Water supply and sanitation in India

861:(31.2¢ US) per cubic meter for demand-driven schemes. These costs include capital, operation and maintenance costs, administrative costs and coping costs incurred by users of malfunctioning systems. Coping costs include travelling long distances to obtain water, standing in long queues, storing water and repairing failed systems. Among the surveyed systems that were built using supply-driven approach system breakdowns were common, the quantity and quality of water supply were less than foreseen in designs, and 30% of households did not get daily supply in summer. The poor functioning of one system sometimes leads to the construction of another system, so that about 30% of households surveyed were served by several systems. As of 2008 only about 10% of rural water schemes built in India used a demand-driven approach. Since water users have to pay lower or no tariffs under the supply-driven approach, this discourages them to opt for a demand-driven approach, even if the likelihood of the systems operating on a sustainable basis is higher under a demand-driven approach. 941:

and the company recovered its operating costs plus a portion of capital costs. Identifying and legalising illegal connections was an important element in the reduction of non-revenue water. The utility prides itself today of the good drinking water quality provided and encourages its customers to drink from the tap. The utility also operates a wastewater treatment plant that meets discharge standards. The private utility pays salaries that are higher than civil service salaries and conducts extensive training programs for its staff. It has also installed a modern system to track and resolve customer complaints. Furthermore, it conducts independent annual customer satisfaction surveys. Together with Ranhill Malaysia it won a 25-year concession contract for providing the water supply in

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Desert. Increase in rainwater harvesting efforts across the nation have revived ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan, such as the chauka system from the Jaipur district. Other large cities like Pune, Mumbai and Bangalore all have varying rules for mandatory rainwater harvesting, especially in new buildings. In 2002, the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai required all new buildings over 1000 square meters to have rainwater harvesting infrastructure. The law was expanded in 2007 to 300 square meters. The goal was to ensure buildings had enough water to last them through non-monsoon seasons. The process included a catchment system, an initial flush, and extensive filtering. As of 2021, the

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achievements and processes concerning sanitation in an effort supported by the Ministry of Urban Development with the assistance of several donors. About 40% of the cities were in the "red category" (in need of immediate remedial action), more than 50% were in the "black category" (needing considerable improvement) and only a handful of cities were in the "blue category" (recovering). Not a single city was included in the "green category" (healthy and clean city). The rating serves as a baseline to measure improvements in the future and to prioritize actions. The government intends to award a prize called Nirmal Shahar Puraskar to the best sanitation performers.

367: 661:) is in charge of operation and maintenance. Some of the largest cities have created municipal water and sanitation utilities that are legally and financially separated from the local government. However, these utilities remain weak in terms of financial capacity. In spite of decentralisation, ULBs remain dependent on capital subsidies from state governments. Tariffs are also set by state governments, which often even subsidise operating costs. Furthermore, when no separate utility exists, there is no separation of accounts for different activities within a municipality. Some states and cities have non-typical institutional arrangements. For example, in 993:(NRW) of 32%. However, 5 out of the 20 cities did not provide any data. For those that provided data there probably is a large margin of error, since only 25% of connections are metered, which makes it very difficult to estimate non-revenue water. Also, three utilities in the sample show NRW levels of less than 20%, two of which have practically no metering, which indicates that the numbers are not reliable and actual values are likely to be higher. In Delhi, which was not included in the ADB study, non-revenue water stood at 53% and there were about 20 employees per 1000 connections. Furthermore, only 70% of revenue billed was actually collected. 596:

with even minor technical approvals reaching the office of chief engineers. A majority of decisions are made in a very centralised manner at the headquarters. In 1993 the Indian constitution and relevant state legislations were amended in order to decentralise certain responsibilities, including water supply and sanitation, to municipalities. Since the assignment of responsibilities to municipalities is a state responsibility, different states have followed different approaches. According to a Planning Commission report of 2003 there is a trend to decentralise capital investment to engineering departments at the

898:. It constitutes a milestone for India, where no large city so far has achieved continuous water supply. The project is expected to be scaled-up to cover the entire area of the three cities. Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development & Finance Corporation (KUIDFC) has taken up North Karnataka Urban Sector Investment Program (NKUSIP) covering 25 towns. Ilkal is one of the Project town, where 24 X 7 water supply project was implemented. The construction activities commenced in February 2013 and 24 X 7 water supply is commissioned in September 2015. The system is running successfully since then. 642:

wastewater treatment regulations. State governments and local municipalities hold responsibility for the disposal of sewage and construction and maintenance of "sewerage infrastructure". Their efforts are supported by schemes offered by the Government of India, such as the National River Conservation Plan, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, National Lake Conservation Plan. Through the Ministry of Environment and Forest, India's government also has set up incentives that encourage industries to establish "common facilities" to undertake the treatment of wastewater.

763:. Blocks are an intermediate level between districts and villages). Where this transfer has been initiated, it seems to be more advanced for single-village water schemes than for more complex multi-village water schemes. Despite their professed role Panchayati Raj Institutions, play only a limited role in provision of rural water supply and sanitation as of 2006. There has been limited success in implementing decentralisation, partly due to low priority by some state governments. Rural sanitation is typically provided by households themselves in the form of latrines. 1548:

economic growth accelerated in the following decades and the proportion of the poor increased as did the slums which they occupied. The intended impacts of the program have not been realized. Shortcomings include that "water is not safe to drink; water service, especially to the poor, is difficult to access and is provided at inconvenient hours of the day; industrial water needs are not fully met; sanitary facilities are too few in number and often unusable; and urban drains, creeks and coastal waters are polluted with sanitary and industrial wastes."

560:), and experienced by about 10 million visitors annually. The dismal working conditions of sewer workers are another concern. A survey of the working conditions of sewage workers in Delhi showed that most of them suffer from chronic diseases, respiratory problems, skin disorders, allergies, headaches and eye infections. Various other cities in India have a record of unsafe drinking water. Municipal water in Visakhapatnam is contaminated with too much chlorine and pharmaceuticals which cause headache, short-term memory loss and loss of focus. 1205:(US$ 655.5 million) per year in the mid-1990s, accounting for 4% of all government subsidies in India. About 98% of this subsidy is said to come from State rather than Central budgets. This figure may only cover recurrent cost subsidies and not investment subsidies, which are even higher (see below). There is little targeting of subsidies. According to the World Bank, 70% of those benefiting from subsidies for public water supply are not poor, while 40% of the poor are excluded because they do not have access to public water services. 7805: 1038:

the share of metering was 50 percent. According to a 1999 survey of 300 cities about 62% of urban water customers in metropolitan areas and 50% in smaller cities are metered (average 55%). However, meters often do not work so that many "metered" customers are charged flat rates. Bangalore and Pune are among the few Indian cities that meter all their customers. Many other cities have no metering at all or meter only commercial customers. Users of standposts receive water free of charge. A 2007 study of 20 cities by the

1468:, using a participatory approach first piloted by the Social Center in Ahmednagar and that constituted a fundamental break with the previous top-down, technical approach to watershed management that had yielded little results. The involvement of women in decision-making is an essential part of the project. While the benefits are mostly in terms of increased agricultural production, the project also increases availability of water resources for rural water supply. In addition, GIZ actively supports the introduction of 478: 1321:. In 2015 the government introduced a 0.5% service tax on air travel, telephony, eating out and banking to finance the Clean India Campaign. A budget tracking study revealed that the shift of policy focus from water to sanitation as part of the Clean India Campaign has resulted in a cut in government spending on rural water supply. A Parliamentary Standing Committee report found that the government would be unable to achieve its 2017 target of providing 50% rural households with piped water. 446: 634: 1170:(US$ 1.6 million) water supply project from 2000–2004 to be operated by the Jabalpur Municipal Corporation, an entity that collected only less than half of its operational costs in revenues even before this major investment. Even so, the municipal corporation initially refused to increase tariffs. Only following pressure from the state government it reluctantly agreed to increase commercial tariffs, but not residential tariffs. 839:, decentralises service delivery responsibility to rural local governments and user groups. Under the new approach communities are being consulted and trained, and users agree up-front to pay a tariff that is set at a level sufficiently high to cover operation and maintenance costs. It also includes measures to promote sanitation and to improve hygiene behaviour. The national program follows a pilot program launched in 1999. 1183:, operation and maintenance cost recovery is only about 20%. On one hand, expenditures are high due to high salary levels, high power tariff and a high number of operating staff. On the other hand, revenue is paid only by the 10% of the households who have private connections. Those drawing water from public stand posts do not pay any water charges at all, although the official tariff for public stand post users is 962:

expenditure is towards laying network. In deploying FSM, the waste is conveyed through vacuum emptier trucks or other vehicles using existing road network, thereby drastically reducing the capital expenditure. Already 30 towns have FSM services operational and they are at various stages of planning in 700 other towns across the country. It is rapidly being adopted in the states of Maharashtra, Rajasthan,

335:(BMC) reported 3000 newly constructed or redeveloped buildings with rainwater harvesting infrastructure. However, many residents have complained that the stored water is contaminated, turning saline and brackish. Experts and residents argue that BMC authorities have done little to take implementation seriously, and the actual effectiveness of the rainwater harvesting mandate is unknown. 1412:(ADB) since 2005 after the introduction of new financing modalities, such as the multitranche financing facility (MFF) which features a framework agreement with the national government under which financing is provided in flexible tranches for subprojects that meet established selection criteria. In 2008 four MFFs for urban development investment programs were under way in North 1528:

despite recommendations to increase them. The evaluation concludes that "HUDCO was not able to make significant contributions to the effectiveness, sustainability, or overall quality of individual projects. One of the reasons that not much attention was given to this problem is probably that there was little risk of default on the loans thanks to state government guarantees."

1279:(2005–2014) played an important role in financing urban water supply and sanitation through central government grants. However, its grants were limited to the 35 largest cities in the country and 28 other selected cities, so that most cities with less than 1 million inhabitants were not eligible to receive grants from this mission. It was replaced by the 1257:

The volume of investments was expected to double to reach 0.7% of GDP. Also, it implied a shift in financing from state governments to the central government. During the 9th Plan only 24% of investments were financed by the central government and 76% by state governments. Central government financing was heavily focused on water supply in rural areas.

