165:
3451:
3304:
3350:
3263:
3251:
3362:
3413:
3338:
3239:
108:
will occur until the ground reaches saturation, at which point the infiltration capacity is reached. The duration of rainfall impacts the infiltration capacity as well. Initially when the precipitation event first starts the infiltration is occurring rapidly as the soil is unsaturated, but as time continues the infiltration rate slows as the soil becomes more saturated. This relationship between rainfall and infiltration capacity also determines how much
3386:
3439:
3427:
3463:
3374:
3487:
3403:
3326:
206:
303:. In the case of uniform initial soil water content and deep well-drained soil, there are some excellent approximate methods to solve the infiltration flux for a single rainfall event. Among these are the Green and Ampt (1911) method, Parlange et al. (1982). Beyond these methods there are a host of empirical methods such as SCS method, Horton's method, etc., that are little more than curve fitting exercises.
3227:
3475:
3275:
1998:. Many would argue that this method is too simple and should not be used. Compare it with the Green and Ampt (1911) solution mentioned previously. This method is similar to Green and Ampt, but missing the cumulative infiltration depth and is therefore incomplete because it assumes that the infiltration gradient occurs over some arbitrary length
76:. The infiltration capacity is defined as the maximum rate of infiltration. It is most often measured in meters per day but can also be measured in other units of distance over time if necessary. The infiltration capacity decreases as the soil moisture content of soils surface layers increases. If the
1812:
The major limitation of this expression is its reliance on the zero final intake rate. In most cases, the infiltration rate instead approaches a finite steady value, which in some cases may occur after short periods of time. The
Kostiakov-Lewis variant, also known as the "Modified Kostiakov" equation
188:
In semi-arid savannas and grasslands, the infiltration rate of a particular soil depends on the percentage of the ground covered by litter, and the basal cover of perennial grass tufts. On sandy loam soils, the infiltration rate under a litter cover can be nine times higher than on bare surfaces. The
176:
If the land is covered by impermeable surfaces, such as pavement, infiltration cannot occur as the water cannot infiltrate through an impermeable surface. This relationship also leads to increased runoff. Areas that are impermeable often have storm drains that drain directly into water bodies, which
107:
Precipitation can impact infiltration in many ways. The amount, type, and duration of precipitation all have an impact. Rainfall leads to faster infiltration rates than any other precipitation event, such as snow or sleet. In terms of amount, the more precipitation that occurs, the more infiltration
250:
particles in the soil may swell as they become wet and thereby reduce the size of the pores. In areas where the ground is not protected by a layer of forest litter, raindrops can detach soil particles from the surface and wash fine particles into surface pores where they can impede the infiltration
221:
The process of infiltration can continue only if there is room available for additional water at the soil surface. The available volume for additional water in the soil depends on the porosity of the soil and the rate at which previously infiltrated water can move away from the surface through the
151:
Organic materials in the soil (including plants and animals) all increase the infiltration capacity. Vegetation contains roots that extend into the soil which create cracks and fissures in the soil, allowing for more rapid infiltration and increased capacity. Vegetation can also reduce the surface
142:
Soil that is already saturated has no more capacity to hold more water, therefore infiltration capacity has been reached and the rate cannot increase past this point. This leads to much more surface runoff. When soil is partially saturated then infiltration can occur at a moderate rate and fully
290:
Infiltration is a component of the general mass balance hydrologic budget. There are several ways to estimate the volume and/or the rate of infiltration of water into the soil. The rigorous standard that fully couples groundwater to surface water through a non-homogeneous soil is the numerical
245:
suggested that infiltration capacity rapidly declines during the early part of a storm and then tends towards an approximately constant value after a couple of hours for the remainder of the event. Previously infiltrated water fills the available storage spaces and reduces the capillary forces
210:
124:
of soils is critical in determining the infiltration capacity. Soils that have smaller pore sizes, such as clay, have lower infiltration capacity and slower infiltration rates than soils that have large pore sizes, such as sands. One exception to this rule is when the clay is present in dry
208:
213:
212:
207:
214:
31:
180:
Vegetative cover of the land also impacts the infiltration capacity. Vegetative cover can lead to more interception of precipitation, which can decrease intensity leading to less runoff, and more interception. Increased abundance of vegetation also leads to higher levels of
660:
The name was derived from two men; Green and Ampt. The Green-Ampt method of infiltration estimation accounts for many variables that other methods, such as Darcy's law, do not. It is a function of the soil suction head, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and time.
643:
and comparing against exact analytical solutions of infiltration using special forms of the soil constitutive relations. Results showed that this approximation does not affect the calculated infiltration flux because the diffusive flux is small and that the
211:
763:
222:
soil. The maximum rate at that water can enter soil in a given condition is the infiltration capacity. If the arrival of the water at the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, it is sometimes analyzed using
1105:. These values can be obtained by solving the model with a log replaced with its Taylor-Expansion around one, of the zeroth and second order respectively. The only note on using this formula is that one must assume that
1022:. However, the variable being solved for is in the equation itself so when solving for this one must set the variable in question to converge on zero, or another appropriate constant. A good first guess for
93:
Infiltration is caused by multiple factors including; gravity, capillary forces, adsorption, and osmosis. Many soil characteristics can also play a role in determining the rate at which infiltration occurs.
1698:
589:
The only note on this method is one must be wise about which variables to use and which to omit, for doubles can easily be encountered. An easy example of double counting variables is when the evaporation,
638:
This method is an approximation of
Richards' (1931) partial differential equation that de-emphasizes soil water diffusion. This was established by comparing the solution of the advection-like term of the
189:
low rate of infiltration in bare areas is due mostly to the presence of a soil crust or surface seal. Infiltration through the base of a tuft is rapid and the tufts funnel water toward their own roots.
185:
which can decrease the amount of infiltration rate. Debris from vegetation such as leaf cover can also increase the infiltration rate by protecting the soils from intense precipitation events.
988:
209:
1291:
mentioned above, Horton's equation is another viable option when measuring ground infiltration rates or volumes. It is an empirical formula that says that infiltration starts at a constant rate,
1103:
1454:
414:
652:, is guaranteed to converge and to conserve mass. It requires the assumption that the flow occurs in the vertical direction only (1-dimensional), and that the soil is uniform within layers.
