Redistribution of income and wealth

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importance of a nation's ability to redistribute wealth in order to implement social welfare programs, maintain public goods, and drive economic development has brought various conversations to the political arena. A country's means of redistributing wealth comes from the implementation of a carefully thought out well described system of taxation. The implementation of such a system would aid in achieving the desired social and economic objective of diminishing social inequality and maximizing social welfare. There are various ways to impose a tax system that will help create a more efficient allocation of resources, in particular, many democratic, even socialist governments utilize a progressive system of taxation to achieve a certain level of income redistribution. In addition to the creation and implementation of these tax systems, "globalization of the world economy provided incentives for reforming the tax systems" across the globe. Along with utilizing a system of taxation to achieve the redistribution of wealth, the same socio-economic benefit can be achieved if there are appropriate policies enacted within a current political infrastructure that addresses these issues. Modern thinking towards the topic of the redistribution of wealth, focuses on the concept that economic development increases the

1347:, began to draw attention in the early 1970s. However, throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, the dominant view among development economists was that inequality in poor countries was a less pressing issue compared to ensuring sufficient growth, which was believed to be the primary means of reducing poverty. The policy recommendation for developing countries was clear: it was not possible to simultaneously decrease poverty and inequality. This perspective was based on the belief that economic growth would eventually lead to a trickle-down effect, where the benefits of growth would eventually reach the poorest members of society. However, evidence began to emerge in the 1990s that challenged this notion and suggested that the link between economic growth and poverty reduction was not as strong as previously thought. This shift in thinking led to a reconsideration of the importance of addressing inequality in the pursuit of development. 1755:

growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution." The Industrial Revolution led to increasing inequality among nations. Some economies took off, whereas others, like many of those in Africa or Asia, remained close to a subsistence standard of living. General calculations show that the 17 countries of the world with the most-developed economies had, on average, 2.4 times the GDP per capita of the world's poorest economies in 1870. By 1960, the most developed economies had 4.2 times the GDP per capita of the poorest economies. Regarding to GDP indicator, GDP has nothing to say about the level of inequality in society. GDP per capita is only an average. When GDP per capita rises by 5%, it could mean that GDP for everyone in the society has risen by 5%, or that GDP of some groups has risen by more while that of others has risen by less—or even declined.

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lawmakers born into a lower social class tend to favor more redistributive policies than their counterparts born into a higher social class. Research has also found that women generally support redistribution more than men do, though the strength of this preference varies across countries. While literature remains mixed on if monetary gain is the true motivation behind favoring redistributive policies, most researchers accept that social class plays some role in determining someone's views towards redistributive policies. Nonetheless, the classic theory that individual preferences for redistribution decrease with their income, leading to societal preferences for redistribution that increase with

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redistributive policies, as poor Americans tend to favor redistributive policy less than equally poor Europeans. Research shows this is because when a society has a fundamental belief that those who work hard will earn rewards from their work, the society will favor lower redistributive policies. However, when a society as a whole believes that some combination of outside factors, such as luck or corruption, can contribute to determining one's wealth, those in the society will tend to favor higher redistributive policies. This leads to fundamentally different ideas of what is ‘just’ or fair in these countries and influences their overall views on redistribution.

