Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines

1637:, along with the international community striving to achieve the targets of United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDG), has been campaigning to make a significant reduction in the number of people who still lack access to safe drinking water. Reliable water resources management, improvement of access to water supply in urban areas, reduction of non-revenue water (NRW), improvement of water/energy use, sustainable rural water supply, and promotion of improved sanitation in developing countries are the main issues that JICA prioritizes. In 2008, through the Development Bank of the Philippines, about $ 200 million was loaned to the Philippines to fund local governments and domestic private-sector companies for the development of water supply and sewerage facilities. Despite the establishment of funding, financing will only be granted to water utilities if the business management improves, hence JICA actively assists the water supply utilities' capacity development through practical cooperation with financial aid. JICA not only works to improve access to safe drinking water in urban areas of developing countries, but also aids water facilities with business planning and management. 642:. In the capital region, an initial tariff is to be paid for the first 10 m consumed, with increasing blocks for additional consumption. Furthermore, consumers connected to sewerage pay an additional charge of 50% and all users must pay a 10% environmental surcharge. For new consumers, a connection fee is charged, which was US$ 134 in April 2007 in the East Zone For new consumers, a connection fee is charged, which was US$ 134 in April 2007 in the East Zone According to the MWSS Regulatory Office, just before privatization, the average tariff per m in Metro Manila was US$ 0.26. After the concession contracts came into force in 1997, tariffs dropped to US$ 0.05 (East Zone) and US$ 0.12 (West Zone). In 2006, the average tariff rose to US$ 0.31 in the East Zone and US$ 0.43 in the West Zone (all figures converted into real 2006 prices). While the tariff was highest among private operators, the connection fee was higher within water districts. 1098:

affect the physicochemical, biological, and bacteriological reactions and diffusions of pollutants in the water bodies, are declared as Water Quality Management Areas. The management area is governed by a DENR representative as chair and board members composed of representatives from local government units (LGUs), relevant national government agencies, registered non-governmental organizations, water utility sectors, and the business sector. On the other hand, water bodies with specific pollutants that have exceeded the guidelines for water quality are identified as Non-attainment Areas. LGUs are tasked to prepare and implement contingency plans, such as relocations, for the protection of the health and welfare of the residents, while the government improves the affected quality of water within the potentially affected areas.

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costs of providing the service are usually met by local governments. The NWRB in its benchmarking project had about half of the average tariff of private operators and water districts. The cost of tariff in LGU-operated systems is, on average, lower than other management models. In order to introduce cost recovery tariffs and effective regulation, the NWRB issued a primer on tariff setting and regulation in March 2005. The document provides the basic guidelines of the tariff setting. The manual helps to determine future revenue requirements and to set annual base tariffs based on estimated consumption levels. The process of tariff approval as well as the guidelines to prepare the required annual report are described in detail. Furthermore, the document gives advice on tariff structures and water rate adjustments.

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adjacent to any surface water or overlying any groundwater, are to be declared as protected areas of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. These efforts ensure the quality of water defined by a standard set by the National Pollution Council Commission according to the different uses of water. Except for those functions under the Code that may fall under specific government agencies, the council is given the power to make all necessary decisions and determinations provided for in the said Code. The Council may provide accompanying penalties consisting of fines not exceeding one thousand pesos (P1,000.00) and/or the suspensions or revocation of water permits or any rights given to use water as well as enforce its decisions with the assistance of local and national police agencies.

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Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), a specialized lending institution for provincial waterworks, from which it will receive technical assistance and financial support. The local government appoints the board members of the water districts. This system typically has better performance and higher cost recovery than water systems that are run directly by municipalities. The Philippine Association of Water Districts (PAWD), fosters the exchange of experiences between water districts and provides training to its members. In 2010, USAID and the ADB agreed to support PAWD in establishing a national Water Operators Partnerships (WOPs) program that promotes twinning partnerships among Water Districts.

268: 1542:, now GIZ) supported the sector through the rural water supply and sanitation program, designed to improve the living conditions of the poor in selected rural areas of the country. The program sought to overcome the institutional confusion and to strengthen governmental organizations at the national, provincial, and municipal levels. Its main partner was the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). In addition, the decentralization plan of the National Water Resources Board was supported. The program, which ran from 2006 to 2009, helped to introduce low-cost options for sanitation, such as 35: 636:. In water districts, tariffs increased notably since 1996. The tariff structure is similar to the model used in Metro Manila, with an average tariff for the first 10m and increasing tariffs for additional consumption. At the end of 2006, the national average tariff for 30 m was US$ 0.36 per m, which is more than double of 1996. The NWRB found an average tariff of US$ 0.41 within a sample of 18 water districts in 2004, which is the highest average tariff of all management models. The average connection fee was US$ 55, somewhat lower than among private operators. 5408: 1110:

jurisdictions; the Business and Industry Role in formulating incentives for the adoption of innovative equipment and processes that preserve and protect water bodies; and Linkage Mechanisms through partnerships with government agencies and departments such as the Philippine Coast Guard, DPWH, Department of Agriculture (DA), DOH, Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Department of the Interior and the Local Government (DILG).

285: 982:. The Bottom-Up Budgeting (BUB) Project was implemented by the administration, in its National Budget, to fund projects that would help the country attain its Millennium Development Goals of inclusive growth and poverty reduction. In promoting good governance in the local level by having local governments listen to their constituents in terms of budgeting processes, the National Budget was guided to respond to the urgent needs of the people as identified at the grassroots level. 187: 469:

improvement of access, service quality and efficiency in Manila through two high-profile water concessions awarded in 1997. The challenges include limited access to sanitation services, high pollution of water resources, often poor drinking water quality and poor service quality, a fragmentation of executive functions at the national level among numerous agencies, and a fragmentation of service provision at the local level into many small service providers.

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participation where feasible, (ii) finance improved sanitation infrastructure, (iii) provide investment and assistance in micro-drainage infrastructure, and (iv) provide funds for the hiring of a construction supervision consultant and specialized consultants. The World Bank decided to contribute through a US$ 30 million loan to the project, while the remaining US$ 5.2 million are financed by local institutions. The project began in 2001 and ended in 2008.

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surrounding bays, (ii) reduce the health risks caused by human exposure to sewage in Metro Manila, and (iii) establish a gradual low-cost improvement of sewerage services in Metro Manila. From 1997 to 2005, the number of people with sewer connections increased from 721,000 to 1,101,000 and the population with regularly desludging septic tanks rose from only 1,600 to 288,000. The total cost of the project was US$ 48.06 million.

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intended solution to revise and consolidate regulations made on the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development, conservation, and protection of water resources in the country. Founded on the principle that "All waters belong to the State," the National Water Resources Council was then created and tasked to control and regulate the use and development of water resources on behalf of the government.

1764:, the major source of pollution in rural areas, contains pollutants resulting from agricultural and livestock activities like the maintenance of piggeries which usually do not have proper wastewater treatment facilities. Different industries also contribute largely to water pollution. Industrial activities such as slaughterhouses, and manufacturing of food, textile, and paper emit large amounts of organic waste. 885:

regulated by the newly created MWSS Regulatory Office, financed by the concessionaires. After the concession came into force, public opposition soon emerged due to repeated tariff increases. However, it is worth mentioning that tariffs decreased after privatization in 1997, and did not reach the pre-privatization level until 2001 or 2002. Private concessionaires suffered from a severe drought and the

1727: 771:' International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1980–1989). The Integrated Water Supply Program (1980–2000) was initiated by the national government. Its main objective was to increase water coverage to 70% of the Filipino population by 1987 and 90% by 1992. Consequently, the development of the sector was supported with great effort: Between 1978 and 1990, more than 1592:

the World Bank to LGUs, which engage private operators. Under the Design-Build-Lease contracts, valid for 15 years and renewable for an additional 15 years, a local private operator prepares, builds, and operates a new water supply system. A World Bank loan channeled through the DBP finances 90% of the construction cost, and the remainder is contributed through the LGU. The

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the majority of the participating utilities. All the loss-making providers were operated directly by LGUs and were mostly characterized by a high share of non-revenue water, poor service continuity, low tariffs, and low coverage within their respective service areas. The five best-performing service providers consisted of four water districts and one private operator.

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provided US$ 1.71 million. The joint-project sought to develop up to 3 water source projects for Metro Manila and to improve the financial management as well as the accounting and fiscal control systems of MWSS. In 2008, studies for two water source projects were completed emphasizing environmental and social impacts amidst water quality improvements.

988:. Another program of the administration, through the Department of the Interior and Local Government, is the Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig Para sa Lahat (SALINTUBIG) program that aims to provide clean and potable water supply to almost 455 waterless municipalities in the Philippines. As of 2014, 253 projects and 118 more are ongoing all over the country. 1613:, this project supports investments from the Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWCI) and Maynilad Water Services, Inc. in increasing collection and wastewater treatment primarily from households and establishments in the area. The project is divided into 2 components as MWCI takes charge of the east zone and Maynilad the west zone, of the metropolitan. 1140:

its website, the LWUA set up 584 water districts with a combined service area of 691 cities and towns outside Metro Manila and helped build 1,431 water supply projects. It also extended loans to water districts totaling 17 billion pesos, of which 11 million pesos was availed leading to 12 million Filipinos having improved water services.

156:. In a 1999 study by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the intensive use of water in the industry is critical in terms of the production of hazardous wastes. Thousands of tons of solvent wastes, heavy metals, lubricants, and intractable wastes are improperly disposed of annually in Metro Manila. 1600:

another 15 years. Similar to the Design-Build-Operate contracts, 90% of the construction cost of the water system is financed with a World Bank loan channeled through the LBP. The water user groups are required to work under commercial rules. They have full administrative, accounting and financial autonomy.

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withdrawal, and the times during the year when water may be diverted or withdrawn. Instances may also arise where water permits are revoked on cases of non-use, violation of the conditions imposed by the council, unauthorized sale of water, pollution, and public acts detrimental to public health and safety.

