507:. The founding agreement stated the goal of the WRCAI was to evaluate and implement ways to reduce their states's emissions of greenhouse gases and achieve related co-benefits. These states and future participants in the initiative (collectively known as WCI "partners") also committed to set an overall regional goal to reduce emissions (set in August 2007 as 15 percent below 2005 emission levels by 2020), participate in a cross-border greenhouse gas registry to consistently measure and track emissions, and adopt clean tailpipe standards for passenger vehicles. By July 2008, the initiative had expanded to include two more U.S. states (Montana and Utah) and four Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec). Together, these partners comprised 20 percent of the U.S. GDP and 76 percent of the Canadian GDP.
27:
1586:
556:
cap-and-trade program are being implemented in 2012. Power plants, refineries, and other large emitters must comply with the cap in 2013. Other greenhouse gas emission sources, such as suppliers of transportation fuels, must comply with the cap beginning in 2015. Among other things, the
Western Climate Initiative lays the foundation for a North American cap-and-trade program, not only in its design and implementation, but in its potential acceptance of greenhouse gas
367:
289:
1876:
463:
439:
391:
313:
521:
1866:
887:
761:
415:
340:
1886:
584:
Several U.S. partners, although active participants in the design of the program, announced in 2010 that they would either delay or not implement the program in their jurisdictions. The partnership was therefore streamlined to include only
California and the four Canadian provinces actively working
555:
program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions were released by the WCI in
September 2008 and July 2010. By December 2011, California and Quebec adopted regulations based on these recommendations. (The WCI has no regulatory authority of its own.) Key administrative aspects of the regional
611:
for large emitters in 2007. The objections seem to be more related to the reporting and disclosure requirements that would be much higher for a North
American project than for one based strictly in Alberta. Some of the states that withdrew by late 2011 also intended to develop
834:
29 June 2011: California announces that enforcement of the cap will be delayed one year to allow the necessary elements of the program to be in place and fully functional. The stringency of the cap and expected amount of emission reductions, however, will remain
576:, and cited evidence that much more drastic cuts, up to 40%, could be achieved without affecting investment yield in equities, a good indicator that such cuts would not affect economic prospects in the economy as a whole.
259:
Since its reincorporation in 2011 as a non-profit corporation, WCI is governed by a Board of
Directors appointed by the participating jurisdictions. Each jurisdiction appoints two voting directors to the Board.
1515:
Mr. Rodriquez commented that while Mr. Lesiuk has resigned from the Board, British
Columbia remains a Participating Jurisdiction and may choose to appoint new directors or participate more actively in the
585:
to implement the program. As of
January 2012, regulations have not been issued by British Columbia, Manitoba, or Ontario, although a carbon tax in British Columbia will be increasing to $ 30/tonne of
841:
18 November 2011: Arizona, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah and
Washington leave WCI formally. Participation by BC was cast into doubt also, where officials indicated satisfaction with the existing
551:
The most ambitious and controversial objective of the WCI was to develop a multi-sector, market-based program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Detailed design recommendations for a regional
247:
jurisdictions. The organization was originally founded in
February 2007 by the governors of five western states with the goal of developing a multi-sector, market-based program to reduce
2055:
426:
351:
831:
2 February 2010: Arizona announces it will not implement a cap-and-trade program, particularly during the economic downturn, but maintains its membership in the WCI as a partner.
1528:
1756:
2110:
1625:
1231:
936:
2085:
2075:
607:
object to cap-and-trade and in July 2008 called WCI's plan a "cash grab by some of Canada's resource-poor provinces." However, Alberta already had legislated
1677:
608:
875:
As of 2022, the participating WCI jurisdictions are the
American states of California and Washington; and the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia and Quebec.
838:
6 July 2011: In order to maintain a coordinated approach to implementing the regional program, Quebec announces a one-year delay in enforcement of the cap.