3478:, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 104: "Since it (social democracy) permits a powerful capitalist class to exist (90 percent of productive assets are privately owned in Sweden), only a strong and unified labor movement can win the redistribution through taxes that is characteristic of social democracy. It is idealistic to believe that tax concessions of this magnitude can be effected simply through electoral democracy without an organized labor movement, when capitalists organize and finance influential political parties. Even in the Scandinavian countries, strong apex labor organizations have been difficult to sustain and social democracy is somewhat on the decline now." 1279:, is prohibited. Elimination of interest from the economic system is a revolutionary step with profound effects on all spheres of economic activities. Finally, the Inheritance Law Of Islam is the distribution of the property of a deceased person from closest family members and moving towards a more distant family. Son(s), daughter(s), wife, husband and parents are the prime recipients. This distribution is explicitly illustrated in Qur’an and cannot be changed or modified. Under varying conditions, the share received by different relatives accordingly changes. The important principle is that the owner at the time of his/her death cannot change these shares. 1684: 155: 1319:. How much inequality can a society endure before a significant number of its members begin to reject the existing pattern of distribution and demand fundamental changes? In societies with very rigid forms of the income distribution, this may easily lead to public protest, if not violence. Authorities are then faced with the option of reacting to protests with repression or reform. In societies with flexible tools of negotiation and bargaining on income, smoother mechanisms of adaptation may be available. 1636: 4578: 1027: 36: 1330:. Societies have to provide incentives to ensure that talents and education are allocated to jobs where they are needed most. Not many people doubt the general accuracy of these arguments – but nobody has ever shown how to correctly measure performance and how to find an objective way of linking it to the prevailing level of the income distribution. Inequality is needed – to some extent – but nobody knows how much of it is good. 1015: 1617:", i.e. the richest 1% in the world income distribution, were the main beneficiaries of economic growth in the period 1988–2008. More recent analysis supports this claim, as 27% of total economic growth worldwide accrued to the top 1% of the world income distribution in the period 1980–2016. The approach underpinning these analyses has been critiqued in certain publications such as 1580:. More recently, the so-called "Rajan hypothesis" posited that income inequality was at the basis of the explosion of the 2008 financial crisis. The reason is that rising inequality caused people on low and middle incomes, particularly in the US, to increase their debt to keep up their consumption levels with that of richer people. Borrowing was particularly high in the 2243:

governments of many other capitalist countries because Japan has a more equal distribution of wages than most other capitalist countries. Command socialist economies also have had less income redistribution because governments initially control the distribution of income by setting wages and forbidding capital or land income.

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redistribution of the wealth, the lower and middle classes will benefit economically, since they possess less wealth than their population percentage. Nevertheless, the results of the survey revealed that only the lower class assented to redistribution of the wealth, while upper and middle classes largely dissented to it.

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key elements: Ushr and Zakat, the prohibition of usury, and the Inheritance Law. Ushr is an obligatory payment from agriculture output at the time of harvesting. If agricultural land is irrigated by rain or some other natural freely available water the producer is obliged to pay ten percent of the output as Ushr.

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programs are funded through general taxation, but benefit the poor or influential special interest groups and corporations. While the persons receiving transfers from such programs may prefer to be directly given cash, these programs may be more palatable to society than cash assistance, as they give

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were restricted. To attain an efficient allocation of resources with the desired distribution of income, if the assumptions of the competitive model are satisfied by the economy, the sole role of the government is to alter the initial distribution of wealth – the major drivers of income inequality in

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by Andrew G. Berg and Jonathan D. Ostry found a strong association between lower levels of inequality and sustained periods of economic growth. Developing countries (such as Brazil, Cameroon, Jordan) with high inequality have "succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years" but "longer

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For the Islamic distribution, the following are the three key elements of the Islamic Economic System, which have significant implications for the distribution of income and wealth (if fully implemented) and are markedly different from Capitalism. The Islamic system is defined by the following three

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Another context that can influence one's ideas of redistributive policies is the social class that one is born into. People tend to favor redistributive policy that will help the groups that they are a member of. This is displayed in a study of Latin American lawmakers, where it is shown that

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argue that social democratic reforms – including policies to redistribute income – such as unemployment benefits and high taxes on profits and the wealthy create more contradictions in capitalism by further limiting the efficiency of the capitalist system via reducing incentives for capitalists to

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and its lack of sustainability. They point out that social democracy requires a strong labor movement to sustain its heavy redistribution, and that it is unrealistic to expect such redistribution to be feasible in countries with weaker labor movements. They point out that, even in the Scandinavian

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The context that a person is in can influence their views on redistributive policies. For example, despite both being Western civilizations, typical Americans and Europeans do not have the same views on redistribution policies. This phenomenon persists even among people who would benefit most from

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Accordingly, three main classes, including the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class have been divided and their attitudes towards redistribution of wealth (as a non-conservative policy) have been evaluated. Given the current economic inequality, in the case of adopting the policy of

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Interventions like rent control can impose large costs. Some alternative forms of interventions, such as housing subsidies, may achieve comparable distributional objectives at less cost. If the government cannot costlessly redistribute, it should look for efficient ways of redistributing—that is,

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by reducing inequality, if done properly. But it may not accelerate growth in any major way, except perhaps by reducing social tensions arising from inequality and allowing poor people to devote more resources to human and physical asset accumulation. Directly investing in opportunities for poor

