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716:) is typically $ 60–$ 70 per kilogram ($ 27–$ 32/lb), but the retail price can be up to $ 140 per kilogram ($ 64/lb). It is normally sold fresh in small quantities, although some are frozen to extend the sale period. Nevertheless, whitebait can normally only be purchased during or close after the netting season. The most popular way of cooking whitebait in New Zealand is the whitebait fritter, which is essentially an
865:
737:
772:. In 1903, Dr James Murie, in his 'Report on the sea fisheries and fishing industry of the Thames estuary' conducted studies on the contents of boxes sold as whitebait. He discovered that some boxes of whitebait contained up to 31 species of immature fish, including the fry of eel, plaice, whiting, herring sprat and bass, along with shrimp, crab, octopus and even jellyfish.
636:
688:
New
Zealand whitebait are caught in the lower reaches of the rivers using large, open-mouthed, hand-held scoop nets, long sock nets, or rigid, typically wedge-shaped set nets. Whitebaiters must constantly attend the nets in order to lift them as soon as a shoal enters the net, otherwise the whitebait
668:
in autumn amongst bankside grasses that are flooded by the tide. The eggs develop out of the water until inundated by the next spring tide which stimulates the eggs to hatch. The larvae are then carried to sea on the outgoing tide where they join the ocean's plankton. After approximately six months,
186:
Individual whitebait are tender and edible, and are considered a delicacy in New
Zealand. The entire fish is eaten — including head, fins, bones, and bowels. Some species make better eating than others, and the particular species that are marketed as "whitebait" vary in different parts of the world.
727:
The degradation of waterways through forest clearance, and the impacts of agriculture and urbanisation, have caused the whitebait catch to decline. The loss of suitable spawning habitat has been particularly severe, especially for inanga, which rely on dense riparian vegetation lining the tidal
692:
Whitebaiting in New
Zealand is a seasonal activity with a legally fixed and limited period which spans part of the annual migration. The timing of the allowed fishing season is set to target the more common inanga, while avoiding the less common species that mainly migrate before and after the
693:
whitebaiting season. There is strict control over net sizes and rules against blocking the river or channelling the fish into the net to allow some fish to reach the adult habitats. The whitebait themselves are very sensitive to objects in the river and are adept at dodging the nets.
639:
644:
642:
638:
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355:
cuisine, gianchetti are generally lightly boiled in salted water and served hot, dressed with oil and lemon juice. Another classic approach is to make fritters of the fish together with an egg and flour batter; finally they may simply be dipped in flour and
631:
as endangered. The whitebait are caught during their migration into freshwater habitats after their larval stage at sea. They are much smaller than
Chinese or British whitebait, averaging 45–55 mm in length and are around 15–22 weeks old.
299:
Chinese whitebait is raised in fish farms and plentiful quantities are produced for export. The
Chinese whitebait is larger than the New Zealand whitebait and not nearly so delicate. The frozen product is commonly available in food stores and
641:
1497:
Goodman, Jane M.; Allibone, Richard M.; Closs, Gerard P.; Crow, Shannan K.; David, Bruno O.; Dunn, Nicholas R.; Griffiths, Marc; Jack, Daniel C.; Ling, Nicholas (2017-01-01). "Conservation status of New
Zealand freshwater fishes".
763:
Records of whitebait as a food in
England date back to 1612. By the 1780s it was fashionable to dine on whitebait. In those days, whitebait was thought to be a species or group on its own right, and the French zoologist
852:. Traditionally, fishermen consumed elvers as a cheap dish, but environmental changes have reduced eel populations. Similar to whitebait, they are now considered a delicacy and are priced at up to 1 000
231:. Whitebait have been consumed as a favoured element of the diet of peoples living along the northern coasts of the Alboran Sea in Spain, even though sale of these products has been banned.
291:
Whitebait were once subject to a substantial commercial fishery but today only recreational fishers are permitted to gather them, under strict conditions and for a limited season.