1630:
1136:
2115:
1922:
1574:
2080:
1729:
1704:
1072:
1552:
853:
As of December 2011, the remaining WCI partners were California and the Canadian provinces British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec.
243:. It also provides administrative, technical and infrastructure services to support the implementation of cap-and-trade programs in other
2090:
2050:
1734:
1323:
926:
402:
1889:
1029:
905:
1337:
1961:
1915:
594:
1993:
1946:
1567:
1425:
1099:
474:
450:
792:
26 February 2007: Arizona, California, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington form the Western Regional Climate Action Initiative.
1043:
1015:
2019:
1977:
1682:
1612:
768:
1956:
1834:
1829:
1241:
663:
2029:
1908:
1366:
915:
900:
721:
2065:
1879:
1560:
1082:
1507:
2105:
2100:
2003:
1714:
1709:
1489:
910:
1699:
2060:
1805:
1777:
1147:
941:
324:
1582:
1694:
1122:
860:
11 October 2018: Ontario passes the Cap and Trade Cancellation Act, 2018 and formally withdraws from the WCI.
1189:
1772:
1394:
1998:
1672:
1203:
235:
as well as separately administering the individual emissions trading systems in the Canadian province of
1407:
2095:
1810:
1800:
1724:
1655:
1288:
1057:
806:
signed the Initiative. Huntsman was the second Republican governor to join, after California governor
1787:
1659:
1471:
628:
resources that would have broad impacts beyond climate on water, including more ocean acidification.
586:
772:
1667:
1590:
1544:
List of Western Climate Initiative, Inc's participating jurisdictions. Last updated March 23, 2020.
857:
11 May 2018: Nova Scotia becomes WCI partner, and executes cap and trade program on 1 January 2019.
248:
2070:
1744:
1380:
659:
990:
872:
in 2018, it remained a participating jurisdiction under WCI by-laws until amendments were made.
1951:
1817:
1273:
961:
220:
48:
1308:
1620:
807:
377:
Executive Director of Fiscal Policy, Economics and Budgetary Planning, Department of Finance
109:
631:
Until late 2011, the initiative included two types of participants: partners and observers.
1848:
1719:
921:
617:
813:
13 June 2007: Manitoba said that it would be the second Canadian province to join the WCI.
8:
1348:
1074:
Myths and Realities of Business Environmentalism: Good Works, Good Business Or Greenwash?
1397:" (November 18, 2011). S&P Global Platts. www.platts.com. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
534:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1869:
799:
joined with the five western states, turning the WCI into an international partnership.
504:
468:
444:
240:
185:
89:
597:, an international coordinating body for several such regional carbon trading bodies.
1931:
1865:
1795:
1452:
1296:
1264:
1174:
1078:
869:
729:
552:
224:
26:
1844:
865:
819:
19 November 2007: The Governor of Montana announced that his state would also join.
803:
796:
667:
99:
70:
1822:
725:
104:
1601:
1236:
931:
573:
557:
94:
2044:
1430:
892:
846:
717:
244:
145:
74:
1900:
1256:
1739:
713:
604:
1750:
621:
372:
294:
236:
180:
299:
Associate Deputy Minister, Department of Environment and Climate Change
1838:
842:
802:
21 May 2007: Utah became the sixth state to join the WCI when Governor
745:
737:
647:
639:
635:
496:
396:
318:
228:
170:
128:
124:
1640:
613:
569:
1645:
733:
693:
671:
1287:
Bureau, MIKE DENNISON of the Missoulian State (20 November 2007).