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110 million toilets build since 2014, according to Statista. Preceding this success is the success of the Slum Sanitation Program in Mumbai that has provided access to sanitation for a quarter million slum dwellers. Sewage, where available, is often in a bad state. In Delhi the sewage network has lacked maintenance over the years and overflow of raw

584:(ULB). At present, the arrangements for provision of these services vary. In some states, parastatal agencies are involved in provision of either of the two services or both. Further, within states, different arrangements are also observed for rural and urban areas. For example, in urban and rural areas of Kerala, drinking water is supplied by the 933:. Until 2004 a division of Tata Steel provided water to the city's residents. However, service quality was poor with intermittent supply, high water losses and no metering. To improve this situation and to establish good practices that could be replicated in other Indian cities, JUSCO was set up as a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Steel in 2004. 2319:"India Rainwater Harvesting Market, By Type (Rain Barrel System, Dry System, Wet System, Green Roof System), By Harvesting Method (Above Ground {Ground Surface and Storage Tank}, Under Ground), By Application (Residential, Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural), By Region, By Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2018–2028" 890:

the distribution network, installing meters, introducing a well-functioning commercial system, and effective grass-roots social intermediation by an NGO, all without increasing the amount of bulk water supplied. The project, known by its acronym as KUWASIP (Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project), was supported by a

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to all households in rural India safe and adequate water through individual household tap connections by 2024". The Jal Jeevan Mission subsumed the older National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP), preserving the goal "to provide Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household" by 2024. At the 107th

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out in 2006 in 28 cities found the average duration of supply was 3.3 hours per day, with a range from one hour every three days to 18 hours per day. A 2007 study showed that in 20 cities the average duration of supply was only 4.3 hours per day. The longest duration of supply was 12 hours per day in

1126:(US$ 4.2 billion) in debt, but hopes that the debt will be converted into a grant. The utility focuses on improving its customer database, meter reading through hand-held devices, billing and bill collection under a new manager, Debashree Mukherjee, who took the helm of the utility in 2012. As of 2004, in 1269:

State budgets the major source of financing for water supply and sanitation. State Financing Corporations (SFC) play an important role in making recommendations regarding the allocation of state tax revenues between states and municipalities, criteria for grants, and measures to improve the financial

1018:

0.10 per cubic meter in 2007 and recovered about 60% of operating and maintenance costs, with large differences between cities. Some cities such as Kolkata do not bill residential users at all. In rural areas the level of cost recovery often is even lower than in urban areas and was estimated at only

226:

In 2005 none of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million distributed water for more than a few hours per day, despite generally sufficient infrastructure. Owing to inadequate water pressure people struggle to collect water even when it is available. Service benchmarking carried

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between 1973 and 1990. It concluded that water supply and sewerage planning, construction and operations in Bombay posed daunting challenges to those who planned and implemented the investment program. At the outset, there was a huge backlog of unmet demand because of underinvestment. Population and

940:

decreased from an estimated 36% in 2005 to 10% in 2009; one quarter of residents received continuous water supply (although the average supply remained at only 7 hours per day) in 2009; the share of metered connections increased from 2% in 2007 to 26% in 2009; the number of customers increased;

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which lowers the velocity of flow from rivers and reduces erosion. On the onset of British rule in the early 19th century, many of these systems were abandoned. Environmentalists and scholars now believe that agricultural communities should revive ancient techniques to allow for rainwater harvesting

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infrastructure and policy as an urgent response to water scarcity. In 2001, Tamil Nadu became the first Indian state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory in every building to avoid groundwater depletion. In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practiced by the people of the Thar

1536:

The World Bank finances a number of projects in urban and rural areas that are fully or partly dedicated to water supply and sanitation. This includes support targeted towards the Ganga River Basin, municipal development in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and in rural areas of Uttarakhand and

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from Germany. It also mobilizes funding from the capital market through a water and sanitation pooled fund, under which several municipalities joined to issue a bond in the local market. TNUDF so far is the only functioning state-level fund that channels loans to ULBs in India. In 2012 the state of

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of India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi confirmed that the target of half of the country's households provided of piped water wasn't reached. He also announced that the Government had decided to promote the Jal Jeevan Mission with a starting endowment fund of Rs 3.5 trillion and the goal "to provide

1252:

The funding of government programmes for water supply and sanitation is shared by the central government, states and other contributors, with the share contributed by various stakeholders varying between programmes and over time. For example, as of 2016 the states pay 60% and the central government

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Urban water tariffs were highly affordable according to data from the year 2000. A family of five living on the poverty line which uses 20 cubic meter of water per month would spend less than 1.2% of its budget on its water bill if it had a water meter. If it did not have a water meter and was

889:

increased water supply from once every 2–15 days for 1–2 hours, to 24 hours per day for 180,000 people (12% of the population of the 3 cities) within 2 years (2006–2008). This was achieved by carefully selecting and ring-fencing demonstration zones (one in each city), renovating

242:

In Delhi land usage for residential area varies widely from planned colonies to unplanned slums. Despite the large piped network, with some areas receiving intermittent water supply, there are large areas that lack coverage. Reliance on dubious private water vendors is costly. For example, in Delhi

1265:

The current system of financing water supply and sanitation is fragmented through a number of different national and state programs. This results in simultaneous implementation with different and conflicting rules in neighbouring areas. For example, in rural areas different programs undermine each

1256:

Under the 11th Plan (2007–12) 55% of the investments were to be financed by the central government, 28% by state governments, 8% by "institutional financing" such as HUDCO, 8% by external agencies and 1.5% by the private sector. Local governments were not expected to contribute to the investments.

1037:

is the precondition for billing water users on the basis of volume consumed. Estimates of the share of customers metered vary depending on the study quoted. According to the results of a Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) Program carried out by the Ministry of Urban Development in 2006 in 28 cities,

834:

Most rural water supply schemes in India use a centralised, supply-driven approach, i.e. a government institution designs a project and has it built with little community consultation and no capacity building for the community, often requiring no water fees to be paid for its subsequent operation.

624:

and collect and dispose solid waste safely. As of 2010, 12 states were in the process of elaborating or had completed state sanitation strategies on the basis of the policy. 120 cities are in the process of preparing city sanitation plans. Furthermore, 436 cities rated themselves in terms of their

414:

in rural areas. The government has been investing heavily in building sanitation units, in a nation-wide campaign called the Swachh Bharat Mission. Between 2014 and 2020, the Indian government managed to make household toilets accessible to over 99% of the population. This translates to a total of

916:

in Tamil Nadu, the NGO Gramalaya, established in 1987, and women self-help groups promote access to water supply and sanitation by the poor through microcredit. Among the benefits are that women can spend more time with their children, earn additional income, and sell surplus water to neighbours.

641:

In India, wastewater treatment regulations come under three central institutions, the ministries of forest, climate change housing, urban affairs and water. The various water and sanitation policies such as the "National Environment Policy 2006" and "National Sanitation Policy 2008" also lay down

595:

Highly centralised decision-making and approvals at the state level, which are characteristic of the Indian civil service, affect the management of water supply and sanitation services. For example, according to the World Bank in the state of Punjab the process of approving designs is centralised

1527:

from 1996 to 2003 in 26 cities. The evaluation says that "state government plans were not based on sufficient demand research, including the research for residents' willingness to pay for services", so that demand for connections was overestimated. Also fees (water tariffs) were rarely increased

266:

river, whose waters are disputed between the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. As in other Indian cities, the response to water scarcity is to transfer more water over large distances at high costs. In the case of Bangalore 500,000 cubic meter of water is pumped per day over a distance of

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In 2003 the Indian government decided it would only accept bilateral aid from five countries (the United Kingdom, the United States, Russia, Germany and Japan). A further 22 bilateral donors were asked to channel aid through nongovernmental organisations, United Nations agencies or multilateral

608:

The responsibility for water supply and sanitation at the central and state level is shared by various Ministries. At the central level three Ministries have responsibilities in the sector: the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (until 2011 the Department of Drinking Water Supply in the

961:

systems. It deals with excreta contained in on-site sanitation systems like pits and septic tanks (called as fecal sludge). It involves removal of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation system its conveyance to a facility where it is treated. In sewerage systems, sizeable share of the capital

807:(CLTS), but is not the same. It evolved from the limited achievements of the first structured programme for rural sanitation in India, the Central Rural Sanitation Programme, which had minimal community participation. The main goal of Total Sanitation Campaign is to eradicate the practice of 669:

the sector is more decentralised and local government is also in charge of planning and investment. In 2012 the Delhi Jal Board contracted out operations and management in three zones of the city to private companies under performance-based contracts to reduce non-revenue water. The Vasant

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and the Ministry of Urban Development share the responsibility for urban water supply and sanitation. Except for the National Capital Territory of Delhi and other Union Territories, the central Ministries only have an advisory capacity and a limited role in funding. Sector policy thus is a

338:

While rainwater harvesting in an urban context has gained traction in recent years, evidence points toward rainwater harvesting in rural India since ancient times. The type of system varied depending on the geography and culture of the region. Himachal Pradesh, for example, relied on

2484: 1270:

position of municipalities. According to the Planning Commission, SFCs are in some cases not sufficiently transparent and/or competent, have high transactions costs, and their recommendations are sometimes not being implemented. An important source of financing are loans from

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Kumar, M. Dinesh; Ghosh, Shantanu; Patel, Ankit; Singh, Om Prakash; Ravindranath, R.; Kumar, M. Dinesh; Ghosh, Shantanu; Patel, Ankit; Singh, Om Prakash; Ravindranath, R. (2006). Kumar, M. Dinesh; Ghosh, Shantanu; Patel, Ankit; Singh, Om Prakash; Ravindranath, R. (eds.).

1003:, the 20 utilities in the sample had on average 7.4 employees per 1,000 connections, which is much higher than the estimated level for an efficient utility. A survey of a larger sample of Indian utilities showed an average ratio of 10.9 employees per 1,000 connections. 1112:

in Madhya Pradesh, which recovered less than 20% of its operating and maintenance costs. According to the results of a Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) Program carried out by the Ministry of Urban Development in 2006 in 28 cities, cost recovery was 67% on average.

212:

increased significantly from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008 and currently stands at 97.7% in 2020. In 1980, rural sanitation coverage was estimated at 1%. By 2018, it reached 95%.</ref> However, many people still lack access to water and sewage infrastructure.

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revenues were just sufficient to cover about 60% of operating costs of DJB; maintenance was, as a result, minimal. In the past, the Delhi utility has relied heavily on government financial support for recurrent and capital expenditures in the magnitude of

7793: 6668: 3477: 1493:(JICA) finances a multitude of projects with a focus on capital-intensive urban water supply and sanitation projects, often involving follow-up projects in the same locations. Projects approved between 2006 and 2009 cover parts of Assam, Kerala, the 1337:, Modi declared that "technology is the strength of the Jal Jeevan Mission" and young Indian scientists have the "responsibility to develop cheap and effective technology for the recycling of water", which represents a new frontier for all of them. 1853:

The evaluation is based on a survey of all 23 metropolitan cities in India (cities with more than 1 million inhabitants) and a representative sample of 277 smaller cities with an aggregate population of 140 million. The survey was carried out in

7855: 5958: 620:. In November 2008 the government of India launched a national urban sanitation policy with the goal of creating what it calls "totally sanitized cities" that are open-defecation free, safely collect and treat all their wastewater, eliminate 1676:

exists if at least 40 litres/capita/day of safe drinking water are provided within a distance of 1.6 km or 100 meter of elevation difference, to be relaxed as per field conditions. There should be at least one pump per 250

4027: 1472:

concepts in India, including community toilets and decentralised wastewater systems for schools as well as small and medium enterprises. Many of these systems produce biogas from wastewater, provide fertiliser and irrigation water.

1103:

According to a 2007 study of 20 cities the average rate of cost recovery for operating and maintenance costs of utilities in these cities was 60%. Seven of the 20 utilities generated a cash surplus to partially finance investments.