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Economies vary based on the extent to which and the methods by which governments intervene to redistribute income. This depends partly on how unequal income is to begin with before any redistributive policies are implemented. Thus the Japanese government does much less redistributing than the

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policies. "Predistribution" is the idea that the state should try to prevent inequalities from occurring in the first place rather than through the tax and benefits system once they have occurred. For example, a government predistribution policy might require employers to pay all employees a

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The redistribution of wealth and its practical application are bound to change with the continuous evolution of social norms, politics, and culture. Within developed countries income inequality has become a widely popular issue that has dominated the debate stage for the past few years. The

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Systems in terms of distribution of income is much easier as both these systems stand practically implemented in a number of countries under compatible political systems. Inequality in almost all the Eastern European economies has increased after moving from socialist controlled systems to

1669:'s argument contrasts to Thomas Pogge's in that he states we have an individual moral obligation to help the poor. The rich people who are living in the states with more redistribution, are more in favor of immigrants than poorer people, because this can make them pay less wages. 3509:, by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. pp. 60–61: "The Marxist answers that...it involves limiting the incentive system of the market through providing minimum wages, high levels of unemployment insurance, reducing the size of the 1307:

The moral dimension, which leads into the discussion of human rights. What kinds of reasons should a society accept for the emergence or existence of inequality and how much inequality between its members is reconcilable with the right of each individual to

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The distribution of income that emerges from competitive markets may be very unequal. However, under the conditions of the basic competitive model, a redistribution of wealth can move the economy to a more equal allocation that is also Pareto efficient.

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Understanding of the phrase varies, depending on personal perspectives, political ideologies and the selective use of statistics. It is frequently used in politics, to refer to perceived redistribution from those who have more to those who have less.

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In case irrigation water is not free of cost then the deduction would be five percent, while Zakat is a major instrument of restricting the excessive accumulation of wealth and helping the poor and most vulnerable members of the society, Secondly,

3513:, taxing profits, and taxing the wealthy. As a result, capitalists will have little incentive to invest and the workers will have little incentive to work. Capitalism works because, as Marx remarked, it is a system of economic force (coercion)." 1241:

economies tend to feature high degrees of income redistribution. However, Japan's government engages in much less redistribution because its initial wage distribution is much more equal than Western economies. Likewise, the

1542:, another argument is that a truly fair society would be organized in a manner benefiting the least advantaged, and any inequality would be permissible only to the extent that it benefits the least advantaged. 1367:

countries, through economic policies. Some redistributive policies attempt to take wealth, income, and other resources from the "haves" and give them to the "have-nots", but many redistributions go elsewhere.

1447:(permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or a transplant, sometimes called ESRD). This is a direct benefit program because the government is directly providing health insurance for those who qualify. 1995: 1326:. Individuals who achieve more and perform better deserve a higher income. If everybody is treated the same, the overall willingness to work may decline. The argument includes the scarcity of 1167:

The effects of a redistributive system are actively debated on ethical and economic grounds. The subject includes an analysis of its rationales, objectives, means, and policy effectiveness.

1179:. These economies were centrally based around the administration, meaning the dictator or pharaoh had both the ability and the right to say who was taxed and who received special treatment. 1892: 1560:, and that reducing these inequalities is one way to prevent or ameliorate economic crises, with redistribution thus benefiting the economy overall. This view was associated with the 1197:(also known as distributionism or distributivism), refers to an economic ideology that developed in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century. It was based on the principles of 1503:

One study suggests that "the middle class faces a paradoxical status" in that they tend to vote against income redistribution, even though they would benefit economically from it.

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Rector, Robert. "The Redistributive State: The Allocation of Government Benefits, Services, and Taxes in the United States." The Heritage Foundation. N.p., 15 September 2015. Web.

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has been disputed. Perhaps the most important impact of government on the distribution of “wealth” is in the sphere of education—in ensuring that everyone has a certain amount of

1300:. By providing all individuals, regardless of the wealth of their parents, with a free basic education, government reduces the degree of inequality that otherwise would exist. 1391:

system, a high income earner will pay a higher tax rate (a larger percentage of their income) than a low income earner; and therefore, will pay more total dollars per person.