152:
compaction of the soil which again allows for increased infiltration. When no vegetation is present infiltration rates can be very low, which can lead to excessive runoff and increased
1882:
1950:
3102:
Kostiakov, A.N. "On the dynamics of the coefficient of water-percolation in soils and on the necessity of studying it from a dynamic point of view for purposes of amelioration".
1764:
2496:
1277:
2464:
2333:
2149:
2072:
630:
with very nonlinear coefficients. The
Richards equation is computationally expensive, not guaranteed to converge, and sometimes has difficulty with mass conservation.
2439:
2177:
814:
792:
3254:
2525:
2206:
2043:
1983:
1549:
1520:
1487:
1363:
1316:
1130:
569:
482:
453:
3365:
1020:
875:
2358:
3341:
1063:
2408:
2382:
2254:
2228:
2016:
1807:
1787:
1571:
1336:
1190:
1170:
1150:
1040:
840:
128:
Soil compaction also impacts infiltration capacity. Compaction of soils results in decreased porosity within the soils, which decreases infiltration capacity.
667:
4318:
1132:, the water head or the depth of ponded water above the surface, is negligible. Using the infiltration volume from this equation one may then substitute
295:. A newer method that allows 1-D groundwater and surface water coupling in homogeneous soil layers, and that is related to the Richards equation is the
3389:
3175:
3442:
2709:
Dadkhah, Manouchehr; Gifford, Gerald F. (1980). "Influence of
Vegetation, Rock Cover, and Trampling on Infiltration Rates and Sediment Production1".
2674:
3329:
2815:
1708:
Named after its founder
Kostiakov is an empirical equation that assumes that the intake rate declines over time according to a power function.
4140:
645:
296:
2657:
3042:
Ogden, F. L.; Lai, W.; Steinke, R.C.; Zhu, J.; Talbot, C.A.; Wilson, J.L. (2015). "A new general 1-D vadose zone flow solution method".
2832:
4311:
1591:
4549:
4917:
4185:
2410:
is the vague total depth of subsurface ground in question (mm). This vague definition explains why this method should be avoided.
3168:
2583:
1338:. After some time when the soil saturation level reaches a certain value, the rate of infiltration will level off to the rate
887:
2256:
is the vague total depth of subsurface ground in question. This vague definition explains why this method should be avoided.
4304:
3148:
315:. Given all the other variables and infiltration is the only unknown, simple algebra solves the infiltration question.
881:
Once integrated, one can easily choose to solve for either volume of infiltration or instantaneous infiltration rate:
134:
can develop after wildfires have happened, which can greatly diminish or completely prevent infiltration from occurring.
1068:
2603:
17:
2045:
and the head of dry soil that exists below the depth of the wetting front soil suction head is assumed to be equal to
1371:
321:
3595:
3193:
3161:
2792:
2781:
Walker, B. H. (1974). "Ecological considerations in the management of semi-arid ecosystems in south-central Africa".
2641:
1551:
is the constant or equilibrium infiltration rate after the soil has been saturated or the minimum infiltration rate;
455:
is the boundary input, which is essentially the output watershed from adjacent, directly connected impervious areas;
5543:
1577:
The other method of using Horton's equation is as below. It can be used to find the total volume of infiltration,
5074:
1152:
into the corresponding infiltration rate equation below to find the instantaneous infiltration rate at the time,
649:
640:
300:
53:
2923:
Parlange, J. -Y.; Lisle, I.; Braddock, R. D.; Smith, R. E. (1982). "The Three-Parameter
Infiltration Equation".
5538:
5099:
3843:
3724:
3266:
2558:
627:
1819:
5240:
5190:
5084:
2598:
156:
levels. Similarly to vegetation, animals that burrow in the soil also create cracks in the soil structure.
1893:
5518:
4156:
495:
197:
When the slope of the land is higher runoff occurs more readily which leads to lower infiltration rates.
2685:
125:
conditions. In this case, the soil can develop large cracks which lead to higher infiltration capacity.
4744:
3756:
3201:
2843:. eds Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
1714:
5528:
5480:
5363:
4059:
3454:
571:
is the initial abstraction, which is the short-term surface storage such as puddles or even possibly
223:
90:, parameters and rainfall simulators are all devices that can be used to measure infiltration rates.
5513:
5230:
5037:
4135:
4125:
3997:
3817:
3555:
3353:
3184:
2469:
1198:
112:
will occur. If rainfall occurs at a rate faster than the infiltration capacity runoff will occur.
5523:
5215:
4980:
3975:
3950:
3890:
3570:
3511:
279:
5465:
5323:
4874:
4759:
4238:
4049:
3863:
3699:
3674:
3525:
3504:
3396:
2385:
2231:
843:
2444:
2266:
2080:
2048:
5569:
5303:
5150:
5112:
4561:
4500:
3925:
3734:
3242:
2548:
2415:
2160:
799:
775:
623:
292:
2829:
488:, depending on where one chooses to define the exit point or points for the boundary output;
230:
that consider infiltration, runoff, and channel flow to predict river flow rates and stream
164:
5533:
5255:
5079:
4839:
4696:
4646:
4440:
4278:
4130:
4087:
3980:
3905:
3288:
3051:
3014:
2975:
2932:
2858:
2718:
2588:
2578:
2568:
2503:
2184:
2021:
1961:
1527:
1498:
1465:
1341:
1294:
1108:
547:
460:
431:
267:
996:
851:
8:
5429:
5424:
5225:
5069:
4691:
4544:
4465:
4372:
4054:
4044:
3600:
3585:
3545:
3518:
3293:
3283:
2757:
2593:
2341:
275:
169:
3055:
3018:
3001:
Ogden, F. L.; Allen, M.; Zhu, J.; Lai, W.; Seo, M.; Douglas, C.C.; Talbot, C.A. (2017).
2979:
2936:
2862:
2722:
1985:
approximates but does not necessarily equate to the final infiltration rate of the soil.
1045:
758:{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{F(t)}{F \over F+\psi \,\Delta \theta }\,dF=\int _{0}^{t}K\,dt}
5564:
5455:
5368:
5333:
5185:
4701:
4606:
4510:
4402:
4335:
4005:
3714:
3497:
3416:
3067:
2948:
2905:
2809:
2730:
2633:
2563:
2393:
2367:
2239:
2213:
2001:
1792:
1772:
1556:
1321:
1175:
1155:
1135:
1025:
825:
525:
227:
182:
77:
5175:
5574:
5434:
5273:
5265:
5205:
5165:
5054:
4869:
4631:
4621:
4407:
4102:
3848:
3739:
3709:
3560:
3071:
2944:
2788:
2734:
2637:
2543:
311:
The general hydrologic budget, with all the components, with respect to infiltration
262:
collection systems consist of a set of lines, junctions, and lift stations to convey
2952:
2909:
5348:
5250:
5155:
4904:
4754:
4749:
4726:
4666:
4495:
4367:
4152:
4039:
3930:
3895:
3870:
3729:
3550:
3059:
3022:
2983:
2940:
2897:
2866:
2726:
2629:
2573:
1288:
242:
131:
39:
3377:
2966:
Richards, L. A. (1931). "Capillary
Conduction of Liquids Through Porous Mediums".