1781:, a weather phenomenon occurring about every two to seven years when warm water in the western tropical Pacific Ocean shifts Eastward, causing ocean temperatures to rise, last developed in the country in late 2014. For the past several decades, it has been observed that its occurrence has increased due to 648:. Users who rely on other sources such as private small-scale operators mostly pay more for water. In the capital region, it is a common practice to buy water from MWSS and resell. In this case, small-scale operators pay a higher tariff than the residential one and pass the higher cost on to the end-user. 1700:

Non-revenue water decreased in the East Zone of Metro Manila since privatization. In 1996, Manila had an NRW of 61%, while capital cities from other Asian countries ranged from having 35–38%. In 2002, NRW dropped to 53% in the East Zone. On the other hand, non-revenue water in the West Zone increased

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Presidential Decree 198, also known as the Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973, authorized the formation of autonomous water districts on a local option basis to develop local water supply systems and created the LWUA as a national-level agency addressing the needs of water districts. According to

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Wastewater charges are also established to provide a strong economic inducement for polluters to modify their production or management processes or to invest in pollution control technology in order to reduce the number of water pollutants generated in their discharge of wastewater into water bodies.

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Republic Act 9275 provides for a comprehensive water quality management policy amidst economic growth. The policy provides for the consistent protection, preservation, and revival of the quality of Philippine waters with frameworks patterned through the pursuit of sustainable development. Importantly

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The Philippines Clear Water Act was passed to improve water quality and prevent pollution through comprehensive and integrated water management. The act was the first attempt of the Philippine government in consolidating different laws concerning water resources management as well as water supply and

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According to the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan of 1983–1998, 80% of the rural population was provided with Level I water supply services at the end of Aquino's term of office in 1992. 61% had direct service connections in Metro Manila and 47% in other urban areas of the country were covered

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120 million was invested in 11 rural water supply projects. Nevertheless, toward the end of the decade, only 4,400 functioning rural water systems, about 5% of the 96,200 potential systems, existed in the country. Many of the recently constructed systems failed shortly after completion, partly due to

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until 1955, most water supply systems were operated by local authorities. From 1955 to 1971, control of urban water supply was passed to the national government. In order to improve service delivery, the sector has been repeatedly subjected to extensive reforms which created numerous institutions and

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This is a percentage of the basic charge which accounts for fluctuations of the Philippine Peso against other countries' currencies subject to periodic review and adjustment. The FCDA for the second quarter of 2015 is 0.18% of the Basic Charge. In 2018, the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

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In 2015, 92% of the total population had access to "at least basic water", or 94% in urban areas and 90% in rural areas. In 2015, there were still 8 million people without access to "at least basic water". The term "at least basic water" is a new term since 2016, and is related to the previously used

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Most households in the Philippines are provided water by their Local Government Units (LGUs), either directly through a city or municipal engineering department or through community-based organizations (CBOs). CBOs involved in water supply include 200 cooperatives, 3,100 Barangay Water and Sanitation

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The NWRB Philippines Towns Water Utilities 2004 Data Book found an average of 7 employees per 1,000 connections in 2004. On average, private utilities performed best and systems directly managed by LGUs performed worst. Not surprisingly, providers with more than 10,000 connections need significantly

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The number of staff was reduced at the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) after privatization. On average, 10 employees were responsible for 1,000 connections in 1996. Fast forward to 2002, only about 4 employees were left, reflecting a decrease of around 58%. According to LWUA, only

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According to the National Water Resources Board (NWRB), the average share of NRW among participating service providers was 27.5% in 2004. The particularly high NRW of Manila's West Zone was confirmed to have a record with 68%. Generally, the smaller utilities performed better concerning NRW than the

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Long-Term Operation and Maintenance contracts are used in LGUs which recruit a private company to construct a new water supply system and later engage water associations or user cooperatives to operate the system under the contracts, which are awarded for 15 years with the possibility of renewal for

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The Philippine Society of Sanitary Engineers, Inc. (PSSE) is the only professional organization of Sanitary Engineers in the Philippines accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission by virtue of PRC Board Resolution No. 2009-497 & Certificate of Accreditation No. 26. The PSSE is also the

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Because of the rapid currency devaluation, MWSS' dollar-denominated debt service doubled. Consequently, tariffs continued to rise, and targets concerning coverage and NRW were adjusted downward with the agreement of the regulatory agency. Maynilad went bankrupt in 2003 and was turned over to MWSS in

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was awarded the East Zone of Metro Manila. The concession contracts, which are expected to last for 25 years, included targets concerning coverage, service quality, and economic efficiency. The objective was to increase water coverage in Metro Manila to 96% by 2006. The companies were expected to be

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The plan to privatize Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) emerged from the inability of the public utility to expand coverage to the growing population. By 1996, MWSS only provided the water supply for an average of 16 hours each day to two-thirds of its coverage population. According

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According to the World Bank, investment in water supply and sanitation from 1983 to 2003 has been far below the required levels to maintain assets, to expand access and to improve service quality. Total investment has fluctuated at around ₱3–4 billion a year, while the cost of implementing the Clean

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LGU-operated systems In LGUs, tariff levels, and structures vary widely. Since most connections are not metered, it is difficult to charge tariffs depending on consumption. Where LGUs provide Level I or II services, they usually charge no or very low tariffs, although connection fees are common. The

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In 2005, only 5% of the total population was connected to a sewer network. The vast majority used flush toilets connected to septic tanks. Since sludge treatment and disposal facilities were rare, most effluents were discharged without treatment. Within the entire country, septic tanks are the most

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Access to water is universal, affordable, efficient and of high quality. The creation of financially sustainable water service providers ("water districts") in small and medium towns with the continuous long-term support of a national agency (the "Local Water Utilities Administration" LWUA); and the

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According to a 1996 study by David and Inocencio, the medium of water provision is dependent on the income class of a certain household. Higher-income brackets usually rely on private waterworks as a source of water, while lower-income brackets usually consume less by depending on vended water (sold

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which increases the risk of saltwater intrusion. According to a joint study by MWSS and JICA in 1991, most groundwater samples from Metro Manila's coastal areas were salinized. However, compared to the early 1980s, the saline intrusion was found to have improved conditions because of the conversion

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that absorb rainwater and channel it into streams, rivers, and eventually dams were many human communities (especially Metro Manila) source their freshwater. Despite the role of the forest in the replenishment and maintenance of both ground and surface water, the Philippines is considered to be one

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as a result of global warming. Its negative impacts may either be heavy rainfall or drought. El Niño greatly impacts the power supply, water supply, and agricultural sectors of the country. The reduced rainfall leading to drought causes a shortage in water supply, leading to water rationing in some

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With about 2 million cubic meters of wastewater generated daily, and only 17% of them getting treated before disposal to water bodies around the metro, water pollution has destroyed most of Manila Bay and the nearby Laguna de Bay. Manila Water and Maynilad have both conceptualized a 25-year program

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reality for all. The Philippine Sustainable Sanitation Roadmap and Plan (PSSR), included in the report, served as a guide for water sanitation efforts as it presented the vision, goals, outcomes, outputs, activities, and inputs needed to achieve an improved water quality nationwide. Approved by the

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In 2013, ADB made preparations of loans for financing (i) the Water District Development Sector Project, (ii) the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector Project, (iii) the Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project, and (iv) future technical assistance and other lending activities to be discussed with

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The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has assisted the government in increasing sanitized water supply to different sectors in the Philippines. Through the MWSS New Water Source Development Project, approved in 2003 and ended in October 2008, ADB has contributed a total of US$ 3.26 million, whereas MWSS

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Water Quality Management Systems involve area designations by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), national sewage and septage management programs, and allocation of special funds to support and maintain water quality. Areas that have similar hydrogeological conditions, which

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The uses of water for industrial purposes include the "utilization of water in factories, industrial plants and mines, and the use of water as an ingredient of a finished product." Water-intensive industries are involved in the manufacturing of food and dairy, pulp and chemical products, as well as

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The World Bank supports private sector participation through Design-Build-Lease contracts and Long-Term Operation and Maintenance contracts between LGUs and private operators. Therefore, the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) and the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) channel financing from

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Outside the privatized services in Metro Manila, one source of finance for water supply is government grants channeled through the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) and the Municipal Development Funds Office (MDFO). But these are far from sufficient to meet investment needs, which is why

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In December, an 84%-stake in Maynilad was competitively awarded by MWSS to an all-Filipino partnership with a construction company DM Consunji Holdings, Inc. (DMCI) and a telecommunications/real estate company Metro Pacific Investments Corporation (MPIC) for a sales price of US$ 503.9 million. The

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where O is the operation cost, C is the total annual cost, and R is the annual revenue. An operation ratio under 1 means that revenues cover the costs of operation and maintenance. In a study last 2004, only 5 out of 45 had an operating ratio of more than 1, reflecting a poor operation ratio among

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report in March 2012, 43% of the Philippines had access to Level III private water service providers in 2010. Access to an improved water source increased from 84% in 1990 to 92% in 2012. However, there is a wide inconsistency between the access to water of urban areas (61%) and rural areas (25%).