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The objectives of income redistribution are to increase economic stability and opportunity for the less wealthy members of society and thus usually include the funding of

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theory states that redistribution tends to benefit those with political clout to set spending priorities more than those in need, who lack real influence on government.

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is one example. Medicare is a government-run health insurance program that covers people age 65 or older, certain younger people with disabilities, and people with

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Governmental redistribution of income may include a direct benefit program involving either cash transfers or the purchase of specific services for an individual.

1137:, where the redistribution is alleged to counteract harm caused by high-income earners and the wealthy through means such as unfairness and discrimination. 1128:

Occasionally, albeit rarely, the term is used to describe laws or policies that cause redistribution in the opposite direction, from the poor to the rich.

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Hainmueller, Jens; Hiscox, Michael J. (February 2010). "Attitudes toward Highly Skilled and Low-skilled Immigration: Evidence from a Survey Experiment".

1190:. Bradford recorded in his diary that this "common course" bred confusion, discontent, distrust, and the colonists looked upon it as a form of slavery. 1495:

ways that reduce the costs as much as possible. This is one of the main concerns of the branch of economics called the economics of the public sector.

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Prante, Gerald, and Scott A. Hodge. "The Distribution of Tax and Spending Policies in the United States." Tax Foundation. N.p., 13 November 2013. Web.

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feature varying degrees of interventionism aimed at redistributing income, depending on how unequal their initial distributions are. Free-market

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Pecoraro, Brandon (1 April 2017). "Why don't voters 'put the Gini back in the bottle'? Inequality and economic preferences for redistribution".

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Carnes, Nicholas; Lupu, Noam (January 2015). "Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America".

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invest in further production. In the Marxist view, redistribution cannot resolve the fundamental issues of capitalism – only a transition to a

974: 3986: 1920: 79: 4246: 1423: 1187: 1164:", which is a hybrid taxation model composed of opposing systems intended to minimize the favoritism of special interests in tax design. 935: 900: 3596: 1419: 1377: 1160:

Many alternate taxation proposals have been floated without the political will to alter the status quo. One example is the proposed "

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Shayo, Moses (May 2009). "A Model of Social Identity with an Application to Political Economy: Nation, Class and Redistribution".

1716: 68: 1982:, such as a change in tax laws, monetary policies, or tort law, that engenders the redistribution of goods among these subjects 1867: 1599:

There is currently a debate concerning the extent to which the world's extremely rich have become richer over recent decades.

3371: 2123: 2074: 17: 1538:, while providing equal opportunities for individuals to reach a better standard of living. Seen for example in the work of 4620: 4197: 1915: 1720: 1647: 1251:

capitalist systems – was virtually nonexistent; and because the wage rates were set by the government in these economies.

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planned economies of the former Soviet Union and Eastern bloc featured very little income redistribution because private

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Baizidi, Rahim (17 July 2019). "Paradoxical class: paradox of interest and political conservatism in middle class".

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law. The term typically refers to redistribution on an economy-wide basis rather than between selected individuals.

4592: 4151: 3715: 2179: 607: 3266: 2180:"Pope Francis Needs Distributism: Americans and popes alike can embrace a humane alternative to modern capitalism" 1996:"Fact Checker: Elizabeth Warren's claim that the bottom 90 percent got 'zero percent' of wage growth after Reagan" 4499: 3879: 3418: 1739:

issued per capita), on the other. The authors argue inequality leads to the social ills through the psychosocial

1589: 93: 3097: 4141: 367: 277: 57: 3201: 1797:, obviating the need for redistribution, would be more sustainable and effective at promoting egalitarianism. 4660: 4640: 4172: 3589: 1932: 1050: 1019: 263: 1613:

provided evidence of increasing inequality at the global level, showing how the group of so-called "global

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is at the forefront of the debate, mainly focusing on within-country concentration of income and wealth.

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before taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation.

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The third dimension – in many cases the dominant pattern in the social debate – links inequality to

3857: 3582: 2522:"Overconfidence and gender gaps in redistributive preferences: Cross-Country experimental evidence" 2351:

Corneo, Giacomo; Gruner, Hans Peter (2002). "Individual preferences for political redistribution".