689:
quickly swim back out of the net. Whitebaiters may fish from platforms known as a 'stand', which may include screens to direct the fish and systems for raising and lowering nets.
640:
383:; which are a type of rolled meatball of whitebait with parsley, and egg and/or a bit of flour to amalgamate, fried in olive oil or sometimes deep-fried in peanut oil.
760:
juice and bread and butter. Whitebait are very hard to buy fresh unless the buyer goes to a fishing harbour early in the morning, as most are frozen on the boat.
560:
landed in
Shizuoka Prefecture consists of the 2–3 month old, and 1–2 cm length larvae of mostly Japanese anchovy, and a small proportion of Japanese pilchard
1793:
669:
the juvenile fish migrate back into freshwater habitats where they mature to adulthood. The four other galaxiid species in New
Zealand whitebait are the
2066:
1665:"Synergistic interactions within disturbed habitats between temperature, relative humidity and UVB radiation on egg survival in a diadromous fish"
1748:
708:, and was widely eaten by European settlers in the 19th century. By the 20th century, the price of whitebait rose and it became known as a
1913:[Studies on the Production and on the Shipment of Processed Products in the Shirasu (larval anchovy) Fishery of Shizuoka Prefect]
712:. Currently, it commands high prices to the extent that it is the most expensive fish on the market, when available. The wholesale price (
2716:
1932:
1518:
1176:[In vitro Effects of Citrus Fruit Juices on Solubilization of Calcium from Shirasuboshi (Boiled and Semi-dried Whitebaits)],
628:
1769:"British History Online – The core printed primary and secondary sources for the medieval and modern history of the British Isles"
1604:
728:
portions of waterways. Amongst other factors, a lack of shade over waterways has been shown to kill developing whitebait eggs.
2035:
1647:
1579:
1040:. eds. P.Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
2059:
1977:[Survey on the quality of "Shirasuboshi" boiled and semidried juvenile fish of Japanese anchovy on the market],
1864:
1725:
1634:
1472:
210:
and many others) it is not an ecologically viable foodstuff and several countries impose strict controls on harvesting.
107:
685:. These species also spawn in bankside vegetation, but their spawning is triggered by autumn floods rather than tides.
627:
species which live as adults in freshwater rivers and streams. Four of these five species have been classified by the
79:
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1997:
1735:
1455:
1414:
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Limited riverbank real estate and a small seasonal window for fishing only add to whitebait's status as a delicacy.
796:
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2513:
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1841:
86:
64:
1366:
1170:
604:, spreading the washed fish thinly inside square molds then drying them, which has become a pricey delicacy.
477:, or 'Eastern Japan style dried') refers to soft-dried products (50–85% water ratio), and distinguished from
379:(literally translated as "baby"). Whitebait are the principal ingredient of the Sicilian specialty croquette
1971:
2772:
2767:
2485:
167:, typically between 25 and 50 millimetres (1 and 2 in) long. Such young fish often travel together in
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17:
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or 'Western Japan style dried') which are dried to harder consistency (30% to shy of 50% water content.)
338:
60:
31:
75:
990:) or red-eye round herring). Though the Japanese vernacular name suggest it to be a type of sardine (
2777:
1254:
1196:
1019:
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2631:
2392:
1372:[How to distinguish shirasu]. Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean
816:
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at reasonable prices. The
Chinese name for these is often translated as "silver fish" in English.
653:
565:
548:
may be (somewhat misleadingly) described as sardine fry in some literature, though the larvae of
53:
945:
Also the boiling water is saltier at around 15% saline. Drying time is approximately 30 minutes.
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2626:
1924:
1350:
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2044:
1402:
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2688:
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2147:
2137:
1282:
1169:
Nii, Yoshitaka; Fukuta, Kazuhiro; Kiyokage, Ryoko; Sakai, Kentaro; Yamamoto, Shigeru (1997),
889:
1768:
1171:"Shirasuboshi karushūmu no kayōsei ni oyobosu kankitsu kajū no eikyō: in vitro de no kentō"
954:
The boiling water used is a milder 5–6% saline solution. Drying time is longer at 1.5 hours.