5353:
5313:
5308:
4912:
4799:
4794:
4578:
4515:
4485:
4450:
4445:
4412:
4377:
4348:
4268:
4092:
4010:
3945:
3940:
3838:
3704:
3575:
3430:
2836:
572:
539:
535:
231:
5414:
5298:
5278:
5160:
5145:
5032:
5017:
5012:
4972:
4952:
4864:
4706:
4686:
4651:
4583:
4568:
4475:
4397:
4357:
4215:
4107:
4024:
3828:
3590:
3580:
3466:
2553:
1995:
582:
109:
81:
4296:
4145:
2901:
2853:
Horton, Robert E. (1933). "The role of infiltration in the hydrologic cycle".
5558:
5495:
5490:
5475:
5460:
5409:
5404:
5170:
5135:
5089:
5049:
5044:
4804:
4676:
4636:
4382:
4362:
4243:
4082:
3960:
3955:
3910:
3679:
2738:
817:
515:
271:
87:
3450:
3303:
2870:
5485:
5235:
5220:
5210:
5059:
4990:
4859:
4824:
4739:
4681:
4556:
4455:
4417:
4392:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4228:
3915:
3858:
3689:
3406:
3349:
3262:
3153:
614:. Interception also needs to be accounted for, not just raw precipitation.
73:
3315:
3250:
622:
The standard rigorous approach for calculating infiltration into soils is
5394:
5318:
5022:
4985:
4932:
4656:
4641:
4616:
4490:
4273:
3970:
3853:
3792:
3361:
3063:
3027:
3002:
505:
43:
35:
3412:
3337:
3238:
5500:
5180:
5064:
5004:
4962:
4834:
4671:
4539:
4480:
4470:
4387:
4097:
4077:
3965:
3777:
3772:
3694:
3684:
3565:
3310:
3230:
1813:
corrects this by adding a steady intake term to the original equation.
259:
2987:
270:
plant. When these lines are compromised by rupture, cracking, or tree
5470:
5419:
5389:
5358:
5288:
5200:
4957:
4844:
4829:
4769:
4716:
4711:
4611:
4534:
4524:
4422:
4253:
4233:
4119:
3935:
3920:
3536:
3478:
3278:
2538:
69:
2885:
5140:
5107:
4784:
4626:
4593:
4283:
4170:
3900:
3875:
3802:
3719:
3385:
1994:
This method used for infiltration is using a simplified version of
121:
47:
3438:
3426:
3104:
Transactions of 6th
Congress of International Soil Science Society
5450:
5399:
4927:
4922:
4884:
4789:
4661:
4598:
4223:
4195:
3880:
3807:
3797:
3787:
3782:
3490:
3462:
3149:
The
Experimental Hydrology Wiki Infiltration – Hood Infiltrometer
484:
is the boundary output, which is also related to surface runoff,
153:
3373:
2758:"Infiltration - The Water Cycle, from USGS Water-Science School"
598:, are placed in the equation as well as the evapotranspiration,
5245:
5117:
4942:
4937:
4889:
4879:
4849:
4774:
4529:
4460:
4432:
4331:
4205:
4200:
4190:
4180:
4112:
3885:
3833:
3643:
3486:
3402:
3325:
1693:{\displaystyle F_{t}=f_{c}t+{(f_{0}-f_{c}) \over k}(1-e^{-kt})}
993:
Using this model one can find the volume easily by solving for
633:
263:
64:
is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the
3226:
2782:
1522:
is the initial infiltration rate or maximum infiltration rate;
30:
5343:
5328:
5283:
5027:
5000:
4947:
4814:
4809:
4779:
4764:
4573:
4343:
4327:
3658:
426:
is infiltration, which can be measured as a volume or length;
3474:
3274:
278:
of stormwater often occurs. This circumstance can lead to a
27:
Process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil
5373:
5338:
4894:
4854:
4819:
3653:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3613:
2527:
is the depth of ponded water above the ground surface (mm);
2018:. In this model the ponded water is assumed to be equal to
1887:
in integrated form, the cumulative volume is expressed as:
247:
65:
2922:
2784:
143:
unsaturated soils have the highest infiltration capacity.
84:
will usually occur unless there is some physical barrier.
5293:
4734:
2711:
JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association
282:, or discharge of untreated sewage into the environment.
254:
983:{\displaystyle F(t)=Kt+\psi \,\Delta \theta \ln \left.}
648:
is a valid solution of the equation is a set of three
2658:"Instruments used to measure soil infiltration curves"
2624:
m.b, Kirkham (2014). "Preface to the Second Edition".
2208:
is the depth of ponded water above the ground surface;
3116:
2506:
2472:
2447:
2418:
2396:
2370:
2344:
2269:
2242:
2216:
2187:
2163:
2083:
2051:
2024:
2004:
1964:
1896:
1822:
1795:
1775:
1717:
1594:
1559:
1530:
1501:
1468:
1374:
1344:
1324:
1297:
1201:
1178:
1158:
1138:
1111:
1071:
1048:
1028:
999:
890:
854:
828:
802:
778:
670:
550:
463:
434:
324:
285:
97:
3041:
2916:
2519:
2490:
2458:
2433:
2402:
2376:
2352:
2327:
2248:
2222:
2200:
2171:
2143:
2066:
2037:
2010:
1977:
1944:
1876:
1801:
1781:
1758:
1692:
1565:
1543:
1514:
1481:
1448:
1357:
1330:
1310:
1271:
1184:
1164:
1144:
1124:
1098:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2\psi \,\Delta \theta Kt}}}
1097:
1057:
1034:
1014:
982:
869:
834:
808:
786:
757:
563:
476:
447:
408:
1941:
1873:
1755:
5556:
3000:
1449:{\displaystyle f_{t}=f_{c}+(f_{0}-f_{c})e^{-kt}}
409:{\displaystyle F=B_{I}+P-E-T-ET-S-I_{A}-R-B_{O}}
4326:
2708:
4312:
3169:
1318:, and is decreasing exponentially with time,
146:
3183:
2626:Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations
877:is the cumulative depth of infiltration (L).