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With rapid increases in population, urbanization, and industrialization, the quality of Philippine's waters has been reduced, especially in densely populated areas and regions of industrial and agricultural activities. According to data from the DENR and PEM, domestic, agricultural and industrial

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This project aimed to reach approximately 40 LGU-operated water systems, which were given technical assistance and financial support. The four components of the project were: to (i) finance civil works, equipment, and supervision for improved water supply systems in LGUs, including private sector

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In 2007, the World Bank approved an investment loan of US$ 5 million. The project aimed to (i) assist the Philippine government in reforming institutions in order to attract private investment in the wastewater sector, (ii) improve the coordination of institutions responsible for preventing water

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The Local Water Utilities Administration took over the work of Rural Waterworks Development Corporation (RWDS) which had been created only seven years earlier. The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan of 1988 provided for the installation of 81,900 rural water supply systems by 1991. The

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A water district is a utility that is legally and financially separate from the municipality. In urban areas outside of Metro Manila, water districts served around 15.3 million people from 861 municipalities in 2011. To form a water district, the local government needs confirmation from the Local

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was appointed chairman of the board of the Local Waterworks and Utilities Administration (LWUA), replacing acting chair Proceso Domingo. At the same time its domestic and foreign borrowing authority was proposed to be extended to $ 900 million, upon the approval of Department of Finance and the

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A new management model for urban water supply was introduced: LGUs were encouraged to form utilities called Water Districts which would operate with a certain degree of autonomy from LGUs. They would receive technical assistance and financial support from the newly created Local Water Utilities

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A significant share of the population in urban areas receive services from small-scale independent providers. It was estimated that before privatization in the late 1990s, 30% of the population of Metro Manila depended on them, majority buying water in bulk from water providers to sell it on to

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Agricultural water management in the Philippines is primarily focused on irrigation. The country has 3.126 million hectares of irrigable land, 50% (1.567 million hectares) of which already has irrigation facilities. 50% of irrigated areas are developed and operated by the government through the

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In declared flood control areas, rules and regulations are administered to prohibit and control activities that may damage and cause deterioration of the lakes and dikes, changes in the natural flow of the river, and increases in flood losses or intensified floods. Watersheds, or areas of land

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Regarded as Presidential Decree No. 1067, dated December 31, 1976, the 1976 National Water Code was an effort of then-President Ferdinand E. Marcos that aimed to strengthen water legislations in the face of the increasing scarcity of water and its changing water patterns. The Water Code was an

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General policies concerning the water and sanitation sector are formulated by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) in its MTPDP. Since the 1990s, private sector participation and decentralization are the main objectives of water policies. The MTPDP of 2004 up to 2010 aimed at

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The project followed the Manila Second Sewerage Project, which was carried out from 1996 to 2005. After the privatization of MWSS, it was restructured in order to adapt it to the new institutional framework. The objectives were to (i) reduce the pollution of waterways in Metro Manila and its

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Regulations were made through the acquisition of water permits, given to persons not limited to government-owned and controlled corporations, for water appropriation and usage. Specifications were included on the maximum amount of water diverted or withdrawn, the maximum rate of diversion or

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NAWASA was transformed into the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) under the government of Ferdinand Marcos. MWSS was made responsible for service provision in Metro Manila, whereas other municipal and provincial water and sewerage systems in about 1,500 cities and towns were

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Funds administered by the DENR, and other concerned agencies, are on special accounts in the National Treasury to be utilized in financing containment and clean-up operations in water pollution cases; restorations of ecosystems and rehabilitation of affected areas; research, enforcement and

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One-third of Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public water supply. It is estimated that in 2025, water availability will be marginal in most major cities and in 8 of the 19 major river basins. Besides severe health concerns, water pollution also leads to problems in the

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is defined as the difference between the amount of water put into the distribution system and the amount of water billed to consumers. It is usually used as an indicator for water utility performance. High levels of non-revenue water usually indicate low-quality water utility. It has three

1010:. At the same time, a health station was constructed that is posed to benefit 2,375 households through the BUB project by the Department of Health. With a budget of P410 Million, for BUB projects in Davao Oriental, government projects are geared towards a safer and healthier future for all. 322:

individual users. There are also some cases of cooperation by concessionaires and independent providers. In August 2007, 250 small-scale providers formed the National Water and Sanitation Association of the Philippines (NAWASA) as a gathering avenue for small-scale water service providers.

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With a budget of $ 193.4 million, investments by Manila Water include: (i) a sewage treatment plant, and the necessary sewage lines, covering North and South Pasig, (ii) the carrying out of other wastewater management investment sub-projects agreed upon by the government, Land Bank of the

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In Metro Manila, water service has been carried out by two private concessionaires since 1997: The Manila Water Company in the East Zone, and Maynilad Water Services, Inc. in the West Zone. Although national government has supported private service providers since the 1990s, there are few

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Institutional Mechanisms emphasized the collaborative efforts made in the hopes of having cleaner and better quality water through the Lead Agency (DENR); the Roles of Local Government Units in sharing the responsibility of maintaining and improving water quality within their territorial

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National Irrigation System (NIS). 36% is developed by the government and operated by irrigators' associations through the Communal Irrigation System, while the remaining 14% is developed and operated by an individual or small groups of farmers through a Private Irrigation System (PIS).

62:, discharges approximately 53,943 million cubic meters of water annually. Its groundwater reserves are 47,895 million cubic meters replenished by rainfall and seepage from rivers and lakes. The lakes are utilized mainly for fish cultivation. The four major groundwater reservoirs are in 1189:

Concerning local government-managed systems, the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) define and enforces quality and performance standards. However, in both cases, local governments retain the responsibilities for planning, financing, and regulating water supply.

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In 2000, the average water production was 175 liters per day per capita (L/d/c). According to the National Water Resources Board (NWRB), the average consumption of water was 118 L/d/c in 2004. The highest consumption was recorded in the East Zone of Metro Manila as 232 L/d/c.

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that ensures 100% wastewater collection and treatment for Metro Manila. With the MWMP, their efforts would be supported and would not only aid in improving the current state of the surrounding environment but also contribute a boost in recreational and tourism opportunities.

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and specialized lending institution that promotes and manages the development of provincial water management facilities. It is also entrusted with setting water quality and service standards for water districts and provides technical and institutional development assistance.

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monitoring activities; technical assistance to implementing agencies; grants as rewards and incentives; and other disbursements made solely for the prevention, control of water pollution and administration of the management areas in the amounts authorized by the Department.

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subcommittee on Water Resources in 2010, the Department of Health (DOH) has agreed to spearhead the agenda by preparing a national sustainable sanitation plan based on the PSSR. The DILG has also aligned its water and sanitation strategy with the requirements of the PSSR.

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With a budget of $ 178.3 million, investments by Maynilad include: (i) sewage treatment plants and associated wastewater conveyance systems in Quezon City, Pasay, Alabang, Muntinlupa, Valenzuela, and (ii) a septage treatment plant in the southern part of Metro Manila.

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According to a 2005 World Bank study, approximately 5,000 service providers exist in the Philippines. Most of them only provide water, since sanitation is expected to be a private responsibility. The water infrastructure provided is classified into three levels:

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wastewater are the three main sources of water pollution. These are also known as "point sources" that emanate toxic substances into "non-point sources" or certain bodies of water. Domestic wastewater consists of sewage containing organic waste, solids, and

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with households. It leads the Philippines water sanitation and health (WASH) coalition of non-profit organizations and local governments. It was created in 1990 under the name of International Training Network (ITN) and adopted its current name in 1998.

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about 7 employees per 1,000 connections worked in water districts in 2002. In contrast to water districts, LGUs have an average of 21 employees per 1,000 connections in 2002. However, small LGUs still suffer from their low number of total connections.

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ADB was also able to release a report on the assessments of current conditions and constraints to developing water supply and sanitation in the country, strategies to be implemented to counter and solve these constraints, and road maps and plans on a

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in which the concessionaires were assigned the task of operating and managing the facilities while MWSS preserved the ownership of the infrastructure. In order to facilitate benchmark comparisons, the service area of Metro Manila was divided into two

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National Water Resources Board (NWRB); Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA); Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) World Bank. "Philippines Towns Water Utilities 2004 Data Book": 12–13, 32,

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Last 2012, the World Bank was able to approve a budget of $ 275 million for a project aimed at improving wastewater collection and treatment practices in several catchment areas of Metro Manila as well as Manila Bay's water quality. Also called the

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should receive at least one additional potable water source. In addition, the Department of Local Government and Community Development (DLGCD) was given the task of training local water user associations in the operation and maintenance of water

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28.52 billion m of water were withdrawn from various sources in the Philippines in 2000: 74% (21.10 billion m) was used for agricultural purposes, 9% (2.57 billion m) for industrial processes, and 17% (4.85 billion m) for domestic consumption.

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Metro Manila is one of the areas in most risk of saltwater intrusion. Since the late 1960s, saline water intrusion has been evident along with the coastal areas of Metro Manila, stretching from Las Pinas to Malabon. The shallow water table

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was established to bring and administer water supply in areas with less than 20,000 as population. RWDC works together with LWUA in determining areas under their jurisdiction. The RWDC was abolished in 1987 through Executive Order 124-A.

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This covers the cost of operating, maintaining, improving and expanding the distribution network, as well as the facilities responsible for bringing potable water to the end-user. The Basic Charge is based on the latest approved tariff

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The Rural Waterworks Development Corporation (RWDC) was founded. It is responsible for water supply in areas where neither MWSS nor LWUA carries out the service or assists the LGUs, respectively. The RWDC was expected to create

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pollution, and (iii) promote innovative wastewater treatment techniques. The project, which ran from 2007 to 2012, provided technical assistance as well as support for institutional coordination and private sector involvement.

259:(NGOs). In many cases, the CBOs later convert Level I and II facilities into Level III supply systems. Typically, all LGU-operated arrangements do not recover their full costs and rely heavily on local government subsidies. 5771: 5863: 588:

This covers the maintenance of the water meter. The charge changes depending on the size of the water meter. For customers of Manila Water in Metro Manila, the minimum charge is 1.50 Philippine pesos for a 13mm-sized

1701:

as the primary waterwork utility encountered severe financial problems. According to Manila Water, one of the private concessionaires, the share of NRW continued to fall until the end of 2010 where it reached 11%.

5812: 5928: 4990: 4856: 3698:

Wu, Xun; Malaluan, Nepomuceno A. (2008). "A Tale of Two Concessionaires: A Natural Experiment of Water Privatisation in Metro Manila". Urban Studies 45 (1): 207–229. doi:10.1177/0042098007085108. , p. 212–217

3117: 2869: 2021: 902:

administration's main objectives concerning water were to (i) create an independent regulatory agency, (ii) develop a pricing mechanism that considers cost recovery, (iii) strengthen the implementation of

5988: 5746: 5483: 1199: 26:. Government agencies, local institutions, non-government organizations, and other corporations are primarily in charge of the operation and administration of water supply and sanitation in the country. 5802: 5691: 5681: 5918: 5751: 1171: 5973: 5968: 5853: 5468: 5453: 5433: 582:

0% of the Basic Charge is added for Residential and Semi-Business customers with a sewer line connection. 20% of Basic Charge, on the other hand, is charged for Commercial and Industrial customers.

4626: 4555: 5998: 5958: 5903: 5898: 5878: 5873: 5858: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5448: 5983: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5913: 5508: 1027:

provides technical assistance in rural water supply systems. National standards for drinking water quality, as well as standards concerning sanitation and sewerage collection, are set by the

5112: 1996:

David, Cristina C. and Arlene B. Inocencio. "Understanding Household Demand and Supply of Water." Paper presented at the Pulong-Saliksikan sa PIDS on Water Policies, September 24, 1996.