2757:
2142:
1676:
1539:
812:
788:
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372:) are tougher and scaly to the palate: they are largely used to flavour fish-based sauces.
2008:
8:
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1036:
792:
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268:
1680:
1519:"Age at migration from the sea of juvenile galaxias in New Zealand (Pisces, Galaxiidae)"
1114:
2726:
2706:
1699:
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713:
100:
1907:
1311:
682:
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1908:"Shizuoka-ken ni okeru shirasu-gyogyō no seisan to kakōhin shukka ni kansuru kenkyū"
1731:
1704:
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1575:
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833:
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275:
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1752:
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The boiled whitefish which are subsequently semi-dried are referred to generally as
243:
species during their return to freshwater from the marine phase of their lifecycle.
30:
This article is about the juveniles of various species of fish. For other uses, see
2752:
1694:
1684:
1585:
1333:
1185:
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752:, most commonly herring. They are normally deep-fried, coated in flour or a light
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2014:
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2222:
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2085:
1102:
153:
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1636:
A guide to restoring inanga habitat. NIWA Science and Technology Series No. 50
190:
As whitebait consists of immature fry of many important food species (such as
2741:
2661:
2539:
2529:
2311:
2306:
2234:
2207:
2152:
1345:
1113:) which generally have blue or blue-green coloured backs and silvery bellies.
326:
239:
In Australia whitebait refers to the juvenile stage of several predominantly
164:
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2641:
2609:
2599:
2503:
2326:
2252:
2094:
1708:
1337:
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and sometimes up rivers where they can be easily caught using fine-meshed
2666:
2619:
2604:
2586:
2289:
2257:
2169:
2132:
1919:
Journal of the Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University
1270:, Hyogo Prefectural Tajima Fisheries Experimental Station, pp. 96–98
1190:
873:
775:
For Londoners in the 19th century and before, summer excursions down the
665:
620:
224:
207:
176:
139:
2007:
1754:
Report on the sea fisheries and fishing industries on the Thames Estuary
744:
In the United Kingdom today, whitebait principally refers to the fry of
2614:
2594:
2508:
2495:
2402:
1940:
Mochimune District, Shizuoka (Fieldwork hands-on training study report)
1572:
Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures
877:
357:
1819:
2374:
2331:
2117:
1312:"Daily growth increments in otoliths from of Japanese Anchovy Larvae
1106:
1020:"Iconic Kiwi 'Fritters' Contain Handfuls of Tiny, Hard-to-Catch Fish"
780:
745:
721:
549:
405:
172:
696:
466:, but this is in the wider sense of the term; in the stricter sense
42:
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2197:
2127:
2102:
1098:
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933:
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472:
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2455:
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2420:
2359:
2316:
2301:
2279:
2242:
2202:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2076:
1794:"Annual Southend Whitebait Festival set to take place next month"
1441:
1439:
1437:
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1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1090:
885:
649:
352:
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199:
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149:
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348:, but with smaller dimensions) in the early months of the year.
2470:
2460:
2425:
2294:
2284:
2107:
2074:
776:
616:
Whitebait net set alongside a flood-control bank in New Zealand
492:
2013:
1473:"Forest & Bird: Four of five whitebait species endangered"
1422:
864:
2480:
2430:
2415:
2364:
2217:
2192:
2112:
1284:
Management of Multispecies Resources and Multi-gear Fisheries
924:
893:
881:
868:
Puntillitas, small whole fried squid, a popular Spanish tapas
757:
749:
724:
in order to minimise interfering with the taste of the bait.
450:, and this product retains about 85% or greater water ratio.
195:
740:
British whitebait are much larger than New Zealand whitebait
736:
2410:
2349:
2212:
2122:
1130:
1110:
918:
853:
433:, where the major landing ports for them are situated. The
1605:"$ 140 a kilogram: Whitebait back to 'gold-plated' prices"
1287:, United Nations Food & Agriculture Org., p. 29,
2382:
2247:
1757:. London: Waterlow Bros. & Layton, Ltd. pp. 88f.