646:finite water-content vadose zone flow method
634:Finite water-content vadose zone flow method
617:
306:
297:Finite water-content vadose zone flow method
3092:, 2005 Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1573:is the decay constant specific to the soil.
34:Cross-section of a hillslope depicting the
4319:
4305:
3176:
3162:
2814:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2774:
3026:
2883:
1231:
1080:
962:
918:
748:
720:
710:
2965:
204:
163:
137:
29:
4918:International scale of river difficulty
3119:Surface irrigation: Theory and practice
3085:
3083:
3081:
2682:United States Department of Agriculture
794:is wetting front soil suction head (L);
115:
14:
5557:
3117:Walker, W.R.; Skogerboe, G.V. (1987).
2852:
2780:
2584:Natural Resources Conservation Service
1877:{\displaystyle f(t)=akt^{a-1}+f_{0}\!}
4300:
3157:
3101:
3003:"The Soil Moisture Velocity Equation"
2884:Green, W. Heber; Ampt, G. A. (1911).
1703:
255:Infiltration in wastewater collection
3078:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2669:
2667:
2441:is wetting front soil suction head (
1945:{\displaystyle F(t)=kt^{a}+f_{0}t\!}
1282:
237:
2890:The Journal of Agricultural Science
2623:
24:
3133:Introduction to Physical Hydrology
3121:. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
2731:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1980.tb02537.x
2634:10.1016/B978-0-12-420022-7.05002-3
2604:Sustainable urban drainage systems
2179:is wetting front soil suction head
1232:
1081:
963:
919:
711:
25:
5586:
3194:Offshore geotechnical engineering
3142:
2745:
2664:
1489:is the infiltration rate at time
655:
3485:
3473:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3425:
3411:
3401:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3302:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3225:
2945:10.1097/00010694-198206000-00001
2787:. Wageningen. pp. 124–129.
1759:{\displaystyle f(t)=akt^{a-1}\!}
286:Infiltration calculation methods
102:
98:Factors that affect infiltration
5075:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3125:
3110:
3095:
3035:
2994:
2959:
650:ordinary differential equations
641:Soil Moisture Velocity Equation
301:Soil Moisture Velocity Equation
80:exceeds the infiltration rate,
54:United States Geological Survey
2877:
2857:. 14th Ann. Mtg (1): 446–460.
2846:
2822:
2702:
2650:
2617:
2128:
2113:
1989:
1906:
1900:
1832:
1826:
1727:
1721:
1687:
1662:
1653:
1627:
1427:
1401:
1249:
1243:
1211:
1205:
1042:is the larger value of either
1009:
1003:
954:
948:
900:
894:
864:
858:
690:
684:
534:is the storage through either
246:drawing water into the pores.
177:means no infiltration occurs.
68:. It is commonly used in both
13:
1:
3844:Mechanically stabilized earth
2610:
2559:Drainage system (agriculture)
2360:Infiltration rate f (mm hour)
628:partial differential equation
159:
5241:Universal Soil Loss Equation
5191:Hydrological transport model
5085:Storm Water Management Model
3596:Hydraulic conductivity tests
2599:Storm Water Management Model
2491:{\displaystyle {-\psi _{f}}}
1272:{\displaystyle f(t)=K\left.}
7:
4157:Stress distribution in soil
3131:Hendriks, Martin R. (2010)
3090:Water Resources Engineering
2531:
10:
5591:
4745:Antecedent drainage stream
3307:Pore pressure measurement
2828:Hogan, C. Michael (2010).
1809:are empirical parameters.
224:hydrology transport models
200:
147:Organic materials in soils
5509:
5481:River valley civilization
5443:
5382:
5364:Riparian-zone restoration
5264:
5126:
5098:
4999:
4971:
4903:
4725:
4592:
4509:
4431:
4342:
4214:
4169:
4068:
4060:Preconsolidation pressure
4032:
4023:
3996:
3816:
3765:
3752:
3667:
3621:
3612:
3535:
3455:Standard penetration test
3213:
3200:
3191:
3135:, Oxford University Press
3106:. Moscow. pp. 17–21.
2902:10.1017/S0021859600001441
2886:"Studies on Soil Physics"
2855:Trans. Am. Geophys. Union
618:Richards' equation (1931)
594:, and the transpiration,
307:General hydrologic budget
5544:Countries without rivers
5519:Rivers by discharge rate
5231:Runoff model (reservoir)
5196:Infiltration (hydrology)
3556:California bearing ratio
3354:Rotary-pressure sounding
3185:Geotechnical engineering
2459:{\displaystyle {-\psi }}
2328:{\displaystyle f=K\left}
2144:{\displaystyle f=K\left}
2067:{\displaystyle -\psi -L}
610:as well as a portion of
192:
5216:River Continuum Concept
4981:Agricultural wastewater
3976:Geosynthetic clay liner
3951:Expanded clay aggregate
3571:Proctor compaction test
3512:Crosshole sonic logging
3498:Nuclear densometer test
3255:Geo-electrical sounding
3007:J. Adv. Mod. Earth Syst
2871:10.1029/TR014i001p00446
2628:. pp. xvii–xviii.