1426:"Six reasons to delay joining California's cap-and-trade program"
1232:"Manitoba to Join U.S. States in Program to Cut Carbon Emissions"
962:"CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF WESTERN CLIMATE INITIATIVE, INC"
886:
709:
675:
643:
600:
492:
828:
18 July 2008: Ontario, previously an observer, became a partner.
825:
18 April 2008: Quebec, previously an observer, became a partner.
427:
Ministry of the Environment and the Fight Against Climate Change
352:
Ministry of the Environment and the Fight Against Climate Change
1585:
1208:
741:
705:
701:
689:
679:
651:
500:
420:
345:
232:
175:
16:
Nonprofit-run emissions trading scheme in California and Quebec
1508:"Minutes of the Board of Directors - Friday, February 9, 2018"
1338:"Executive Order 2010-06, Governor's Policy on Climate Change"
1100:"British Columbia's Carbon Tax - Province of British Columbia"
682:. All states except California and Quebec withdrew in 2011.
593:
in July 2012. Several WCI partners also remain active in the
1635:
697:
31:
Participating jurisdictions of the Western Climate Initiative
655:
625:
350:
Director General of Carbon Regulation and Emissions Data,
1367:"California delays its carbon-trading program until 2013"
199:
1626:
Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences
1324:"Communiqués diffusés le 24 april 2017 - Portail Québec"
937:
Regional climate change initiatives in the United States
816:
24 September 2007: Alaska joined the WCI as an observer.
2056:
Climate change organizations based in the United States
1190:"B.C. JOINS WESTERN REGIONAL CLIMATE ACTION INITIATIVE"
1098:
Strategy, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change.
1678:
Climate Change and Emissions Management Amendment Act
1631:
British Columbia Shore Station Oceanographic Program
882:
251:; it was incorporated in its current form in 2011.
1453:"Nova Scotia Joins Western Climate Initiative Inc"
1423:
1395:Six US states leave the Western Climate Initiative
487:The Western Climate Initiative was founded as the
1169:
1167:
845:approach and had not committed to implementing a
2042:
1470:Scotia, Communications Nova (October 20, 2014).
2111:Environmental organizations established in 2007
1424:Jaccard, Mark; Dowlatabadi, Hadi (2011-06-09).
1408:6 States Pull Out of Western Climate Initiative
822:January 2008: Montana officially joins the WCI.
568:Some observers described the entire project as
473:Climate Commitment Act Implementation Manager,
1164:
2086:Organizations based in Sacramento, California
2076:Greenhouse gas emissions in the United States
1930:
1916:
1568:
1500:
996:. Western Climate Initiative. 11 October 2018
1529:"By-Laws of Western Climate Initiative, Inc"
1451:Scotia, Communications Nova (May 11, 2018).
1123:"Ontario to sign cap-and-trade climate plan"
991:"By-Laws of Western Climate Initiative, Inc"
1735:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers
2116:Climate change policy in the United States
1923:
1909:
1575:
1561:
927:United States Carbon Cap and Trade Program
491:on February 26, 2007, by the governors of
489:Western Regional Climate Action Initiative
403:California Environmental Protection Agency
40:Western Regional Climate Action Initiative
25:
1364:
906:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
634:For several years, the partners were the
579:
1381:"Quebec Delays WCI Carbon Market Scheme"
1188:Premier, Office of the (24 April 2007).
1070:
688:The observers included at various times
2081:2007 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1962:Emissions Trading Scheme in South Korea
1187:
595:International Carbon Action Partnership
2043:
1994:European Union Emission Trading System
1947:Chinese national carbon trading scheme
1490:"Cap and Trade Cancellation Act, 2018"
1469:
1450:
1289:"Governor releases goals on emissions"
1286:
1254:
1117:
1115:
1113:
475:Washington State Department of Ecology
451:Washington State Department of Ecology
1904:
1556:
751:
227:market between the American state of
2020:Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act
1978:New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme
1885:
1683:Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act
1229:
1204:"Huntsman Signs Global Warming Pact"
1097:
1071:Strasser, Kurt A. (1 January 2011).
755:
572:designed to avoid committing to the
563:
560:from projects across North America.
514:
425:Director of Carbon Market Division,
1957:Kazakhstan Emissions Trading System
1830:Effects of climate change on biomes
1137:"Western Climate Initiative Update"
1110:
510:
13:
2091:Organizations based in Quebec City
2030:Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
1365:Roosevelt, Margot (30 June 2011).
