47:(ISO) defines weldability in ISO standard 581-1980 as: "Metallic material is considered to be susceptible to welding to an established extent with given processes and for given purposes when welding provides metal integrity by a corresponding technological process for welded parts to meet technical requirements as to their own qualities as well as to their influence on a structure they form." Other welding organizations define it similarly.
143:, because of their high chromium content, tend to behave differently with respect to weldability than other steels. Austenitic grades of stainless steels tend to be the most weldable, but they are especially susceptible to distortion due to their high coefficient of thermal expansion. Some alloys of this type are prone to cracking and reduced corrosion resistance as well. Hot cracking is possible if the amount of
191:
helps reduce hot cracking, but it can reduce the mechanical properties of the base material and should not be used when the base material is restrained. The design of the joint can be changed as well, and a more compatible filler alloy can be selected to decrease the likelihood of hot cracking. Aluminium alloys should also be cleaned prior to welding, with the goal of removing all
211:
While weldability can be generally defined for various materials, some welding processes work better for a given material than others. Even within a certain process the quality of the weld may vary greatly depending on parameters, such as the electrode material, shielding gases, welding speed, and
190:
alloys varies significantly, depending on the chemical composition of the alloy used. Aluminium alloys are susceptible to hot cracking, and to combat the problem, welders increase the welding speed to lower the heat input. Preheating reduces the temperature gradient across the weld zone and thus
147:
in the weld is not controlled—to alleviate the problem, an electrode is used that deposits a weld metal containing a small amount of ferrite. Other types of stainless steels, such as ferritic and martensitic stainless steels, are not as easily welded, and must often be preheated and welded
137:(HSLA) were developed especially for welding applications during the 1970s, and these generally easy to weld materials have good strength, making them ideal for many welding applications.
103:
elements resulting in a higher hardenability and thus a lower weldability. In order to be able to judge alloys made up of many distinct materials, a measure known as the
199:, and loose particles from the surface to be welded. This is especially important because of an aluminium weld's susceptibility to porosity due to hydrogen and
827:
44:
789:
162:
Lamellar tearing is a type of failure mode that only occurs in rolled steel products that has been virtually eliminated with cleaner steels.
99:
during heat treatment. The hardenability of steel depends on its chemical composition, with greater quantities of carbon and other
820:
40:). A material's weldability is used to determine the welding process and to compare the final weld quality to other materials.
678:
648:
813:
782:
761:
743:
43:
Weldability is often hard to define quantitatively, so most standards define it qualitatively. For instance the
134:
965:
775:
910:
887:
902:
175:
107:
is used to compare the relative weldabilities of different alloys by comparing their properties to a
104:
877:
1104:
852:
599:
37:
131:, for example. As the equivalent carbon content rises, the weldability of the alloy decreases.
960:
867:
668:
945:
940:
915:
892:
872:
638:
1011:
955:
8:
920:
1037:
975:
950:
925:
882:
857:
144:
108:
587:
Key: C = Commonly performed; R = Recommended; D = Difficult; S = Seldom; N = Not used
1079:
1074:
757:
739:
674:
644:
1130:
935:
836:
157:
1047:
140:
1042:
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1021:
1016:
980:
930:
862:
92:
76:
33:
1001:
970:
798:
171:
60:
844:
1099:
1094:
96:
1089:
1084:
996:
753:
187:
178:
can be used as a parameter to evaluate the propensity for failure.
116:
112:
88:
1109:
1069:
25:
752:
Lincoln
Electric (1994). The Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding.
767:
128:
124:
120:
87:
The weldability of steel, with regard to hydrogen-induced cold
200:
192:
100:
56:
29:
36:
can be welded, but some are easier to weld than others (see
734:
Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003),
196:
733:
624:
75:. The most prominent of these is hydrogen induced
95:of the steel, which measures the ease of forming
82:
1122:
170:The excessive hardenability that can occur when
636:
667:Ginzburg, Vladimir B.; Ballas, Robert (2000),
666:
111:. The effect on weldability of elements like
45:International Organization for Standardization
821:
783:
24:, of a material refers to its ability to be
585:Heated tool = R; Hot gas = R; Induction = C
828:
814:
790:
776:
662:
660:
630:
620:
618:
616:
736:Materials and Processes in Manufacturing
657:
643:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–2.
1123:
613:
63:by which weldability can be measured:
809:
771:
637:John C. Lippold (10 November 2014).
165:
151:
123:, is more significant than that of
91:, is inversely proportional to the
13:
640:Welding Metallurgy and Weldability
206:
14:
1142:
797:
625:Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003
273:Carbon steel and low-alloy steel
174:HSLA steel can be an issue. The
888:Shielded metal (Stick/MMA/SMAW)
878:Gas tungsten (Heliarc/TIG/GTAW)
727:
702:Lincoln Electric, 6.1-14–6.1-19
673:, CRC Press, pp. 141–142,
873:Gas metal (Microwire/MIG/GMAW)
714:
711:Lincoln Electric, 7.1-9–7.1-13
705:
696:
687:
135:High-strength low-alloy steels
83:Hydrogen-induced cold cracking
65:hydrogen-induced cold cracking
1:
720:Lincoln Electric, 9.1-1–9.1-6
606:
853:Atomic hydrogen (Athydo/AHW)
181:
7:
835:
593:
10:
1147:
155:
1065:
1030:
989:
911:Electric resistance (ERW)
901:
843:
805:
670:Flat rolling fundamentals
584:
176:equivalent carbon content
148:with special electrodes.