2434:{\displaystyle {S_{f}}}
2172:{\displaystyle {\psi }}
809:{\displaystyle \theta }
787:{\displaystyle {\psi }}
280:sanitary sewer overflow
5539:River name etymologies
5466:Hydraulic civilization
5324:Floodplain restoration
5100:Point source pollution
4875:Sedimentary structures
4239:Earthquake engineering
4050:Lateral earth pressure
3675:Hydraulic conductivity
3526:Wave equation analysis
3505:Exploration geophysics
3397:Deformation monitoring
3366:Rotary weight sounding
2521:
2492:
2460:
2435:
2404:
2386:hydraulic conductivity
2378:
2354:
2329:
2250:
2232:hydraulic conductivity
2224:
2202:
2173:
2145:
2068:
2039:
2012:
1979:
1946:
1878:
1803:
1783:
1760:
1694:
1567:
1545:
1516:
1483:
1450:
1359:
1332:
1312:
1273:
1186:
1166:
1146:
1126:
1099:
1059:
1036:
1016:
984:
871:
844:hydraulic conductivity
836:
810:
788:
759:
565:
478:
449:
410:
218:
173:
58:
5151:Discharge (hydrology)
5113:Industrial wastewater
4594:Sedimentary processes
3417:Settlement recordings
3342:Rock control drilling
3243:Cone penetration test
2841:Encyclopedia of Earth
2549:Discharge (hydrology)
2522:
2520:{\displaystyle h_{0}}
2493:
2461:
2436:
2405:
2379:
2355:
2330:
2251:
2225:
2203:
2201:{\displaystyle h_{0}}
2174:
2146:
2069:
2040:
2038:{\displaystyle h_{0}}
2013:
1980:
1978:{\displaystyle f_{0}}
1947:
1879:
1804:
1784:
1761:
1695:
1568:
1546:
1544:{\displaystyle f_{c}}
1517:
1515:{\displaystyle f_{0}}
1484:
1482:{\displaystyle f_{t}}
1451:
1360:
1358:{\displaystyle f_{c}}
1333:
1313:
1311:{\displaystyle f_{0}}
1287:Named after the same
1274:
1187:
1167:
1147:
1127:
1125:{\displaystyle h_{0}}
1100:
1060:
1037:
1017:
985:
872:
837:
811:
789:
760:
566:
564:{\displaystyle I_{A}}
479:
477:{\displaystyle B_{O}}
450:
448:{\displaystyle B_{I}}
411:
217:
168:Relationship between
167:
138:Soil moisture content
33:
5256:Volumetric flow rate
4840:Riffle-pool sequence
4279:Agricultural science
3981:Cellular confinement
3064:10.1002/2015WR017126
3028:10.1002/2017MS000931
2589:Permeability (fluid)
2579:Interception (water)
2569:Groundwater recharge
2504:
2470:
2445:
2416:
2394:
2368:
2342:
2267:
2240:
2214:
2185:
2161:
2081:
2049:
2022:
2002:
1962:
1894:
1820:
1793:
1773:
1715:
1592:
1557:
1528:
1499:
1466:
1372:
1342:
1322:
1295:
1199:
1176:
1156:
1136:
1109:
1069:
1046:
1026:
1015:{\displaystyle F(t)}
997:
888:
870:{\displaystyle F(t)}
852:
826:
800:
776:
668:
548:
461:
432:
322:
268:wastewater treatment
116:Soil characteristics
5430:Whitewater kayaking
5425:Whitewater canoeing
5226:Runoff curve number
5070:Flood pulse concept
4171:Numerical analysis
4055:Overburden pressure
4045:Pore water pressure
3825:Shoring structures
3700:Reynolds' dilatancy
3601:Water content tests
3586:Triaxial shear test
3546:Soil classification
3519:Pile integrity test
3056:2015WRR....51.4282O
3019:2017JAMES...9.1473O
2980:1931Physi...1..318R
2937:1982SoilS.133..337P
2863:1933TrAGU..14..446H
2723:1980JAWRA..16..979D
2675:"Soil Infiltration"
2594:Runoff curve number
2353:{\displaystyle {f}}
744:
694:
606:has included in it
276:infiltration/inflow
228:mathematical models
170:impervious surfaces
50:or saturated zone.
5456:Aquatic toxicology
5369:Stream restoration
5334:Infiltration basin
5186:Hydrological model
4702:Sediment transport
4525:Estavelle/Inversac
4403:Subterranean river
4146:Slab stabilisation
4126:Stability analysis
2835:2013-06-08 at the
2564:Evapotranspiration
2517:
2488:
2456:
2431:
2400:
2374:
2350:
2325:
2246:
2220:
2198:
2169:
2141:
2064:
2035:
2008:
1975:
1942:
1874:
1799:
1779:
1756:
1704:Kostiakov equation
1690:
1563:
1541:
1512:
1479:
1446:
1355:
1328:
1308:
1269:
1182:
1162:
1142:
1122:
1095:
1058:{\displaystyle Kt}
1055:
1032:
1012:
980:
867:
832:
806:
784:
755:
730:
671:
624:Richards' equation
575:depending on size;
561:
526:evapotranspiration
474:
445:
406:
293:Richards' equation
219:
183:evapotranspiration
174:
78:precipitation rate
59:
18:Water infiltration
5552:
5551:
5529:Whitewater rivers
5435:Whitewater slalom
5266:River engineering
5166:Groundwater model
5127:River measurement
5055:Flood forecasting
4870:Sedimentary basin
4727:Fluvial landforms
4632:Bed material load
4408:River bifurcation
4294:
4293:
4165:
4164:
4141:Sliding criterion
4103:Response spectrum
4019:
4018:
3849:Pressure grouting
3748:
3747:
3608:
3607:
3561:Direct shear test
3267:Permeability test
3044:Water Resour. Res
2988:10.1063/1.1745010
2544:Contour trenching
2403:{\displaystyle L}
2377:{\displaystyle K}
2319:
2249:{\displaystyle L}
2223:{\displaystyle K}
2135:
2011:{\displaystyle L}
1802:{\displaystyle k}
1782:{\displaystyle a}
1660:
1566:{\displaystyle k}
1331:{\displaystyle t}
1283:Horton's equation
1253:
1192:was measured.
1185:{\displaystyle F}
1165:{\displaystyle t}
1145:{\displaystyle F}
1093:
1035:{\displaystyle F}
970:
835:{\displaystyle K}
718:
238:Research findings
215:
132:Hydrophobic soils
16:(Redirected from
5582:
5514:Rivers by length
5349:River morphology
5251:Wetted perimeter
5156:Drainage density
4667:Headward erosion
4496:Perennial stream
4368:Blackwater river
4321:
4314:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4153:Bearing capacity
4040:Effective stress
4030:
4029:
3931:Land reclamation
3871:Land development
3766:Natural features
3763:
3762:
3730:Specific storage
3619:
3618:
3551:Atterberg limits
3489:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3415:
3405:
3390:Screw plate test
3388:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3306:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3229:
3211:
3210:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3076:
3075:
3050:(6): 4282–4300.
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3013:(2): 1473–1487.