1720:
1718:
849:
768:
proposed that whitebait was a new genus, which he called
1516:
1496:
1326:
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries
1085:
to refer to a range of Mediterranean species (including
660:
The most common whitebait species in New Zealand is the
1517:
McDowall, R.M.; Mitchell, C.P.; Brothers, E.B. (1994).
1383:
1149:
1147:
1145:
144:
Whitebait is the immature fry of fish, in this case of
1715:
1236:
1234:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1168:
1118:
246:
Species referred to as whitebait in Australia include
1933:"Mochimune no shirasu kakō: kakō gaisha no kodawari"
1724:
Fearnley-Whittingstall, Hugh and Fisher, Nick (2007)
1540:
Whitebait and whitebaiting – Whitebait in New Zealand
1274:
815:
traditionally fish for whitebait at the mouth of the
787:
to dine on whitebait were popular. For instance, the
1310:
Tsuji, Shoko; Aoyama, Tsuneo; Kiyokage (July 1984),
1202:
1142:
791:
undertook such a trip every year shortly before the
664:
or inanga, which lays its eggs during the very high
1546:. Updated 1 March 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
1309:
1305:
1303:
1231:
1214:
600:, a paper-thin square wafer made from uncooked dry
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1557:"Department of Conservation whitebait regulations"
1361:
1359:
1255:"Chirimenjako seibun no seizō jiki ni yoru henka"
1407:Multilingual Dictionary of Fish and Fish Products
1395:
508:, but in the vernacular Japanese language anchovy
337:, etc.), caught with special nets named from the
2739:
1820:"Mejores Aseguranzas de Autos Florida – Ortizal"
1632:
1574:. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 48–53.
1300:
859:
1569:
1356:
1280:
964:
571:
535:
517:
422:
1842:"Historia del Cetí en Puerto Rico y el Caribe"
1662:
971:
799:. An annual whitebait festival takes place in
593:
563:
529:
511:
483:
459:
443:
416:
2060:
1628:
1626:
1409:(5 ed.), OECD/Wiley, p. 243, 2008,
922:script "しらす/シラス" may be preferred, since the
820:
393:In Brindisian cuisine whitebait are known as
386:In Neapolitan cuisine whitebait are known as
27:Collective term for the immature fry of fish
2002:in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1164:
1162:
720:containing whitebait. Purists use only the
375:In Sicilian cuisine whitebait are known as
2067:
2053:
1623:
1972:"Shihan shirasuboshi no hinshitsu chōsa"
1942:(in Japanese), Shizuoka University: 20–28
1865:"Notes on the Biology of the Gobiid Fish
1741:
1698:
1688:
1663:Hickford, Michael; Schiel, David (2011).
1281:Nagasaki, Fukuzō; Chikuni, Shirō (1989),
1246:
1189:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2025:
1905:
1544:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1533:
1500:New Zealand Threat Classification System
1445:
1159:
1136:
1124:
863:
735:
695:
634:
611:
504:products is generally the larvae of the
404:
138:
1602:
1563:
1470:
183:is the activity of catching whitebait.
14:
2740:
1969:
1946:
1862:
1208:
1173:しらす干しカルシウムの可溶化に及ぼす柑橘果汁の影響―in vitroでの検討
1153:
648:Freshly-caught whitebait in a bucket,
213:
163:is a collective term for the immature
2048:
2005:
1930:
1747:
1633:Richardson, J.; Taylor, M.J. (2002).
1389:
1252:
1240:
1225:
892:or chopitos, are popular in southern
756:, and served very hot with sprinkled
437:boiled in salted hot water is called
1959:Shokuhin to Yōki: Food and Packaging
1730:pp. 423–425, Bloomsbury Publishing .
1050:
903:
704:Whitebait is a traditional food for
623:whitebait are the juveniles of five
429:fishing industry is concentrated in
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
2030:. London: Bristol Book Publishing.