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weakened. Instead, Roemer and Bardhan argue that changing the patterns of enterprise ownership and

1585: 1440: 1381: 1198: 1043: 579: 2878: 2163: 1522:, whose premise is that money and resources ought to be distributed in such a way as to lead to a 4650: 4063: 4030: 3810: 2485:

Klor, Esteban; Shayo, Moses (April 2010). "Social identity and preferences over redistribution".

2047: 1724: 1444: 222: 212: 46: 2048:"For Media, 'Class War' Has Wealthy Victims, Rich getting richer seldom labeled as belligerents" 1683: 1303:

Income inequality has many different connotations, three of which are of particular importance:

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Using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the US, British researchers

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show a correlation between income inequality and higher rates of health and social problems (

1581: 721: 332: 3038:"Underconsumption theories and Keynesian economics. Interpretations of the Great Depression" 2623:

Meltzer, Allan H.; Richard, Scott F. (1981). "A Rational Theory of the Size of Government".

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Alesina, Alberto; Angeletos, George-Marios (September 2005). "Fairness and Redistribution".

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Buser, Thomas; Grimalda, Gianluca; Putterman, Louis; van der Weele, Joël (1 October 2020).

2087: 1897: 1692: 1519: 1340: 1323: 917: 834: 538: 463: 397: 349: 192: 3474:"Market socialism, a case for rejuvenation", by Pranab Bardhan and Johen E. Roemer. 1992. 8: 4625: 4546: 4234: 4229: 3916: 3830: 3772: 3705: 1842: 1805: 1565: 1561: 1460: 1395: 1316: 994: 984: 704: 661: 613: 558: 372: 2777: 1610: 4513: 3837: 3634: 3436: 3381: 3249: 2960: 2797: 2742: 2640: 2605: 2560: 2502: 2437: 2368: 1380:

is redistributive because much tax revenue goes to social programs such as welfare and

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that transfers ownership of land from one category of people to another, or through

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Plotnick, Robert (1986) "An Interest Group Model of Direct Income Redistribution",

3406: 3278: 3253: 3239: 3231: 3179: 3108: 2944: 2781: 2734: 2667: 2632: 2595: 2587: 2544: 2536: 2494: 2467: 2429: 2402: 2360: 2333: 2301: 1857: 1794: 1781: 1588:. The downturn in the housing market in 2007 halted this process and triggered the 1427: 967: 760: 734: 652: 645: 628: 574: 548: 435: 417: 402: 322: 313: 217: 202: 164: 138: 3525:"Redistribution of Income and Reducing Economic Inequality - IMF F&D Magazine" 2948: 2498: 2406: 4526: 4348: 4338: 4314: 4251: 4117: 4073: 3974: 3674: 3659: 3064:

Income inequality as a cause of the Great Recession?: A survey of current debates

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http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/Price_of_Offshore_Revisited_120722.pdf

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and deregulation in the financial sector made it possible to extend lending in

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Piketty, Thomas (August 1995). "Social Mobility and Redistributive Policies".

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Many economists have argued that wealth and income inequality are a cause of

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school in the 19th century, now considered an aspect of some schools of

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Alesina, Alberto; Di Tella, Rafael; MacCulloch, Robert (August 2004).

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Alvaredo, F.; Chancel, F.; Piketty, T.; Saez, E.; Zucman, G. (2018).

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Atkinson, Anthony B; Piketty, Thomas; Saez, Emmanuel (1 March 2011).

1411: 1364: 1255: 1243: 979: 940: 623: 412: 407: 2591: 1784:, reportedly highlighting its limited success at promoting relative 1410:

Two other common types of governmental redistribution of income are

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South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law

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Haq, Ghiasul (2013). "Distribution of Income and Wealth in Islam".

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Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy

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Harvey S. Rosen & Ted Gayer, Public Finance pp. 271–72 (2010).

2391:"Inequality and happiness: are Europeans and Americans different?" 4296: 4090: 4083: 3948: 3744: 3403:

Histochemical approaches to the screening of carcinogens in vitro

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Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics.

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on assets in general. Before-and-after Gini coefficients for the

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Global inequality: A new approach for the age of globalization

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society some measure of control over how the funds are spent.