767:

water supply associations in order to construct, operate, and maintain their own water supply systems in communities with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants. It was also the beginning of the

626:

structures and levels according to the respective management model. The connection fees, which are charged in most of the cases, often impede new connections for poverty-stricken areas.

1046:

The responsibilities are defined by the 1976 National Water Code and the 2004 Clean Water Act, which consolidated laws on water supply and sanitation and water resources management.

3434:"Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on Proposed Loans to the Republic of the Philippines for the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project" 1158:

is the forefront government agency that handles the Philippines' water sectors' policies, regulations, and quasi-judicial functions. It acts accordingly with the principles of the

930:

in the sector. Furthermore, her MTPDP for this period called for the creation of a single regulatory agency for all water supply and sanitation systems. After this attempt failed,

5360: 165:

by those with access to private waterworks). Lower-income households pay much higher water prices than higher-income households due to lack of access to water service providers.

4411:"Engaging local private operators in water supply and sanitation services. Initial lessons from emerging experience in Cambodia, Colombia, Paraguay, the Philippines, and Uganda" 255:

Associations (BWSAs) and 500 Rural Water Supply Associations (RWSAs). CBOs usually operate Level I or Level II water supply systems with support from the national government or

4410: 1835:

of water source from groundwater to surface water upon the completion of the Manila Water Supply Project II in 1987. Aside from excessive withdrawal of groundwater, seepage of

1650: 614:

This pertains to charges billed prior to the billing period. This should be settled immediately together with the current charges to avoid the disconnection of water service.

528:, which has been used to resettle families that lived along the coast in informal settlements and had no access to safe water supply and sanitation facilities. In March 2008, 4578:"Implementation completion report on a loan in the amount of US$ 48 million equivalent to Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System for a Manila Second Sewerage Project" 2751: 1705:

larger ones. However, many NRW data are based on estimates, given the fact that only 15 of the 45 service providers had 100% production and consumption metering coverage.

1020:

extending the coverage of potable water to 92%–96% by 2010 through public and private investments, with priority given to 400 barangays with poor water supply coverage.

486: 481: 231: 4937: 4180: 2463: 1566:

supports the Philippine water supply and sanitation sector through various projects, often in collaboration with the government and the Land Bank of the Philippines.

866:(NRW), water which is not billed (e.g., due to leakage and illegal connections), was over 60% --- an extremely high percentage compared to other developing countries. 843:

The planning, preparation, and implementation of the privatization of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) occurred under the Ramos administration.

570:(MWSS) removed the FCDA in water bills of customers in Metro Manila when the Revised Concession Agreements (RCA) of Manila's water service providers took into effect. 4675: 4577: 690: 4700: 485:

Although overall spending remained low, the national government has begun increasing investments in sectors outside Metro Manila. In 2015, it was reported by the

6193: 1684:, which consist of leakage from the system caused by poor operations and maintenance, the lack of active leakage control, and poor quality of underground assets. 3505: 2157: 5953: 576:

This is for the mitigation of environmental impacts in the course of water and wastewater operation. It is 20% of the Basic Charge applicable to all customers.

4333: 3385:

Phillips, Mark (August 2007). "Household water in rural Asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines".

1539: 6056: 5848: 5721: 1202:(PCWS) provides technical assistance to local governments, communities, and non-profits on low-cost water supply and sanitation options. It also engages in 5353: 4485: 4468: 3017: 2970: 2641: 756:

The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) was created through the National Water Code of the Philippines to coordinate policies concerning water resources.

1170:

Executive Order No. 577 which was passed last January 12, 1980, aims to provide full coverage of water supply services in the country. In line with this,

1752:

industries. The national government recognized the problem and, since 2004, has sought to introduce sustainable water resources development management.

794:

Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) was expected to construct and rehabilitate Level I water wells, rainwater collectors, and springs. Every

6162: 4020: 3863: 718: 730:

The Manila Waterworks Authority, founded in 1878, became part of the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA) when it was founded in 1955.

6003: 5391: 5381: 6101: 6008: 2390: 6013: 5346: 1236:

External development agencies that work on water supply and sanitation in the Philippines include the ADB, GTZ, JICA, USAID, and the World Bank.

1184: 1032: 995: 954:

concession was hailed by the financial industry, receiving AsiaMoney's Country Deal of the Year 2007 and CFO Asia's one of 10 best deals in Asia.

5923: 4891: 4259: 4046: 203:

Stand-alone water points (e.g. handpumps, shallow wells, rainwater collectors) serving an average of 15 households within a 250-meter distance

850:

The Water Crisis Act was passed, providing the legal framework for the privatization of MWSS. Private participation was implemented through a

598:

The value-added tax (VAT) is charged by the government and accounts for 12% of the sum of the items included in current charges before tax.

5386: 1155: 1149: 1040: 656:

The operation ratio (O) of a certain water service provider reflects its cost-recovery situation. It is computed by the following formula:

4825: 5736: 5553: 5548: 5443: 3665: 1817:

of the most severely deforested countries in the tropics as it has lost more than 97% of its original forest cover in the last 50 years.

1132: 6061: 5807: 5604: 5558: 3740:

Wu, Xun; Malaluan, Nepomuceno A. (2008). "A Tale of Two Concessionaires: A Natural Experiment of Water Privatisation in Metro Manila".

211:

Piped water with a communal water point (e.g. borewell, spring system) serving an average of 4–6 households within a 25-meter distance

1967: 6046: 5614: 5609: 5523: 219:

Piped water supply with a private water point (e.g. house connection) based on daily water demand of more than 100 liters per person

3970: 6172: 6117: 6091: 6066: 5797: 5741: 5651: 5629: 1646: 6152: 6137: 6076: 6018: 5948: 5766: 5716: 5706: 5619: 5588: 5568: 5473: 4365: 1853: 1665:

remain to be a severe public health concern in the country. About 4,200 people die each year due to contaminated drinking water.

1024: 5208: 2755: 2570:, July 4, 2008, quoting Asian Development Bank: Water Champion:Elsa Mejia Small Private Providers at the Water Front, June 2008 6167: 6142: 6122: 6081: 5888: 5868: 5843: 5776: 5701: 5641: 5573: 5543: 5533: 5528: 5518: 5498: 5493: 5423: 1634: 6147: 6127: 6096: 6086: 6041: 6036: 5993: 5963: 5893: 5883: 5761: 5731: 5686: 5676: 5656: 5583: 5578: 5538: 5428: 5183: 2665: 1159: 1696:, which includes water used by a specific utility for operational purposes (e.g. firefighting and specific consumer groups). 916:

2005. On the other hand, Manila Water had begun to make profits by 1999 and performed well financially and in reducing NRW.

6132: 6071: 5978: 5908: 5781: 5756: 5671: 5646: 5634: 5624: 5563: 5503: 5488: 5478: 5463: 5438: 4944: 2470: 1661:

Water quality usually does not meet the standards set by the national government, especially in urban areas. As a result,

606:

These are special miscellaneous charges such as connection fees, unscheduled desludging of septic tank service fees, etc.

6157: 6051: 5711: 5696: 5666: 5661: 5513: 4835: 4647: 3708:

National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) (1998). "Medium Term Philippine Development Plan: 1998–2004". Philippines.

3433: 1984: 1226: 1036: 838: 2642:

http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33810/files/philippines-water-supply-sector-assessment.pdf

6198: 2809: 1935: 1028: 5233: 5084: 4800: 4730: 4155: 3838: 3675: 3512: 3169: 2164: 1911: 1773: 810: 43: 4343: 3928: 1807: 47: 3995: 1162:

as it ensures the efficiency, conservation, utilization, development, and protection of the state's water supply.

1106:

Owners, or operators of facilities, that discharge regulated waste are then required to secure discharge permits.

505:, or 78% in urban areas and 71% in rural areas. In 2015, there were still 27 million without access to "improved" 4785: 1596:

must cover expenses for operation and maintenance, as well as a lease fee and a return for the private operator.

3021: 2974: 4338: 3917:

Country Water Action: Philippines.A Second Chance for an Ailing Utility—The Maynilad Experience, ADB, June 2008

4786:"Shifting The Boundary of the State: The Privatization and Regulation of Water Service in Metropolitan Manila" 3506:"Identifying Elements of Sustainability – Lessons Learned from Rural Water Supply Projects in the Philippines" 2158:"Identifying Elements of Sustainability – Lessons Learned from Rural Water Supply Projects in the Philippines" 4095: 3304: 3156: 3072: 2911: 2688: 2521: 2416: 2323: 2273: 2218: 2110: 2060: 1794: 256: 3870: 2567: 4756: 4285: 1848: 1230: 814: 780:(ADB) found that insufficient community participation may have led to inadequate operation and maintenance. 5028: 1233:, and also from corporations in other countries, such as the World Bank, and JICA from Japan (see below). 1839:

along the Pasig River is another cause of saltwater intrusion because of seawater movement during tides.

966: 75: 4505: 2568:

Small-scale providers: success story highlights the need for cheap and accessible financing, Philippines

5074: 4145: 3828: 1901: 1543: 4938:"Management Models for Small Towns Water Supply. Lessons learned from case studies in the Philippines" 3200:"Management Models for Small Towns Water Supply. Lessons learned from case studies in the Philippines" 97:(also known as Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system). Well-known and larger dams in the rural areas include 4307: 3249: 3199: 1872: 1830:

is in direct contact with the sea in these coastal areas. The over-pumping of groundwater results to

1645:

Access to water is recognized as a basic human right in the Philippines, according to the Philippine

818: 94: 78:

and reservoirs are mainly used for water storage, water supply, irrigation, regulation of flood, and

5143: 5056: 5010: 4976: 4910: 4876: 4608: 4537: 4251: 4201: 4126: 4065: 3902: 3806: 3726: 3544: 3454: 3335: 3280: 3230: 3137: 3103: 3003: 2942: 2889: 2719: 2552: 2502: 2447: 2354: 2304: 2249: 2196: 2141: 2091: 2041: 4935: 4226: 3861: 3503: 3247: 3197: 2461: 2155: 1968:

http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/ph/Global/seasia/report/2007/10/the-state-of-water-in-the-phil.pdf

313:. These private water service providers provide Level III services together with water districts. 5158: 4181:"Sustaining water for all in a changing climate: World Bank Group Implementation Progress Report" 3043: 1761: 1760:

produced by domestic activities such as laundry, bathing, cooking, and other kitchen activities.