364:). The gianchetti of a red colour (
24:
2028:Whitebait and the Thames Fisheries
1979:Journal of Home Economics of Japan
1570:Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022).
362:Frittelle di Gianchetti/Bianchetti
227:is the westernmost element of the
25:
2789:
1991:
1906:Ikematsu, Masato (January 1986),
1471:Beckman, Sadie (22 August 2018).
1450:. Wellington, New Zealand: Reed.
731:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2021:. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
2016:The New Student's Reference Work
2006:Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914).
1863:Erdman, Donald S. (1961-07-01).
1081:("blue fish") is a term used in
819:. The fish are known locally as
41:
1883:
1856:
1834:
1812:
1786:
1761:
1656:
1596:
1549:
1510:
1490:
1464:
957:
948:
939:
52:needs additional citations for
1927:@Google (abstract in English).
1603:Taunton, Esther (2020-09-25).
1448:The New Zealand Whitebait Book
1353:@Google (abstract in English).
1199:@Google (abstract in English).
1070:
1044:
1029:
1012:
910:
806:
700:New Zealand whitebait fritters
607:
464:, literally 'dried whitebait')
218:
13:
1:
1001:
860:Cuttlefish, octopus and squid
598:, literally 'tatami sardine')
587:One specialty product is the
582:Sardinops sagax melanostictus
1690:10.1371/journal.pone.0024318
1178:J. Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci.
500:The whitebait used in these
234:
171:along coasts, and move into
7:
1910:静岡県におけるシラス漁業の生産と加工品出荷に関する研究
1892:Retrieved 14 February 2012.
1727:The River Cottage Fish Book
1265:FY Heisei 6 Activity Report
965:
584:, a subspecies of sardine.
572:
552:do occur as bycatch in the
536:
526:is called a type of sardine
518:
423:
319:) are the whitebait of the
10:
2794:
1999:Whitebait and whitebaiting
1873:Bulletin of Marine Science
1523:Bulletin of Marine Science
629:Department of Conservation
32:Whitebait (disambiguation)
29:
2702:
2585:
2560:
2522:
2494:
2446:
2401:
2373:
2340:
2233:
2168:
2093:
2084:
1935:用宗のシラス加工 : 加工会社のこだわり
1773:www.british-history.ac.uk
1367:"Shirasu no miwake-kata"
972:
928:"白子" may also be read as
840:
594:
564:
530:
512:
484:
460:
444:
417:
397:(literally foam of sea).
2026:Williams, Roger (2016).
1973:
1950:
1947:Kurogi, Ryūichi (2014),
1934:
1909:
1368:
1317:
1267:
1256:
1253:Iwasa, Takahiro (1994),
1172:
900:and possibly elsewhere.
872:Battered and fried baby
400:
307:
294:
1970:Sakata, Yukiko (1989),
1965:(10), Kangiken: 606–614
1446:McDowall, R.M. (1984).
1035:C.Michael Hogan. 2011.
413:In Japan, the whitebait
344:(similar to the net to
1477:The New Zealand Herald
1338:10.2331/suisan.50.1105
1053:"Taihu Lake Whitebait"
963:Also 1% the larvae of
869:
821:
741:
701:
657:
617:
410:
157:
2712:World fish production
2075:Principal commercial
1318:カタクチイワシ仔魚の耳石にみられる日輪構造
1257:4)ちりめんじゃこ成分の製造時期による変化
867:
817:Río Grande de Arecibo
739:
699:
647:
615:
556:being harvested. The
408:
142:
1931:Umino, Miki (2014),
1890:Basque food: Angulas
1642:. Wellington: NIWA.
1191:10.4327/jsnfs.50.439
1139:, pp. 171, 175.