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Other taxation-based methods of redistributing income are the

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F.A. Cowell ( 2008). "redistribution of income and wealth,"

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countries, social democracy has been in decline since the

4333: 2388: 2118:. Translated by Susan Mellor. Routledge. pp. 56–60. 2113: 1687:

Number of high-net-worth individuals in the world in 2011

1572:. It was particularly advanced in the US in the 1920s by 1363:

Today, income redistribution occurs in some form in most

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The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

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criticize redistribution via taxation in the context of

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Another early form of wealth redistribution occurred in

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Rugaber, Christopher S.; Boak, Josh (27 January 2014).

1568:; it has also been advanced, for different reasons, by 1140:

Redistribution tax policy should not be confused with

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Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy

1334: 3553:(4th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. p. 235. 2914:(4th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. p. 227. 2697:(4th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. p. 226. 2287:"Belief in A Just World and Redistributive Politics" 2248: 2205:(4th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. p. 226. 2717: 2088:"Wealth gap: A guide to what it is, why it matters" 2022:"Trump's Stock in Trade is Cruelty. Count the ways" 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3176:"Famine, Affluence, and Morality, by Peter Singer" 3023:The Economic Mind in American Civilization. Vol. 4 2823: 1534:benefits an economy by enabling more people to be 3221: 2983:Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy 1679:Effects of economic inequality on economic growth 1672: 1471:Wealth redistribution can be implemented through 1350: 4607: 2457: 3098:"The global crisis, social protection and jobs" 3060: 2529:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 1518:One basis for redistribution is the concept of 1175:In ancient times, redistribution operated as a 2870: 2622: 2137: 2135: 1596:, along with many others, supports this view. 3590: 3507:Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists 2692: 2284: 2226:Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (2003). 1545:Some proponents of redistribution argue that 1530:, society. Another argument is that a larger 1339:The existence of high inequality within many 1089:to others through a social mechanism such as 1051: 3366:(2e ed.). Houston, Texas. p. 176. 3331:Berg, Andrew G.; Ostry, Jonathan D. (2011). 2693:Stiglitz, Joseph E.; Walsh, Carl E. (2006). 2549:11245.1/f3d404e9-eb40-48a9-8d52-4c1b58a5205a 2350: 1921:List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI 1405: 1131:The phrase is sometimes related to the term 3324: 3025:. New York: Viking Press. pp. 339–351. 2762:"Income inequality in the developing world" 2132: 2114:de Blois, Lukas; R.J. van der Spek (1997). 2085: 1228: 1221:echoed the earlier Papal statements in his 936:International Financial Reporting Standards 901:Separation of investment and retail banking 3597: 3583: 3386:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3292: 2854:Barbour, Christine, and Gerald C. Wright. 2323: 2285:Benabou, Roland; Tirole, Jean (May 2006). 2079: 1553:that creates unequal wealth distribution. 1466: 1153:, as a "bottom-up" response to widespread 1058: 1044: 3330: 3243: 3127: 3112: 3035: 3029: 2759: 2599: 2484: 1434: 1371: 1315:The second dimension links inequality to 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3548: 3400: 3361: 3095: 2909: 2720:"Top Incomes in the Long Run of History" 2657: 2200: 2143:"William Bradford – Facts & Summary" 2070:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 1682: 3522: 3279:"The Spirit Level - The Equality Trust" 3061:Van Treeck, Till; Sturn, Simon (2012). 3020: 2934: 2821: 2577: 14: 4608: 3463:The Review of Economics and Statistics 3317:Andrew G. Berg and Jonathan D. Ostry, 3173: 2225: 1868:Redistribution (cultural anthropology) 1283:How views on redistribution are formed 3578: 3487: 3080: 3056: 3054: 2453: 2451: 2419: 2384: 2382: 2326:American Journal of Political Science 2319: 2317: 2315: 2280: 2278: 2019: 69:"Redistribution of income and wealth" 2177: 2116:An Introduction to the Ancient World 2045: 1916:List of countries by income equality 1630: 1402:(tax avoidance) for the better-off. 