406:

increased to 59.5%. Between 2014 and 2019, the Government in India claims to have built around 110 million toilets, all across India, due to which the basic sanitation coverage went up from 38.7% in October 2014 to 93.3% in 2019.

2683: 1523:. An ex-post evaluation of one large program, the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Program, showed that "some 60%–70% of the goals were achieved" and that "results were moderate". The program was implemented by the 1042:

with the support of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) showed that only 25% of customers of these utilities were metered. Most other customers paid a flat tariff independent of consumption. Some utilities, such as the one serving

1178:

Cost recovery in rural areas is low and a majority of the rural water systems are defunct for lack of maintenance. Some state governments subsidise rural water systems, but funds are scarce and insufficient. In rural areas in

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is the first Indian town to provide 24/7 water supply with 100 percent coverage. The program started in 2008 as a pilot project and soon covered the entire city. The connection is 100 percent metered with telescopic tariff.

361: 1274:

Ltd (HUDCO), a Central government financial undertaking. HUDCO loans to municipal corporations need to be guaranteed by state governments. HUDCO also on-lends loans from foreign aid, including Japanese aid, to states. The

680:

The private sector plays a limited, albeit recently increasing role in operating and maintaining urban water systems on behalf of ULBs. For example, the Jamshedpur Utilities & Services Company (Jusco), a subsidiary of

8168: 393:

A formal sanitation programme was first launched in 1954, followed by Central Rural Sanitation Programme in 1986, Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in 1999, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in 2012 and Swachh Bharat Mission in 2014.

978:

There are only limited data on the operating efficiency of utilities in India, and even fewer data on the efficiency of investments. Two indicators of operating efficiency are non-revenue water and labour productivity.

8260: 8209: 846:

results in lower capital costs, lower administrative costs and better service quality compared to the supply-driven approach. In particular, the study found that the average full cost of supply-driven schemes is

8325: 401:

data 72% Indians, 68% Pakistanis, and 54% Bangladeshi have access to the basic sanitation facilities. In 2015, 44% had access to basic sanitation, or 65% in urban areas and 34% in rural areas. In 2017, at least

3780:

Srivastava, D.K. and Sen, T.K. (1997), Government Subsidies in India, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi, quoted in: World Bank/PPIAF/Water and Sanitation Program/World Bank Institute:

811:

by 2017. Community-led total sanitation is not focused on building infrastructure, but on preventing open defecation through self-awareness and shame. In Maharashtra where the program started more than 2000

3714:

National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), 2002, Status of Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management in Urban India, quoted in: World Bank/PPIAF/Water and Sanitation Program/World Bank Institute:

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river is infested with diseases and in some places "the Ganges becomes black and septic. Corpses, of semi-cremated adults or enshrouded babies, drift slowly by." In 2008, NewsWeek described Delhi's sacred

751:. There are about a 100,000 rural water supply systems in India. At least in some states, responsibility for service provision is in the process of being partially transferred from State Water Boards and 8385: 8143: 7880: 645:

Recent initiatives include the 'National Water Policy 2012' that promotes efficient use and water management, recycling and reuse of wastewater, water supply and sanitation, and efficient water pricing.

8199: 8088: 8078: 2590: 1340:

In 1996 Tamil Nadu introduced a public-private partnership, the Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund (TNUDF), to channel both grants and loans to cities in the state. TNUDF has received funding from the

8315: 8148: 4163: 1093:

charged a flat rate, it would pay 2.0% of its budget. This percentage lies below the often used affordability threshold of 5%. However, at that time the average metered tariff was estimated at only

8370: 8365: 8250: 7865: 7850: 7830: 250:

In India, Delhi has the highest usage of household water purifiers/filters. Basic gravity water filter, electric reverse osmosis and ultraviolet filters visible. Standard 20l bottled water visible.

4017: 8395: 8355: 8300: 8295: 8275: 8270: 8255: 8235: 8230: 8225: 7845: 5558: 4311: 1097:

0.03 per m3, or less than three times what it was estimated to be in 2007. Apparently no more up-to-date estimates on the share of the average water bill in the budget of the poor are available.

3609: 8380: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8310: 7905: 1543:. A study by the World Bank's independent evaluation department evaluated the impact of the World Bank-supported interventions in the provision of urban water supply and wastewater services in 657:. Institutional arrangements for water supply and sanitation in Indian cities vary greatly. Typically, a state-level agency is in charge of planning and investment, while the local government ( 1253:

pays 40% for investments financed under the Clean India Mission and the National Rural Drinking Water Programme. Until 2015 the central government had funded 75% of the Clean India Mission.

835:

Since 2002 the Government of India has rolled out at the national level a program to change the way in which water and sanitation services are supported rural areas. The program, called

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included in its seventh schedule. The 73rd and the 74th Amendment to the constitution required the state governments to devolve provision of drinking water and sanitation services to the

1213:

Investment in urban water supply and sanitation has increased during the first decade of the 21st century, not least thanks to increased central government grants made available under

385:, the number of people practicing open defecation fell from 62% to 33% from 2004 - 2014. About 157 million (15.7 crore), or approximately 11% of India’s population, still practiced 7757: 1361:

In absolute terms India receives almost twice as much development assistance for water, sanitation and water resources management as any other country, according to data from the

733:(Tamil Nadu). Furthermore, the private Indian infrastructure development company SPML is engaged in build-operate-transfer (BOT) projects, such as a bulk water supply project for 4432: 3557: 1198:

There are no accurate recent estimates of the level of subsidies for water and sanitation in India. It has been estimated that transfers to the water sector in India amounted to

989:(NRW) was 44 percent. Another study of 20 cities by the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission with the support of the Asian Development Bank showed an average level of 1145:(US$ 83.9 million) respectively. Accounts receivable represent more than 12 months of billing, part of it being non-recoverable. The average tariff was estimated at 3905: 470:

as "a putrid ribbon of black sludge" where the concentration of fecal bacteria is 10,000 times the recommended safe maximum despite a 15-year program to address the problem.

6422: 3408: 1119:. Between 2011 and 2013 Delhi Jal Board (DJB) has increased its revenues by 50 percent and reduced operating subsidies from the National Capital Territory of Delhi. It owes 1159:

Even if users are willing to pay more for better services, political interests often prevent tariffs from being increased even to a small extent. An example is the city of

985:. According to the results of a Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) Program carried out by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) in 2006 in 28 cities, the average level of 5174: 4574: 4258: 3459: 2993: 1060:(5.9¢ US) per cubic meter. According to a 2007 global water tariff survey by the OECD the residential water tariff for a consumption of 15 m was equivalent to 3807: 2085: 816:

have achieved "open defecation free" status. Villages that achieve this status receive monetary rewards and high publicity under a program called Nirmal Gram Puraskar.

4396: 1900: 378: 4216: 4194: 3133: 1761: 145:

State Governments; Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation at the Federal Level

610: 427:, some 15 million live in India, making it the country with the highest number of people who defecate in the open. This has serious public health implications. 4391: 2825:"The World – Drawing a curtain on old ways – In India, a villager uses his own strategy in a campaign to encourage the use of toilets instead of the great outdoors" 2337: 510:, an ecologist and municipal engineer in the 1970s, while he was working in the region. Ghosh worked for decades to protect the wetlands. It had been a practice in 506:

facility, had been used to clean the sewage of Kolkata for several decades through the use of algae. This natural system, in use since the 1930s, was discovered by

3389: 534:

per day, providing livelihoods for 100,000 people in the vicinity. For his work, Ghosh was included in the UN Global 500 Roll of Honour in 1990 and received the

423:

in Delhi is adequate to cater a daily production of waste water of less than 50% of the drinking water produced. Of the 892 million people in the world that

3072: 1797: 8350: 1843: 1362: 1280: 3867: 826:

As of 1 December 2017, Total Sanitation Coverage throughout India has risen to 73% up from 42% on 2 October 2014, the day Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was launched.

8453: 8245: 8118: 3885: 3851: 3765: 3310: 2824: 781:, demand-driven approaches in rural water supply, a public-private partnerships to improve the continuity of urban water supply in Karnataka, and the use of 2167: 1023:

1.1 billion per year in the mid-1990s, accounting to 4% of all government subsidies in India. 70% of those benefiting from the subsidies are not poor.

7750: 4187: 4173: 2880: 2140: 1930: 568:

According to the Indian Constitution, legislating regarding matters related to provision of drinking water supply and sanitation is responsibility of the

273:

provided 25% of its residents with continuous water supply in 2009. In 2021, some parts of Mumbai got 24 hour supply, others got 19 hours supply or less.

3422: 2043: 1369:

830 million (€620 million), more than double the amount provided to China. India's biggest water and sanitation donor is Japan, which provided

4319: 1869: 8559: 2226: 8400: 7788: 7778: 6815: 6653: 6109: 4137: 777:

A number of innovative approaches to improve water supply and sanitation have been tested in India, in particular in the early 2000s. These include

8498: 8405: 7049: 4564: 4554: 1707: 725:. The contract was scaled up in 2004. The Cypriot company Hydro-Comp, with two Indian companies, won a 10-year concession contract for the city of 8410: 7743: 1276: 1214: 1086:

The tariff for customers that are effectively metered is typically a uniform linear tariff, although some cities apply increasing-block tariffs.

1039: 3978: 8320: 8123: 7470: 6610: 6031: 4519: 3274: 2272: 1608: 4408: 8590: 4003: 2710: 552:

The lack of adequate sanitation and safe water has significant negative health impacts including diarrhoea, referred to by travellers as the

2832: 7783: 5314: 1494: 1283:(AMRUT), the new government's flagship programme for urban development. In addition, in 2014 the new government announced its high-profile 963: 2560: 239:

water, or 96% in urban areas and 85% in rural areas. That is, there were still 150 million people without access to at least basic water.

8133: 7950: 7945: 7840: 7636: 5812: 5437: 3730: 3146: 2014: 907: 782: 8458: 8204: 8001: 7955: 6582: 6134: 4569: 3443: 3370: 2510: 8443: 8011: 8006: 7920: 6187: 6004: 5888: 5668: 5360: 3999: 2914: 1524: 1444:

1,589 million). Included in these MFFs are major investments for the development of urban water supply and sanitation services.

1271: 1222: 759:

Institutions (PRI) at the block or village level (there were about 604 districts and 256,000 villages in India in 2002, according to

738: 370:

This chart depicts the decrease in open defecation from 2000 to 2022 in countries sharing a land border with India. According to the

4121: 3023: 2429: 1080:

0.02 per m3. The other three cities did not charge for sewerage, although the better-off tend to be the ones with access to sewers.