2998:
2992:
2991:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2850:
2844:
2830:"Abiotic factor"
2826:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2754:
2743:
2742:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2684:. Archived from
2679:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2621:
2574:Hydrophobic soil
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2284:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1639:
1638:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1604:
1603:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1383:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1289:Robert E. Horton
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1238:
1226:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
989:
987:
986:
981:
976:
972:
971:
969:
957:
943:
876:
874:
873:
868:
841:
839:
838:
833:
815:
813:
812:
807:
793:
791:
790:
785:
783:
764:
762:
761:
756:
743:
738:
719:
717:
696:
693:
679:
570:
568:
567:
562:
560:
559:
483:
481:
480:
475:
473:
472:
454:
452:
451:
446:
444:
443:
415:
413:
412:
407:
405:
404:
386:
385:
340:
339:
299:solution of the
243:Robert E. Horton
216:
172:and infiltration
40:capillary fringe
21:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5524:Drainage basins
5505:
5439:
5378:
5354:Retention basin
5314:Erosion control
5309:Detention basin
5260:
5176:Hjulström curve
5128:
5122:
5094:
5038:Non-water flood
4995:
4967:
4913:Helicoidal flow
4899:
4800:Fluvial terrace
4795:Floating island
4721:
4596:
4588:
4579:Rhythmic spring
4513:
4505:
4486:Stream gradient
4427:
4413:River ecosystem
4378:Channel pattern
4346:
4338:
4325:
4295:
4290:
4269:Earth materials
4210:
4172:
4161:
4070:
4064:
4015:
3992:
3946:Earth structure
3941:Erosion control
3839:Ground freezing
3829:Retaining walls
3812:
3754:
3744:
3705:Angle of repose
3663:
3604:
3538:
3531:
3530:
3491:Visible bedrock
3443:Simple sounding
3431:Shear vane test
3207:instrumentation
3206:
3204:
3196:
3187:
3182:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3130:
3126:
3115:
3111:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3079:
3040:
3036:
2999:
2995:
2964:
2960:
2921:
2917:
2882:
2878:
2851:
2847:
2837:Wayback Machine
2827:
2823:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2779:
2775:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2534:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1867:
1863:
1848:
1844:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1743:
1739:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1675:
1671:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1239:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1027:
1024:
1023:
998:
995:
994:
958:
944:
942:
935:
931:
889:
886:
885:
853:
850:
849:
827:
824:
823:
801:
798:
797:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
739:
734:
700:
695:
680:
675:
669:
666:
665:
658:
636:
620:
573:detention ponds
555:
551:
549:
546:
545:
540:detention areas
468:
464:
462:
459:
458:
439:
435:
433:
430:
429:
400:
396:
381:
377:
335:
331:
323:
320:
319:
309:
288:
257:
240:
205:
203:
195:
162:
149:
140:
118:
105:
100:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5588:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5415:Stone skipping
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5299:Drop structure
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5279:Balancing lake
5276:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5206:Playfair's law
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5161:Exner equation
5158:
5153:
5148:
5146:Bradshaw model
5143:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5033:Urban flooding
5025:
5020:
5018:Crevasse splay
5015:
5013:100-year flood
5009:
5007:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4973:Surface runoff
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4953:Stream capture
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4865:Rock-cut basin
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4707:Suspended load
4704:
4699:
4697:Secondary flow
4694:
4689:
4687:Retrogradation
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4652:Dissolved load
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4584:Spring horizon
4581:
4576:
4571:
4569:Mineral spring
4566:
4565:
4564:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4550:list in the US
4547:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:Stream channel
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4398:Drainage basin
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4358:Alluvial river
4354:
4352:
4340:
4339:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4216:Related fields
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Classification
4133:
4128:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4108:Seismic hazard
4105:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3760:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3735:Shear strength
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3710:Friction angle
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:Oedometer test
3588:
3583:
3581:Sieve analysis
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3482:
3481:
3470:
3469:
3467:Total sounding
3458:
3457:
3446:
3445:
3434:
3433:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3393:
3392:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3368:
3357:
3356:
3345:
3344:
3333:
3332:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3270:
3269:
3258:
3257:
3246:
3245:
3234:
3233:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3143:External links
3141:
3138:
3137:
3124:
3109:
3094:
3077:
3034:
2993:
2974:(5): 318–333.
2958:
2915:
2876:
2845:
2821:
2793:
2773:
2762:water.usgs.gov
2744:
2717:(6): 979–986.
2701:
2663:
2649:
2642:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2554:Drainage basin
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2514:
2510:
2499:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2454:
2451:
2427:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2389:
2373:
2362:
2361:
2348:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2235:
2219:
2209:
2195:
2191:
2180:
2167:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2032:
2028:
2007:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1972:
1968:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1885:
1884:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1798:
1778:
1767:
1766:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1552:
1538:
1534:
1523:
1509:
1505:
1494:
1476:
1472:
1457:
1456:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1352:
1348:
1327:
1305:
1301:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1181:
1161:
1141:
1119:
1115:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1054:
1051:
1031:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
991:
990:
979:
975:
968:
965:
961:
956:
953:
950:
947:
941:
938:
934:
930:
927:
924:
921:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
879:
878:
866:
863:
860:
857:
847:
831:
821:
805:
795:
782:
766:
765:
754:
751:
747:
742:
737:
733:
729:
726:
723:
716:
713:
709:
706:
703:
699:
692:
689:
686:
683:
678:
674:
657:
656:Green and Ampt
654:
635:
632:
619:
616:
587:
586:
583:surface runoff
576:
558:
554:
543:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
471:
467:
456:
442:
438:
427:
417:
416:
403:
399:
395:
392:
389:
384:
380:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
338:
334:
330:
327:
308:
305:
287:
284:
256:
253:
239:
236:
202:
199:
194:
191:
161:
158:
148:
145:
139:
136:
117:
114:
104:
101:
99:
96:
88:Infiltrometers
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5587:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5496:Surface water
5494:
5492:
5491:Sacred waters
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5476:Riparian zone
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5461:Body of water
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5410:Riverboarding
5408:
5406:
5405:River surfing
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:and modelling
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5090:Return period
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5050:Flood control
5048:
5046:
5045:Flood barrier
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:Palaeochannel
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Granular flow
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:Channel types
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:Braided river
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:Geomorphology
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:Consolidation
4086:
4084:
4083:Frost heaving
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:Geosynthetics
3959:
3957:
3956:Crushed stone
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:Cut-and-cover
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3751:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Water content
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:Sample series
3375:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3203:
3202:Investigation
3199:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3128:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2817:
2811:
2796:
2794:90-220-0525-9
2790:
2786:
2785:
2777:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2691:on 2020-02-08
2687:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2660:. 2019-03-20.