923: 873: 722:

responsibilities. However, comprehensive water resources management was only introduced in 2004.

293: 23: 2840: 5070: 5024: 4443: 4141: 3916: 3824: 3429: 1936:"Agricultural Water Management Systems in the Philippines: Current Status and Policy Direction" 1897: 1526: 886: 777: 267: 5130: 5043: 4997: 4963: 4863: 4595: 4524: 4113: 3889: 3793: 3713: 3531: 3441: 3322: 3267: 3217: 3124: 3090: 2990: 2929: 2876: 2737: 2706: 2539: 2489: 2434: 2341: 2291: 2236: 2183: 2128: 2078: 2028: 1812:

The supply of water from most freshwater bodies usually comes from watersheds --- patches of

877: 474: 243: 1094:

provided for by this act are Water Quality Management Systems and Institutional Mechanisms.

944: 772: 661: 533: 34: 3862:

World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (September 27, 2007).

2596: 8: 5338: 4830: 2740:– Case study of sustainable sanitation projects. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) 1662: 1547: 931: 898:

According to the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) of 1998 up to 2004, the

851: 805:

Under the Local Government Code, certain infrastructure functions were devolved to LGUs.

521: 502: 490: 3504:

World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (February 5, 2007).

2783: 2156:

World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (February 5, 2007).

5262: 4676:"World Bank Approves US$ 275M Financing for Better Sanitation Services in Metro Manila" 3757: 3410: 2462:

World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (January 1, 2004).

1831: 1216:

only PRC accredited Continuing Professional Education Provider for Sanitary Engineers.

927: 114: 1985:

http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/userfiles/timminsk/rio10-ind-philippines-eng.pdf

5080: 4902: 4796: 4151: 4057: 3834: 3761: 3671: 3414: 3402: 3250:"Urban Sewerage and Sanitation. Lessons learned from case studies in the Philippines" 3165: 2752:"Manila Water Company: Manila Water to build P105-M sewage treatment plant in Taguig" 2661: 1907: 1778: 1757: 1673: 863: 4936:

World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (June 6, 2003).

3198:

World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (June 6, 2003).

517:. In Metro Manila alone, about 75 local companies provide tank-desludging services. 4369: 4021:"Roxas highlights the success of Bottom-up Budgeting projects in Mati City | GOVPH" 3777: 3749: 3394: 2638:

Philippines: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map.

2464:"The Experience of Small-Scale Water Providers in Serving the Poor in Metro Manila" 2391:"Philippines Water Association Adopts National Water Operator Partnerships Program" 1690:, caused by under-registration of water meters, errors in data handling, and theft. 1035:(DENR) is the lead ministry for implementing water sector legislation, whereas the 907:

rules, and (iv) encourage private participation in water resources administration.

514: 106: 5407: 4889: 4487:

Philippines: Water supply and sanitation sector assessment, strategy, and road map

4044: 3949: 3630: 3595: 3560: 3470: 3351: 1997: 1225:

loan financing is necessary. Some LGUs obtain loans from public banks such as the

3248:

World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (June 2003).

2655: 1203: 961: 821:

were authorized to finance, operate, and maintain their own water supply systems.

306: 5309:

Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (Concessionaire of the West Zone of Metro Manila)

2657:

Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water : 2015 Update and MDG Assessment

1836: 1782: 1007: 904: 899: 768: 332: 5069: 4140: 3823: 3775: 3707: 3398: 1896: 524:, serving about 700 households, was completed in 2006 in a peri-urban area of 38:

The Ambuklao Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant in Bokod, Benguet, Philippines.

6187: 4906: 4648:"Projects : Metro Manila Wastewater Management Project | The World Bank" 4447: 4061: 3753: 3406: 2369: 1723:

fewer employees per connection than those with fewer than 10,000 connections.

153: 67: 59: 1653:, which guarantees the right to water under international human rights law. 2738:

Constructed wetland for a peri-urban housing area Bayawan City, Philippines

1813: 1593: 881: 529: 328: 297: 289: 284: 145: 98: 51: 19: 5234:"Turning the Tide: Improving Water Resource Management in the Philippines" 3631:"Infrastructure Development: Experience and Policy Options for the Future" 3596:"Infrastructure Development: Experience and Policy Options for the Future" 3561:"Infrastructure Development: Experience and Policy Options for the Future" 3471:"Infrastructure Development: Experience and Policy Options for the Future" 3352:"Infrastructure Development: Experience and Policy Options for the Future" 2625:

Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment

1797:

is the only remaining rainforest of its size in Metro Manila, Philippines.

1731: 1002:, was able to build a potable water system supporting 385 households in 943:

sanitation. The main objective of the act was to improve sanitation and

186: 5108: 4622: 4551: 4406: 4390: 4091: 3300: 3152: 3068: 2907: 2684: 2517: 2412: 2319: 2269: 2214: 2106: 2056: 1563: 1253:

ADB Assistance to Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in the Philippines

926:

continued to support private participation schemes and began to pursue

506: 149: 102: 85:

The water in the metropolitan area of Manila is mostly supplied by the

79: 5304:

Manila Water Company (Concessionaire of the East Zone of Metro Manila)

2957: 2010: 1039:

takes the lead in financing water policies at the national level. The

4783: 4627:"Projects – Philippines: LGU Urban Water and Sanitation Project APL2" 4503: 2624: 1043:(NWRB) under the DENR is responsible for water resources management. 1003: 999: 310: 110: 86: 55: 2583:

Pasig City: National Economic and Development Authority, 2010. p. 8.

1789: 1603: 5308: 2777: 2775: 2773: 1533: 806: 795: 71: 1983:

Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 1999.

1178: 1165: 704:

Water Act of 2004 has been estimated at up to P35 billion a year.

1827: 1749: 1745: 1551: 1210: 525: 90: 63: 4281: 2770: 1248:

The following report shows information about past performances:

493:, and that "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015. 232:

Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation

5076:

Country Paper Philippines. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007

4147:

Country Paper Philippines. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007

3950:"PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT LAWS – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY" 3830:

Country Paper Philippines. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007

3644:(26). Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development Studies 3609:(26). Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development Studies 3574:(26). Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development Studies 3484:(26). Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development Studies 3365:(26). Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development Studies 1903:

Country Paper Philippines. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007

1651:

International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

1077: 623: 537: 235: 5303: 4556:"Projects – Philippines: PH-GEF-Manila Third Sewerage Project" 1118: 449:

Local Waterworks and Utilities Administration (LWUA), Tariffs

305:

arrangements outside of Metro Manila. Joint ventures exist in

5324:

Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Regulatory Office

5209:"Bulacan deforestation 'drying up' Metro Manila water supply" 3971:"Bottom-up Budgeting summit shows program's progress | GOVPH" 1193: 764: 144:

textile materials. These industries are usually found in the

5323: 5023: 3428: 2956:

GDP-Deflator source: World Development Indicators database:

2627:, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2009:

The Philippines had 75,766,140 inhabitants in 2000; source:

5328: 4890:

National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) (2004).

4701:"JICA's Assistance Strategy on Water Supply and Sanitation" 4045:

National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) (2004).

3667:

Second Water Utilities Data Book – Asian and Pacific Region

2834: 2832: 2830: 1726: 5368: 5318: 5313: 5298: 4311: 1582: 487:

Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation

5333: 4493:. Mandaluyong, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. 2013. 3739: 3663: 2838: 2810:"FCDA removal to hike Maynilad, lower Manila Water rates" 2749: 2653: 1981:

Industrial Policy and the Environment in the Philippines.

1628: 239: 4504:

DILG-GTZ Water and Sanitation Program (September 2007).

4366:"LWUA: Thirty years of service to a once-thirsty nation" 2827: 1143: 4823: 3776:

National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) (2001).

3664:

McIntosh, Arthur C.; Yñiguez, Cesar E. (October 1997).

1113: 4442: 4368:. Local Water Utilities Administration. Archived from 4310:. Local Water Utilities Administration. Archived from 1538:

The German Corporation for International Cooperation (

1786:

situations, as well as hydropower and food shortage.

1219: 1049: 893: 664: 190:

The handpump is an example of a Level I water system.

5263:"Metro Manila and Metro Cebu Groundwater Assessment" 4784:

Centre on Regulation and Competition. (March 2006).

3864:"Philippines Sanitation Sourcebook and Decision Aid" 3778:"Medium Term Philippine Development Plan: 2001–2004" 973: 910: 784: 733: 316: 5397:

Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean

4892:"Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2004–2010" 4391:

Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation:about us

4339:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

4047:"Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2004–2010" 4025:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

4000:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

3975:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

1734:

in Manila, one of the world's most polluted rivers.

1550:, treating wastewater from about 700 households in 934:

for LGUs and water districts were assigned to NWRB.