1053:. According to the same ADB study the average tariff for all customers – including industrial, commercial and public customers – is 8569: 8514: 8488: 8463: 8194: 8138: 8048: 8026: 6658: 6625: 722: 3737:

The same source estimates the working ratio at 2.45, which implies that current revenues must be less than half of recurrent costs

3702: 3345: 3246: 2684:"Water Supply & Sanitation – Reaching the Poor Through Sustainable Partnerships: The Slum Sanitation Program in Mumbai, India" 8549: 8534: 8473: 8415: 8345: 8163: 8113: 8103: 8016: 7985: 7965: 7870: 6646: 4622: 4437: 2959: 1244:(US$ 15.2 billion) for urban water supply and sanitation, including urban (stormwater) drainage and solid waste management. 4269: 2112: 8564: 8539: 8519: 8478: 8285: 8265: 8240: 8173: 8098: 8038: 7970: 7940: 7930: 7925: 7915: 7895: 7890: 7820: 5908: 5015: 4792: 4464: 4244: 3641: 2609: 1490: 281:

is the largest Indian city and the only million agglomeration that enjoys uninterrupted hygienic water supply. Chennai has two

3456: 8544: 8524: 8493: 8483: 8438: 8433: 8390: 8360: 8290: 8280: 8158: 8128: 8083: 8073: 8053: 7980: 7975: 7935: 7825: 5802: 5504: 5344: 5329: 5123: 5053: 4102: 3667: 2985: 2200: 2122: 2093: 1971: 1720: 4312:"India – Water Supply and Waste Water Services in Bombay: First, Second and Third Bombay Water Supply and Sewerage Projects" 4085: 8529: 8468: 8375: 8305: 8178: 8153: 8068: 8031: 8021: 7960: 7900: 7885: 7875: 7860: 7835: 7667: 7042: 6994: 6989: 6663: 5660: 5324: 1768: 1603: 1588: 3624:"24/7 Normalized Water Supply Through Innovative Public-Private Partnership: Case Study from Ilkal Town, Karnataka, India" 419:

in open drains is common, due to blockage, settlements and inadequate pumping capacities. The capacity of the 17 existing

243:

water trucks get water from illegal wells on the banks of the Yamuna River for 0.75 rupees per gallon (about US$ 2.70/m).

8554: 8448: 8108: 8093: 8063: 8058: 7910: 5678: 5509: 4931: 2756: 1961: 1804: 1578: 1421: 1300: 741:

a government supported start-up was able to save 60,000 liters of water each year through innovation by installing their

286: 4427: 3689: 917:

This money contributes to her repayment of the WaterCredit loan. The initiative is supported by the US-based non-profit

5933: 5928: 5787: 4905: 4865: 332: 290: 4066: 2318: 1365:. India accounts for 13 per cent of commitments in global water aid for 2006–07, receiving an annual average of about 6783: 5903: 5693: 5620: 5306: 5244: 4880: 4356: 3794: 3781: 3715: 3080: 2953: 7239: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6119: 6089: 5194: 5159: 4936: 3570: 588:

a parastatal agency. In Maharashtra on the other hand, ULBs provide drinking water supply in most urban areas, but

461:

was being treated, with the remainder flowing into rivers, canals, groundwater or the sea. For example, the sacred

3848: 3762: 3317: 1988: 246: 8595: 7442: 7158: 7035: 6883: 6693: 6518: 6454: 6427: 5673: 5365: 5164: 5108: 1583: 1234: 665:

the sector is more centralised and the state government is also in charge of operation and maintenance, while in

4198: 3593: 2876: 2779: 1922: 7646: 7641: 6793: 6373: 4860: 4375: 3750: 3103: 1153:

0.085/m, the latter probably being a very conservative estimate that does not take into account capital costs.

804: 778: 3430: 2805: 7490: 7206: 7084: 6778: 6641: 6403: 6197: 6114: 5953: 5703: 5379: 5339: 5083: 2736: 1904: 1880: 3196:

Schellenberg, Tatjana; Subramanian, Vrishali; Ganeshan, Ganapathy; Tompkins, David; Pradeep, Rohini (2020).

1537:

Punjab. There are multiple projects and loans that go into hundreds of millions and billions of US dollars.

1291:

by 2019, covering 4,041 cities and towns. The programme has received funding and technical support from the

438:, and relates to unsafe and undignified emptying of toilets and pits, as well as handling of raw, untreated 7709: 7629: 7528: 7219: 6788: 6683: 6363: 6255: 6155: 6074: 5625: 5073: 4829: 4433:

World Bank:Reaching the Poor Through Sustainable Partnerships: The Slum Sanitation Program in Mumbai, India

3831: 918: 3540: 2610:"Half of India couldn't access a toilet 5 years ago. Modi built 110M latrines – but will people use them?" 2404: 7576: 7480: 7341: 7143: 7074: 6845: 6535: 6393: 6250: 5881: 5876: 5688: 5234: 5078: 5058: 4787: 4539: 4417: 2661: 1876: 1593: 420: 3529: 1014:

in India are low in both urban and rural areas. In urban areas they were set at the equivalent of about

7518: 7419: 7389: 7331: 7260: 7229: 7173: 7121: 7006: 6942: 6479: 6447: 6368: 5847: 5708: 5630: 5499: 5484: 5447: 5334: 5229: 5189: 4946: 4915: 4824: 4502: 4457: 3808:"Tracking Policy and Budgetary Commitments for Drinking Water and Sanitation: A Study of Select States" 1318: 3925: 366: 277:

became the first city in India to get a piped 24 hour continuous drinking water quality water supply.

7724: 7475: 7336: 6800: 6540: 6378: 6351: 6280: 6215: 6129: 6101: 5898: 5797: 5494: 5319: 5169: 4981: 4885: 4802: 4597: 4559: 4529: 3970: 3751:

Malay Raj MukerjeeIndia: Issues in introducing a realistic water pricing regime in urban local bodies

1870:"Draft Report of the Steering Committee on Urban Development for Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007–2012)" 1739: 800: 794: 371: 198: 194: 3886:"PM Modi's 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' set for mega launch Thursday; schools, offices gear up for event" 3285: 2338:"Mumbai could save water through its mandatory rainwater harvesting rule – but no one seems to care" 7538: 7523: 7462: 7399: 7346: 7270: 6984: 6469: 6325: 6300: 6069: 5698: 5650: 5640: 5600: 5590: 5224: 5179: 5139: 5113: 5093: 4870: 4819: 4777: 4658: 4642: 3746: 2462: 1643: 1558: 1325: 3198:"Wastewater Discharge Standards in the Evolving Context of Urban Sustainability–The Case of India" 2718: 7321: 7136: 7104: 6979: 6572: 6560: 6530: 6192: 6139: 5913: 5683: 5635: 5526: 5489: 5479: 5474: 5219: 5144: 5068: 4544: 3992: 1668:

The term "at least basic water" is a new term since 2016, and is related to the previously used "

1638: 1623: 1330: 954: 327: 3948: 929:

The Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (JUSCO) provides water and sanitation services in

7692: 7131: 7058: 6927: 6567: 6523: 6398: 6330: 6320: 6285: 5923: 5918: 5767: 5580: 5575: 5521: 5442: 5212: 5207: 5184: 5020: 4507: 3949:"The decision to divert funding from water to sanitation turned sour when drought struck India" 3685: 2568: 1409: 1393: 585: 557: 547: 4150: 3835: 3727: 3153: 2071:

Comprehensive Initiative on Technology Evaluation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

7714: 7704: 7606: 7591: 7533: 7429: 7404: 7316: 7265: 7255: 7214: 7168: 7163: 7099: 6888: 6761: 6746: 6615: 6592: 6310: 6160: 6084: 6036: 6026: 5615: 5563: 5548: 4989: 4910: 4839: 4834: 4627: 4592: 4534: 4450: 4346: 3558:

Nirmal Gram Puraskar: A Unique Experiment in Incentivising Sanitation Coverage in Rural India

1669: 1613: 1469: 1296: 1284: 1218: 936:

Efficiency and service quality improved substantially over the following years. The level on

820: 760: 499: 236: 209: 4164:"Project – Erosion Protection in India. Getting Women Involved in Decision-Making Processes" 3046: 1842: 799:

In 1999 a demand-driven and people-centered sanitation program was initiated under the name

7687: 7452: 7126: 7094: 6673: 6408: 6346: 6315: 6305: 6265: 6260: 5999: 5938: 5792: 5585: 5568: 5045: 4101:

OECD:Aid to the water sector commitments, India, calculated from the following pivot table:

3446:, Interview with Ashok Natarajan, Managing Director of Hydro Comp Enterprises, 1 March 2009 1803:(Field Note). World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). September 2010. Archived from 1568: 1461: 23: 2903: 2850: 1452:

Germany supports access to water and sanitation in India through financial cooperation by

527: 8: 7735: 7719: 7624: 7563: 7508: 7485: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6751: 6688: 6678: 6474: 6442: 6413: 5807: 5762: 5726: 5645: 5452: 5429: 5202: 5025: 4797: 4706: 4399:

The World Bank, 2010, Case Study on water resources in Andhra Pradesh, India. pgs. 73–77.

4118: 3015: 1000: 609:

Ministry of Rural Development) is responsible for rural water supply and sanitation; the

403: 313:

Kaapil has been successful in providing continuous piped water supply to all households.

254:

The supply of cities that depend on surface water is threatened by pollution, increasing

19: 2634: 717:

won a pilot contract covering 40,000 households to reduce non-revenue water in parts of

7697: 7682: 7651: 7553: 7543: 7326: 7290: 7183: 7153: 7114: 6908: 6893: 6860: 6810: 6773: 6550: 6513: 6383: 6290: 6245: 6240: 6079: 6064: 6043: 5973: 5948: 5893: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5469: 4969: 4844: 4814: 4767: 4734: 4549: 3910: 3227: 2386: 2300: 1798:"The Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project: 24x7 Water Supply is Achievable" 1633: 1400:

institutions such as the European Union, the Asian Development Bank or the World Bank.

752: 671: 658: 597: 581: 43: 2940: 2737:"Special report : Creaking, groaning: Infrastructure is India's biggest handicap" 2535: 1743: 526:, converting the sewage into clean water, which in turn was used by villagers to grow 362:

List of countries by proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities

7677: 7581: 7571: 7394: 7311: 7295: 7224: 7191: 6947: 6937: 6932: 6835: 6820: 6555: 6437: 6432: 6295: 6275: 6270: 6182: 6177: 5994: 5943: 5754: 5553: 5417: 5118: 4772: 4371: 4352: 3231: 3219: 2949: 2378: 2292: 2246:"Rainwater harvesting in India: some critical issues for basin planning and research" 2175: 2118: 1967: 1923:"Project Information Document (PID) Concept Stage. Delhi Water Supply & Sewerage" 1716: 1628: 1618: 1377:

130 million. The annual average for 2004–06, however, was about half as much at

1266:

other, adversely affecting demand driven approaches requiring cost sharing by users.

990: 986: 937: 698: 621: 507: 431: 410:

For years, most Indians depended on on-site sanitation facilities which means mainly

382: 202: 4188:"Sustainable Sanitation in India. Examples from Indo-German Development Cooperation" 3928:. IRC – Supporting water, sanitation and hygiene services for life. 17 December 2015 3478:"Gujarat Startup's Low-Cost Filters Save 60000 Litres of Water, Without Electricity" 2304: 1353:

Orissa has created an Urban Development Fund modelled on the example of Tamil Nadu.