2659:
2653:
2645:
2643:9780124200227
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2452:
2449:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2371:
2364:
2363:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2217:
2210:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2030:
2026:
2005:
1997:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1796:
1776:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1581:, after time
1580:
1560:
1553:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1492:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1350:
1346:
1325:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1179:
1159:
1139:
1117:
1113:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1052:
1049:
1029:
1006:
1000:
977:
973:
966:
959:
951:
945:
939:
936:
932:
928:
925:
922:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
897:
891:
884:
883:
882:
861:
855:
848:
845:
829:
822:
819:
818:water content
803:
796:
780:
772:
771:
770:
752:
749:
745:
740:
735:
731:
727:
724:
721:
714:
707:
704:
701:
697:
687:
681:
676:
672:
664:
663:
662:
653:
651:
647:
642:
631:
629:
626:, which is a
625:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
584:
580:
577:
574:
556:
552:
544:
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
523:
520:
517:
516:transpiration
513:
510:
507:
503:
500:
497:
496:precipitation
493:
490:
487:
469:
465:
457:
440:
436:
428:
425:
422:
421:
420:
401:
397:
393:
390:
387:
382:
378:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
336:
332:
328:
325:
318:
317:
316:
314:
304:
302:
298:
294:
283:
281:
277:
273:
272:root invasion
269:
265:
261:
252:
249:
244:
235:
233:
232:water quality
229:
225:
198:
190:
186:
184:
178:
171:
166:
157:
155:
144:
135:
133:
129:
126:
123:
113:
111:
103:Precipitation
95:
91:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
74:soil sciences
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
5570:Soil physics
5534:Flash floods
5486:River cruise
5383:River sports
5236:Stream gauge
5221:Rouse number
5211:Relief ratio
5195:
5060:Flood-meadow
4991:Urban runoff
4905:Fluvial flow
4890:River valley
4860:River island
4825:Meander scar
4740:Alluvial fan
4682:Progradation
4557:Karst spring
4501:Winterbourne
4456:Chalk stream
4418:River source
4393:Distributary
4264:Biogeography
4259:Hydrogeology
4249:Soil science
4229:Geochemistry
3988:Infiltration
3987:
3916:Cut and fill
3859:Soil nailing
3725:Permeability
3690:Bulk density
3407:Inclinometer
3330:Ram sounding
3215:
3132:
3127:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3089:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2928:
2925:Soil Science
2924:
2918:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2854:
2848:
2840:
2824:
2798:. Retrieved
2783:
2776:
2765:. Retrieved
2761:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2693:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2681:
2652:
2625:
2619:
2259:
2153:
1993:
1954:
1886:
1811:
1768:
1707:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1490:
1458:
1286:
992:
880:
767:
659:
637:
621:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:
578:
531:
521:
511:
501:
491:
485:
423:
418:
312:
310:
291:solution of
289:
258:
241:
220:
196:
187:
179:
175:
150:
141:
130:
127:
119:
106:
92:
86:
62:Infiltration
61:
60:
51:
5395:Fly fishing
5319:Fish ladder
5304:Daylighting
5023:Flash flood
4986:First flush
4933:Plunge pool
4657:Downcutting
4642:Debris flow
4617:Aggradation
4491:Stream pool
4274:Archaeology
3998:Foundations
3971:Geomembrane
3854:Slurry wall
3793:Water table
3757:Interaction
3753:Structures
3740:Sensitivity
3537:Laboratory
1996:Darcy's law
1990:Darcy's law
506:evaporation
44:water table
36:vadose zone
5559:Categories
5501:Wild river
5181:Hydrograph
5171:Hack's law
5136:Baer's law
5080:Inundation
5065:Floodplain
5005:stormwater
4963:Whitewater
4835:Oxbow lake
4672:Knickpoint
4647:Deposition
4540:Hot spring
4481:Streamflow
4471:Stream bed
4388:Confluence
4131:Mitigation
4113:Shear wave
4098:Earthquake
4093:Compaction
4078:Permafrost
4069:Phenomena/
3966:Geotextile
3891:Embankment
3881:Excavation
3818:Earthworks
3778:Vegetation
3773:Topography
3695:Thixotropy
3685:Void ratio
3668:Properties
3566:Hydrometer
3311:Piezometer
3231:Core drill
2931:(6): 337.
2767:2019-04-02
2695:2019-03-20
2611:References
2388:(mm hour);
260:Wastewater
160:Land cover
5565:Hydrology
5471:Limnology
5420:Triathlon
5390:Canyoning
5359:Revetment
5289:Check dam
5201:Main stem
4958:Waterfall
4845:Point bar
4830:Mouth bar
4770:Billabong
4717:Water gap
4712:Wash load
4692:Saltation
4612:Anabranch
4535:Holy well
4423:Tributary
4254:Hydrology
4234:Petrology
4122:analysis
4120:Landslide
4025:Mechanics
3936:Track bed
3921:Fill dirt
3906:Terracing
3479:Trial pit
3294:Statnamic
3279:Load test
3072:119834716
2810:cite book
2739:1752-1688
2539:Blue roof
2479:ψ
2475:−
2453:ψ
2450:−
2166:ψ
2154:where
2123:−
2120:ψ
2117:−
2111:−
2059:−
2056:ψ
2053:−
1853:−
1748:−
1677:−
1669:−
1641:−
1459:Where
1436:−
1415:−
1236:θ
1233:Δ
1229:ψ
1085:θ
1082:Δ
1078:ψ
967:θ
964:Δ
960:ψ
929:
923:θ
920:Δ
916:ψ
804:θ
781:ψ
732:∫
715:θ
712:Δ
708:ψ
673:∫
536:retention
419:where
394:−
388:−
375:−
369:−
360:−
354:−
348:−
251:process.
70:hydrology
52:(Source:
5575:Aquifers
5274:Aqueduct
5141:Baseflow
5108:Effluent
4785:Cut bank
4750:Avulsion
4627:Bed load
4607:Abrasion
4284:Agrology
4173:software
4071:problems
3901:Causeway
3876:Landfill
3803:Subgrade
3720:Porosity
3715:Cohesion
2953:94729063
2910:84200455
2896:: 1–24.