832: 501:In 2015, 74% of the total population had access to 5299:Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) 5184:"How El Niño could affect the Philippines in 2015" 4506:"Program Brief. Rural water supply and sanitation" 684: 1611:Metro Manila Wastewater Management Program (MWMP) 1604:Metro Manila Wastewater Management Project (MWMP) 1430:Island Provinces Rural Areas Water Supply Sector 74:. There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams. 6185: 5029:"Country Environmental Analysis for Philippines" 4096:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges" 3305:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges" 3073:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges" 2968: 2912:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges" 2865: 2863: 2861: 2689:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges" 2647: 2640:Mandaluyong City: Asian Development Bank, 2013. 2522:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges" 2417:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges" 2324:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges" 2274:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges" 2219:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges" 2111:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges" 2061:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges" 1964:The state of water resources in the Philippines. 1569: 1534:German Corporation for International Cooperation 994:. The BUB project proved to be a success as the 279: 271:Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) Seal 109:source of Baguio and some regions in Luzon) and 3929:"Pichay appointed as head of waterworks agency" 1998:http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pdf/pidspn9604.pdf 1185:Department of the Interior and Local Government 1179:Department of the Interior and Local Government 1166:Rural Waterworks Development Corporation (RWDC) 1033:Department of Environment and Natural Resources 996:Department of the Interior and Local Government 6194:Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines 4826:"Manila Water reports system loss down to 11%" 4401: 4399: 3158:Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges 1211:Philippine Society of Sanitary Engineers, Inc. 113:(irrigation and hydroelectric power source in 5354: 5241:Policy Brief: Senate Economic Planning Office 2858: 2654:World Health Organization (October 2, 2015). 2579:National Economic and Development Authority. 1801: 1767: 1635:Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) 1129:Local Waterworks and Utilities Administration 567:Foreign currency different adjustment (FCDA): 553: 22:system dates back to 1946, after the country 5270:Philippine Institute for Development Studies 4755:Ala, Joanne; Gil, Emerlynne (May 12, 2019). 2750:Manila Water Company Ltd. (March 18, 2008). 1150:National Water Resources Board (Philippines) 1078:Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275) 725: 4469:"Philippine Water Supply Sector Assessment" 4418:Water Supply & Sanitation Working Notes 4396: 3387:Environment, Development and Sustainability 1738: 1521:the specific government agencies involved. 1496:Second Island Provinces Rural Water Supply 1160:Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) 1133:government-owned and controlled corporation 1119:Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) 246:increased from 85% in 1990 to 92% in 2010. 195:Levels of water systems in the Philippines 42:The Philippines' main sources of water are 5361: 5347: 5107: 4757:"[Opinion] Water is a human right" 4621: 4575: 4550: 4405: 4090: 3996:"Bulacan town no longer waterless | GOVPH" 3462: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3151: 3067: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2732: 2730: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2619: 2617: 2516: 2411: 2318: 2268: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2105: 2055: 1452:Second Manila Water Supply Rehabilitation 1200:Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation 1194:Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation 435:National Water and Resources Board (NWRB) 432:National Water and Resources Board (NWRB) 177: 5314:Philippine Association of Water Districts 4779: 4777: 3819: 3817: 2950: 2660:. World Health Organization. p. 68. 1656: 1649:. The Philippines is also a party to the 1239: 1227:Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) 609: 548: 489:that 74% of the population had access to 415:Tariff (Philippine peso per cubic meter) 249: 4731:"Access to water is a human right — CHR" 4284:. Local Water Utilities Administration. 3384: 3193: 3191: 3189: 2781: 1788: 1725: 1172:Rural Waterworks Development Corporation 496: 387:Consumption (liters per capita per day) 283: 266: 185: 33: 4899:Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 4824:Philippine Star website (May 3, 2011). 4054:Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 3288: 2897: 2727: 2674: 2614: 2581:Philippine Water Sector Supply Roadmap. 2257: 2204: 2003: 1854:Environmental issues in the Philippines 1583:Urban Water and Sanitation Project APL2 1025:Department of Public Works and Highways 622:The fragmented sector led to different 6186: 5369:Water supply and sanitation by country 5292: 5113:"Philippines Environment Monitor 2003" 4774: 4754: 4708:Japan International Cooperation Agency 4670: 4668: 4334:"Presidential Decree No. 198, s. 1973" 3814: 3628: 3593: 3558: 3468: 3349: 3243: 3241: 3020:. Manila Water Company. Archived from 2099: 1820: 1629:Japan International Cooperation Agency 880:contract for the West Zone, while the 743:transferred back to local governments. 5342: 5329:National Water Resources Board (NWRB) 5017: 4728: 4262:from the original on October 15, 2012 3629:Llanto, Gilberto M. (December 2002). 3594:Llanto, Gilberto M. (December 2002). 3559:Llanto, Gilberto M. (December 2002). 3469:Llanto, Gilberto M. (December 2002). 3350:Llanto, Gilberto M. (December 2002). 3186: 2591: 2589: 2049: 1958: 1956: 1708: 1144:National Water Resources Board (NWRB) 5319:Local Water Utilities Administration 3393:(3). Springer Netherlands: 241–261. 2807: 1890: 1668: 1125:Local Water Utilities Administration 1114:Government agencies and institutions 707: 225: 168: 5073:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007). 4665: 4172: 4144:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007). 4134: 4084: 4038: 3942: 3921: 3910: 3855: 3827:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007). 3769: 3733: 3701: 3657: 3622: 3587: 3552: 3497: 3422: 3378: 3343: 3238: 3145: 3111: 3061: 2962: 2958:http://devdata.worldbank.org/query/ 2743: 2011:http://devdata.worldbank.org/query/ 1900:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007). 1717: 1408:Manila Water Supply Rehabilitation 839:Water privatization in Metro Manila 776:poor construction and service. The 543: 480:In earlier years, according to the 29: 13: 2736:Lipkow, U., von Münch, E. (2010). 2630: 2586: 2560: 2510: 2455: 2405: 2383: 2362: 2312: 1953: 1617:Philippines, World Bank and MWCI. 1231:Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) 1220:Financing and external cooperation 1050:1976 National Water Code (PD 1067) 894:Estrada Administration (1998–2001) 828:by Level II and III water systems. 593: 262: 14: 6210: 5287: 4288:from the original on July 1, 2023 4178:The World Bank, 2010. pgs. 82–87 1865: 1774:Climate change in the Philippines 974:Aquino Administration (2010–2016) 911:Arroyo Administration (2001-2010) 785:Aquino Administration (1986-1992) 734:Marcos Administration (1965–1986) 317:Small-scale independent providers 58:. The longest and largest river, 5459:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5406: 5255: 5226: 5201: 5176: 4729:Mateo, Janvic (March 15, 2019). 3164:. Asian Development Bank (ADB). 1808:Deforestation in the Philippines 1474:Angat Water Supply Organization 833:Ramos Administration (1992-1998) 651: 601: 5151: 5101: 5063: 4984: 4929: 4883: 4850: 4817: 4748: 4722: 4693: 4640: 4615: 4569: 4544: 4497: 4478: 4461: 4436: 4384: 4358: 4326: 4300: 4274: 4244: 4219: 4194: 4013: 3988: 3963: 3692: 3036: 3010: 2801: 2573: 2149: 1966:Quezon City: Greenpeace, 2007. 1694:Unbilled authorized consumption 1320:Provincial Cities Water Supply 536:plant was to be constructed in 463: 129: 4393:, retrieved on August 28, 2011 4342:. May 25, 1973. Archived from 2839:Maynilad Water Services, Inc. 2015: 1990: 1973: 1928: 1156:National Water Resources Board 1041:National Water Resources Board 482:Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) 257:non-governmental organizations 101:(developed for flood control, 1: 5159:"State of water: Philippines" 4308:"Safe water for the Filipino" 2841:"How to Read your Water Bill" 2597:"WASHwatch.org – Philippines" 1859: 1570:Manila Third Sewerage Project 1557: 874:Maynilad Water Services, Inc. 698: 373:Availability (hours per day) 280:Large-scale private operators 138: 5334:Philippine Water Partnership 5025:Asian Development Bank (ADB) 4793:Working Paper Series No. 123 4448:"30551: 35379: MWSS TA Loan" 3430:Asian Development Bank (ADB) 2393:. WaterLinks. March 12, 2010 1987:(accessed October 29, 2015). 1849:Pollution of the Pasig River 401:Staff (per 100 connections) 343:Local Government Units (LGU) 7: 4576:World Bank (May 16, 2006). 2000:(accessed October 3, 2015). 1970:(accessed October 3, 2015). 1962:Greenpeace Southeast Asia. 1842: 1546:, and the first Philippine 1544:urine-diverting dry toilets 1342:Second Manila Water Supply 998:, spearheaded by Secretary 967:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 586:Maintenance service charge: 159: 10: 6215: 5079:. Asian Development Bank. 4150:. Asian Development Bank. 3833:. Asian Development Bank. 3670:. Asian Development Bank. 1906:. Asian Development Bank. 1805: 1802:Denudation of forest cover 1771: 1768:El Niño and global warming 1647:Commission on Human Rights 1182: 1147: 882:Manila Water Company, Inc. 836: 712: 617: 554:Current charges before tax 6199:Health in the Philippines 6110: 6029: 5821: 5790: 5597: 5416: 5403: 5374: 3399:10.1007/s10668-005-9021-4 1640: 1284: 1258: 1127:, sometimes known as the 1014: 862:to the ADB, the share of 726:Pre-Marcos Administration 458: 327: 3754:10.1177/0042098007085108 3049:. MWSS Regulatory Office 3018:"Official website: FAQs" 2971:"Official website: FAQs" 2636:Asian Development Bank. 1739:Population and pollution 120: 3638:Discussion Paper Series 3603:Discussion Paper Series 3568:Discussion Paper Series 3478:Discussion Paper Series 3359:Discussion Paper Series 1762:Agricultural wastewater 1674:Non-revenue water (NRW) 178:Levels of water systems 146:National Capital Region 5849:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5138:Cite journal requires 5071:Asian Development Bank 5051:Cite journal requires 5005:Cite journal requires 4971:Cite journal requires 4871:Cite journal requires 4603:Cite journal requires 4532:Cite journal requires 4444:Asian Development Bank 4142:Asian Development Bank 4121:Cite journal requires 3897:Cite journal requires 3825:Asian Development Bank 3801:Cite journal requires 3721:Cite journal requires 3539:Cite journal requires 3449:Cite journal requires 3330:Cite journal requires 3275:Cite journal requires 3225:Cite journal requires 3132:Cite journal requires 3098:Cite journal requires 2998:Cite journal requires 2969:Manila Water Company. 2937:Cite journal requires 2884:Cite journal requires 2714:Cite journal requires 2547:Cite journal requires 2497:Cite journal requires 2442:Cite journal requires 2349:Cite journal requires 2299:Cite journal requires 2244:Cite journal requires 2191:Cite journal requires 2136:Cite journal requires 2086:Cite journal requires 2036:Cite journal requires 1898:Asian Development Bank 1798: 1735: 1657:Drinking water quality 1527:sustainable sanitation 1240:Asian Development Bank 887:Asian financial crisis 778:Asian Development Bank 750:Administration (LWUA). 717:From the Philippines' 686: 610:Previous unpaid amount 549:Water bill information 446:Public, NGOs, Tariffs 438:According to contract 301: 272: 250:Local government units 191: 39: 2808:Miraflor, Madelaine. 