1221:(Clean India Mission) under the BJP government since 2014, alongside loans from the 1108:

generated the highest relative surplus. The lowest cost recovery ratio was found in

7672: 7601: 7596: 7586: 7513: 7109: 7066: 6875: 6830: 6825: 6725: 6698: 6545: 6356: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6170: 6059: 6014: 5835: 5744: 5516: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5374: 5103: 5063: 4994: 4696: 4524: 4514: 4484: 3209: 2284: 2253: 1573: 1563: 966:, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu with support of members of the 503: 54: 7804: 7196: 2288: 1396:

and Germany are other important external partners in water supply and sanitation.

670:

Vihar-Mehrauli zone is operated by SMPL Infrastructure of India, Malviya Nagar by

7414: 7089: 7079: 6974: 6898: 6840: 6805: 6486: 6464: 6388: 6165: 5289: 5284: 5274: 5267: 5035: 4890: 4875: 4701: 4584: 4421: 4286: 4125: 4089: 4082: 4062: 4022: 3855: 3769: 3734: 3597: 3544: 3533: 3463: 1709:

Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines

1481:

Israel is providing advanced water management technology and expertise to India.

1288: 808: 569: 477: 424: 386: 301: 4138:

Asian Development Bank:Country Water Action: India. Testing Innovative Financing

3836:

India Assessment 2002, Water Supply and Sanitation, a WHO-UNICEF sponsored study

3701:

OECD/Global Water Intelligence Water Tariff Survey 2007, quoted in Peter Gleick:

3669:

Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in Urban Areas: Service and Business models

343:, a community-owned rainwater irrigation system. Maharashtra predominately used 7616: 7548: 7500: 7437: 7356: 7285: 7148: 7001: 6969: 6915: 6865: 6855: 6756: 6577: 6459: 6235: 5370: 5098: 5088: 4900: 4809: 4762: 4757: 4729: 4686: 4681: 4617: 2168:"How Puri became the first Indian city to provide clean drinking water for all" 2019: 1907:, the 2001 census, other data and the extrapolation of previous trends to 2010. 1847:. National Institute of Urban Affairs. 2005. pp. xix–xxvi, 28 – via 1598: 1180: 1034: 913: 813: 756: 577: 255: 201:

in rural areas with continuous distribution networks just beginning to emerge.

3390:

Introducing 24/7 water supply – Challenges in three cities in Karnataka, India

1844:"Status of Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas" 8584: 7409: 7369: 6903: 6766: 6491: 6009: 5968: 5296: 5252: 5149: 4724: 4663: 4632: 4612: 4607: 4114: 4018:"Rural India's economic strength linked to young scientists: PM in Bengaluru" 3223: 3214: 3197: 3134:

Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Project Appraisal Document

2382: 2296: 2245: 2179: 1510: 1506: 530:

and vegetables. This almost 100-year-old system treats 750 million litres of

2454: 7275: 6019: 5989: 5536: 4999: 4716: 4602: 3623: 3560:, International Journal of Rural Studies (IJRS), Vol. 16, No. 1, April 2009 2257: 1673: 1011: 772: 714: 600:

level and operation and maintenance to district and gram panchayat levels.

592:

provides drinking water in most rural areas and a few urban areas as well.

580:

Institutions (PRI) in rural areas or municipalities in urban areas, called

535: 467: 450: 435: 282: 190: 3152:. Planning Commission, Government of India. pp. 23–26. Archived from 2536:"People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) | Data" 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 7384: 7379: 7364: 7280: 7027: 6920: 6124: 5739: 5734: 5462: 5279: 5262: 5154: 4782: 4749: 4691: 4673: 4637: 2044:"12% of urban India relies on bottled water, 1 in 4 homes has a purifier" 1465: 1437: 439: 411: 4426:

Asian Development Bank/Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission:

2390: 2366: 5963: 5855: 5257: 4941: 4739: 3868:"Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: Government builds 7.1 lakh toilets in January" 3404: 3385: 3195: 1822: 1776:

This figure refers to 921 Class I Cities and Class II Towns in 2003–04.

1386: 1341: 1292: 930: 895: 726: 686: 682: 573: 531: 458: 398: 278: 270: 228: 186: 3813:. Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA). January 2016 3171:"New Sanitation Award Creates Healthy Competition Among Indian Cities" 1762:"Ecological sanitation – a need of today! Progress of EcoSan in India" 5457: 4392:

World Bank:India's Water Economy:Bracing for a Turbulent Future, 2005

3926:"New steps to make Swachh Bharat, or Clean India Campaign, a reality" 3590: 3045:

Cunha, John P. Shiel Jr., William C.; Davis, Charles Patrick (eds.).

2273:"Domesticating water supplies through rainwater harvesting in Mumbai" 2114:

Every Drop Counts: Learning from Good Practices in Eight Asian Cities

1514: 1429: 1413: 1334: 882: 718: 710: 662: 495: 348: 259: 5030: 2986:"The ecologically subsidised city: on Kolkata's wetland communities" 633: 589: 445: 7374: 5860: 4895: 4403: 3890: 3793:

World Bank/PPIAF/Water and Sanitation Program/World Bank Institute:

3589:

Ministry of Rural Development, Department of Drinking Water Supply:

3366: 3170: 2015:"At the Mercy of the Water Mafia, Foreign Policy, July/August 2015" 1160: 958: 878: 734: 522:). Under the heat of the tropical sun, algae proliferated in these 518:, for the municipal authorities to pump sewage into shallow ponds ( 3576: 3128: 3126: 3124: 2141:"Mumbai: BMC set to wind up project supplying 24-hr water to city" 901: 4348:

State of Urban Services in India's Cities: Spending and Financing

2365:

Pandey, Deep Narayan; Gupta, Anil K.; Anderson, David M. (2003).

1163:

where the central government and the state government financed a

1105: 1044: 874: 864: 829: 730: 563: 511: 482: 471: 4042: 3795:

Water Tariffs and Subsidies in South Asia: A Scorecard for India

3782:

Water Tariffs and Subsidies in South Asia: A Scorecard for India

3716:

Water Tariffs and Subsidies in South Asia: A Scorecard for India

3502: 1966:. Asian Development Bank, Government of India. 2007. p. 3. 4442: 3537: 3121: 1848: 1544: 1109: 942: 886: 742: 706: 702: 694: 690: 666: 462: 430:

A specific Indian problem is also the (officially prohibited) "

416: 375: 263: 232: 4414: 3649: 3610:

World Bank:Inefficiency of Rural Water Supply Schemes in India

3538:

India: Unrealistic approach hampers rural sanitation programme

3381: 3379: 2511:"World Toilet Day: 420 million people are defecating outdoors" 2107: 2105: 2103: 267:

100 km, thus increasing the city's supply by two-thirds.

262:

depends to a large extent on water pumped since 1974 from the

7447: 4040: 3526: 2430:"Rainwater harvesting in India: Traditional and contemporary" 1127: 967: 870: 729:(Maharashtra) in 2007 and an operator-consultant contract in 515: 182: 3047:"Travelers' Diarrhea: Learn About Antibiotics and Treatment" 1076:

0.09 per m3 in Mumbai. Only Bangalore had a sewer tariff of

957:(FSM) for dealing with human excreta instead of waiting for 953:

Many small and medium towns in India have started deploying

924: 326:

In the early 21st century, India began heavily investing in

6620: 4428:

2007 Benchmarking and Data Book of Water Utilities in India

4240: 4078: 3376: 2100: 1963:

2007 Benchmarking and Data Book of Water Utilities in India

1738: 1502: 1345: 697:(Karnataka) and since 2007 a contract for the reduction of 274: 7765: 2942:

Ecosystem management – towards merging theory and practice

2232:. Malkapur Nagarpanchayat, Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran. 1901:

Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation

1767:. DWA, Hennef and GTZ, Eschborn. p. 3. Archived from 842:

According to a 2008 World Bank study in 10 Indian states,

4316:

Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) – The World Bank Group

4168: 3457:

SPML Infra To Raise PE Funding For Bhiwandi Water Project

3444:

The Latur water supply project is replicable across India

3423:"Bangalore water board upbeat on project to plug leakage" 2806:"Why is the world so obsessed with India's caste system?" 2367:"Rainwater harvesting as an adaptation to climate change" 1498: 1460:. Since the early 1990s both institutions have supported 1457: 1453: 1349: 4438:

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission:Overview

3906:"Budget 2016: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan gets Rs 9,000 crore" 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1495:

Hogenakkal Water Supply and Fluorosis Mitigation Project

1317:(US$ 1.1 billion) was allocated for the mission in 1303:

schemes. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is expected to cost over

4259:"Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Program" 4195:

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

3371:

Jusco reaches Bhopal, aims for other cities under JNURM

1193: 1006: 457:

As of 2003, it was estimated, that only 27% of India's

3690:

Benchmarking and Data Book of Water Utilities in India

3661: 3659: 2069:"Household Water Filter Evaluation Ahmedabad, India", 1363:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

1281:

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation

5669:

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

4345:

Sridhar, Kala Seetharam; Reddy, A. Venugopal (2010).

4217:"India & Israel: Cooperation on water management" 4067:

India gets biggest share of aid for water and hygiene

2757:"665 million Indians still defecate in open: UN" 1945: 1864: 1862: 1860: 235:. In 2015, 88% of the total population had access to 4128:, Asia Programme Working Paper, September 2004, p. 4 3600:, updated on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2010. 3503:"About NeeRain Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Filters" 3400: 3398: 3147:"India Assessment 2002. Water Supply and Sanitation" 2904:"The Calcutta Wetlands: turning bad water into good" 2242: 7794:

Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean

3656: 3247:"Wastewater production, treatment and use in India" 2364: 1157:

Challenges faced in attempting to increase tariffs.