813:Arecibo, Puerto Rico
351:A speciality of the
286:Retropinna tasmanica
61:improve this article
2773:British fish dishes
2768:New Zealand cuisine
1681:2011PLoSO...624318H
1057:en.chinaculture.org
828:Pellona bleekeriana
448:, boiled whitebait)
431:Shizuoka Prefecture
381:polpette di neonata
269:Tasmanian whitebait
214:Whitebait by region
2727:Fisheries glossary
2717:Commercial species
2707:Commercial fishing
2095:Large pelagic fish
1392:, pp. 21, 23.
1314:Engraulis japonica
870:
825:and classified as
742:
702:
658:
618:
411:
409:Japanese whitebait
279:Neochanna cleaveri
158:
2735:
2734:
2632:Freshwater prawns
2558:
2557:
2037:978-0-9928466-5-7
2009:"Whitebait"
1867:Sicydium plumieri
1844:. 4 February 2015
1649:978-0-478-23255-4
1581:978-1-77554-179-0
904:Explanatory notes
834:Sicydium plumieri
645:
276:Tasmanian mudfish
255:Climbing galaxias
229:Mediterranean Sea
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2785:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2148:southern bluefin
2138:Atlantic bluefin
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1800:. 26 August 2011
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1542:Carl Walrond in
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1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1443:
1420:
1419:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1332:(7): 1105–1108,
1323:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
995:
979:
977:
976:
968:
961:
955:
952:
946:
943:
937:
932:which means the
914:
898:Balearic Islands
880:, but sometimes
824:
646:
599:
597:
596:
579:
578:
575:
569:
568:
543:
542:
539:
533:
532:
525:
524:
521:
519:katakuchi iwashi
515:
514:
506:Japanese anchovy
489:
487:
486:
465:
463:
462:
449:
447:
446:
428:
426:
420:
419:
262:Spotted galaxias
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2763:Commercial fish
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2698:
2637:Gilt-head bream
2581:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2554:
2545:Lobster fishing
2518:
2490:
2442:
2397:
2375:Other wild fish
2369:
2342:Freshwater fish
2336:
2229:
2164:
2143:Pacific bluefin
2080:
2073:
2038:
1994:
1989:
1981:(in Japanese),
1975:
1961:(in Japanese),
1954:
1952:
1949:"Shirasuboshi"
1936:
1914:
1911:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1869:in Puerto Rico"
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1822:. 13 April 2018
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1723:
1716:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1639:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1601:
1597:
1582:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1538:
1534:
1515:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1444:
1423:
1417:
1403:"tatami-iwashi"
1401:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1321:
1319:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1143:
1137:Ikematsu (1986)
1135:
1131:
1125:Ikematsu (1986)
1123:
1119:
1083:Italian cuisine
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1051:Feng Hui, Hui.
1049:
1045:
1034:
1030:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1004:
999:
998:
987:Etrumeus sadina
969:
962:
958:
953:
949:
944:
940:
915:
911:
906:
862:
843:
809:
734:
683:shortjaw kōkopu
662:common galaxias
635:
610:
591:
576:
561:
540:
527:
522:
509:
481:
457:
441:
439:kamaage shirasu
414:
403:
310:
297:
283:Tasmanian smelt
272:Lovettia sealii
248:Common galaxias
237:
221:
216:
156:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2722:Fishing topics
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2550:Shrimp fishery
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Crab fisheries
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2327:Smelt-whitings
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2263:Alaska pollock
2260:
2255:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:species groups
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2023:
2003:
1993:
1992:External links
1990:
1988:
1987:
1967:
1944:
1928:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1882:
1855:
1833:
1811:
1785:
1760:
1740:
1714:
1655:
1648:
1622:
1595:
1580:
1562:
1548:
1532:
1509:
1489:
1463:
1456:
1421:
1415:
1394:
1382:
1355:
1299:
1293:
1273:
1245:
1230:
1213:
1201:
1184:(6): 439–443,
1158:
1156:, p. 606.
1141:
1129:
1127:, p. 171.
1117:
1069:
1043:
1028:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
982:Etrumeus teres
956:
947:
938:
908:
907:
905:
902:
861:
858:
856:per kilogram.
