is located at 1174: 1168:is located at 1161: 1157:is located at 1148: 1147: 1133: 1127: 1124:|reason=vbar}} 1113: 1098: 1038:less-than sign 1030: 1029: 1010: 1007: 1000: 989: 988: 981: 973: 968: 965: 962: 914: 913: 900: 899: 896:Category:MacOS 892:Category:macOS 885: 884: 875: 866: 857: 841: 825: 798: 797: 790: 782: 777: 774: 771: 747: 746: 733: 708: 707: 704: 692: 689: 671: 670: 668: 667: 660: 653: 645: 642: 641: 640: 639: 634: 629: 624: 617: 612: 610:Capitalization 604: 603: 599: 598: 597: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 495: 494: 487: 480: 470: 469: 465: 464: 463: 458: 453: 448: 441: 440: 439: 438: 435: 429: 428: 427: 422: 415: 414: 413: 412: 409: 403: 402: 401: 394: 393: 392: 391: 388: 382: 381: 380: 379: 374: 369: 361: 360: 356: 355: 354: 349: 344: 337: 336: 335: 334: 331: 328: 322: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 288: 287: 286: 285: 282: 279: 273: 272: 271: 270: 269: 268: 258: 253: 248: 240: 239: 233: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 179: 178: 177: 176: 173: 170: 164: 163: 162: 161: 159:Flora (plants) 156: 148: 147: 143: 142: 141: 140: 130: 129: 125: 124: 121:Article titles 110: 109: 106: 105: 102:WP:NCTECHNICAL 98: 90: 85: 82: 67: 66: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2194: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2073: 2067: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2004: 1997: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1972: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1796: 1795:correct title 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1692: 1688: 1687:Correct title 1684: 1683:Correct title 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1627:W:/2016Album/ 1623: 1622: 1617: 1616:W:/2016Album/ 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:Project Mersh 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1452:interlanguage 1449: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1335:Unicode plane 1332: 1331:noncharacters 1328: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1260:title of show 1256: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1242:While(1<2) 1239: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1203:Cygnus OB2-12 1200: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1188: 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Index

Knowledge:NCHASHTAG
Knowledge:User access levels
WP:Spam blacklist
Help:Template limits
guideline
naming convention
exceptions
consensus
this guideline's talk page
Shortcuts
WP:NCTR
WP:NCTECHNICAL
Article titles
Category:Knowledge naming conventions
Fauna (animals)
Flora (plants)
Books
Broadcasting
Comics
Films
Manuscripts
Music
Operas
Television
Video games
Visual arts
People
Clergy
Ethnicities and tribes
Royalty and nobility

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