5517:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 2735: 2139: 2086:"Stage-IV of Cauvery water supply scheme underway" 2042: 1857: 1373:635 million, followed by the World Bank with 854:(45.5¢ US) per cubic meter, while it is only 181:In 2020, 97.7% of Indians had access to the basic 4413:Water and Environmental Sanitation Network India: 3395: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1672:". According to Indian norms, access to improved 1217:under the Congress government until 2014 and the 1149:0.074/m in 2001, compared to production costs of 1047:, actually do not bill residential users at all. 1019:20% in rural Punjab. Subsidies were estimated at 611:Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation 8582: 3409:Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project 3282:Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India 2844: 2842: 2635:"Dashboard. Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) 2.0" 2508: 745:technologies across multiple location in India. 189:facilities. India faces challenges ranging from 2608:Regan, Helen; Suri, Manveena (6 October 2019). 2201:"Chennai to get more desal after Nemmeli award" 1295:, corporations and state governments under the 1287:(Clean India Mission) that aims at eradicating 1277:Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission 1215:Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission 1040:Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission 902:Microcredit for water connections in Tamil Nadu 231:, and the lowest was 0.3 hours per day in 4397:Sustaining Water for All in a Changing Climate 4119:India's aid dynamics: from recipient to donor? 3665: 3642:"Partnering for Clean Water: Join Our Mission" 2360: 2358: 1691: 1609:List of water supply and sanitation by country 1456:development bank and technical cooperation by 865:Achieving continuous water supply in Karnataka 830:Demand-driven approaches in rural water supply 785:to women in order to improve access to water. 674:and the Nangloi zone by Veolia Environnement. 564:Responsibility for water supply and sanitation 434:" which is connected to the officially banned 7751: 7043: 4458: 2839: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 709:won a management contract in three cities in 71:No access to sanitation (Open Defecation): 3% 4344: 4083:Measuring Aid to Water Supply and Sanitation 3340: 3338: 2485:"Share of people practicing open defecation" 2117:. Asian Development Bank. 2010. p. 22. 1917: 1915: 1913: 1755: 1753: 1734: 1732: 788: 705:(Madhya Pradhesh). The French water company 352:to source the water needs of the community. 4103:Water focus charts: Disbursements 2004–2006 2730: 2728: 2355: 1489:As India's largest donor in the sector the 1208: 908:Microcredit for water supply and sanitation 783:microcredits in water supply and sanitation 485:overflowing with sewage and garbage in 2011 7758: 7744: 7057: 7050: 7036: 4465: 4451: 4409:Solution Exchange:Water Community in India 1779: 1381:448 million, of which Japan provided 973: 948: 819:A new sanitation campaign was launched as 5679:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 5559:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 4000:Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation 3946: 3475: 3348:. Global Water Intelligence. October 2013 3346:"Delhi Jal Board focuses on its finances" 3335: 3244: 3213: 2607: 1910: 1750: 1729: 1525:Housing and Urban Development Corporation 1403: 1272:Housing and Urban Development Corporation 1223:Housing and Urban Development Corporation 1190:(18.0¢ US) per month per household. 925:Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company 7647:Social impact of Indian television drama 5621:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 4402:Comprehensive Portal on Water in India: 4370:. Manohar Centre de Sciences Humaines. 3175:Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank 2848: 2725: 2708: 2659: 1989:"Water supply in Delhi: Five key issues" 766: 723:Japan Bank for International Cooperation 713:in 2005. In 2002 a consortium including 632: 603: 489: 476: 444: 365: 258:and conflicts among users. For example, 245: 6720: 4623:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 2822: 2041:Sharma, Harikishan (29 November 2019). 1408:India has increased its loans from the 1356: 823:(Clean India Mission) in October 2014. 803:(TSC) which has some similarities with 628: 321: 8583: 7766:Water supply and sanitation by country 5909:Securities and Exchange Board of India 5016:National Geological Monuments of India 4266:Japan International Cooperation Agency 4256: 4006:from the original on 23 November 2019. 3621: 2875:Ghatak, Aditi Roy (17 February 2018). 2874: 2754: 2465:from the original on 11 September 2024 2335: 2270: 2165: 2040: 1491:Japan International Cooperation Agency 689:(Jharkhand), a management contract in 316: 86:Average urban water use (L/person/day) 7739: 7031: 6719: 5833: 5709:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 5674:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 5415: 4967: 4482: 4446: 4365: 4151:Interview mit Pater Hermann Bacher SJ 3070: 2996:from the original on 23 November 2021 2983: 2939:Ghosh, Dhrubajyoti (2 October 2014). 2938: 2913:. Changemakers (issue October 2008). 2803: 2780:"Indian Caste System and The British" 2509:HARUNA KASHIWASE (17 November 2023). 2250:Land Use and Water Resources Research 2137: 2012: 1986: 1895: 1893: 1759: 1310:(US$ 7.4 billion). An amount of 1138:(US$ 35.9 million) per year and 126:National water and sanitation company 78:Share of collected wastewater treated 8591:Water supply and sanitation in India 4030:from the original on 3 January 2020. 3981:from the original on 3 January 2020. 3421:D.S., Madhumathi (7 December 2003). 3420: 2920:from the original on 13 January 2017 2662:"India's Toilet-Building Revolution" 2660:McCarthy, Niall (19 November 2020). 1903:estimate for 2008 based on the 2006 1604:List of dams and reservoirs in India 1589:List of rivers of India by discharge 1194:Subsidies and targeting of subsidies 1007:Tariffs, cost recovery and subsidies 649: 548:Health_in_India § Health_Issues 514:, one of the five largest cities in 208:The share of Indians with access to 32:Water supply and sanitation in India 5704:National Investigation Agency (NIA) 5626:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 5315:Autonomous administrative divisions 4214: 4041:Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund. 3630:. Asian Development Bank Institute. 3575:, 12 September 2017, archived from 3476:Nitnaware, Himanshu (18 May 2021). 3104:"'My life cleaning Delhi's sewers'" 3101: 2984:Aseem, Shrivastava (8 March 2018). 2823:Wallace, Bruce (6 September 2007). 2227:"Malkapur 24X7 Water Supply Scheme" 2083: 1933:from the original on 1 January 2023 1579:Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1301:Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan 1237:(2007–2012) foresaw investments of 693:(West Bengal), another contract in 13: 5694:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 4338: 4043:"Water and Sanitation Pooled Fund" 3572:Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Report Stats 3202:Frontiers in Environmental Science 2777: 2405:"Kuhl, kohli and a lost tradition" 1890: 614:prerogative of state governments. 333:Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation 118:Decentralization to municipalities 14: 8607: 5889:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 5631:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 4916:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 4385: 4368:Water, unreliable supply in Delhi 3044: 3026:from the original on 8 March 2018 2965:from the original on 24 June 2019 2901: 2883:from the original on 8 March 2018 2755:Sharma, Betwa (15 October 2009). 502:, the world's largest biological 142:Responsibility for policy setting 7856:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7803: 4472: 4304: 4279: 4250: 4234: 4208: 4180: 4156: 4143: 4131: 4107: 3071:Chopp, Chris (18 January 2010). 3016:"Global 500 environmental forum" 2849:Overdorf, Jason (28 June 2008). 1599:List of rivers by dissolved load 894:39.5 million loan from the 618:National Urban Sanitation Policy 541: 379:Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 7471:Proposed states and territories 4932:History of India (1947–present) 4095: 4072: 4056: 4034: 4010: 3985: 3963: 3947:Dietvorst, Cor (21 July 2016). 3940: 3918: 3898: 3878: 3860: 3841: 3825: 3800: 3787: 3774: 3755: 3740: 3721: 3708: 3695: 3679: 3634: 3615: 3603: 3583: 3563: 3550: 3520: 3495: 3469: 3449: 3437: 3414: 3360: 3303: 3267: 3238: 3189: 3163: 3139: 3095: 3073:"Fullstopindia.com Is For Sale" 3064: 3038: 3008: 2977: 2932: 2895: 2868: 2816: 2797: 2771: 2748: 2702: 2676: 2653: 2627: 2601: 2583: 2553: 2528: 2502: 2477: 2447: 2422: 2397: 2336:Johari, Aarefa (17 July 2019). 2329: 2311: 2264: 2236: 2219: 2193: 2159: 2131: 2084:Rao, Lalitha (17 August 2009). 2077: 2062: 2034: 2006: 1980: 1715:. New Delhi: NITI Aayog. 2017. 1662: 1584:List of drainage basins by area 1260: 572:governments as it falls in the 216: 5699:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) 5651:Special Protection Group (SPG) 5641:Railway Protection Force (RPF) 4215:Jha, Ritu (23 November 2017). 3275:"National Water Policy (2012)" 3245:Kaur, R; Wani, SP; Singh, AK. 2877:"The wetlands will weep today" 2851:"India: An Environmental Mess" 2639:Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin 2166:Wallen, Joe (17 August 2021). 2138:Singh, Laxman (5 March 2021). 1173: 1026: 805:community-led total sanitation 779:community-led total sanitation 637:Picture of a wastewater stream 590:Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran 169: 158: 134:Water and sanitation regulator 62:Safely Managed Sanitation: 80% 1: 6794:Engineering colleges in India 6423:Electronics and semiconductor 5636:National Security Guard (NSG) 5380:World Heritage Sites in India 4968: 4026:. Bengaluru. 3 January 2020. 3849:10th Plan (2002–2007), p. 611 3622:Tamaki, Keiichi (June 2017). 3102:Jha, Rupa (7 February 2009). 2289:10.1080/13552074.2017.1339949 1905:Demographic and Health Survey 1650: 1531: 1228: 1072:0.11 per m3 in New Delhi and 678:Private sector participation. 355: 5684:Enforcement Directorate (ED) 5505:State legislative assemblies 5416: 5345:States and union territories 5054:Biogeographic classification 4366:Zerah, Marie-Helene (2000). 3971:"What is Jal Jeeval Mission" 3832:Planning Commission of India 2804:Singh, Sahana (5 May 2016). 1247: 919:Water Partners International 7: 7235:Water supply and sanitation 6851:Water supply and sanitation 5834: 5616:Border Security Force (BSF) 5361:National monuments of India 4483: 4197:(GTZ). 2008. Archived from 3977:. Business Standard. 2019. 3703:The World's Water 2008–2009 1987:Aijaz, Rumi (8 June 2020). 1877:Planning Commission (India) 1760:Panse, Dayanand B. (2006). 1594:List of rivers by discharge 1551: 1541:Evaluation of past projects 1521:Evaluation of past projects 685:, has a lease contract for 474:epidemics are not unknown. 421:wastewater treatment plants 94:Share of household metering 10: 8612: 7122:Public distribution system 5904:Central Statistical Office 5510:State legislative councils 5485:Union Council of Ministers 4247:. Retrieved 18 March 2010. 3993:"Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)" 3872:timesofindia-economictimes 3411:. Retrieved 29 March 2009. 3392:. Retrieved 29 March 2009. 2948:. New delhi: Nimby books. 2271:Button, Cat (4 May 2017). 1744:"Joint Monitoring Program" 1447: 1319:2016 Union budget of India 1064:0.15 per m3 in Bangalore, 905: 792: 770: 545: 397:In 2020, according to the 359: 193:for its megacities to its 172:of rural service providers 161:of urban service providers 17: 8507: 8426: 8218: 8187: 7994: 7813: 7800: 7771: 7660: 7637:Films about social issues 7615: 7562: 7499: 7461: 7428: 7355: 7304: 7248: 7205: 7182: 7065: 6874: 6784:Medical colleges in India 6739: 6735: 6715: 6634: 6603: 6339: 6208: 6148: 6100: 6052: 5982: 5934:Foreign exchange reserves 5929:Foreign direct investment 5899:Economic Advisory Council 5869: 5846: 5842: 5829: 5753: 5725: 5659: 5646:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 5608: 5599: 5544: 5535: 5428: 5424: 5411: 5353: 5305: 5243: 5132: 5044: 5026:Sacred mountains of India 5008: 4980: 4976: 4963: 4924: 4853: 4748: 4715: 4672: 4651: 4598:Indus Valley Civilisation 4583: 4495: 4491: 4478: 4361:– via Google Books. 4351:. Public Affairs Centre. 2205:Global Water Intelligence 1740:World Health Organization 1476: 1385:293 million and the 1068:0.12 per m3 in Calcutta, 801:Total Sanitation Campaign 795:Total Sanitation Campaign 789:Total Sanitation Campaign 221: 210:improved sources of water 168: 157: 149: 141: 133: 125: 117: 112: 101: 97:55% in urban areas (1999) 93: 85: 77: 52: 41: 36: 6070:Multi Commodity Exchange 5689:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 4420:15 February 2021 at the 3747:Global Water Partnership 3462:25 December 2010 at the 3215:10.3389/fenvs.2020.00030 2641:. Ministry of Jal Shakti 2434:India Water Portal Hindi 2409:India Water Portal Hindi 2277:Gender & Development 1644:Water pollution in India 1559:Cleanest cities in India 1484: 1333:held in January 2020 in 1209:Investment and financing 737:(Maharashtra). In 2023, 308: 296: 102:Annual investment in WSS 18:Not to be confused with 7105:National Pension System 5914:Enforcement Directorate 5375:Indian-origin religions 5366:National parks of India 5175:Highest point by states 4937:Economic liberalisation 4257:Sonoda, Hajime (2005). 