2784:"Billing Information" 1806:Further information: 1792: 1772:Further information: 1729: 1037:Department of Finance 837:Further information: 687: 685:{\displaystyle O=C/R} 574:Environmental charge: 520:The first Philippine 503:"improved" sanitation 497:Sewage and Sanitation 475:improved water source 362:Level I, II, and III 287: 270: 244:improved water source 189: 37: 24:declared independence 5772:United Arab Emirates 4346:on November 26, 2022 1386:Water Supply Sector 1298:Manila Water Supply 1029:Department of Health 945:wastewater treatment 719:independence in 1946 662: 534:wastewater treatment 429:Economic Regulation 6163:Trinidad and Tobago 5954:Republic of Ireland 4950:on October 27, 2007 4838:on November 6, 2007 4831:The Philippine STAR 4256:The Lawphil Project 3876:on October 24, 2007 3811:, part 1, chapter 6 3518:on October 24, 2007 3024:on November 8, 2007 2977:on November 8, 2007 2476:on October 27, 2007 2170:on October 24, 2007 1832:cones of depression 1821:Saltwater intrusion 1663:waterborne diseases 1548:constructed wetland 1255: 932:Economic regulation 852:concession contract 522:constructed wetland 491:improved sanitation 196: 107:hydroelectric power 6057:Dominican Republic 5392:Sub-Saharan Africa 4916:on January 6, 2007 2644:(October 3, 2015). 2623:WHO/UNICEF (2015) 1940:www.fftc.agnet.org 1799: 1736: 1709:Labor productivity 1501:November 20, 1990 1479:November 14, 1989 1391:November 25, 1981 1347:September 7, 1978 1325:December 16, 1975 1251: 965:Central Bank, the 928:Economies of scale 682: 302: 273: 194: 192: 54:, and groundwater 40: 6181: 6180: 6009:England and Wales 5293:Service providers 5111:(December 2003). 4680:www.worldbank.org 4652:www.worldbank.org 4625:(June 12, 2007). 4554:(June 12, 2007). 4409:(December 2006). 4314:on March 22, 2016 4252:"G.R. No. 179217" 4094:(December 2005). 3303:(December 2005). 3155:(December 2005). 3071:(December 2005). 2910:(December 2005). 2687:(December 2005). 2667:978-92-4-150914-5 2520:(December 2005). 2415:(December 2005). 2322:(December 2005). 2272:(December 2005). 2217:(December 2005). 2109:(December 2005). 2059:(December 2005). 1873:"WATER RESOURCES" 1795:La Mesa Watershed 1688:Commercial losses 1669:Non-revenue water 1511: 1510: 1457:January 24, 1989 1435:December 4, 1986 1413:October 23, 1983 1031:. The Philippine 864:non-revenue water 708:Political aspects 532:announced that a 513:common method of 456: 455: 359:Level of Service 353:Private Operators 230:According to the 226:Service providers 223: 222: 169:Service provision 18:The Philippines' 6206: 6014:Northern Ireland 5813:Papua New Guinea 5411: 5410: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5340: 5339: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5267: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5238: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5141: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5117: 5105: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5008: 5003: 5001: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4980: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4949: 4943:. Archived from 4942: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4915: 4909:. Archived from 4896: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4859: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4834:. Archived from 4821: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4705: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4582: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4510: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4446:(July 5, 2006). 4440: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4415: 4403: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4372:on June 26, 2008 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4176: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4100: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4070: 4064:. Archived from 4051: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3925: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3875: 3869:. Archived from 3868: 3859: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3821: 3812: 3810: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3635: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3565: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3517: 3511:. Archived from 3510: 3501: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3437: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3382: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3356: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3309: 3297: 3286: 3284: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3234: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3204: 3195: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3163: 3149: 3143: 3142:, p. 6; 9–11; 36 3141: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3077: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3048: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2973:. Archived from 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2904: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2872: 2867: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2836: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2779: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2758:on April 9, 2008 2754:. Archived from 2747: 2741: 2734: 2725: 2723: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2693: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2651: 2645: 2634: 2628: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2593: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2564: 2558: 2556: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2514: 2508: 2506: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2475: 2469:. Archived from 2468: 2459: 2453: 2451: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2421: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2316: 2310: 2308: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2266: 2255: 2253: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2223: 2211: 2202: 2200: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2163:. Archived from 2162: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2103: 2097: 2095: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2053: 2047: 2045: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1994: 1988: 1979:Luken, Ralph A. 1977: 1971: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1869: 1718:Other challenges 1364:Manila Sewerage 1303:August 28, 1974 1256: 1250: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1062: 1061: 1057: 876:was awarded the 691: 689: 688: 683: 678: 544:Economic Aspects 515:sewage treatment 325: 324: 197: 193: 30:Sources of water 6214: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6106: 6025: 5929:North Macedonia 5817: 5786: 5593: 5412: 5405: 5401: 5370: 5367: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5272:. February 2001 5265: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5163:www.wepa-db.net 5157: 5156: 5152: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5068: 5064: 5052: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5033: 5031: 5027:(August 2009). 5022: 5018: 5006: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4972: 4970: 4961: 4960: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4901:. Philippines. 4894: 4888: 4884: 4872: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4822: 4818: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4788: 4782: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4735:Philippine Star 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4682: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4620: 4616: 4604: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4549: 4545: 4533: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4441: 4437: 4426: 4424: 4413: 4404: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4291: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4231:www.lawphil.net 4225: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4206:www.lawphil.net 4202:"P.D. No. 1067" 4200: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4139: 4135: 4122: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4089: 4085: 4074: 4072: 4071:on May 30, 2008 4068: 4056:. Philippines. 4049: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3911: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3822: 3815: 3802: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3781: 3774: 3770: 3738: 3734: 3722: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3662: 3658: 3647: 3645: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3612: 3610: 3598: 3592: 3588: 3577: 3575: 3563: 3557: 3553: 3540: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3487: 3485: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3427: 3423: 3383: 3379: 3368: 3366: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3331: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3276: 3274: 3265: 3264: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3239: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3187: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3161: 3150: 3146: 3133: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3099: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3044:"Tariff matrix" 3042: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3011: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2980: 2978: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2938: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2905: 2898: 2885: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2837: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2814:Manila Bulletin 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2780: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2728: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2682: 2675: 2668: 2652: 2648: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2548: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2515: 2511: 2498: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2460: 2456: 2443: 2441: 2432: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2370:"What is PAWD?" 2368: 2367: 2363: 2350: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2317: 2313: 2300: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2212: 2205: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2137: 2135: 2126: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2087: 2085: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2054: 2050: 2037: 2035: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1995: 1991: 1978: 1974: 1961: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1877:www.denr.gov.ph 1871: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1845: 1823: 1810: 1804: 1776: 1770: 1741: 1720: 1711: 1682:Physical losses 1671: 1659: 1643: 1631: 1606: 1585: 1572: 1560: 1536: 1518: 1242: 1222: 1213: 1204:action research 1196: 1187: 1181: 1168: 1152: 1146: 1121: 1116: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1017: 976: 962:Prospero Pichay 947:in the country. 913: 896: 841: 835: 787: 736: 728: 715: 710: 701: 674: 663: 660: 659: 654: 634:Water districts 620: 612: 604: 596: 594:Value added tax 556: 551: 546: 499: 466: 461: 348:Water Districts 319: 307:Tagbilaran City 282: 265: 263:Water districts 252: 242:, access to an 228: 180: 171: 162: 141: 132: 123: 32: 12: 11: 5: 6212: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6004:United Kingdom 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5864:Czech Republic 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5382:European Union 5378: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288:External links 5286: 5284: 5283: 5254: 5225: 5200: 5175: 5150: 5140:|journal= 5100: 5085: 5062: 5053:|journal= 5016: 5007:|journal= 4983: 4973:|journal= 4928: 4882: 4873:|journal= 4849: 4816: 4801: 4773: 4747: 4721: 4692: 4664: 4639: 4614: 4605:|journal= 4568: 4543: 4534:|journal= 4496: 4477: 4460: 4435: 4395: 4383: 4357: 4325: 4299: 4273: 4243: 4218: 4193: 4171: 4156: 4133: 4123:|journal= 4083: 4037: 4012: 3987: 3962: 3941: 3920: 3909: 3899:|journal= 3854: 3839: 3813: 3803:|journal= 3768: 3748:(1): 207–229. 3732: 3723:|journal= 3700: 3691: 3676: 3656: 3621: 3586: 3551: 3541:|journal= 3496: 3461: 3451:|journal= 3421: 3377: 3342: 3332:|journal= 3287: 3277:|journal= 3237: 3227:|journal= 3185: 3170: 3144: 3134:|journal= 3110: 3100:|journal= 3060: 3035: 3009: 3000:|journal= 2961: 2949: 2939:|journal= 2896: 2886:|journal= 2857: 2826: 2800: 2782:Manila Water. 