1321:
1030:"Emission Reduction Goal Aug 2007"
916:Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
901:List of climate change initiatives
716:(which objects to WCI plans for a
14:
2127:
1705:Climate Change Accountability Act
2004:Turkish Emissions Trading System
1884:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1715:Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Accord
1710:Canadian Youth Climate Coalition
1584:
1144:California Climate Change Portal
911:Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Accord
885:
759:
609:its own emissions trading system
519:
461:
437:
413:
389:
365:
338:
311:
287:
221:501(c)(3) non-profit corporation
213:Western Climate Initiative, Inc.
20:Western Climate Initiative, Inc.
1700:Climate Change Action Plan 2001
1521:
1494:Legislative Assembly of Ontario
1482:
1463:
1444:
1417:
1400:
1387:
1373:
1358:
1330:
1315:
1280:
1248:
1223:
1196:
1181:
1129:
122:1107 Ninth Street, Suite 1070,
2051:Canada–United States relations
1778:Climate change in Saskatchewan
1513:. Western Climate Initiative.
1091:
1064:
1050:
1036:
1022:
1008:
983:
954:
942:United States Climate Alliance
684:See below: Membership changes.
325:California Air Resources Board
1:
1730:Assisted migration of forests
1695:Canada and the Kyoto Protocol
1255:News-Miner, Fairbanks Daily.
947:
231:and the Canadian province of
223:which administers the shared
1773:Climate change in the Arctic
1412:SustainableBusiness.com News
1410:" (November 22, 2011).
1230:Carr, Matthew (2007-06-13).
1146:. 2007-08-07. Archived from
971:. Western Climate Initiative
254:
7:
1999:UK Emissions Trading Scheme
1673:British Columbia carbon tax
1476:climatechange.novascotia.ca
1472:"Government of Nova Scotia"
1077:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
878:
382:Additional Voting Directors
10:
2132:
2025:Western Climate Initiative
1811:List of glaciers in Canada
1801:Weather extremes in Canada
1725:Renewable energy in Canada
1688:Western Climate Initiative
1016:"WCI Governors' Agreement"
482:
159:Liane Randolph, Vice-Chair
2012:
1986:
1970:
1939:
1860:
1788:Effects of climate change
1786:
1765:
1753:" (2008 federal election)
1654:
1610:
1597:
1272:Cite uses generic title (
1087:– via Google Books.
1044:"WCI Brochure (May 2010)"
528:This article needs to be
381:
194:
163:
151:
139:
118:
82:
54:
44:
36:
24:
2066:Climate change in Canada
1668:Carbon pricing in Canada
1591:Climate change in Canada
868:ceased participation in
249:greenhouse gas emissions
2106:2007 in the environment
2101:501(c)(3) organizations
1745:Energy policy of Canada
1414:. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
1345:www.azclimatechange.gov
918:(Eastern North America)
1952:Carbon market in India
1757:Pan-Canadian Framework
580:Partners vs. observers
239:and American state of
60:; 17 years ago
58:February 26, 2007
49:501(c)(3) organization
2061:Environment of Canada
1621:Temperature in Canada
1369:– via LA Times.
849:system to replace it.
808:Arnold Schwarzenegger
110:Arnold Schwarzenegger
78:(Reincorporated 2011)
1849:Mountain pine beetle
1720:The Climate Registry
922:The Climate Registry
773:adding missing items
618:hydraulic fracturing
157:Jason Hollett, Chair
1806:Retreat of glaciers
1058:"General Documents"
361:Lilani Kumaranayake
21:
1870:Environment portal
1534:. October 26, 2021
1322:Québec, Services.