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 2985:. Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1977 2881:. Library of Economics and Liberty. 2254: 1993: 1966:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1626: 1606:Capital in the Twenty-First Century 1376:For example, the U.S. government's 1071:Redistribution of income and wealth 24: 3051: 2937:Asian Journal of Political Science 2580:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2448: 2379: 2312: 2294:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2275: 1968:. Stanford University. 2 July 2004 1378:progressive-rate income tax policy 1335:Inequality in developing countries 975:Private equity and venture capital 886:Bank for International Settlements 25: 4672: 3570: 3224:American Political Science Review 3036:Allgoewer, Elisabeth (May 2002). 2422:American Political Science Review 1938:Primitive accumulation of capital 1498: 1020:Business and Economics portal 4577: 4576: 3476:Journal of Economic Perspectives 3405:. Vol. 23. pp. 91–99. 3343:(3). International Monetary Fund 3160:"Forget the 1%; Free Exchange", 3114:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2009.00046.x 2672:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.02.004 1893:To each according to one's needs 1808:can. Income redistribution will 1634: 1526:, and possibly more financially 1398:for very low income earners and 1201:, particularly the teachings of 1025: 1013: 608:Base erosion and profit shifting 153: 34: 3542: 3516: 3481: 3468: 3455: 3394: 3355: 3308: 3271: 3260: 3215: 3194: 3167: 3154: 3136: 3121: 3089: 3074: 3014: 2988: 2975: 2928: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2861: 2848: 2815: 2753: 2711: 2686: 2651: 2616: 2571: 2513: 2478: 2413: 2344: 2219: 2194: 2171: 45:needs additional citations for 4142:Right of way (property access) 3465:, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 594–602. 2727:Journal of Economic Literature 2165:History of Plymouth Plantation 2157: 2107: 2061: 2039: 2013: 1987: 1954: 1673:Economic effects of inequality 1351:Modern forms of redistribution 368:Collateralised debt obligation 278:Bull (stock market speculator) 13: 1: 3411:10.1016/s0079-6336(11)80173-7 3085:. Princeton University Press. 2949:10.1080/02185377.2019.1642772 2760:Ravallion, M. (23 May 2014). 2499:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.12.003 2407:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.07.006 2365:10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00172-9 1948: 1933:Accumulation by dispossession 1506: 1450: 714:Final consumption expenditure 3604: 3549:Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2006). 3364:Principles of macroeconomics 3362:Greenlaw, Steven A. (2018). 3045:Discussion paper no. 2002-14 2910:Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2006). 2625:Journal of Political Economy 2201:Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2006). 2020:Reich, Robert (4 May 2017). 1758: 7: 4621:Taxation and redistribution 4448:Two Treatises of Government 3132:. Harvard University Press. 3105:International Labour Review 3047:. University of St. Gallen. 2487:Journal of Public Economics 2395:Journal of Public Economics 2353:Journal of Public Economics 2306:10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.699 2182:. The American Conservative 1820: 1752:International Monetary Fund 1723:, educational performance, 1455:The difference between the 10: 4677: 3128:Milanovic, Branko (2016). 2541:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.07.005 1676: 1360:across an entire society. 1170: 946:Professional certification 544:Enterprise risk management 328:Offshore financial centres 4572: 4369: 4171: 4051: 3944: 3937: 3786: 3743: 3688: 3612: 3333:"Equality and Efficiency" 3319:IMF Staff Discussion Note 3236:10.1017/S0003055409990372 3164:, 8 November 2014, p. 79. 3145:"World inequality report" 2434:10.1017/S0003055409090194 2230:. MIT Press. p. 11. 1853:Guaranteed minimum income 1848:Global resources dividend 1769:The socialist economists 1426:housing vouchers). These 1406:Government redistribution 891:Financial Stability Board 4500:The Great Transformation 3858:Labor theory of property 3107:. 148, 1–2 (1–2): 1–13. 3096:Stiglitz, J. E. (2009). 3021:Dorfman, Joseph (1959). 