105:equivalent carbon content
50:
377:Nickel and nickel alloys
351:Copper and copper alloys
119:, while not as great as
738:(9th ed.), Wiley,
693:Lincoln Electric, 6.1-1
600:Rheological weldability
216:Weldability by process
38:Rheological weldability
325:Aluminum and magnesium
59:there are three major
1105:Tools and terminology
230:Electron beam welding
227:Oxy-acetylene welding
756:: Lincoln Electric.
941:Friction stir (FSW)
916:Electron-beam (EBW)
217:
186:The weldability of
1038:Heat-affected zone
966:Oxyacetylene (OAW)
602:for thermoplastics
233:Resistance welding
215:
109:plain carbon steel
1118:
1117:
1061:
1060:
921:Electroslag (ESW)
868:Flux-cored (FCAW)
680:978-0-8247-8894-0
650:978-1-118-96031-8
591:
590:
559:Dissimilar metals
242:Adhesive bonding
166:Spot-weld peeling
73:spot-weld peeling
1138:
951:Laser beam (LBW)
858:Electrogas (EGW)
830:
823:
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158:Lamellar tearing
152:Lamellar tearing
141:Stainless steels
69:lamellar tearing
20:, also known as
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1048:Residual stress
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903:Other processes
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893:Submerged (SAW)
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299:Stainless steel
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207:Process factors
203:due to oxygen.
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1043:Photokeratitis
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961:Magnetic pulse
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627:, p. 930.
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212:cooling rate.
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156:Main article:
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52:
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34:thermoplastics
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2:
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1031:Related terms
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1023:
1022:Shielding gas
1020:
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1005:
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946:Friction stud
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762:99949-25-82-2
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745:0-471-65653-4
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455:Thermoplastic
454:
453:
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440:
437:
434:
431:
429:Lead and zinc
428:
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126:
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110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:hardenability
90:
80:
78:
77:cold cracking
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:failure modes
58:
48:
46:
41:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1052:
1012:Power supply
1002:Filler metal
956:Laser-hybrid
883:Plasma (PAW)
799:Metalworking
735:
728:Bibliography
716:
707:
698:
689:
669:
639:
632:
210:
185:
172:spot welding
169:
161:
139:
133:
86:
72:
68:
64:
54:
42:
21:
17:
15:
1075:Fabrication
1053:Weldability
845:Arc welding
224:Arc welding
22:joinability
18:weldability
1095:Metallurgy
976:Ultrasonic
971:Spot (RSW)
926:Exothermic
607:References
507:Elastomers
481:Thermosets
97:martensite
1090:Machining
1085:Jewellery
997:Electrode
990:Equipment
754:Cleveland
247:Cast iron
239:Soldering
188:aluminium
182:Aluminium
1125:Category
1100:Smithing
936:Friction
594:See also
533:Ceramics
403:Titanium
221:Material
117:vanadium
113:chromium
101:alloying
89:cracking
28:. Many
1131:Welding
1110:Welding
1080:Forming
1070:Casting
837:Welding
236:Brazing
145:ferrite
1007:Helmet
760:
742:
677:
647:
193:oxides
129:nickel
125:copper
121:carbon
71:, and
51:Steels
30:metals
26:welded
1017:Robot
981:Upset
931:Forge
863:Flash
201:dross
57:steel
758:ISBN
740:ISBN
675:ISBN
645:ISBN
197:oils
127:and
115:and
55:For
32:and
16:The
574:D/C
1127::
659:^
615:^
580:R
554:R
528:R
502:C
476:C
450:R
424:C
398:C
372:C
346:R
320:C
294:C
268:C
195:,
79:.
67:,
829:e
822:t
815:v
791:e
784:t
777:v
764:.
748:.
683:.
653:.
577:R
571:D
568:C
565:D
562:D
551:N
548:N
545:N
542:C
539:S
536:N
525:N
522:N
519:N
516:N
513:N
510:N
499:N
496:N
493:N
490:N
487:N
484:N
473:N
470:N
467:N
464:N
461:N
458:N
447:R
444:N
441:D
438:N
435:C
432:C
421:S
418:D
415:C
412:C
409:N
406:C
395:C
392:R
389:R
386:C
383:C
380:R
369:R
366:R
363:C
360:C
357:C
354:C
343:S
340:C
337:C
334:C
331:C
328:C
317:C
314:R
311:R
308:C
305:C
302:R
291:D
288:R
285:R
282:C
279:R
276:R
265:N
262:D
259:S
256:N
253:R
250:C
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