3975:Business Standard India 3733:10 October 2007 at the 3666:NFSSM Alliance (2021). 3427:The Hindu Business Line 2709:Jacobson, Mark (2007). 1639:Water scarcity in India 1624:Pollution of the Ganges 1436:450 million), and 1331:Indian Science Congress 1235:Eleventh Five-Year Plan 1012:Water and sewer tariffs 974:Efficiency of utilities 955:fecal sludge management 949:Fecal sludge management 885:, the private operator 449:Millions depend on the 8596:Social issues in India 8246:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7443:Caste-related violence 7159:Universal basic income 7059:Social issues in India 6884:Arts and entertainment 6519:Science and technology 6455:Information technology 6135:Government initiatives 5031:Sacred rivers of India 5021:Sacred groves of India 4575:Science and technology 4172:. 2009. Archived from 3854:21 August 2007 at the 3686:Asian Development Bank 3543:5 October 2008 at the 2784:InfinityFoundation.com 2711:"Mumbai Slum: Dharavi" 2258:10.22004/ag.econ.47964 1410:Asian Development Bank 1404:Asian Development Bank 1394:Asian Development Bank 638: 586:Kerala Water Authority 486: 454: 390: 251: 68:Limited Sanitation: 7% 42:Access to an at least 7642:Freedom of expression 6841:Socio-economic issues 6789:Law colleges in India 6779:Universities in India 6027:Reserve Bank of India 4830:Independence movement 4628:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 4275:on 28 September 2011. 3367:The Financial Express 1670:improved water source 1614:National Water Policy 1470:ecological sanitation 1428:1,260 million), 1392:87 million. The 1297:Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan 1285:Swachh Bharat Abhiyan 1219:Swachh Bharat Abhiyan 906:Further information: 821:Swachh Bharat Abhiyan 767:Innovative approaches 761:Subdivisions of India 636: 604:Policy and regulation 500:East Kolkata wetlands 490:East Kolkata wetlands 480: 448: 369: 249: 65:Basic Sanitation: 10% 8169:United Arab Emirates 7491:Separatist movements 6115:Economic development 5959:Voluntary guidelines 5954:Industrial licensing 5084:Environmental issues 4866:Non-Aligned Movement 4643:Seleucid–Mauryan war 4124:17 June 2011 at the 3847:Planning Commission: 3768:27 July 2007 at the 3761:Planning Commission: 3579:on 28 September 2017 3532:8 April 2014 at the 2902:Ghosh, Dhrubajyoti. 2013:Sethi, Aman (2015). 1569:Environment of India 1462:watershed management 1357:External cooperation 629:Wastewater treatment 328:rainwater harvesting 322:Rainwater harvesting 195:distribution network 24:Environment of India 8560:Trinidad and Tobago 8351:Republic of Ireland 7529:Illegal immigration 7174:Widening income gap 5877:Ministry of Finance 4881:Indo-Pakistani wars 4825:Partition of Bengal 4088:25 May 2010 at the 3612:, Smita Misra, 2008 3596:10 May 2010 at the 3311:"10th Plan, p. 613" 3083:on 20 February 2011 2911:www.dhrubajyoti.net 2744:. 13 December 2008. 2715:National Geographic 2571:on 13 November 2016 2515:blogs.worldbank.org 1420:862 million), 1001:labour productivity 997:Labour productivity 945:City, West Bengal. 558:Travelers' diarrhea 317:Other water sources 53:Access to at least 33: 20:Irrigation in India 8454:Dominican Republic 7789:Sub-Saharan Africa 7481:Religious violence 7342:Female infanticide 7327:Child prostitution 7144:Standard of living 6846:Standard of living 6536:Telecommunications 6053:Financial services 5974:Atmanirbhar Bharat 5894:Finance Commission 5059:Biosphere reserves 4815:Bengal Renaissance 4803:Commander-in-Chief 4768:East India Company 4404:India Water Portal 4245:Ex-Ante Evaluation 4221:The Economic Times 4153:, Jesuiten 4/2005 3914:, 29 February 2016 3911:The Economic Times 3159:on 6 January 2006. 3022:. United Nations. 2540:data.worldbank.org 2146:The Indian Express 2049:The Indian Express 1810:on 20 January 2016 1634:Saemangeum Seawall 672:Suez Environnement 659:Urban Local Bodies 639: 582:Urban Local Bodies 498:reported that the 487: 455: 391: 252: 44:basic water source 31: 8578: 8577: 8406:England and Wales 7733: 7732: 7519:Human trafficking 7332:Child trafficking 7261:Domestic violence 7230:Natural disasters 7225:Manual scavenging 7085:Farmers' suicides 7025: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7016: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6256:Jammu and Kashmir 5882:Finance ministers 5825: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5813:Women in politics 5788:Political parties 5721: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5527:Chief Secretaries 5500:State governments 5495:Cabinet Secretary 5448:Foreign relations 5407: 5406: 5403: 5402: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4947:COVID-19 pandemic 4820:Political reforms 4204:on 7 August 2011. 3763:10th Plan, p. 604 3433:on 14 March 2004. 3323:on 21 August 2007 3077:FullStopIndia.com 3020:www.global500.org 2879:. The Statesman. 2829:Los Angeles Times 2489:Our World in Data 2124:978-92-9092-030-4 1973:978-971-561-648-5 1774:on 7 August 2011. 1722:978-92-4-151289-3 1629:Sanitation worker 1619:Polavaram Project 1422:Jammu and Kashmir 1084:Tariff structure. 991:non-revenue water 987:non-revenue water 983:Non-revenue water 938:non-revenue water 869:In the cities of 699:non-revenue water 650:Service provision 622:manual scavenging 508:Dhrubajyoti Ghosh 432:manual scavenging 383:Our World in Data 381:, as reported by 203:Non-revenue water 179: 178: 8603: 8411:Northern Ireland 8210:Papua New Guinea 7808: 7807: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7737: 7736: 7725:Police brutality 7514:Groom kidnapping 7476:Ethnic relations 7337:Female foeticide 7052: 7045: 7038: 7029: 7028: 6980:Physical culture 6801:Ethnic relations 6737: 6736: 6717: 6716: 6699:Mumbai Consensus 6251:Himachal Pradesh 6140:Numbering system 6130:Green revolution 6005:Historical Forex 5844: 5843: 5831: 5830: 5803:Scheduled groups 5606: 5605: 5542: 5541: 5426: 5425: 5413: 5412: 5395:Tourism in India 5390:History of India 5385:Culture of India 4995:Geology of India 4978: 4977: 4965: 4964: 4896:Naxal Insurgency 4891:White Revolution 4886:Green Revolution 4493: 4492: 4480: 4479: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4444: 4443: 4381: 4362: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4318:. Archived from 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4268:. Archived from 4263: 4254: 4248: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4192: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4176:on 27 July 2011. 4160: 4154: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4076: 4070: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3864: 3858: 3845: 3839: 3838:, 2003, p. 51-53 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3812: 3804: 3798: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3772: 3759: 3753: 3744: 3738: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3706: 3699: 3693: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3652:on 16 June 2008. 3648:. Archived from 3638: 3632: 3631: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3567: 3561: 3554: 3548: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3482:The Better India 3473: 3467: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3429:. Archived from 3418: 3412: 3402: 3393: 3383: 3374: 3373:, 25 August 2007 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3342: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3322: 3316:. Archived from 3315: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3290: 3284:. Archived from 3279: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3217: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3137: 3130: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3079:. Archived from 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2964: 2947: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2919: 2908: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2846: 2837: 2836: 2831:. Archived from 2820: 2814: 2813: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2732: 2723: 2722: 2717:. Archived from 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2591:"Data Warehouse" 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2567:. Archived from 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2362: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2323:TechSci Research 2315: 2309: 2308: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2207:. 7 January 2010 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2143: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2109: 2098: 2097: 2096:on 15 July 2011. 2092:. Archived from 2081: 2075: 2074: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2046: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1958: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1919: 1908: 1897: 1888: 1887: 1886:on 4 March 2016. 1885: 1879:. Archived from 1874: 1866: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1839: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1809: 1802: 1794: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1736: 1727: 1726: 1714: 1704: 1678: 1666: 1574:Kalpasar Project 1564:Climate of India 1443: 1435: 1427: 1419: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1326:Independence Day 1324:During the 2019 1316: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1243: 1242:1,270.25 billion 1241: 1204: 1202: 1189: 1187: 1169: 1167: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1096: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1022: 1017: 893: 881:in the state of 860: 858: 853: 851: 721:, funded by the 504:sewage treatment 404:basic sanitation 205:is a challenge. 171: 160: 107: 55:basic sanitation 34: 30: 8611: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8503: 8422: 8326:North Macedonia 8214: 8183: 7990: 7809: 7802: 7798: 7767: 7764: 7734: 7729: 7656: 7611: 7558: 7539:Organised crime 7524:Illegal housing 7495: 7457: 7424: 7400:Menstrual taboo 7351: 7347:Street children 7300: 7271:Family planning 7244: 7201: 7178: 7061: 7056: 7026: 7013: 6985:Public holidays 6870: 6816:Life expectancy 6731: 6730: 6703: 6630: 6599: 6504:Pharmaceuticals 6335: 6204: 6144: 6110:COVID-19 impact 6096: 6048: 5978: 5865: 5838: 5817: 5749: 5713: 5655: 5595: 5591:District Courts 5531: 5522:Chief Ministers 5420: 5399: 5349: 5301: 5239: 5213:Western coastal 5208:Eastern coastal 5195:Mountain passes 5128: 5114:Protected areas 5040: 5036:Stones of India 5004: 4972: 4951: 4920: 4906:Space programme 4876:Sino-Indian War 4871:Five-Year Plans 4849: 4744: 4711: 4702:Delhi Sultanate 4668: 4659:Middle kingdoms 4652:Middle Kingdoms 4647: 4579: 4487: 4474: 4471: 4422:Wayback Machine 4388: 4378: 4359: 4341: 4339:Further reading 4336: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4144: 4140:, December 2008 4136: 4132: 4126:Wayback Machine 4112: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4090:Wayback Machine 4077: 4073: 4063:Financial Times 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4023:Hindustan Times 4016: 4015: 4011: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3894:. October 2014. 3884: 3883: 3879: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3856:Wayback Machine 3846: 3842: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3775: 3770:Wayback Machine 3760: 3756: 3745: 3741: 3735:Wayback Machine 3726: 3722: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3664: 3657: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3598:Wayback Machine 3588: 3584: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3555: 3551: 3545:Wayback Machine 3534:Wayback Machine 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3474: 3470: 3464:Wayback Machine 3454: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3419: 3415: 3403: 3396: 3384: 3377: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3344: 3343: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3291:on 12 July 2018 3288: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3136:, 2006, Annex 1 3131: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3014: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2847: 2840: 2821: 2817: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2778:Hobson, Kevin. 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2753: 2749: 2734: 2733: 2726: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2606: 2602: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2371:Current Science 2363: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2334: 2330: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2269: 2265: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2111: 2110: 2101: 2090:Project Monitor 2082: 2078: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1960: 1959: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1921: 1920: 1911: 1898: 1891: 1883: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1858: 1841: 1840: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1780: 1771: 1764: 1758: 1751: 1737: 1730: 1723: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1692: 1682: 1681: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1648: 1554: 1534: 1497:in Tamil Nadu, 1487: 1479: 1450: 1441: 1433: 1425: 1417: 1406: 1389: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1312: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1289:open defecation 1263: 1250: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1211: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1185: 1184: 1176: 1165: 1164: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1121: 1120: 1094: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1029: 1020: 1015: 1009: 976: 951: 927: 910: 904: 891: 867: 856: 855: 849: 848: 832: 814:Gram Panchayats 809:open defecation 797: 791: 775: 769: 755:governments to 652: 631: 606: 566: 550: 544: 538:award in 2016. 