842:
839:
808:
805:
733:
732:United Kingdom
730:
609:
606:
402:
399:
309:
306:
296:
293:
258:G. brevipinnis
236:
233:
220:
217:
215:
212:
154:French Riviera
152:caught on the
143:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2790:
2779:
2778:Māori cuisine
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Krill fishery
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Cod fisheries
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Sea cucumbers
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Orange roughy
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2235:Demersal fish
2232:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2010:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1926:
1921:(22): 171–185
1920:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1879:(3): 448–456.
1878:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1843:
1837:
1821:
1815:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1736:9780747588696
1733:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:(9): e24318.
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1627:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1457:0-589-01533-8
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1416:9789264056473
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1294:9789251028483
1290:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1266:
1259:
1249:
1243:, p. 25.
1242:
1237:
1235:
1228:, p. 22.
1227:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1211:, p. 24.
1210:
1209:Sakata (1989)
1205:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1154:Kurogi (2014)
1150:
1148:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1078:pesce azzurro
1073:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
993:
989:
988:
983:
975:
967:
960:
951:
942:
935:
931:
927:
926:
921:
920:
913:
909:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
866:
857:
855:
851:
847:
838:
836:
835:
830:
829:
823:
818:
814:
811:Residents of
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
738:
729:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
698:
694:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
675:banded kōkopu
672:
667:
663:
656:, New Zealand
655:
651:
633:
630:
626:
622:
614:
605:
603:
590:
589:tatami iwashi
585:
583:
574:
567:
559:
555:
551:
547:
538:
520:
507:
503:
498:
496:
494:
480:
479:chirimen-jako
476:
474:
469:
456:
451:
440:
436:
432:
425:
407:
398:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
349:
347:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Mediterranean
324:
323:
322:pesce azzurro
318:
314:
305:
303:
292:
289:
287:
284:
280:
277:
273:
270:
266:
265:G. truttaceus
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
244:
242:
232:
230:
226:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
155:
151:
147:
141:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2662:salmon trout
2387:
2027:
2015:
1998:
1985:(5): 335–339
1982:
1978:
1974:市販しらす干しの品質調査
1962:
1958:
1939:
1918:
1899:Bibliography
1885:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1797:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
1753:
1749:Murie, James
1743:
1726:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1635:
1614:. Retrieved
1608:
1598:
1571:
1565:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:
1466:
1447:
1406:
1397:
1390:Umino (2014)
1385:
1374:. Retrieved
1329:
1325:
1313:
1283:
1276:
1264:
1248:
1241:Umino (2014)
1226:Umino (2014)
1204:
1181:
1177:
1132:
1120:
1077:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1014:
991:
985:
981:
966:urume iwashi
959:
950:
941:
936:of any fish.
929:
923:
917:
912:
888:), known as
871:
844:
832:
826:
810:
774:
769:
766:Valenciennes
762:
748:fish, young
743:
726:
703:
691:
687:
679:giant kōkopu
666:spring tides
659:
619:
601:
588:
586:
581:
557:
553:
545:
501:
499:
491:
478:
471:
468:shirasuboshi
467:
455:shirasuboshi
454:
452:
438:
434:
412:
394:
392:
387:
385:
380:
376:
374:
369:
365:
361:
350:
345:
341:
321:
316:
312:
311:
302:supermarkets
298:
290:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
251:G. maculatus
250:
245:
238:
222:
189:
185:
181:Whitebaiting
180:
177:fishing nets
160:
159:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
18:Whitebaiting
2758:Edible fish
2496:Echinoderms
2403:Crustaceans
2170:Forage fish
1062:28 November
1038:Alboran Sea
890:puntillitas
874:cephalopods
807:Puerto Rico
793:prorogation
621:New Zealand
608:New Zealand
342:sciabegottu
225:Alboran Sea
219:Alboran Sea
165:fry of fish
76:"Whitebait"
2748:Galaxiidae
2742:Categories
2509:Sea urchin
1616:2021-03-16
1590:Q114871191
1376:2021-03-31
1002:References
878:cuttlefish
848:are young
797:Parliament
654:West Coast
388:cicenielli
358:deep fried
317:bianchetti
313:Gianchetti
117:April 2011
87:newspapers
2523:Fisheries
2388:Whitebait
2332:Toothfish
2158:yellowfin
2118:Swordfish
1848:27 August
1826:27 August
1804:27 August
1778:27 August
1346:0021-5392
1268:平成6年度事業報告
1107:swordfish
1087:anchovies
1007:Footnotes
876:(usually
785:Blackwall
781:Greenwich
746:Clupeidae
722:egg white
573:ma iwashi
335:anchovies
235:Australia
173:estuaries
161:Whitebait
150:anchovies
2679:Scallops
2657:Atlantic
2476:Scallops
2448:Molluscs
2355:Sturgeon
2322:Rockfish
2275:flounder
2270:Flatfish
2253:Atlantic
2223:european
2203:Sardines
2198:Menhaden
2153:skipjack
2128:albacore
2103:Mackerel
1751:(1903).