2660:European Economic Review 2472:10.1257/0002828054825655 2460:American Economic Review 1263:market-based economies. 1229:Role in economic systems 1199:Catholic social teaching 1193:A closely related term, 1186:under the leadership of 580:Mergers and acquisitions 4069:Forest-dwelling (India) 4031:restraint on alienation 3811:Common good (economics) 3523:Bourguignon, François. 3337:Finance and Development 2996:"The rich and the rest" 2786:10.1126/science.1251875 1592:. Nobel Prize laureate 1467:Property redistribution 1445:end-stage renal disease 1343:, alongside persistent 1248:capital and land income 1157:or high poverty rates. 4508:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 4282:Primitive accumulation 4137:Right of way (transit) 3922:Tragedy of the commons 3804:fictitious commodities 3511:reserve army of labour 2826:Taxation and Democracy 2822:Steinmo, Sven (1993). 1943:Reserve army of labour 1833:Distribution of wealth 1688: 1578:William Trufant Foster 1489:distribution of wealth 1435:Benefit redistribution 1389:progressive income tax 1372:Progressive Income Tax 382:certificate of deposit 4561:The Wealth of Nations 4541:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 4533:The Ethics of Liberty 3401:Gebhardt, R. (1991). 1813:people is essential. 1750:A 2011 report by the 1725:trust among strangers 1686: 1254:A comparison between 333:Conduit and sink OFCs 18:Wealth redistribution 4661:Democratic socialism 4641:Political philosophy 4424:Progress and Poverty 3758:Common-pool resource 2178:Hunt III, Arthur W. 1927:Opposite tendencies: 1898:Wealth concentration 1747:anxiety it creates. 1693:Richard G. Wilkinson 1520:distributive justice 1341:developing countries 1324:economic performance 1081:(including physical 559:Financial statements 539:Credit rating agency 464:Repurchase agreement 54:improve this article 27:Political philosophy 4547:The Social Contract 4235:population transfer 4152:prior-appropriation 3831:homestead principle 3174:Stafforini, Pablo. 2778:2014Sci...344..851R 2401:(9–10): 2009–2042. 1843:Equality of outcome 1586:sub-prime mortgages 1566:Keynesian economics 1562:underconsumptionism 1461:income distribution 1396:negative income tax 1317:political stability 1233:Different types of 1155:income inequalities 1073:is the transfer of 995:Accounting scandals 985:Stock market bubble 705:Government spending 662:Employment contract 614:Corporate tax haven 373:Credit default swap 4631:Left-wing politics 4527:Murray N. Rothbard 3838:Free-rider problem 3488:Prychitko, David. 3202:"Fighting Poverty" 3182:on 23 October 2016 3081:Rajan, R. (2010). 2858:7th ed.: CQ, 2016. 2739:10.1257/jel.49.1.3 2338:10.1111/ajps.12112 2046:FAIR (July 2009). 1801:Marxian economists 1735:, even numbers of 1689: 1646:. You can help by 1358:standard of living 1205:in his encyclical 990:Stock market crash 840:Investment banking 830:Fractional-reserve 795:Warrant of payment 744:Government revenue 667:Financial planning 585:Structured finance 4616:Politics by issue 4603: 4602: 4514:What Is Property? 4307:human trafficking 4292:Regulatory taking 4167: 4166: 3912:Right to property 3494:Marxism - Econlib 3373:978-1-947172-38-8 3002:. 20 January 2011 2772:(6186): 851–855. 2263:(2 June): 34–40. 2125:978-0-415-12773-8 1888:Social inequality 1863:Poverty reduction 1806:socialist economy 1664: 1663: 1574:Waddill Catchings 1570:Marxian economics 1491:can be compared. 1477:inheritance taxes 1294:income inequality 1223:Evangelii Gaudium 1217:. 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1980:social mechanism 1975: 1973: 1962:"Redistribution" 1958: 1858:Lima Declaration 1795:market socialism 1782:social democracy 1659: 1656: 1638: 1631: 1627:Moral obligation 1611:Branko Milanovic 1590:financial crisis 1481:land value taxes 1428:transfer payment 1235:economic systems 1188:William Bradford 1060: 1053: 1046: 1032:Money portal 1030: 1029: 1028: 1018: 1017: 968:Economic history 930: 929: 863: 862: 761:Deficit spending 735:Transfer payment 701: 700: 629:Transfer pricing 575:Leveraged buyout 549:Enterprise value 503: 502: 418:Letter of credit 403:Futures contract 236: 234:Over-the-counter 223:Foreign exchange 170: 169: 157: 134: 133: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4568: 4372: 4371: 4365: 4315:husband-selling 4252:Illegal logging 4247:Illegal fishing 4176: 4163: 4074:Freedom to roam 4047: 3960:(agrarian land) 3933: 3890:Property rights 3782: 3739: 3701:Estate (landed) 3684: 3608: 3603: 3573: 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