1307:has generic name (
771:; you can help by
752:Membership changes
712:, the province of
664:Canadian provinces
401:Former Secretary,
90:Christine Gregoire
19:
2096:Emissions trading
2038:
2037:
1932:Emissions trading
1898:
1897:
1796:Drought in Canada
870:emissions trading
789:
788:
720:system), and the
564:Criticisms of WCI
558:emissions offsets
549:
548:
480:
479:
225:emissions trading
210:
209:
2123:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1845:Invasive species
1611:Measurement and
1589:
1588:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1421:
1415:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1383:. July 18, 2011.
1377:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1347:. Archived from
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1240:. Archived from
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1141:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1108:
1107:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
995:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
966:
958:
895:
890:
889:
866:British Columbia
804:Jon Huntsman Jr.
797:British Columbia
784:
781:
763:
762:
756:
668:British Columbia
544:
541:
535:
523:
522:
515:
511:Goals and design
467:
465:
464:
443:
441:
440:
419:
417:
416:
395:
393:
392:
385:Jared Blumenfeld
371:
369:
368:
344:
342:
341:
334:Jean-Yves Benoit
317:
315:
314:
293:
291:
290:
263:
262:
206:
203:
201:
100:Janet Napolitano
71:Washington, D.C.
68:
66:
61:
29:
22:
18:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2008:
1982:
1966:
1935:
1929:
1899:
1894:
1856:
1835:Extinction risk
1823:Coastal erosion
1782:
1761:
1650:
1606:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1551:
1550:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1468:
1464:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1422:
1418:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
989:
988:
984:
974:
972:
964:
960:
959:
955:
950:
891:
884:
881:
795:24 April 2007:
785:
779:
776:
760:
754:
726:Baja California
590:
582:
566:
545:
539:
536:
533:
524:
520:
513:
485:
462:
460:
438:
436:
414:
412:
390:
388:
366:
364:
339:
337:
312:
310:
288:
286:
257:
198:
190:
158:
154:
142:
135:
131:
114:
105:Bill Richardson
77:
64:
62:
59:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Carbon finance
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1872:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1818:Sea level rise
1815:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1602:Climate change
1598:
1595:
1594:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1520:
1499:
1481:
1462:
1443:
1416:
1399:
1386:
1372:
1357:
1354:on 2012-07-24.
1329:
1314:
1279:
1247:
1244:on 2007-09-30.
1237:Bloomberg News
1222:
1195:
1180:
1163:
1128:
1109:
1104:www2.gov.bc.ca
1090:
1083:
1063:
1049:
1035:
1021:
1007:
982:
952:
951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
939:
934:
932:Project Vulcan
929:
924:
919:
913:
908:
903:
897:
896:
880:
877:
862:
861:
858:
851:
850:
839:
836:
832:
829:
826:
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283:Jason Hollett
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1971:Australasia
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1613:attribution
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780:August 2008
636:U.S. states
622:natural gas
591:equivalents
373:Nova Scotia
295:Nova Scotia
237:Nova Scotia
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141:Area served
2045:Categories
1839:Polar bear
1660:mitigation
1437:2021-04-25
1216:2021-04-25
1157:2021-04-25
948:References
843:carbon tax
835:unchanged.
769:incomplete
746:Tamaulipas
738:Nuevo Leon
662:, and the
660:Washington
648:New Mexico
640:California
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171:California
153:Key people
129:California
125:Sacramento
65:2007-02-26
1766:By region
1641:ArcticNet
1000:9 October
975:10 August
969:Documents
730:Chihuahua
614:oil shale
570:greenwash
358:Secretary
331:Treasurer
255:Structure
1880:Category
1656:Politics
1646:CBM-CFS3
1297:cite web
1265:cite web
879:See also
734:Coahuila
694:Colorado
672:Manitoba
266:Position
202:.wci-inc
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37:Formerly
1934:schemes
1890:Commons
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710:Wyoming
676:Ontario
644:Montana
601:Alberta
530:updated
493:Arizona
483:History
323:Chair,
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195:Website
164:Members
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