1709:21931680
1669:PLOS ONE
1586:Wikidata
1369:シラスの見分け方
1099:sardines
1095:mackerel
934:soft roe
896:and the
801:Southend
718:omelette
710:delicacy
625:galaxiid
550:clupeids
370:rossetti
366:ruscetti
346:sciabica
339:Ligurian
331:sardines
241:galaxias
204:mackerel
200:sardines
146:sardines
2753:Seafood
2694:Tilapia
2684:Seaweed
2672:chinook
2647:Oysters
2642:Mussels
2627:Catfish
2610:crucian
2600:bighead
2514:more...
2486:more...
2471:Oysters
2466:Octopus
2461:Mussels
2456:Abalone
2438:more...
2421:Lobster
2393:more...
2360:Tilapia
2317:Pollock
2302:Haddock
2280:halibut
2258:Pacific
2243:Catfish
2188:Herring
2183:Capelin
2178:Anchovy
2077:fishery
1700:3169581
1677:Bibcode
1506:: 1–15.
1482:21 July
1091:garfish
930:shirako
886:octopus
789:Cabinet
770:Rogenia
650:Okarito
602:shirasu
558:shirasu
554:shirasu
546:shirasu
544:, thus
502:shirasu
435:shirasu
424:shirasu
377:ceruses
353:Liguria
325:of the
192:herring
169:schools
101:scholar
2689:Shrimp
2652:Salmon
2620:silver
2605:common
2587:Farmed
2431:Prawns
2426:Shrimp
2307:Mullet
2295:turbot
2285:plaice
2133:bigeye
2108:Salmon
2034:
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846:Elvers
841:Elvers
777:Thames
754:batter
750:sprats
595:たたみいわし
537:iwashi
493:Kansai
445:釜上げしらす
418:しらす/白子
315:(also
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2481:Squid
2416:Krill
2365:Trout
2218:Sprat
2208:Saury
2193:Ilish
2113:Shark
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1951:しらす干し
1915:(PDF)
1640:(PDF)
1610:Stuff
1322:(PDF)
1261:(PDF)
984:syn.
925:kanji
894:Spain
882:squid
854:euros
758:lemon
706:Māori
671:kōaro
495:boshi
490:(aka
475:boshi
473:Kantō
470:(aka
461:しらす干し
401:Japan
395:chuma
308:Italy
295:China
196:sprat
108:JSTOR
94:books
2667:coho
2595:Carp
2411:Crab
2350:Carp
2290:sole
2213:Shad
2123:Tuna
2086:Wild
2032:ISBN
1925:text
1850:2018
1828:2018
1806:2018
1798:Echo
1780:2018
1732:ISBN
1705:PMID
1644:ISBN
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1484:2019
1452:ISBN
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1351:text
1342:ISSN
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1111:tuna
1109:and
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850:eels
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681:and
485:縮緬雑魚
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208:bass
148:and
80:news
2383:Eel
2248:Cod
1695:PMC
1685:doi
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