492: 425:defecate openly 387:open defecation 364: 358: 324: 319: 311: 299: 224: 219: 105: 27: 12: 11: 5: 8609: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8511: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8401:United Kingdom 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8261:Czech Republic 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7810: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7779:European Union 7775: 7773: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7740: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7621: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7534:Illegal mining 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7505: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7438:Caste politics 7434: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7390:Women's health 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7361: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7322:Child marriage 7319: 7314: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7286:Nuclear family 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7240:Water disputes 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7220:Climate change 7217: 7211: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7149:Street vendors 7146: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7075:Communications 7071: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7055: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7032: 7023: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7009: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6880: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6721: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6674:Income Tax Act 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6516: 6511: 6509:Pulp and paper 6506: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6497:Iron and Steel 6494: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6457: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6281:Madhya Pradesh 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6216:Andhra Pradesh 6212: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6163: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6120:Liberalisation 6117: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5840: 5839: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5759: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5497: 5492: 5490:Civil Services 5487: 5482: 5480:Prime Minister 5477: 5475:Vice President 5472: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5422: 5421: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5371:Nature worship 5368: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5340:Municipalities 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5165:Extreme points 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5109:National parks 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5069:Climate change 5066: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4974: 4973: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4901:Smiling Buddha 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4778:1857 rebellion 4775: 4770: 4765: 4763:Princely state 4760: 4754: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4735:European trade 4732: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4682:Medieval India 4678: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4618:Yavana Kingdom 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4565:Paper currency 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4387: 4386:External links 4384: 4383: 4382: 4376: 4363: 4357: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4322:on 5 July 2014 4303: 4278: 4249: 4233: 4207: 4179: 4155: 4142: 4130: 4113:Gareth Price, 4106: 4094: 4071: 4069:, 7 April 2009 4055: 4033: 4009: 3984: 3962: 3939: 3917: 3897: 3877: 3859: 3840: 3824: 3799: 3786: 3773: 3754: 3739: 3728:Delhi ADB 2001 3720: 3718:, 2002, p. 7-8 3707: 3694: 3678: 3655: 3633: 3614: 3602: 3582: 3562: 3549: 3519: 3494: 3468: 3466:, 21 June 2010 3455:Dealcurry.com: 3448: 3436: 3413: 3394: 3375: 3359: 3334: 3302: 3266: 3237: 3188: 3162: 3138: 3120: 3094: 3063: 3037: 3007: 2976: 2954: 2931: 2894: 2867: 2838: 2835:on 5 May 2009. 2815: 2796: 2770: 2747: 2724: 2721:on 5 May 2007. 2701: 2675: 2652: 2626: 2600: 2582: 2552: 2527: 2501: 2476: 2446: 2421: 2396: 2354: 2328: 2310: 2283:(2): 269–282. 2263: 2235: 2218: 2192: 2158: 2130: 2123: 2099: 2076: 2061: 2033: 2020:Foreign Policy 2005: 1979: 1972: 1944: 1909: 1889: 1856: 1821: 1778: 1749: 1728: 1721: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1533: 1530: 1486: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1449: 1446: 1405: 1402: 1358: 1355: 1262: 1259: 1249: 1246: 1230: 1227: 1210: 1207: 1203:54,708 million 1195: 1192: 1175: 1172: 1101:Cost recovery. 1090:Affordability. 1035:Water metering 1028: 1025: 1008: 1005: 975: 972: 968:NFSSM Alliance 950: 947: 926: 923: 914:Tiruchirapalli 903: 900: 866: 863: 831: 828: 793:Main article: 790: 787: 768: 765: 757:Panchayati Raj 651: 648: 630: 627: 605: 602: 578:Panchayati Raj 565: 562: 543: 540: 491: 488: 357: 354: 345:bhandara phads 323: 320: 318: 315: 310: 307: 298: 295: 256:water scarcity 237:at least basic 223: 220: 218: 215: 191:sourcing water 177: 176: 173: 166: 165: 162: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 110: 109: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 73: 72: 69: 66: 63: 57: 50: 49: 46: 39: 38: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8608: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8508:South America 8506: 8500: 8499:United States 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427:North America 8425: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7806: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7784:Latin America 7782: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7761: 7756: 7754: 7749: 7747: 7742: 7741: 7738: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7715:Superstitions 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7693:Homosexuality 7691: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7370:Bride burning 7368: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7048: 7046: 7041: 7039: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689:Insurance Act 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679:Companies Act 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6524:Biotechnology 6522: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6428:Entertainment 6426: 6424: 6421: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326:Uttar Pradesh 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6010:Digital rupee 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969:Make in India 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5924:Foreign trade 5922: 5920: 5919:External debt 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5581:Chief Justice 5579: 5577: 5576:Supreme Court 5574: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443:Energy policy 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5203:Indo-Gangetic 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4911:The Emergency 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4633:Kushan Empire 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4608:Mahajanapadas 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4456: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4415:WES-Net India 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4358:9780198065388 4354: 4350: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4152: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4115:Chatham House 4110: 4104: 4098: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4005: 4002:. p. 1. 4001: 3994: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3950: 3943: 3927: 3921: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3809: 3803: 3797:, 2002, p. 12 3796: 3790: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3675:. NITI Aayog. 3671: 3670: 3662: 3660: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3556:Benny George: 3553: 3547:, 1 June 2007 3546: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3319: 3312: 3306: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3255: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3155: 3148: 3142: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3011: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2961: 2957: 2955:9788190657044 2951: 2944: 2943: 2935: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2843: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2759:. Rediff News 2758: 2751: 2743: 2742:The Economist 2738: 2731: 2729: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2663: 2656: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2570: 2566: 2565:WASHwatch.org 2562: 2556: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2359: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2228: 2222: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172:The Telegraph 2169: 2162: 2147: 2142: 2134: 2126: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2072: 2065: 2050: 2045: 2037: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2009: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1975: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1894: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1806: 1799: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1770: 1763: 1756: 1754: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1724: 1718: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1445: 1439: 1431: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1388: 1364: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1267: 1258: 1254: 1245: 1236: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1206: 1191: 1182: 1171: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1129: 1118: 1117:Delhi example 1114: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1052: 1051:Tariff levels 1048: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1033: 1024: 1013: 1004: 1002: 999:. Concerning 998: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 971: 969: 965: 964:Uttar Pradesh 960: 956: 946: 944: 939: 934: 932: 922: 920: 915: 909: 899: 897: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 862: 845: 840: 838: 827: 824: 822: 817: 815: 810: 806: 802: 796: 786: 784: 780: 774: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 675: 673: 668: 664: 660: 656: 647: 643: 635: 626: 623: 619: 615: 612: 601: 599: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 561: 559: 555: 549: 542:Health impact 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 484: 479: 475: 473: 469: 464: 460: 452: 447: 443: 441: 440:human excreta 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 413: 408: 405: 400: 395: 388: 384: 380: 377: 373: 368: 363: 353: 350: 346: 342: 336: 334: 329: 314: 306: 303: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 265: 261: 257: 248: 244: 240: 238: 234: 230: 214: 211: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 175:about 100,000 174: 167: 163: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 111: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 70: 67: 64: 61: 60: 59:97.7% (2020) 58: 56: 51: 47: 45: 40: 35: 29: 25: 21: 16: 8134:Saudi Arabia 8043: 7951:South Africa 7946:Sierra Leone 7841:Burkina Faso 7705:Human rights 7661:Other issues 7607:Tuberculosis 7592:Malnutrition 7430:Caste system 7405:Prostitution 7317:Child labour 7276:Joint family 7266:Dowry system 7256:Cohabitation 7234: 7215:Conservation 7169:Unemployment 7164:Urbanisation 7100:Debt bondage 7095:Land reforms 6965:Martial arts 6889:Architecture 6850: 6762:Demographics 6747:Caste system 6724:Society and 6587: 6374:Construction 6156:By net worth 5990:Indian rupee 5793:Reservations 5661:Intelligence 5564:Human rights 5549:Constitution 5307:Subdivisions 5000:Indian Plate 4990:Fossil Parks 4925:Contemporary 4840:World War II 4717:Early Modern 4707:Vijayanagara 4603:Vedic period 4473:India topics 4367: 4347: 4324:. Retrieved 4320:the original 4315: 4306: 4294:. Retrieved 4290: 4281: 4270:the original 4265: 4252: 4236: 4224:. Retrieved 4220: 4210: 4199:the original 4182: 4174:the original 4167: 4158: 4145: 4133: 4109: 4097: 4074: 4058: 4046:. Retrieved 4036: 4021: 4012: 3987: 3974: 3965: 3953:. Retrieved 3942: 3930:. Retrieved 3920: 3909: 3900: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3843: 3827: 3815:. Retrieved 3802: 3789: 3784:, 2002, p. 8 3776: 3757: 3742: 3723: 3710: 3705:, p. 321-322 3697: 3692:, 2007, p. 9 3681: 3668: 3650:the original 3645: 3636: 3627: 3617: 3605: 3585: 3577:the original 3571: 3565: 3552: 3522: 3510:. Retrieved 3506: 3497: 3485:. Retrieved 3481: 3471: 3451: 3439: 3431:the original 3426: 3416: 3362: 3350:. Retrieved 3325:. Retrieved 3318:the original 3305: 3293:. Retrieved 3286:the original 3281: 3269: 3257:. Retrieved 3253: 3240: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3179:. Retrieved 3174: 3165: 3154:the original 3141: 3111:. Retrieved 3107: 3097: 3085:. Retrieved 3081:the original 3076: 3066: 3054:. 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