2769: 2742: 2726: 2716:|journal= 2673: 2666: 2646: 2629: 2613: 2585: 2572: 2559: 2549:|journal= 2509: 2499:|journal= 2454: 2444:|journal= 2404: 2382: 2361: 2351:|journal= 2311: 2301:|journal= 2256: 2246:|journal= 2203: 2193:|journal= 2148: 2138:|journal= 2098: 2088:|journal= 2048: 2038:|journal= 2014: 2002: 1989: 1972: 1952: 1927: 1912: 1889: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1844: 1841: 1837:brackish water 1822: 1819: 1803: 1800: 1783:climate change 1769: 1766: 1740: 1737: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1670: 1667: 1658: 1655: 1642: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1605: 1602: 1584: 1581: 1571: 1568: 1559: 1556: 1535: 1532: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1369:June 24, 1980 1367: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1276:($ millions) 1272: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1241: 1238: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1195: 1192: 1183:Main article: 1180: 1177: 1167: 1164: 1148:Main article: 1145: 1142: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1079: 1076: 1051: 1048: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1008:Davao Oriental 989: 983: 975: 972: 971: 970: 960:On August 27, 955: 948: 936: 935: 912: 909: 895: 892: 891: 890: 867: 856: 834: 831: 830: 829: 822: 811:municipalities 800: 786: 783: 782: 781: 769:United Nations 757: 751: 744: 735: 732: 727: 724: 714: 711: 709: 706: 700: 697: 681: 677: 673: 670: 667: 653: 650: 619: 616: 611: 608: 603: 600: 595: 592: 591: 590: 583: 577: 571: 564: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 498: 495: 465: 462: 460: 457: 454: 453: 450: 447: 444: 440: 439: 436: 433: 430: 426: 425: 422: 419: 416: 412: 411: 408: 405: 402: 398: 397: 394: 391: 388: 384: 383: 380: 377: 374: 370: 369: 366: 363: 360: 356: 355: 350: 345: 340: 337: 336: 318: 315: 294:Maynilad Water 281: 278: 264: 261: 251: 248: 227: 224: 221: 220: 217: 213: 212: 209: 205: 204: 201: 179: 176: 170: 167: 161: 158: 140: 137: 131: 128: 122: 119: 70:, Agusan, and 31: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6211: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111:South America 6109: 6103: 6102:United States 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030:North America 6028: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 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August 2011 5242: 5235: 5229: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5145: 5132: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5088: 5086:9789814136068 5082: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5058: 5045: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5012: 4999: 4987: 4978: 4965: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4865: 4853: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4820: 4804: 4802:1-905381-22-0 4798: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4778: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4610: 4597: 4579: 4572: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4539: 4526: 4511:. Philippines 4507: 4500: 4489: 4488: 4481: 4470: 4464: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4392: 4387: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4182: 4175: 4159: 4157:9789814136068 4153: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4137: 4128: 4115: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3951: 3945: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3913: 3904: 3891: 3872: 3865: 3858: 3842: 3840:9789814136068 3836: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3808: 3795: 3780:. Philippines 3779: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3742:Urban Studies 3736: 3728: 3715: 3704: 3695: 3679: 3677:971-561-125-7 3673: 3669: 3668: 3660: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3546: 3533: 3514: 3507: 3500: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3465: 3456: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3337: 3324: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3282: 3269: 3251: 3244: 3242: 3232: 3219: 3201: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3173: 3171:971-561-524-4 3167: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3139: 3126: 3114: 3105: 3092: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3045: 3039: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3005: 2992: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2944: 2931: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2891: 2878: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2721: 2708: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2602: 2601:washwatch.org 2598: 2592: 2590: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2563: 2557:, p. 114, 116 2554: 2541: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2504: 2491: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2449: 2436: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2392: 2386: 2371: 2365: 2356: 2343: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2306: 2293: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2251: 2238: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2208: 2198: 2185: 2166: 2159: 2152: 2143: 2130: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2093: 2080: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2043: 2030: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1999: 1993: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1915: 1913:9789814136068 1909: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1893: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1864: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1666: 1664: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1589: 1580: 1576: 1567: 1565: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1217: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1186: 1176: 1173: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1086: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1058: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 977: 968: 963: 959: 956: 952: 949: 946: 941: 938: 937: 933: 929: 925: 922: 919: 918: 917: 908: 906: 901: 888: 883: 879: 875: 871: 868: 865: 860: 857: 853: 849: 846: 845: 844: 840: 826: 823: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 801: 797: 792: 789: 788: 779: 774: 770: 766: 761: 758: 755: 752: 748: 745: 741: 738: 737: 731: 723: 720: 705: 696: 692: 679: 675: 671: 668: 665: 657: 652:Cost-recovery 649: 647: 643: 641: 637: 635: 631: 627: 625: 615: 607: 602:Other charges 599: 587: 584: 581: 580:Sewer charge: 578: 575: 572: 568: 565: 561: 560:Basic charge: 558: 557: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 510: 508: 504: 494: 492: 488: 483: 478: 476: 470: 451: 448: 445: 442: 441: 437: 434: 431: 428: 427: 423: 420: 417: 414: 413: 409: 406: 403: 400: 399: 395: 392: 389: 386: 385: 381: 378: 375: 372: 371: 367: 364: 361: 358: 357: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 338: 334: 333:water utility 330: 326: 323: 314: 312: 308: 299: 295: 292:allocated to 291: 288:The zones of 286: 277: 269: 260: 258: 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 218: 215: 214: 210: 207: 206: 202: 199: 198: 188: 184: 175: 166: 157: 155: 151: 147: 136: 127: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 68:Central Luzon 65: 61: 60:Cagayan River 57: 53: 49: 45: 36: 27: 25: 21: 16: 5737:Saudi Arabia 5726: 5554:South Africa 5549:Sierra Leone 5444:Burkina Faso 5274:. Retrieved 5269: 5257: 5245:. Retrieved 5240: 5228: 5216:. Retrieved 5212: 5203: 5193:November 10, 5191:. Retrieved 5187: 5178: 5166:. Retrieved 5162: 5153: 5131:cite journal 5119:. Retrieved 5103: 5090:. Retrieved 5075: 5065: 5044:cite journal 5032:. Retrieved 5019: 4998:cite journal 4986: 4964:cite journal 4952:. Retrieved 4945:the original 4931: 4918:. Retrieved 4911:the original 4898: 4885: 4864:cite journal 4852: 4840:. Retrieved 4836:the original 4829: 4819: 4806:. Retrieved 4792: 4764:. Retrieved 4760: 4750: 4738:. Retrieved 4734: 4724: 4712:. Retrieved 4707: 4695: 4683:. Retrieved 4679: 4655:. Retrieved 4651: 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4617: 4596:cite journal 4584:. Retrieved 4571: 4559:. Retrieved 4546: 4525:cite journal 4513:. Retrieved 4499: 4486: 4480: 4463: 4451:. Retrieved 4438: 4425:. Retrieved 4421: 4417: 4386: 4374:. Retrieved 4370:the original 4360: 4348:. Retrieved 4344:the original 4337: 4328: 4316:. Retrieved 4312:the original 4302: 4290:. Retrieved 4276: 4264:. 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Retrieved 3183:, p. 116–118 3175:. Retrieved 3157: 3147: 3125:cite journal 3113: 3091:cite journal 3079:. Retrieved 3063: 3051:. Retrieved 3038: 3026:. Retrieved 3022:the original 3012: 2991:cite journal 2979:. Retrieved 2975:the original 2964: 2952: 2930:cite journal 2918:. Retrieved 2877:cite journal 2848:. Retrieved 2844: 2817:. Retrieved 2813: 2803: 2791:. Retrieved 2788:Manila Water 2787: 2760:. Retrieved 2756:the original 2745: 2707:cite journal 2695:. Retrieved 2656: 2649: 2637: 2632: 2604:. Retrieved 2600: 2580: 2575: 2562: 2540:cite journal 2528:. Retrieved 2512: 2490:cite journal 2478:. Retrieved 2471:the original 2457: 2435:cite journal 2423:. Retrieved 2407: 2395:. Retrieved 2385: 2373:. Retrieved 2364: 2359:, p. 112–113 2342:cite journal 2330:. Retrieved 2314: 2292:cite journal 2280:. Retrieved 2237:cite journal 2225:. Retrieved 2184:cite journal 2172:. Retrieved 2165:the original 2151: 2129:cite journal 2117:. Retrieved 2101: 2079:cite journal 2067:. 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Retrieved 1876: 1867: 1824: 1814:forest cover 1811: 1777: 1754: 1742: 1721: 1712: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1677:components: 1672: 1660: 1644: 1632: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1607: 1598: 1594:water tariff 1590: 1586: 1577: 1573: 1561: 1537: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1285: 1275: 1269: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1223: 1214: 1197: 1188: 1169: 1153: 1138: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1045: 1022: 1018: 991: 985: 979: 957: 950: 939: 920: 914: 897: 869: 858: 847: 842: 824: 802: 790: 759: 753: 746: 739: 729: 716: 702: 693: 658: 655: 645: 644: 640:Metro Manila 639: 638: 633: 632: 628: 621: 613: 605: 597: 585: 579: 573: 566: 559: 530:Manila Water 519: 511: 500: 479: 471: 467: 464:Water supply 352: 347: 342: 329:Benchmarking 320: 303: 298:Manila Water 290:Metro Manila 274: 253: 229: 181: 172: 163: 142: 133: 130:Agricultural 124: 99:Ambuklao Dam 84: 52:river basins 41: 20:water supply 17: 15: 6062:El Salvador 5989:Switzerland 5924:Netherlands 5808:New Zealand 5791:Australasia 5747:South Korea 5727:Philippines 5605:Afghanistan 5559:South Sudan 5484:Ivory Coast 5218:November 9, 5168:November 9, 4685:November 9, 4657:November 9, 4236:October 29, 4227:"R.A. 9275" 4211:October 29, 4186:October 24, 4030:November 9, 4005:November 9, 3980:November 9, 2850:November 7, 2819:November 7, 2793:November 7, 2046:, p. 12; 36 1945:October 29, 1882:October 29, 1732:Pasig River 799:facilities. 95:La Mesa Dam 6188:Categories 6047:Costa Rica 5803:East Timor 5692:Kyrgyzstan 5682:Kazakhstan 5615:Bangladesh 5610:Azerbaijan 5524:Mozambique 5276:October 2, 5247:October 3, 5148:, p. 18–19 5109:World Bank 4714:October 3, 4710:. May 2012 4623:World Bank 4552:World Bank 4407:World Bank 4376:August 27, 4282:"About Us" 4092:World Bank 3584:, p. 33–34 3301:World Bank 3153:World Bank 3069:World Bank 2908:World Bank 2685:World Bank 2518:World Bank 2413:World Bank 2397:January 4, 2375:January 4, 2320:World Bank 2270:World Bank 2215:World Bank 2107:World Bank 2057:World Bank 1860:References 1564:World Bank 1558:World Bank 921:2001-2004. 878:concession 699:Investment 507:sanitation 443:Financing 368:Level III 365:Level III 296:(red) and 216:Level III 154:Region III 150:Calabarzon 139:Industrial 103:irrigation 80:hydropower 56:reservoirs 6173:Venezuela 6118:Argentina 6092:Nicaragua 6067:Guatemala 5919:Lithuania 5798:Australia 5752:Sri Lanka 5742:Singapore 5722:Palestine 5652:Indonesia 5630:Hong Kong 5375:By region 5121:April 16, 5092:April 14, 5034:April 16, 4920:April 10, 4907:0119-3880 4842:April 14, 4808:April 14, 4632:April 14, 4586:April 19, 4561:April 14, 4515:April 14, 4453:April 14, 4427:April 21, 4163:April 14, 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