2833:Archived
2800:2 August
2532:See also
122:porosity
48:phreatic
5451:Aquifer
5444:Related
5400:Rafting
4928:Meander
4923:Log jam
4885:Thalweg
4790:Estuary
4662:Erosion
4599:erosion
4511:Springs
4466:Current
4433:Streams
4373:Channel
4336:springs
4332:streams
4224:Geology
4196:SVSlope
4006:Shallow
3926:Grading
3864:Tieback
3808:Subsoil
3798:Bedrock
3788:Topsoil
3783:Terrain
3576:R-value
3539:testing
3289:Dynamic
3216:in situ
3214:Field (
3052:Bibcode
3015:Bibcode
2976:Bibcode
2968:Physics
2933:Bibcode
2859:Bibcode
2719:Bibcode
2384:is the
2230:is the
1955:Where
201:Process
154:erosion
5246:WAFLEX
5118:Sewage
5001:Floods
4943:Riffle
4938:Rapids
4880:Strath
4850:Ravine
4775:Canyon
4530:Geyser
4461:Coulee
4446:Bourne
4441:Arroyo
4344:Rivers
4328:Rivers
4206:Plaxis
4201:UTEXAS
4191:SVFlux
4181:SEEP2D
4033:Forces
3886:Trench
3834:Gabion
3644:Gravel
3284:Static
3070:
2951:
2908:
2791:
2737:
2640:
2498:) (mm)
1769:Where
846:(L/T);
768:where
264:sewage
110:runoff
82:runoff
46:, and
5344:Levee
5329:Flume
5284:Canal
5028:Flood
4948:Shoal
4815:Gully
4810:Gulch
4780:Chine
4765:Bayou
4622:Armor
4574:Ponor
4349:lists
4186:STABL
3659:Loess
3622:Types
3068:S2CID
2949:S2CID
2906:S2CID
2689:(PDF)
2678:(PDF)
2466:) = (
2074:.
1585:.
1365:.
266:to a
193:Slope
5374:Weir
5339:Leat
5003:and
4895:Wadi
4855:Rill
4820:Glen
4805:Gill
4755:Bank
4597:and
4562:list
4545:list
4516:list
4451:Burn
4334:and
4011:Deep
3654:Loam
3649:Peat
3639:Sand
3634:Silt
3629:Clay
3614:Soil
3316:Well
2816:link
2802:2020
2789:ISBN
2735:ISSN
2638:ISBN
1789:and
820:(-);
248:Clay
120:The
72:and
66:soil
5294:Dam
4760:Bar
4735:Ait
3896:Cut
3205:and
3060:doi
3023:doi
2984:doi
2941:doi
2929:133
2898:doi
2867:doi
2839:in
2727:doi
2630:doi
2260:or
1065:or
842:is
816:is
581:is
538:or
524:is
514:is
504:is
494:is
5561::
4330:,
4155:*
3080:^
3066:.
3058:.
3048:51
3046:.
3021:.
3009:.
3005:.
2982:.
2970:.
2947:.
2939:.
2927:.
2904:.
2892:.
2888:.
2865:.
2812:}}
2808:{{
2760:.
2747:^
2733:.
2725:.
2715:16
2713:.
2680:.
2666:^
2636:.
1172:,
926:ln
604:ET
602:.
600:ET
522:ET
274:,
234:.
226:,
56:.)
42:,
38:,
4518:)
4514:(
4351:)
4347:(
4320:e
4313:t
4306:v
3759:)
3755:(
3218:)
3177:e
3170:t
3163:v
3074:.
3062::
3054::
3031:.
3025::
3017::
3011:9
2990:.
2986::
2978::
2972:1
2955:.
2943::
2935::
2912:.
2900::
2894:4
2873:.
2869::
2861::
2818:)
2804:.
2770:.
2741:.
2729::
2721::
2698:.
2646:.
2632::
2513:0
2509:h
2483:f
2426:f
2422:S
2398:L
2372:K
2347:f
2322:]
2317:L
2311:0
2307:h
2303:+
2298:f
2294:S
2290:+
2287:L
2281:[
2277:K
2274:=
2271:f
2244:L
2234:;
2218:K
2194:0
2190:h
2138:]
2133:L
2129:)
2126:L
2114:(
2106:0
2102:h
2095:[
2091:K
2088:=
2085:f
2062:L
2031:0
2027:h
2006:L
1971:0
1967:f
1939:t
1934:0
1930:f
1926:+
1921:a
1917:t
1913:k
1910:=
1907:)
1904:t
1901:(
1898:F
1869:0
1865:f
1861:+
1856:1
1850:a
1846:t
1842:k
1839:a
1836:=
1833:)
1830:t
1827:(
1824:f
1797:k
1777:a
1751:1
1745:a
1741:t
1737:k
1734:a
1731:=
1728:)
1725:t
1722:(
1719:f
1688:)
1683:t
1680:k
1673:e
1666:1
1663:(
1658:k
1654:)
1649:c
1645:f
1636:0
1632:f
1628:(
1622:+
1619:t
1614:c
1610:f
1606:=
1601:t
1597:F
1583:t
1579:F
1561:k
1537:c
1533:f
1508:0
1504:f
1493:;
1491:t
1475:t
1471:f
1442:t
1439:k
1432:e
1428:)
1423:c
1419:f
1410:0
1406:f
1402:(
1399:+
1394:c
1390:f
1386:=
1381:t
1377:f
1351:c
1347:f
1326:t
1304:0
1300:f
1267:.
1263:]
1259:1
1256:+
1250:)
1247:t
1244:(
1241:F
1222:[
1218:K
1215:=
1212:)
1209:t
1206:(
1203:f
1180:F
1160:t
1140:F
1118:0
1114:h
1091:t
1088:K
1075:2
1053:t
1050:K
1030:F
1010:)
1007:t
1004:(
1001:F
978:.
974:]
955:)
952:t
949:(
946:F
940:+
937:1
933:[
913:+
910:t
907:K
904:=
901:)
898:t
895:(
892:F
865:)
862:t
859:(
856:F
830:K
753:t
750:d
746:K
741:t
736:0
728:=
725:F
722:d
705:+
702:F
698:F
691:)
688:t
685:(
682:F
677:0
612:E
608:T
596:T
592:E
585:.
579:R
557:A
553:I
542:;
532:S
528:;
518:;
512:T
508:;
502:E
498:;
492:P
486:R
470:O
466:B
441:I
437:B
424:F
402:O
398:B
391:R
383:A
379:I
372:S
366:T
363:E
357:T
351:E
345:P
342:+
337:I
333:B
329:=
326:F
313:F
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
